DOCSLIB.ORG

Women's Participation in Afghanistan's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women's Participation in Afghanistan's Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Synthesis Paper Equal Rights, Unequal Opportunities Women’s Participation in Afghanistan’s Parliamentary and Provincial Council Elections Oliver Lough with March 2012 Farokhloqa Amini, Farid Ahmad Bayat, Zia Hussain, Reyhaneh Gulsum Hussaini, Massouda Kohistani and Chona E. Echavez This page has been left blank for printing purposes Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Synthesis Paper Equal Rights, Unequal Opportunities Women’s Participation in Afghanistan’s Parliamentary and Provincial Council Elections Oliver Lough with Farokhloqa Amini, Farid Ahmad Bayat, Zia Hussain, Reyhaneh Gulsum Hussaini Massouda Kohistani, and Chona E. Echavez Funding for this research was provided by the March 2012 UN Women Afghanistan Country Office 2012 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit About the Authors Oliver Lough was a researcher on the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) project on women’s participation in elections and is also an editor in its communications and advocacy department. Prior to his arrival at AREU, he worked as a journalist in Beijing and studied issues of rural development at the Johns Hopkins-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies. Chona R. Echavez is a Senior Researcher at AREU. Before joining AREU in January 2010, Chona served as an Asia Fellow in Cambodia at the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, looking into healing, dreams, aspirations and concepts of peace among Cambodian youth. She also worked as Senior Research Associate at the Research Institute for Mindanao Culture managing a research portfolio that included: population, health, peace and livelihood programmes, considering gender as a crosscutting issue. She has a Ph.D. in Demography from the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Her dissertation was on Women and Factory Work in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. About the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) is an independent research institute based in Kabul. AREU’s mission is to inform and influence policy and practice through conducting high-quality, policy-relevant research and actively disseminating the results, and to promote a culture of research and learning. To achieve its mission AREU engages with policymakers, civil society, researchers and students to promote their use of AREU’s research and its library, to strengthen their research capacity, and to create opportunities for analysis, reflection and debate. AREU was established in 2002 by the assistance community working in Afghanistan and has a board of directors with representation from donors, the United Nations and other multilateral agencies, and non- governmental organisations. AREU receives core funds from the governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. Specific projects in 2011 have been funded by the European Commission (EC), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission (ECHO), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), and UN Women. Editing: Toby Miller for AREU Cover Photograph: A female candidate’s campaign poster for the 2010 Wolesi Jirga elections in Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province, by Anna Larson. AREU Publication Code: 1205E © 2012 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of AREU. Some rights are reserved. This publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted only for non-commercial purposes and with written credit to AREU and the author. Where this publication is reproduced, stored or transmitted electronically, a link to AREU’s website (www.areu.org.af) should be provided. Any use of this publication falling outside of these permissions requires prior written permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Permission can be sought by emailing [email protected] or by calling +93 (0) 799 608 548. ii Lough, with Amini, Bayat, Hussein, Hussaini, Kohistani and Echavez Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit 2012 Acknowledgements First and foremost the authors would like to thank the project’s research team of Farokhloqa Amini, Farid Ahmad Bayat, Zia Hussain, Reyhaneh Gulsum Hussaini and Massouda Kohistani for their tireless and dedicated work throughout the project. From drafting the first interview guides to putting finishing touches on the analysis, this study has been deeply informed by their extensive professional experience and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the topic. The authors are especially grateful for the team’s help in drafting the methodology section of this paper. The study would also have been impossible without the generous cooperation of the 25 candidates involved, along with the people of the six study communities. The authors are particularly grateful to the generous hospitality of the Yakowlang community which allowed the research team to stay with them for several days, yielding insights that would not otherwise have been possible. The authors would also like to thank Rachel Wareham (National Democratic Institute and formerly the Independent