DOCSLIB.ORG

Fortifying Saint Cloud: Searching for Fort Holes Charles Peliska St

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fortifying Saint Cloud: Searching for Fort Holes Charles Peliska St St. Cloud State University theRepository at St. Cloud State Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Department of Anthropology Management 5-2018 Fortifying Saint Cloud: Searching for Fort Holes Charles Peliska St. Cloud State University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/crm_etds Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Peliska, Charles, "Fortifying Saint Cloud: Searching for Fort Holes" (2018). Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management. 20. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/crm_etds/20 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management by an authorized administrator of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fortifying Saint Cloud: Searching for Fort Holes by Charles Joseph Peliska A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of St. Cloud State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Cultural Resources Management May, 2018 Thesis Committee: Rob Mann, Chairperson Debra Gold Mark Muniz 2 Abstract This thesis is about my efforts to locate Fort Holes – a civilian fortification built in September of 1862 in response to the nearby threats of Native American violence. A decade after the western parts of Minnesota were opened to Euro-American settlement, the actions of government agents, traders, and a small group of Native American actors led to violence on the frontier. The citizens of Saint Cloud constructed Fort Holes in a week and it only stood for a couple of years before they removed the lumber for the growing city. Throughout Minnesota, citizens constructed over 50 of these expedient “settlers’ forts,” sometimes in as little as 24 hours. As of 2014, none of these forts from the U.S. – Dakota War of 1862 had been examined archaeologically. In the summer of 2015, I began work on studying Fort Holes. The project included archival research, a gradiometer survey, and a targeted shovel test survey based on the results of the gradiometer survey to identify archaeological features or artifacts associated with the fort. The artifacts of that excavation were then cleaned, analyzed, and inventoried. While no definitive features or artifacts were found, the archival resources, as well as the gradiometer results show that this is likely the location of the fort, and larger excavations may reveal features missed in this project. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my wife Katie; my family; Dr. Mann, Dr. Gold, Dr. Wingerd, Dr. Muñiz, Jennifer Howland, and all the faculty, staff, and community at Saint Cloud State University; the staff of the Stearns History Museum; and all of my fellow graduate students and members of the public that came and helped with the excavation. I would also like to thank the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund for a grant to perform the geophysical survey. 4 The Road goes ever on and on Down from the Door where it began… (J.R.R. Tolkien – The Fellowship of the Ring) 5 Table of Contents Page List of Figures .........................................................................................................................6 Chapter I: Research Questions ............................................................................................................9 II: Historical Background ......................................................................................................13 A Brief History of Central Minnesota .....................................................................15 Saint Cloud ..................................................................................................................22 Conflicts Both Home and Abroad ...........................................................................30 III: Fortifications of Stearns County and St. Cloud ...........................................................44 IV: Investigations ...................................................................................................................56 V: Analysis ...........................................................................................................................68 Land Use After Fort Holes ........................................................................................82 Landform and Soils Analysis ...................................................................................87 VI: Interpretations and Conclusion .....................................................................................99 Works Cited ...........................................................................................................................105 Appendix A: Fort Holes Project Inventory ........................................................................109 Appendix B: Artifact Distribution .......................................................................................124 6 List of Figures Figure Page 1: Google Earth Image of Area of Interest ..........................................................................10 2: Google Earth Image of Area of Interest with Circles Representing Dimensions of Fort Holes .........................................................................................10 3: Ojibwe – Dakota Debatable Zone ....................................................................................18 4: Map of Early St. Cloud ......................................................................................................23 5: Mitchell's Commission as Commissary General ...........................................................27 6: Photo of Samuel Holes circa 1862-1863 ...........................................................................48 7: Pullis Illustration of Fort Holes ........................................................................................53 8: Elevation of Fort Holes ......................................................................................................54 