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PAUL S. AOKI, 1286 Acting Corporation Counsel ROBERT M. KOHN, 6291 NICOLETTE WINTER, 9588 530 S. King Street, Room 110 Honolul

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PAUL S. AOKI, 1286 Acting Corporation Counsel ROBERT M. KOHN, 6291 NICOLETTE WINTER, 9588 530 S. King Street, Room 110 Honolul PAUL S. AOKI, 1286 Acting Corporation Counsel ROBERT M. KOHN, 6291 Electronically Filed NICOLETTE WINTER, 9588 FIRST CIRCUIT 530 S. King Street, Room 110 1CCV-20-0000380 Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96813 09-MAR-2020 Telephone: (808) 768-5234 10:01 AM Facsimile: (808) 768-5105 Email: [email protected] [email protected] SHER EDLING LLP VICTOR M. SHER (pro hac vice pending) MATTHEW K. EDLING (pro hac vice pending) MICHAEL H. BURGER (pro hac vice pending) CORRIE J. YACKULIC (pro hac vice pending) 100 Montgomery St., Ste. 1410 San Francisco, CA 94104 Telephone: (628) 231-2500 Facsimile: (628) 231-2929 Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Attorneys for Plaintiff CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT STATE OF HAWAI‘I CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU CIVIL NO. Plaintiff, (Other Non-Vehicle Tort) vs. COMPLAINT SUNOCO LP; ALOHA PETROLEUM, LTD.; ALOHA PETROLEUM LLC; EXXON MOBIL CORP.; EXXONMOBIL OIL CORPORATION; ROYAL DUTCH SHELL Trial Date: None. PLC; SHELL OIL COMPANY; SHELL OIL PRODUCTS COMPANY LLC; CHEVRON CORP; CHEVRON USA INC.; BHP GROUP LIMITED; BHP GROUP PLC; BHP HAWAII INC.; BP PLC; BP AMERICA INC.; MARATHON PETROLEUM CORP.; CONOCOPHILLIPS; CONOCOPHILLIPS COMPANY; PHILLIPS 66; PHILLIPS 66 COMPANY; AND DOES 1 through 100, inclusive, Defendants. COMPLAINT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 II. PARTIES ........................................................................................................................... 6 Plaintiff ................................................................................................................... 6 Defendants .............................................................................................................. 7 Relevant Non-Parties: Fossil Fuel Industry Associations ..................................... 27 III. AGENCY ......................................................................................................................... 30 IV. JURISDICTION AND VENUE ..................................................................................... 30 V. FACTUAL BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 31 Climate Disruption—Cause and Effects ............................................................... 31 Attribution ............................................................................................................. 34 Defendants Went to Great Lengths to Understand, and Either Knew or Should Have Known About the Dangers Associated with Their Fossil Fuel Products. ....................................................................................................... 35 Defendants Did Not Disclose Known Harms Associated with the Extraction, Promotion, and Consumption of Their Fossil Fuel Products, and Instead Affirmatively Acted to Obscure Those Harms and Engaged in a Concerted Campaign to Evade Regulation. ........................................................................... 59 In Contrast to Their Public Statements, Defendants’ Internal Actions Demonstrate Their Awareness of and Intent to Profit from the Unabated Use of Fossil Fuel Products. ................................................................................. 75 Defendants’ Actions Have Exacerbated the Costs of Adapting to and Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of the Climate Crisis. ......................................... 78 Defendants Continue to Mislead About the Impact of Their Fossil Fuel Products on Climate Change Through Greenwashing Campaigns and Other Misleading Advertisements. ....................................................................... 85 Defendants Caused the City’s Injuries. ................................................................. 88 VI. CAUSES OF ACTION ................................................................................................... 99 FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION (Public Nuisance) ............................................................................................................ 99 SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION (Private Nuisance) ......................................................................................................... 103 THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION (Strict Liability Failure to Warn) ................................................................................ 106 FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION (Negligent Failure to Warn) ......................................................................................... 108 iii FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION (Trespass) ....................................................................................................................... 111 VII. PRAYER FOR RELIEF............................................................................................... 112 REQUEST FOR JURY TRIAL ...............................................................................................115 iv I. INTRODUCTION 1. Defendants, major corporate members of the fossil fuel industry, have known for nearly half a century that unrestricted production and use of their fossil fuel products create greenhouse gas pollution that warms the planet and changes our climate. They have known for decades that those impacts could be catastrophic and that only a narrow window existed to take action before the consequences would be irreversible. They have nevertheless engaged in a coordinated, multi-front effort to conceal and deny their own knowledge of those threats, discredit the growing body of publicly available scientific evidence, and persistently create doubt in the minds of customers, consumers, regulators, the media, journalists, teachers, and the public about the reality and consequences of the impacts of their fossil fuel pollution. 2. At the same time, Defendants have promoted and profited from a massive increase in the extraction and consumption of oil, coal, and natural gas, which has in turn caused an enormous, foreseeable, and avoidable increase in global greenhouse gas pollution and a concordant increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases,1 particularly carbon dioxide (“CO2”) and methane, in the Earth’s atmosphere. Those disruptions of the Earth’s otherwise balanced carbon cycle have substantially contributed to a wide range of dire climate-related effects, including but not limited to global atmospheric and ocean warming, ocean acidification, melting polar ice caps and glaciers, more extreme and volatile weather, drought, and sea level rise. 1 As used in this Complaint, the term “greenhouse gases” refers collectively to carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Where a cited source refers to a specific gas or gases, or when a process relates only to a specific gas or gases, this Complaint refers to each gas by name. 1 3. Plaintiff, the City and County of Honolulu,2 its departments and agencies, along with the City’s residents, infrastructure, and natural resources, suffer the consequences of Defendants’ campaign of deception. 4. Defendants are extractors, producers, refiners, manufacturers, distributors, promoters, marketers, and/or sellers of fossil fuel products, each of which contributed to deceiving the public about the role of their products in causing the global climate crisis. Decades of scientific research has shown that pollution from Defendants’ fossil fuel products plays a direct and substantial role in the unprecedented rise in emissions of greenhouse gas pollution and th increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations that has occurred since the mid-20 century. This dramatic increase in atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases is the main driver of the gravely dangerous changes occurring to the global climate. 5. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas pollution, primarily in the form of CO2, is far and away the dominant cause of global warming, resulting in severe impacts including but not limited to sea level rise, disruption to the hydrologic cycle, more frequent and intense extreme precipitation events and associated flooding, more frequent and intense heatwaves, more frequent and intense droughts, and associated consequences of those physical and environmental changes.3 The primary cause of this is the combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas, referred to collectively in this Complaint as “fossil fuel products.”4 6. The rate at which Defendants have extracted and sold fossil fuel products has 2 In this Complaint, the term “City” refers to Plaintiff the City and County of Honolulu. 3See IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland (2014) 6, Figure SMP.3, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr. 4 See Pierre Friedlingstein, et al., Global Carbon Budget 2019, 11 EARTH SYST. SCI. DATA 1783 (2019), https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/11/1783/2019 (accessed Feb. 21, 2020). 2 exploded since the Second World War, as have emissions from those products. The substantial majority of all greenhouse gas emissions in history has occurred since the 1950s, a period known as the “Great Acceleration.”5 About three quarters of all industrial CO2 emissions in history have occurred since the 1960s,6 and more than half have occurred since the late 1980s.7 The annual rate of CO2 emissions from extraction, production, and consumption of fossil fuels has increased substantially since
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