Electoral Commission), Rebecca Haines (Aga Khan Foundation Afghanistan), Theresa de Langis (former deputy director of programmes for UNIFEM Afghanistan) and Noah Coburn, Jay Lamey, Anna Larson and Emily Winterbotham (all formerly of AREU), all of whom provided valuable feedback and support at various stages of the study. Additional thanks go to Michael Lou Montejo, Jennifer Lyn Bagaporo and Leah Wilfreda Pilongo for their help in cleaning and processing some of the project’s initial data. Oliver Lough and Chona Echavez January 2012 Equal Rights, Unequal Opportunities iii 2012 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Table of Contents Glossary ...................................................................................................v Acronyms ..................................................................................................v Executive Summary .....................................................................................1 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................2 1.1 Overview: The status of women in Afghanistan ����������������������������������������������2 1.2 Historical background: Women’s political participation before 2001 ��������������������4 1.3 The post-2001 context for women’s electoral participation �������������������������������8 1.4 Elections since 2001 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 2. Methodology and Study Contexts ................................................................. 18 2.1 Research methods ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18 2.2 Province and community contexts ����������������������������������������������������������� 20 3. Candidates ........................................................................................... 27 3.1 Candidates and their campaigns ������������������������������������������������������������� 27 3.2 General trends ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 4. Voters ................................................................................................. 46 4.1 Perceptions of women as candidates and voters ������������������������������������������ 46 4.2 Motivation to vote ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 47 4.3 Deciding how to vote �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 4.4 Access to information ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52 4.5 Levels of awareness ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 4.6 Access to the ballot box ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 58 4.7 Impact of the elections ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 60 5. Key Findings and Recommendations ............................................................. 62 5.1 Key findings for candidates ������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 5.2 Key findings for voters ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 5.3 Recommendations ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 65 Appendix: Socio-Demographic Information ........................................................ 68 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 69 Request for Feedback ................................................................................. 72 Tables Table 1: National-level female turnout and candidate numbers for post-2001 elections in Afghanistan ..................................................................................... 11 Table 2: Provincial profiles ........................................................................... 21 Table 3: Provincial and district turnout rates by election ....................................... 21 Table 4: Literacy, women’s education and poverty rates by province ......................... 21 Table 5: Provincial comparison of female/male candidates by year and election ........... 27 Table 6: Levels of competition among female candidates by province, 2009/10 elections .. 28 Appendix
Load more

Recommended publications
  • War Rites and Women's Rights
    Smith ScholarWorks Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publications Study of Women and Gender Spring 2005 Solidarity: War Rites and Women's Rights Elisabeth Armstrong Smith College, [email protected] Vijay Prashad Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/swg_facpubs Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Armstrong, Elisabeth and Prashad, Vijay, "Solidarity: War Rites and Women's Rights" (2005). Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/swg_facpubs/22 This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] Solidarity: War Rites and Women's Rights Author(s): Elisabeth B. Armstrong and Vijay Prashad Source: CR: The New Centennial Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, terror wars (spring 2005), pp. 213- 253 Published by: Michigan State University Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41949472 Accessed: 14-01-2020 19:07 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Michigan State University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to CR: The New Centennial Review This content downloaded from 131.229.19.247 on Tue, 14 Jan 2020 19:07:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Solidarity War Rites and Women's Rights Elisabeth b.