9: Fort Holes Topographic and Overview Map .................................................................58 10: From 1950 USGS Topographic Map of St. Cloud, MN ...............................................59 11: Saint Cloud during the Civil War ..................................................................................59 12: Processed Map of Weak Magnetic Features in the South Block ...............................61 13: Preliminary Gradiometer Map .......................................................................................64 14: Final Gradiometer Map ...................................................................................................65 15: Fort Holes Project Map ....................................................................................................66 16: Total Artifact Distribution Map .....................................................................................69 17: Total Artifact Distribution by Type ...............................................................................70 18: STP I-1 South Wall Profile ..............................................................................................72 7 Figure Page 19: Profile of STP I-1 ...............................................................................................................73 20: Profile of STP I-2 Showing Post Hole ............................................................................74 21: STP I-2 West Wall Profile ................................................................................................75 22: STP III-1, Feature 3 ..........................................................................................................76 23: STP III-1 Feature 10 ..........................................................................................................77 24: STP III-1 Profile ................................................................................................................78 25: STP III-2 Feature 9 at 58 cm Below Surface ..................................................................80 26: STP III-2 Feature 9 at 66 cm Below Surface ..................................................................81 27: Map of St. Cloud in 1862 .................................................................................................82 28: 1920 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map .................................................................................83 29: Aerial Photograph circa 1950s Showing Houses in Project Area..............................84 30: 1966 Photograph Showing Campus and Area of Interest ..........................................86 31: 1967 Photograph Showing Campus and Project Area................................................86 32: 1964 Aerial Photograph ...................................................................................................88 33: 2017 Google Earth Image with Overlay of 1964 Ring of Trees from Aerial Photograph ......................................................................................................89 34: Final Gradiometer Map with the Ring of Trees Overlay ...........................................90 35: STP III-1 Showing Fill Layer Outlined in Red .............................................................92 36: STP IV-1 Showing Fill Layer Outlined in Red .............................................................93 37:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Beginnings (Pp. 0-23)
    Minnesota Territory established. Benedictines arrived in Minnesota. Free school opened in Stearns County. Bill No. 70 of Minnesota's Eighth Legislative Session incorporated the St. John's Seminary. Abbot Rupert Seidenbusch, OSB, St. John's first abbot, blessed on June 2. Pope Pius IX created Archbishop James Gibbons of Baltimore as first American car- dinal. Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Minnesota established on February 12. Abbot Alexius Edelbrock, OSB, St. John's second abbot, blessed on October 24. St. john the Baptist Parish established on December 12. English began to replace German in parish announcements. BEGINNINGS In 1875 the American Church - including its faithful in central Minnesota - was making headlines. Pope Pius IX Vicariate of had named Archbishop James Gibbons the first American Northern cardinal and had established the Vicariate of Northem Min- Minnesota nesota from the then diocese of St. Paul. The apostolic i vicar's jurisdiction stretched for 600 miles east to west and a, 250 miles north to south. That May, Most Rev. Rupert Seidenbusch, OSB, was consecrated the vicariate's bishop in i St. Mary's Church in St. Cloud. Shortly after his consecra- tion, Bishop Seidenbusch resigned as the first abbot of the j then abbey of St. Louis on the Lake, "situated in the most healthy part of Minnesota,' and moved to St. Cloud to administer the vicariate which numbered 14,000 immigrant \ settlers and 25,000 Indians, and a clergy of twenty-one Bene- dictine and eight diocesan priests. That December this \ bishop answered the request of twenty settlers who lived near the abbey to establish the St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: an Informal Legal History of the Years 1835 to 1865 Robert J
    William Mitchell Law Review Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 1 1976 The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: An Informal Legal History of the Years 1835 to 1865 Robert J. Sheran Timothy J. Baland Follow this and additional works at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr Recommended Citation Sheran, Robert J. and Baland, Timothy J. (1976) "The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: An Informal Legal History of the Years 1835 to 1865," William Mitchell Law Review: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 1. Available at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr/vol2/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in William Mitchell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Sheran and Baland: The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: An THE LAW, COURTS, AND LAWYERS IN THE FRONTIER DAYS OF MINNESOTA: AN INFORMAL LEGAL HISTORY OF THE YEARS 1835 TO 1865* By ROBERT J. SHERANt Chief Justice, Minnesota Supreme Court and Timothy J. Balandtt In this article Chief Justice Sheran and Mr. Baland trace the early history of the legal system in Minnesota. The formative years of the Minnesota court system and the individuals and events which shaped them are discussed with an eye towards the lasting contributionswhich they made to the system of today in this, our Bicentennialyear.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to a Microfilm Edition of the Alexander Ramsey Papers and Records
