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South Carolina Naval Wreck Survey Completed James D University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Faculty & Staff ubP lications Institute of 3-2005 South Carolina Naval Wreck Survey Completed James D. Spirek University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Christopher F. Amer University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sciaa_staffpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Publication Info Published in Legacy, Volume 9, Issue 1-2, 2005, pages 29-31. http://www.cas.sc.edu/sciaa/ © 2005 by The outhS Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology This Article is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty & Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. South Carolina Naval Wreck Survey Completed By James Spirek and Christopher F. Amer Among the countless wrecked and results of watercraft in South Carolina waters the project. lies a body of naval vessels spanning The project the years from the American Revolu­ was conducted South Carolina tion to modern times. The manage­ in two phases. ment of these sunken naval vessels in The first phase State waters and throughout the focused on world falls under the responsibility gathering of the Department of the Navy historical, Range of USN Shipwrecks in SC \.'Vaters (DoN), with the Underwater Archae­ archaeological, Chariesto,,­ ector ology Branch of the Naval Historical and environ­ Center (NHC) as the main arbiter of mental informa­ issues affecting these cultural tion concerning resources. The DoN maintains the shipwrecks ..,.., ai Ching custody of all its ships and planes, claimed by the whether seemingly abandoned, Navy. The • Kingfisher • CNeen of France regardless of last operational use, or second phase Beaufort lost in United States, foreign, or concentrated on international waters. Only an act of implementing _Marcia i-481 Stono (~ Smith) Congress can divest the DoN of its remote sensing ® ,@),' 2nd Stone Floot USN Shipwrecks in SC­ P,"",<»= • titles or claims to this property. operations on ®Known Housatonic • Unknown, ger~eral area e<;...boat• No. 157 Under the aegis of the Department of selected KQOk~ @ 6 0 6 ' 2 Miles Defense Legacy Resource Manage­ shipwrecks and --=-- lobert•B. Howtett 8 a 8 '!6 Kilometers 1st Stone Aeet ment Program, the NHC has turned naval activity -.;;;;~ Fig. 1: Map showing distribution of US Navy shipwrecks in South to the states as co-stewards to help in sites from the Carolina waters. (SCIAA photo) developing management plans for Civil War. To begin the project, the separated by various categories into these national treasures. In Septem­ NHC provided the MRD with an new lists in the appendices, for ber 1998, the Maritime Research inventory of 96 ship losses reportedly example, Confederate warships and Division (MRD) received funding lying in South Carolina waters. The blockade runners or Foreign war­ from a Department of Defense shipwreck inventory consisted of ships. Legacy Resource Management Grant British warships, South Carolina Historical and archaeological to develop a management plan for naval vessels, Army vessels, blockade research in the first phase centered navy-owned shipwrecks in South numers, and lmidentified ship­ on two complementary avenues, 1) to Carolina waters. The grant funded wrecks. Findings from our research develop an historical context of the the MRD to implement historical and were used to discriminate and select U.S. naval presence in South Carolina archaeological research, remote only 46 USN shipwrecks in the final from the birth of the Nation to recent sensing surveys, and to prepare a inventory. Of these 46 shipwrecks, times, and 2) to prepare individual report and a GIS database of naval 31, or 67 percent of the total list, were histories of each shipwreck. In ship losses in state waters. In April associated with the First and Second addition to developing the "life" 2004, the MRD completed the report Stone Fleets the Federals used to history of each shipwreck, research "A Management Plan for Known and blockade the shipping channels into also focused on the "death" history Potential United States Navy Charleston Harbor. Only one of the archaeological remains. Shipwrecks in South Carolina," and a shipwreck was added to the inven­ Typically, post-mortem activities GIS database of archaeological tory, Robert B. Howlett, a lightship included contemporary salvage of information related to the USN used by the Federal Navy off the wreck shortly after sinking. In shipwrecks. The following article Charleston (Fig. 1). Shipwrecks not Charleston Harbor, the majority of provides a brief synopsis of the scope included in the final inventory were Federal shipwrecks from the Civil See NAVAL WRECK SURVEY, Page 30 Legacy, Vol. 9, Nos. 1/2, March 2005 29 NAVAL WRECK SURVEY, From Page 29 War underwent extensive salvage since their si!i·king. The operations by the U.s. Army Corps of scuttled First and Engineers in the1870s to improve Second Stone Fleets, harbor navigation. Noted