    [Show full text]
  • REVOLUTIONARY Nancy Hatch Dupree Occasional Paper #23
    REVOLUTIONARY \\ONEN Nancy Hatch Dupree Occasional Paper #23 REVOLUTIONARY RHETORIC AND AFGHAN NOl.ffiN Nancy Hatch Dupree Occasional Paper #23 J.anuary 1981 Afghanistan Council The Asia Society 112 East 64th Street New York City Copyright Nancy Hatch Dupree BACKGROUND Afghan leaders have addressed themselves to the subject of reform for women for a hundred years. These spokesmen, predominantly male, have held that a nationalist ideology enco~passing emancipation for women is essential to the creation of a progressive image for the nation. Amir Abdur Rahman (1880-1901) introduced many laws in an attempt to align customary social practices with the prescriptions of Islam. He forbade child marriages, forced marriages, the leverite, exorbitant bride prices and marriage gifts. He re_stored heroditary rights to widows and ruled that women could seek divorce. He granted freedom in case of non-support and authorized the mehr (marriage gift) according to the dictates of the Quran. However, he also imposed the death penalty for adulterous women (which is contrary to the Qur.an) and decreed that men were entitled to full control over their women because" ... the honor of the people of Afghanistan consists in the honor of their women."l Contradictions between religion, custom and reform have plagued the feminist move­ ment in Afghanistan since its inception. The concept that women should be considered as contributing members of society beyond motherhood was first introduced during the reign of Amir Habibullah (1901-1919). Mahmud Beg Tarzi argued against overly protective restrictions on women a.nd for edu­ cation, pleading that egalitarian Islam does not deny women education and that it is an Islamic duty to provide them with the opportunity to function fully in the society.
    [Show full text]
  • Entry of Soviet Troops
    Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 26, May, 1980 Afghanistan, Page 30229 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Entry of Soviet Troops - Overthrow of President Amin - Installation of Karmal Regime - Deployment of Soviet Troops throughout Country - The Internal and Military Situation - International Reactions - Imposition of Sanctions by United States and Other Countries - Moves to boycott Moscow Olympics A new Soviet-backed regime was installed in Afghanistan at the end of December 1979 under Mr Babrak Karmal, a former Deputy Prime Minister, who was flown into Kabul on a Soviet aircraft from virtual exile in Eastern Europe to replace President Hafizullah Amin, who had himself taken power only in September 1979. The change of regime-details of the course of which remained somewhat obscure-was accompanied by the entry into Afghanistan of several thousand Soviet combat troops, whose numbers had risen by the end of January 1980 to an estimated 85,000 and who were deployed throughout the country with hundreds of tanks, giving rise to fears for the security of Pakistan and Iran (respectively Afghanistan's eastern and western neighbours). Internationally, the Soviet move was strongly deplored as an invasion of a sovereign country, but the Soviet Union maintained that the Afghan Government had invited it to send troops under a 1978 treaty of friendship in the face of provocation from Afghanistan's external enemies. One of the immediate reasons for the introduction of troops appeared to be to provide military support to the Afghan armed forces currently engaged against diverse Moslem insurgent groups which were opposed to the communist orientation of recent Afghan governments and which subsequently called for a holy war (jihad) to expel the Soviet troops from the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 1.2 1387(2009) No.6·7 AFGHANISTAN QUARTERLY
    Vol. 1.2 1387(2009) No.6·7 AFGHANISTAN QUARTERLY Vol. 1.2 1387(2009) No:6-7J ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN QUARTERLY Vol. 1-2 Editorial Board: 1- Professor Nasrullah Sobman. 2- Professor Fazil Ahamad Ghurub. 3- Associate professor Jalat Khan Hikmati. 4- Associate professor Abdul Hakim Safi. 5- Assistant professor Mohammad Nabi Salahi. Administrative Board: Director: Rahmat Nabi Assistant Director: Sultan Mohammad Zari Composed and Designed by: Sameer Samander Safi By the Name of Allah who is All Mighty and merciful Contents I. Pro. Doctor Ghulan Najmoddin ((Tarin)) Lapis lazuli (lazhward) Deposits of Badakhshan ........................ 1-19 2. Hafizullah Emadi. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE DURAND LINE AND THE FUTURE OF AFGHANISTAN- PAKISTAN RELATIONS ......... 20-34 3. Hafizullah Emadi. Women in Afghanistan's State apparatuses: from post independence period to the present. .................. 35-63 4. Professor Mohammad Nasser Stanikzai. Healthcare and economic development in Afghanistan .... 73 5. Professor Fazil Ahmad Ghoroub, Superstition and OmensmFrom the View point of psychology ...... 81-85 6. Junior Assistant professor Mohammad Ratib Abeer, Admiui,tration corruption in Afghanistan .................................... 86-Jiif Lapis lazuli (lazhward) Deposits of Badakhshan Pro. Doctor Ghulan Najmoddin tarin Legends and lore: In all civilization, magical power have been ascribed to gems perhaps out of a need , to explain their rarity, beauty and gemstones: in gemstones the whole majesty of nature is compressed into the smallest space, and in a single stone we can perceive the master piece, and in a single stone a polished plate of lapis, with its included grains of pyrite, we likened in the orient to the starry beavers, for the inhabitants of Mesopotamia this was more than a pleasing comparison.