    -~-----', Guide to a Microfilm Edition of The Alexander Ramsey Papers and Records Helen McCann White Minnesota Historical Society . St. Paul . 1974 -------~-~~~~----~! Copyright. 1974 @by the Minnesota Historical Society Library of Congress Catalog Number:74-10395 International Standard Book Number:O-87351-091-7 This pamphlet and the microfilm edition of the Alexander Ramsey Papers and Records which it describes were made possible by a grant of funds from the National Historical Publications Commission to the Minnesota Historical Society. Introduction THE PAPERS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS of Alexander Ramsey are the sixth collection to be microfilmed by the Minnesota Historical Society under a grant of funds from the National Historical Publications Commission. They document the career of a man who may be charac­ terized as a 19th-century urban pioneer par excellence. Ramsey arrived in May, 1849, at the raw settlement of St. Paul in Minne­ sota Territory to assume his duties as its first territorial gov­ ernor. The 33-year-old Pennsylvanian took to the frontier his family, his education, and his political experience and built a good life there. Before he went to Minnesota, Ramsey had attended college for a time, taught school, studied law, and practiced his profession off and on for ten years. His political skills had been acquired in the Pennsylvania legislature and in the U.S. Congress, where he developed a subtlety and sophistication in politics that he used to lead the development of his adopted city and state. Ram­ sey1s papers and records reveal him as a down-to-earth, no-non­ sense man, serving with dignity throughout his career in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Trip from St. Anthony to Lake Minnetonka, and Shakopee Lakes, Minnesota Territory
    Territorial Daguerreotypes RURAL MINNESOTA AS SEEN BY AN ARTIST Edited by Philip D. Jordan ARMED WITH LETTERS of introduction and carrying a strange assort­ ment of pencils, drawing papers, and water colors, Edwin White- field arrived in St. Paul in 18^6. No doubt he astonished residents who were accustomed to seeing emigrants enter Minnesota Ter­ ritory with rifle and farm tools rather than with the paraphernalia of an artist. Yet Whitefield, for ail his brushes and paints, tvas no day­ dreaming fool. Like many another, he had come to Minnesota to ma\e a living. Perhaps he could combine art with land exploration and settlement and thus force one to support the other. Minnesota was far removed from his native England. He had come to the United States, however, at such an early age that the land of his birth assumed no great importance at the time he reached the Minnesota frontier. By then he had already established himself as an artist, having spent at least ten years depicting scenery and towns in upstate New Yor\ in the vicinity of Albany and Troy} Perhaps at first Whitefield did not really intend to spend more than a few months in Minnesota, for in November, 18^6, an editor spo\e of receiving a call from Mr. Whitefield of Netv Yor\, "who has been spending some wee\s in di^erent parts of our Territory, taking views of our interior towns, beautiful la\es, meandering rivers, matchless water-falls, and charming landscapes, for exhibition in the East!' In addition to displaying Minnesota sketches, White- field planned to lecture in New England and the Middle States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nichols Map and the Location of the Town of St. Paul
    F PROF O ESS TY IO Spring 2018 Volume 27 • Number 1 IE N C A O L S S A U T R O V S E E Y N O N R I S M 1953 The Nichols Map and the Location of the Town of St. Paul ALSO INSIDE: From the MSPS President pg. 4 NSPS Executive Director’s Report pg. 7 2017 Awards & Scholarships Winners pg. 8 Legislative Miscues - Part 1 pg. 17 Minnesota Society of Professional Surveyors an affiliate of NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORS AMERICAN CONGRESS ON SURVEYING AND MAPPING MINNESOTA SURVEYOR Minnesota Surveyor is the official publication of the Minnesota Society of Professional Surveyors. It is published quarterly and sent to members and similar organizations on a complimentary basis. Material published is copyrighted but may be reprinted Advertise in the without permission as long as credit is given to the MSPS Minnesota Surveyor. All material must be submitted by the Minnesota Surveyor! deadline noted for each issue, and should be directed to: More than 600 members of the surveying community in EDITOR Minnesota read the award-winning Minnesota Surveyor Dave Zenk PE, LS — National Geodetic Survey magazine. Advertising in the magazine is a great way to reach Northern Plains Regional Advisor that audience! In 2017, the Minnesota Surveyor transitioned to 1735 Lake Drive West, Chanhassen, MN 55317-8581 an online publication, allowing for live links to your website. 763-600-6912 home office | 952-368-2548 office 612-414-9522 mobile 2018 ADVERTISING RATES: [email protected] (federal business) 1/3 page [email protected] (personal business) ©2018 MSPS (4.5” wide x 4.75” high) .............$120.00 1/2 page Articles and columns appearing in this publication do not (7.5” wide x 5” high) ..................$160.00 necessarily reflect the viewpoints of MSPS or the Minnesota Surveyor staff, but are published as a service to MSPS members, Full page the general public and for the betterment of the surveying (7.5” wide x 10” high) ..............