also were however, skew the more recent salvage 'operations under analy~is to ~harat teriz­ license from SCIAA, as well as the iDg U.s. Navy ship­ only archaeological investigatiDn ­ wre cks 1(), t~is observa­ carried out in South Carolina on a tion-. Ignoring these U.s. Navy shipwreck, Housatonic, -by purposefully sunk SCIAA, NHC, and National P-ark vessels, and the scuttled Service underwater archaeologists in Queen of France frOl!,! the 1999 . Revolutronary War and To develop potential research and YP-481 fromWINU, management'options, the shipwre2<s reveals that the next were. categorized, quantified, and greatest reason· for qualified as a gf.DUp. Several sinking in South' analytical.categories were created to Carolina waters was help characterize the wrecks namely, grounding, followed historical period, cause of shipwreck, dosely by enemy action. salvage activity, location, and Causes of sinking and environmental context. In general, any subsequent salvage U.s. Navy shipwrecks in South operations, both Carolina waters date from the contemporary and modern, have operation was in Charleston Harbor, Antebellum period (1785-1865, ramifications that affec t the structural and included surveys of USS predominately from 1861-1865), were integrity and artifactual content of Patapsco, an ironclad sunk by a scuttled, have not been salvaged, are each shipwreck. Other impacts torpedo (mine); USS Weehawken, an situated in and around Charleston include natural and cultural factors ironclad that foundered at sea; USS Harbor, their locations generally that effect the preservation of a Keokuk, an ironclad sunk from known, and have not been disturbed shi.pwreck and include erosion, damage sustained during battle; and biological and chemical degradation, USS Housatonic, a steam frigate sunk dredging, and artifact collec ting. by the H.L. Hunley submarine. A Examination of the circumstances second area of survey was Port Royal and environments of the navy Sound, which was the operational shipwrecks in the inven tory offer a headquarters of the South Atlantic management tool by which to Blockading Squadron. Several areas prioritize and direct resources for were surveyed and a number of future archaeological inquiry by magnetic and acoustic anomalies South Carolina and Navy submerged ground-truthed to determine their cultural resource managers. sources. A search was also made to The second phase of th e project loca te the remains of the USS George included conducting remote sensing Washington, an Army gunboat sunk operations on a limited number of in Whale Branch River. Additionally, shipwrecks and areas of naval preliminary site plans were prepared activity sites from the Civil War. for two Shipwrecks: the Skull Creek Archaeological and environmental Wreck, previously discovered by information obtained during this SCIAA in 1985 and possibly related phase helped to assess and to prepare to Confederate or Federal naval a baseline of a site's condition for activity, and the Station Creek Wreck, future reference by researchers and newly-discovered during the course Fig. 2: Sonogram showing wreckage of USS Boston in Ashepoo River. (SCIAA managers. The primary area of of this survey, and thought to photo) 30 Legacy, Vol. 9, Nos. 1/2, March 2005 represent the remains of a whaling revealed portions of the ship's All of the results of the electronic vessel destined for the Stone Fleet structure, aiding in determining the data, probing, ground-truthing and but diverted for use as a floating structural integrity of the site, geo-referenced historical charts were machine shop (See Port Royal Sound notably on the Patapsco, Bas/on, Skull incorporated into a GIS project for Survey article in this issue, pages 25­ Creek and Sta tion Creek wrecks (Fig. analytical and archival purposes. 28, for additional information about 2). At the Harvest Moon, Dai Ching, The combination of the written operations in this area). A third and at several magnetic anomalies report and the GIS database will survey area was in the ACE basin potentially associated with George provide submerged cultural resource (Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto Rivers) Washington, the MRD used magnetic managers convenient access to the to gather information about two Civil data to guide hydraulic probing project's findings for making timely War vessels: USS Dai Ching, a navy operations to determine th e amount management decisions regarding the gunboa t sunk by a Confederate of overburden and the exten t of sunken naval legacy in South battery, and USS Boston, an army surviving structure (Figs. 3 and 4). Carolina. Additionally, the GIS transport sunk during a combined Visual inspection by MRD staff project can swiftly incorporate new operation with the navy. data from future The fourth area centered on research endeavors. the Civil War wreck of the The report and USS Harvest Moon, Admiral project concluded wi th John Dahlgren's flagship, several recommenda­ sunk by a torpedo in tions to guide future Winyah Bay.
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