    [Show full text]
  • When Afghan Women Were Free
    When Afghan Women Were Free Afghan women’s rights and Western intervention By Gearóid Ó Colmáin Region: Asia, Middle East & North Africa Global Research, March 09, 2016 Theme: Women's Rights American Herald Tribune 8 March 2016 In the Ancient Greek poet Homer’s epic poem The Iliad, the motive for the siege of Troy by the Greeks was the abduction of Helen, wife of the red-haired Menalaus by the lascivious Trojan prince Alexandros. Yet Helen is strangely absent from Homer’s epic. The poem is more concerned with the mobilisation of Greece’s allies and the death, destruction and despair engendered by war. It is as though, the Helen myth is simply used to justify the wanton destruction of another people and the cultural superiority of the aggressors, who fight wars to protect women. Perhaps more than any other poem in the history of Western literature, Homer’s Iliad is a foundation stone, a constitutive ur-myth of European civilisation. One can find echoes of this ur-myth in the way the 15 year NATO occupation of Afghanistan is being represented to the French public. The occupation of Afghanistan is presented as an attempt to bring freedom and democracy to a backward and dangerous country populated by barbarians who are threatening the security of ‘Western civilization’. In particular, NATO is occupying Afghanistan, we are led to believe, to protect Afghan women just as Homer’s ‘doughty Achaeans’ invaded Troy to retrieve the beautiful Helen, rather than to rob and plunder another civilization. In the weeks before the Afghanistan invasion in 2001, television viewers were bombarded with images showing the plight of Afghanistan women under Taliban rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Publication
    COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER #51 Inside the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the Seizure of Kabul, December 1979 By Aleksandr Antonovich Lyakhovskiy Translations by Gary Goldberg and Artemy Kalinovsky January 2007 THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann, Series Editor This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to accelerate the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives from the former “Communist bloc” with the historiography of the Cold War which has been written over the past few decades largely by Western scholars reliant on Western archival sources. It also seeks to transcend barriers of language, geography, and regional specialization to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history. Among the activities undertaken by the project to promote this aim are a periodic BULLETIN to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for young historians from the former Communist bloc to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars; and publications.
    [Show full text]
  • How Many Times Is the First Time? Short Look at Social Change and History of the Women’S Movement in Afghanistan (1) by Nasrine Gross
    On the Occasion of the International Woman’s Day 2013: How Many Times is the First Time? Short Look at Social Change and History of the Women’s Movement in Afghanistan (1) By Nasrine Gross Social change is a major topic in sociology. Here I only touch upon a few salient points, by way of introduction to a short history of the women’s movement in Afghanistan.(2) First, social change happens in every society of the world whether we like it or not. For example, just the fact that no generation is exactly like the generation of its parents is in itself social change. In my father’s generation, the exact start time of the Ramazan breakfast was announced by a naqaara to the entire community; in my generation, with an alarm clock in every home. Then, almost every household had a tanor to bake bread; today, we buy our bread from the bakery.(3) Second point, social change does not occur in the same way in every place. In Kabul it is one way, in Chaa-aab, for example, in another way, and in Mazar-e Sharif or Kandahar in yet another way. Social change is affected by its local environment or life style of that area and cannot be an exception to it or run away from it. Third, nobody can stop social change. On any given moment society is changing in several directions. Why? Because the conditions and requirements of time and place change: When you change the place, human beings change. And when time changes, so also do human beings.
