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Hti200334.Fe Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 27 Home Country of Origin Information Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) are research reports on country conditions. They are requested by IRB decision makers. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIR. Earlier RIR may be found on the European Country of Origin Information Network website . Please note that some RIR have attachments which are not electronically accessible here. To obtain a copy of an attachment, please e-mail us. Related Links • Advanced search help 27 August 2020 HTI200334.FE Haiti: Treatment by society of Haitians who have lived for a long time abroad, especially in Canada, after they return to their country; whether they are at risk of being victims of violence, and including the type of violence and from whom; whether their return could represent a threat to their families (2018–August 2020) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada This Response replaces Response to Information Request HTI200281 of July 2020. 1. Repatriated Haitians Sources report that Canada is the third or fourth destination country of Haitian migrants after the US, the Dominican Republic and France (UN Aug. 2019, 4; OECD and INURED 2017, 38) [1]. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reports the following on its website: https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458161&pls=1 11/30/2020 Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 2 of 27 [UN English version] [I]n the past few years, a growing number of neighboring countries have scaled up their deportation programs resulting in a growing number of Haitian[s] returning forcibly to Haiti. The Dominican Republic, the Bahamas, the United States as well as France have been sending back Haitian migrants, many of whom having little to no capacity to successfully reintegrate themselves socioeconomically in their home country. (UN n.d.) In a report published in August 2018, the UN Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) identifies “violence resulting from ... massive deportation and/or the spontaneous return of Haitian migrants” (UN 30 Aug. 2018, para. 20). In the context of the COVID19 pandemic, a group of organizations working on behalf of Haitians in the Miami area called upon the Haitian state in an open letter to President Jovenel Moïse, dated 21 April 2020, to [translation] “stop accepting deportees” from “the United States and other countries to Haiti” because the country is “ill-equipped to deal with a pandemic” (FANM, et al. 23 Apr. 2020). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a representative of the Living Together (Vivre ensemble) sector of the Centre for Justice and Faith (Centre justice et foi, CJF) [2] also reported that Haiti is struggling to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic (CJF 25 June 2020). 1.1 Societal Attitudes In an interview with the Research Directorate, a Haitian human rights lawyer stated that people returning from abroad are not automatically categorized as such by society in general, because there is no way for their fellow citizens to know that they are returnees, unless there is media coverage; according to him, any [translation] “indexing” is only by their inner circle (Lawyer 17 June 2020). A number of sources report that Haitians returning after a long period abroad are marginalized or stigmatized by society (ICDH 23 June 2020; INURED 21 June 2020; Lawyer 17 June 2020). Wooldy Edson Louidor, a journalist and professor specializing in migration at the PENSAR Institute for Social and Cultural Studies (Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Culturales PENSAR) of the Pontifical Xavierian University (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) in Bogotá (AJCU n.d.), provides the following description in an article published in Haïti Liberté [3]: https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458161&pls=1 11/30/2020 Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 3 of 27 [translation] Upon arrival in the country, these forced or “voluntary” returnees will be victims of the indifference of an entire society and an irresponsible state. This is the beginning of a new migration—backwards and forwards—where the returnee feels like a stranger in his/her own land and has serious difficulties reintegrating there. (Haïti Liberté 20 Aug. 2019, emphasis in original) Some sources report that repatriated Haitians may be regarded by their fellow citizens as criminals or wrongdoers (CJF 25 June 2020; GARR 25 June 2020; ICDH 23 June 2020). According to the lawyer, the governments of foreign countries rarely provide explanations to the Haitian authorities when they deport a Haitian national, allowing officials and other citizens to draw their own conclusions; they often assume that the returnee has been guilty of an offence, seriousness unknown, and is therefore at fault and blameworthy (Lawyer 17 June 2020). Similarly, in initial correspondence with the Research Directorate, the Director of the Citizens’ Initiative for Human Rights (Initiative citoyenne pour les droits de l’homme, ICDH) [4] noted that society associates deportation with involvement in [translation] “dirty dealings” in Canada and views deportees as criminals (ICDH 23 June 2020). