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Marine Information Network Information on the Species and Habitats Around the Coasts and Sea of the British Isles

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Marine Information Network Information on the Species and Habitats Around the Coasts and Sea of the British Isles MarLIN Marine Information Network Information on the species and habitats around the coasts and sea of the British Isles Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools MarLIN – Marine Life Information Network Marine Evidence–based Sensitivity Assessment (MarESA) Review Dr Heidi Tillin & Charlotte Marshall 2016-02-25 A report from: The Marine Life Information Network, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Please note. This MarESA report is a dated version of the online review. Please refer to the website for the most up-to-date version [https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/54]. All terms and the MarESA methodology are outlined on the website (https://www.marlin.ac.uk) This review can be cited as: Tillin, H.M. & Marshall, C.M., 2016. Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools. In Tyler-Walters H. and Hiscock K. (eds) Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.17031/marlinhab.54.1 The information (TEXT ONLY) provided by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. Based on a work at www.marlin.ac.uk (page left blank) Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools - Marine Life Date: 2016-02-25 Information Network 17-09-2018 Biotope distribution data provided by EMODnet Seabed Habitats (www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu) Researched by Dr Heidi Tillin & Charlotte Marshall Refereed by This information is not refereed. Summary UK and Ireland classification Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow EUNIS 2008 A1.414 eulittoral mixed substrata pools Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow JNCC 2015 LR.FLR.Rkp.H eulittoral mixed substrata pools Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow JNCC 2004 LR.FLR.Rkp.H eulittoral mixed substrata pools Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow 1997 Biotope LR.LR.Rkp.H eulittoral mixed substrata pools Description Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterized by abundant hydroids. Species present may include Obelia geniculata, Obelia dichotoma, Obelia longissima, Sertularia https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/54 3 Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools - Marine Life Date: 2016-02-25 Information Network cupressina, Tublaria indivisa and Thuiaria thuja. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae (Ulva sp.), red algae (Chondrus crispus and Coralline algae) and the winkle Littorina littorea. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm Arenicola marina and sand mason worms Lanice conchilega. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (MytX), with Mytilus edulis frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides and Austromius (Elminius) modestus) and the keel worm Spirobranchus (syn. Pomatoceros) triqueter may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as Crangon crangon and Pomatoschistus minutus will also be found within the pool (JNCC, 2015). Depth range Mid shore Additional information - Listed By - none - Further information sources Search on: JNCC https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/54 4 Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools - Marine Life Date: 2016-02-25 Information Network Habitat review Ecology Ecological and functional relationships This biotope is dominated by species able to withstand the frequent disturbance caused by wave action. The fact that LR.H rockpools are shallow and have a mixed substratum means that sand and pebbles will be frequently moved around the rockpool. This is especially true in stormy weather when larger cobbles and boulders may be moved into the pool and when the pool may be flushed clean of sediment. This in itself means that the community is unlikely to be a climax community, but more a transient community dominated by ephemeral, rapidly growing species that are able quickly to dominate space created by wave energy. Furthermore, both the flora and fauna are likely to vary both spatially, i.e. between rock pools, and on a temporal basis, depending on the frequency, severity and timing of disturbance. Primary producers in this biotope are represented by ephemeral green algae such as Ulva sp. Ulva intestinalis can grow rapidly and is tolerant of a range of temperatures and salinities. Ulva intestinalis is also the preferred food of Littorina littorea (see below). In terms of characterizing species, suspension feeders are the dominant trophic group in LR.H. The most common suspension feeders likely to be found in LR.H are the hydroid Obelia longissima and the common mussel Mytilus edulis. The acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides may also be common. Semibalanus balanoides actively feeds on detritus and zooplankton. Mytilus edulis actively feeds on bacteria, phytoplankton, detritus, and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Obelia longissima is a passive suspension feeder, feeding on small zooplankton, small crustaceans, oligochaetes, insect larvae and probably detritus. The branches of Obelia longissima may be used as substratum by Mytilus edulis pediveligers (Brault & Bourget, 1985). Other suspension feeders may include the barnacle Elminius modestus and the tubeworm Spirobranchus triqueter. The grazing gastropod Littorina littorea feeds on range of fine red, green and brown algae including Ulva sp., Cladophora sp. and Ectocarpus sp. Deposit feeding worms such as the sand mason Lanice conchilega and the lugworm Arenicola marina may be found if patches of sand are present in the pools. The sand mason is also capable of active suspension feeding. The common shore crab Carcinus maenas is the largest mobile predator frequently associated with LR.H. Carcinus maenas is likely to move in and out of the rockpool feeding on plant and animal material including Semibalanus balanoides and Littorina littorea. Seasonal and longer term change Rockpools constitute a distinct environment for which physiological adaptations by the flora and fauna may be required (Lewis, 1964). Conditions within rockpools are the consequence of prolonged separation from the main body of the sea, and physico-chemical factors within them fluctuate dramatically (Huggett & Griffiths, 1986). Shallow pools such as those associated with LR.H are especially influenced by insolation, air temperature and rainfall, the effects of which become more significant towards the high shore, where pools may be isolated from the sea for a number of days or weeks (Lewis, 1964). Water temperature in pools follows the temperature of the air more closely than that of the sea. In summer, shallow pools are warmer by day, but may be colder at night, and in winter may be much https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/54 5 Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools - Marine Life Date: 2016-02-25 Information Network colder than the sea (Pyefinch, 1943). It is also possible that shallow pools may freeze over in the coldest winter months. High air temperatures cause surface evaporation of water from pools, so that salinity steadily increases, especially in pools not flooded by the tide for several days. Alternatively, high rainfall will reduce pool salinity or create a surface layer of brackish/nearly freshwater for a period. The extent of temperature and salinity change is affected by the frequency and time of day at which tidal inundation occurs. If high tide occurs in early morning and evening the diurnal temperature follows that of the air, whilst high water at midday suddenly returns the temperature to that of the sea (Pyefinch, 1943). Heavy rainfall, followed by tidal inundation can cause dramatic fluctuations in salinity, and values ranging from 5-30 psu have been recorded in rockpools over a period of 24 hrs (Ranade, 1957). Rockpools in the supralittoral, littoral fringe and upper eulittoral are liable to gradually changing salinities followed by days of fully marine or fluctuating salinity at times of spring tide (Lewis, 1964). Due to the frequent disturbances likely to affect this biotope, any seasonal changes are likely to be masked by changes caused by wave energy. Some species of hydroids demonstrate seasonal cycles of growth in spring/summer and regression (die back) in late autumn/winter, overwintering as dormant stages or juvenile stages (Gili & Hughes, 1995). Many hydroids are opportunists adapted to rapid growth and reproduction (r-selected), taking advantage of the spring/summer phytoplankton bloom and more favourable (less stormy) conditions (Gili & Hughes, 1995). Brault & Bourget (1985) noted that Obelia longissima exhibited an annual cycle of biomass, measured as colony length, on settlement plates in the St Lawrence estuary. Colony length increased from settlement in June, reaching
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