    [Show full text]
  • International Attitudes to Soviet Military Presence - Lifting of US Grain Embargo Against Soviet Union
    Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 27, May, 1981 Afghanistan, Page 30879 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Military and Internal Political Developments - International Attitudes to Soviet Military Presence - Lifting of US Grain Embargo against Soviet Union During the second half of 1980 and in early 1981 Afghan rebels (mujaheddin or holy warriors) continued to wage guerrilla warfare against the Soviet troops which had entered the country in late December 1979[see 30229 A; 30381 A] and the Afghan Army. Meanwhile, the Soviet- backed Government of President Babrak Karmal continued to experience factional divisions and the President himself was said to have tried to commit suicide on June 13, 1980, when an Afghan guard was reported killed and two others injured in a shootout as Soviet guards tried to disarm him. The Guardian also claimed on July 23 that President Karmal had threatened in a letter written to President Brezhnev the previous month to resign if he was not allowed a freer hand to run the Government. Administrative changes carried out during 1980 reflected the increasing dominance of the smaller Parcham ("Flag") faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) over the main Khalq ("People") faction, many of whose members were purged in this period. By August 1980 only three Khalqis were said to remain in the Government and the purges had spread to the armed forces, which formed the main basis of support for the Khalq faction. Both the predecessors of President Karmal-Mr Nur Mohammad Taraki (April 1978-September 1979) and Mr Hafizullah Amin (September-December 1979)-belonged to the Khalq faction.
    [Show full text]
  • POWER,Politics
    POWER, 36th Annual Wisconsin Women’s Studies Politics Conference and & 7th Annual UW System performance LGBTQ Conference in Women’s Studies and LGBTQ Studies October 5–6, 2012 University of Wisconsin Oshkosh www.uwosh.edu/go/ppp Lifelong Learning and Community Engagement Join us for our exciting and engaging annual conference! This year, we’ll explore how we have power, political or Location otherwise, as voters, citizens and workers. Come together with individuals who are passionate about gender and University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Reeve Memorial Union, LGBTQ roles in society. This year, participants will have 748 Algoma Blvd, Oshkosh, Wis. the opportunity to attend an outstanding variety of presentations, workshops and panels that focus on power, politics and performance. Continuing Education Units (CEUs) This conference is for staff and faculty from the Program participants can receive 0.5 Continuing UW System, other colleges and universities, and Education Units (CEUs) for their participation. community members throughout Wisconsin whose lives are enriched by women’s studies, gender issues and LGBTQ research. Questions Questions concerning registration and program content Registration Information should be directed to the Office of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 This year we are offering an early registration Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901-8623, or call discounted fee! (920) 424-1129 or toll-free (800) 633-1442. Register on or before September 20, 2012 Program Manager Chris DeIuliis, to qualify for the early registration discount! Office of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Full conference (early bird) — $100 Cancellation Policy Cancellations received 10 business Friday only (early bird) — $60 days before the program will receive a full refund, minus Saturday only (early bird) — $60 a $15 processing charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Guide to Winning in the 2005 Afghan Elections
    Draft Women's Guide to Winning in the 2005 Afghan Elections Written in Dari and Translated into English by: Nasrine Gross The Roqia Center for Women's Rights, Studies and Education in Afghanistan Central Post Office, POBox 1292, Kabul, Afghanistan Telephone in Kabul: 070281694 Telephone in the USA: 703-536-6471 Email: [email protected] Website: www.kabultec.org July 2005 (This document was funded, translated into Pashto and published in the three languages in its final version, as a book, by SUNY/USAID Afghanistan Parliamentary Assistance Project (APAP). All information, ideas and opinions, however, are that of the author.) 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Elections, A Defining Opportunity 1.1 Afghan Women and Elections of 2005 1.2 A Look to the Past 1.3 2005 National Assembly and Provincial Councils 2. Challenges Women Face in the Elections 2.1 Gender 2.2 Security 2.3 Social Issues 2.4 The Professional Challenge 2.5 Length of War 3. Condition and Situation of Women in Today's Afghanistan 3.1 Illiteracy 3.2 Health 3.3 Economic Conditions 3.4 Infrastructure Situation 3.5 Customs 4. Special Mission of Afghan Women 4.1 Towards Afghanistan 4.2 Towards Women 4.3 Towards Men 5. The Constitution of 2004 and Afghan Women 5.1 General Look 5.2 Articles Specific to Women 6. Keys to Success for Women 6.1 Preparation and Knowledge 6.2 Networking where Men Cannot Go 6.3 Networking where Women Cannot Go 6.4 Dealing with Men's One-upsmanship 6.5 Dealing with Women's Putdowns 7.