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, the Head of the Communication and Advocacy section of the Support Group for Repatriates and Refugees (Groupe d’appui aux rapatriés et réfugiés, GARR) [5] explained that, [translation] “if people find out that migrants have broken the law of the host country from where they were deported, they are labelled a criminal outright, even if they have committed only a minor offence. Most people would tend to shun him or her” (GARR 25 June 2020). For his part, the representative of the CJF explained the following: [translation] In Haiti, [persons returning to Haiti after being deported from another country] are considered “deportees,” … in other words, “illegal people who have committed a crime abroad.” Deportees must, under society’s skeptical eye, continually prove that they have not committed a crime and that their only fault was not being able to regularize their migration status. In the common imagination, the figure of the deportee calls to mind an undifferentiated narrative of migrant criminalization. Despite the work done by many NGOs and other Haitian grassroots organizations to https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458161&pls=1 11/30/2020 Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 4 of 27 raise awareness, prejudice against deportees (a disparaging term, incidentally) continues unabated and makes their reintegration difficult, if not almost impossible. (CJF 25 June 2020) According to the lawyer, a person who has committed a status offence will be treated in the same way as a person deported after committing a crime and may have difficulty finding a job or housing (Lawyer 17 June 2020). However, according to the GARR representative, individuals returning from the Dominican Republic experience discrimination: [translation] In general, individuals returning from the Dominican Republic are poorly educated and very vulnerable; they often work on construction sites or in the fields or as sidewalk vendors. Furthermore, they have no identity documents. These people are penniless and are often treated inhumanely by Haitian authorities. (GARR 25 June 2020) According to Wooldy Edson Louidor, in an article on the perception of the diaspora by Haitians, [translation] one of the “ugliest” perceptions of the Haitian diaspora is that these fellow citizens, especially those living in the First World, are “wealthy” and spend their American dollars or euros to go on a spree or even engage in debauchery during their vacations in this “poor country”. (Haïti Liberté 31 July 2019) According to the same source, Haitian returnees may be [translation] “accused of being ‘opportunists who take advantage of the slightest political opportunity to return to Haiti and suck at the teat of their ailing mother’” (Haïti Liberté 31 July 2019). The GARR representative similarly noted that [translation] “people often call them ‘diaspora’ and think they have lots of money” (GARR 25 June 2020). Among the factors likely to complicate things for the returnees, sources mentioned the following: • having an [translation] “abnormal” sexual orientation or belonging to a sexual and/or gender minority (CJF 25 June 2020; GARR 25 June 2020; ICDH 23 June 2020; UN 23 June 2020; Lawyer 17 June 2020); https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458161&pls=1 11/30/2020 Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 5 of 27 • lacking family or a network of contacts (CJF 25 June 2020; GARR 25 June 2020; Lawyer 17 June 2020); • being poor (CJF 25 June 2020; ICDH 23 June 2020; GARR 25 June 2020); • lacking education (CJF 25 June 2020; GARR 25 June 2020); • being female (CJF 25 June 2020); and • being too young or too old (CJF 25 June 2020). 2. Risks 2.1 Circumstantial Sources have reported that a person returning to Haiti after having lived abroad for a long time will not necessarily or automatically face risks in Haiti (GARR 25 June 2020; INURED 21 June 2020). According to sources, the risk depends on an individual’s circumstances (INURED 21 June 2020; Lawyer 17 June 2020). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, the Chancellor of the Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED) [6], for example, explained the following: The risks depend on the following: whether or not the individual fled the community because of political violence; was the witness of a crime; has been chased [out of the country] because [a] crime the individual has been accused of; left the community thanks to loans that they will not be able to repay; was caught [up in] communal violence provoked by different factions (in this case, if [they have been forcibly returned, they] must claim allegiance [with] one of the opposite factions); and other similar situations.
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