    [Show full text]
  • Dakota County Profile
    h Dakota County Government For The Fiscal Year Beginning January 1, 2011 Budget in Brief This document is a ‘brief’ look at the adopted 2011 budget for Dakota County, Minnesota. We hope it will enhance your understanding of how the County is organized, the services it provides, and the funding sources used to provide those services. Our purpose is to deliver to the citizens of Dakota County the very highest quality of services as efficiently, effectively, and responsively as possible. We aim to be a premier county in which to live and work. Thank you for the opportunity to serve you and to be able to make Dakota County Government the best it can be. Dakota County Board of Commissioners 1st District Joseph A. Harris 2nd District Kathleen A. Gaylord 3rd District Thomas A. Egan 4th District Nancy Schouweiler 5th District Liz Workman 6th District Paul Krause 7th District Willis E. Branning A comprehensive overview of the Dakota County 2011 Adopted budget, the 2011 Adopted Budget Overview is available by contacting: Dakota County Financial Services Department 1590 Highway 55 West Hastings, MN 55033 (651) 438 – 4585 www.dakotacounty.us 2010 Budget – Dakota County, Minnesota Budget in Brief – Table of Contents Table of Contents DAKOTA COUNTY FACTS ....................................................................................................................................... 1 LOCATION AND HISTORY……………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 LAND USE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania History (People, Places, Events) Record Holdings Scholars in Residence Pennsylvania History Day People Places Events Things
    rruVik.. reliulsyiVUtlll L -tiestuly ratge I UI I Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Home Programs & Events Researchr Historic Sites & Museums Records Management About Us Historic Preservation Pennsylvania State Archives CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information Doc Heritage Digital Archives (ARIAS) 0OF ExplorePAhistory.com V Land Records things Genealogy Pennsylvania History (People, Places, Events) Record Holdings Scholars in Residence Pennsylvania History Day People Places Events Things Documentary Heritaae Pennsylvania Governors Symbols and Official Designations Examples: " Keystone State," Flower, Tree Penn-sylyania Counties Outline of Pennsylvania History 1, n-n. II, ni, tv, c.tnto ~ no Ii~, ol-, /~~h nt/n. mr. on, ,t on~~con A~2 1 .rrniV1%', reiniSy1Vdaina riiSiur'y ragcaeiuo I ()I U Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission lome Programs & Events Research Historic Sites & Museums Records Management About Us Historic Preservation Pennsylvania State Archives PENNSYLVANIA STATE CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information HISTO RY Doc Heritage Digital Archives (ARIAS) ExplorePAhistory.com Land Records THE QUAKER PROVINCE: 1681-1776 Genealogy Pennsylvania History . (People, Places, Events) Record Holdings Y Scholars in Residence Pennsylvania History Day The Founding of Pennsylvania William Penn and the Quakers Penn was born in London on October 24, 1644, the son of Admiral Sir William Penn. Despite high social position and an excellent education, he shocked his upper-class associates by his conversion to the beliefs of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, then a persecuted sect. He used his inherited wealth and rank to benefit and protect his fellow believers. Despite the unpopularity of his religion, he was socially acceptable in the king's court because he was trusted by the Duke of York, later King James II.
    [Show full text]
  • Neither Printer's Wife Nor Widow: American Women in Typesetting, 1830-1950 Author(S): Mary Biggs Source: the Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, Vol
    Neither Printer's Wife nor Widow: American Women in Typesetting, 1830-1950 Author(s): Mary Biggs Source: The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, Vol. 50, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 431-452 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4307273 Accessed: 19-12-2017 22:34 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy This content downloaded from 73.55.183.7 on Tue, 19 Dec 2017 22:34:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms NEITHER PRINTER'S WIFE NOR WIDOW: AMERICAN WOMEN IN TYPESETTING, 1830-1950 Mary Biggs Women have been active in American printing since the establishment of the first colonial press. Most historians who acknowledge this cite the contributions of printers' daughters, wives, and widows. This study focuses instead on women employed as typesetters in printing offices where they had no family connec- tions. Special attention is given to the arguments raised against the employment of women, the threat their labor represented to male typesetters, and their relations with the typographical union.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota State Research Guide Family History Sources in the North Star State
    Minnesota State Research Guide Family History Sources in the North Star State Minnesota History The first Europeans to settle Minnesota were the French in the northern parts of the state, but with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 at the end of the French and Indian War, the French ceded those areas to the British. The British lost those areas twenty years later through another Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution. Southwestern Fort Snelling from over the Mississippi River, portions of the state were acquired from U.S., Historical Postcards by the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase. What is now the state of Minnesota has been part of eight different territories—the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Indiana Territory, Illinois Territory, Michigan Territory, Wisconsin Territory, Iowa Territory, and Minnesota Territory. It was also part of the District of Louisiana prior to the formation of Louisiana Territory. The fur trade attracted Minnesota’s earliest settlers, who traded with Native Americans. Beginning in the 1820s the U.S. government began establishing agencies to control that trade. The St. Peters Indian Agency worked to maintain the peace between 1820 and 1853. Bit-by-bit, treaties ceded Native American lands and displaced the earliest inhabitants of the area. By the 1870s, the lumber business was booming as the expansion of railways and the use of steam power made it possible to export large quantities of white pine to distant markets. The St. Croix region drew loggers and saw mills populated Lake Superior’s shore giving rise to cities like Duluth.