    [Show full text]
  • South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
    South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Dorronsoro, Gilles (2007) ‘Kabul at War (1992-1996): State, Ethnicity and Social Classes’, South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, URL : http://samaj.revues.org/document212.html. To quote a passage, use paragraph (§). Kabul at War (1992-1996): State, Ethnicity and Social Classes Gilles Dorronsoro Abstract. Kabul witnessed especially violent fights during the 1992-95 period. This article explains how, after the destruction of the state in 1992 following the fall of the communist regime, the city became a theatre of conflict between various armed groups. Contrary to popular opinion, the conflict in Kabul was not the product of irrational ethnic cleavages but the unanticipated consequence of rational strategies. More specifically, the city became a metaphor for the state, a central economic stake, and a place where opposing social groups fought each other. Dorronsoro, Gilles (2007) ‘Kabul at War (1992-1996): State, Ethnicity and Social Classes’, South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, URL : http://samaj.revues.org/document212.html. To quote a passage, use paragraph (§). [1] This article focuses on the 1992-1996 period of the Afghan civil war. During these four crucial years, Kabul evolved as a small-scale, yet distorted, model of Afghanistan itself. Indeed, it was the place where the armed actors tried to define the country's future political system and where social and communal conflicts crystallized. The following pages attempt to grasp this process by analyzing the city as a spatial metaphor of the state, as a place wherein communal identities were redefined, as an economical gamble, and, finally, as the centre for the urban/rural confrontation1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Party, the Socialist Workers Party 1960-1988, Volume II
    THE PARTY: THE SOCIALIST WORKERS PARTY 1960-1988 VOLUME 2: INTERREGNUM, DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 1973-1988 A POLITICAL MEMOIR Barry Sheppard 2 INTERREGNUM, DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 1973-1988 Resistance Books would be glad to have readers’ opinions of this book, and any suggestions you may have for future publications or wider distribution. Our books are available at special quantity discounts to educational and non-profit organizations, and to bookstores. To contact us, please write to: Resistance Books PO Box 62732, London, SW2 9CQ Email at [email protected] This book is copyright © of the author. Graphic design © Resistance Books. Front cover photo: Sandinista fighters entering Managua July 19, 1979 greeted by mass outpouring. © Corbis. Back cover photo: Caroline Lund working at her automobile factory. Photo by co-worker. ISBN: 978-0-902869-59-2 Printed in Britain by Lightning Source THE PARTY: THE SOCIALIST WORKERS PARTY 1960-1988 3 THE PARTY: THE SOCIALIST WORKERS PARTY 1960-1988 VOLUME 2: INTERREGNUM, DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 1973-1988 A POLITICAL MEMOIR Barry Sheppard Resistance Books 4 INTERREGNUM, DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 1973-1988 Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 6 Part One: Interregnum, 1973 - 1979 ........................................... 9 CHAPTER ONE: THE EBBING OF THE RADICALIZATION ........... 10 CHAPTER TWO: THE MILITARY COUP IN CHILE ......................... 21 CHAPTER THREE: ARAB-ISRAEL WAR ......................................... 32 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]