    [Show full text]
  • Henry Hastings Sibley and the Minnesota Frontier
    HENRY HASTINGS SIBLEY AND THE MINNESOTA FRONTIER1 If the West be thought of as a period rather than a place then the study of a limited area which passed through the suc­ cessive stages in the evolution of society on the frontier will be typical of what was repeated over and over again in the conquest and settlement of the continent. And, in the same way, if a study be made of an individual who lived through and participated in or at least witnessed the various steps, vivid illustrations of the significant features of the westward move­ ment may be found. In the second and third quarters of the nineteenth century these conditions were present in that part of the upper Mississippi Valley which became Minnesota and in the life of Henry Hastings Sibley, fur-trader, first delegate to Congress from Minnesota Territory, and first governor of the state of Minnesota. The Sibley family furnishes a good illustration of the migra­ tion of the New England element.2 The story of this family takes its beginning in old England back almost, if not quite, to the time of the Norman Conquest.3 The Puritan emigration during the period of the personal rule of Charles I brought the first Sibleys to the shores of New England, to what may be called the first American West.4 There, in the second genera­ tion, some of the family helped to- settle one of the several new towns then being formed on the Indian frontier, and in the 1 Read at the twelfth annual meeting of the Mississippi Valley His­ torical Association, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Affairs of State, Affairs of Home: Print and Patriarchy in Pennsylvania, 1776-1844
    Affairs of State, Affairs of Home: Print and Patriarchy in Pennsylvania, 1776-1844 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Emily J. Arendt Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Advisor Professor Joan Cashin Professor Judy Wu Copyright by Emily Jane Arendt 2014 Abstract This dissertation is a cultural and intellectual history of patriarchy in Pennsylvania from the American Revolution through the beginning of the Civil War. The erosion of patriarchal control in the years following the American Revolution only occurred when social obedience to perceived superiors became less important than personal obedience to moral conscience. The process by which some Pennsylvanians' mentalities changed, measured by linguistic shifts in Pennsylvania's print culture, occurred slowly and unevenly over the first seventy years of the state's existence. The language of the American Revolution was distinctly anti-patriarchal: colonists denounced the king's longstanding role as father of his people and encouraged Americans to think about duty and obligation in terms of reciprocity. Love of country and love of family were the highest duties and patriarchal authority was given rhetorical short shrift during this era. By the 1790s, however, consensus unraveled amidst torrid partisan fighting. Debates about familial authority mirrored political debates over tyranny and authority with no clear consensus. Although some painted familial relationships as sentimental and reciprocal, many authors continued to promote hierarchical or antagonistic familial paradigms. In both cases discussions about family intimately attached to broader themes of social control in the new nation.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Minnesota and Tales of the Frontier.Pdf
    '•wii ^.^m CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Sejmour L. Green . i/^^ >/*--*=--— /o~ /^^ THE LATE JUDGE FLANDRAU. He Was Long a Prominent Figure in tbej West. 4 Judge Charles E. Flandrau, whose death!/ occurred in St. Paul,- Minn., as previously f noted, was a prbmlnfent citizen in the Mid- i die West. Judge Flandrau was born in , New York city in 1828 and when a- mere | boy he entered the government service on ' the sea and remained three years. Mean- i time his -father, who had been a law part- ner of Aaron Burr, moved to Whltesboro, and thither young Flandrau went and stud- ied law. In 1851 he was admitted to 'the i bar and became his father's partner. Two years later he went to St. Paul, which I had since been his home practically all the tune. in 1856 he was appointed Indian agent for the Sioux of the JVlississippi, and did notable work in rescuing hundreds of refu- gees from the hands of the blood-thirsty reds. In 1857 he became a member of the constitutional convention Which framed" the constitution of the state, and sat -is a Democratic member of the convention, which was presided over by Govei-nor Sib- ley. At this time he was also appointed an associate justice of -the Supreme Court of Minnesota, ' retainitig his place on the bench until 1864. In 1863 he became Judge advocate general, which position he held concurrently with the .iusticesbip. It was during the Siolix rebellion of 1862 that Judge Flandrau performed his most notable services for the state, his cool sagacity and energy earning for him a name that endeared him to the people of the state for all time.
    [Show full text]