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Heritage Dammed: Water Infrastructure Impacts on World Heritage Sites and Free Flowing Rivers

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Heritage DammeD Water Infrastructure Impacts on World Heritage Sites and Free Flowing Rivers June 2019 Many civil society groups and individuals contributed to this report, including: Rivers without Boundaries (int. ) BROB -Buryat Regional Organization for Baikal (Russia) Greenpeace (Russia) International Rivers (USA) Save the Tigris Campaign (Iraq) Affected Citizens of Teesta (India) CEE Bankwatch Network (Georgia) Save the Blue Heart of Europe Campaign (Balkans, EU) Friends of the Earth US WALHI Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Karnali Expedition 2018 (Nepal) Ohrid SOS (North Macedonia) Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales - FARN (Argentina) Stimson Center (USA) China Dialogue (UK, China) The Third Pole (UK) Daursky Biosphere Reserve (Russia) WWF (Russia) Pacific Institute of Geography (Russia) ALERT (int.) Mikisew Cree First Nation (Canada) Research Institute for Integrated Water Management and Protection (Russia) Gabriel Lafitte (Australia) Jennie Sutton (Russia) Shweta Wagh (India) Alex Kemman (Netherlands) Dr. Barnaby Joseph Dye (UK) Some local collaborators in several countries chose to remain anonymous. Front cover: Image of the Glen Canyon Dam on Colorado River by Christian Mehlführer/Chmehl @Wikimedia, uploaded from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg Heritage DammeD Water Infrastructure Impacts on World Heritage Sites and Free Flowing Rivers Civil Society Report to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and Parties of the World Heritage Convention Compiled by the Rivers without Boundaries International Coalition and World Heritage Watch with contributions from 30 civil society organizations and affected local communities around the world. This publication and underlying research by the RwB have been supported by Whitley Fund for Nature (UK). June 2019 UDC: 556 LBC: 26.22 Heritage Dammed: Water Infrastructure Impacts on World Heritage Sites and Free Flowing Rivers. Civil Society Report to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and Parties of the World Heritage Convention. Published by Rivers without Boundaries and World Heritage Watch. Moscow, 2019. 132 p. ISBN 978-5-4465-2345-0 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33037.38883 Authors: Barnaby Joseph Dye, Eugene Simonov, Gabriel Lafitte, Karen Bennett, Daniel Scarry, Tseten Lepcha, Gyatso Lepcha, Shweta Wagh, Alex Kemman, Brian Eyler, Courtney Weatherby, Maria Marta Di Paola, Manana Kochladze, Toon Bijnens, Sukhgerel Dugersuren, Vadim Kirilyuk, Eugene Egidarev, Oxana Nikitina, Petr Osipov, Andrey Shalikovsky, Samuel Smith, Omair Ahmad, Luke Gibson, Elspeth N. Wilman, William F. Laurance, Rivers without Boundaries (RwB), International Rivers, Save the Blue Heart of Europe Campaign, Friends of the Earth US, Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI), Buryat Regional Organization for Baikal (BROB), The Third Pole, Mikisew Cree First Nation, some contributors have chosen to remain anonymous. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsoever on the part of the publishers concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of the editors, and do not commit them. Reproduction of the text of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source and authorship is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of illustrations used in this publication without prior written consent of the authors and/or copyright holders is inadmissible and punishable. Editorial team: Eugene Simonov (chief editor), Stephan Doempke. English language editor: Jennie Sutton Cover, Design and Layout Master: Alexander Filippov Printed by Buki-Vedi LLC, Moscow. Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Monti Aguirre, John Crofoot, Guy Debonnet, Agus Dwi Hastutik, Tilman Jaeger, Stephanie Jensen-Cormier, Mausam Khanal, Josh Klemm, Dimiter Koumanov, Geoff Law, Alec Marr, Brent Millikan, Peter Shadie, Michael Turner, Maritta Koch-Weser, and other colleagues who provided encouragement, review, advice and assistance with finding right information. UDC: 556 LBC: 26.22 © Rivers without Boundaries (RwB) For comments and clarifications please contact: [email protected] Annotation: The «Heritage Dammed» Report, dedicated to protection of natural freshwater ecosystems, contains contributions from 30 civil society organizations (CSOs), experts and dam-affected communities around the world. The Report documents how water infrastructure plays key role in degrading aquatic ecosystems based on examples from more than 50 World Heritage properties, of which 42 sites are threatened by hydropower. Fourteen in-depth case studies illustrate and analyze the global threat to the rivers, lakes and World Heritage, in various regions ranging from the Selous Game reserve in Tanzania to the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina, from the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra to the Upper Svaneti in Georgia. Urgent need for conservation of intact freshwater ecosystems is illustrated by six examples of still wild rivers: the Congo, Mekong, Vjosa, Greater Zab, Amur and Karnali. The Report contains recommendations set forth by CSOs on how to protect the natural and cultural values of freshwater ecosystems in the context of the World Heritage Convention and beyond its scope. Last chapters present most recent evidence on broader spectrum of problems associated with unsustainable hydropower development. The intended audience of the document includes officials of the UN and other international organizations, expert community, financiers of development projects, water management and energy system planners, civil society leaders and university students. Key words: World Heritage, Aquatic Ecosystems, Freshwater Biodiversity, Indigenous Peoples, Hydropower. ISBN 978-5-4465-2345-0 Table of Contents Introduction 4 Part I. Dams’ Damage 9 Water Infrastructure Impacts on the World Heritage Sites - Growing Problems? 10 Relevant Decisions of the World Heritage Committee 14 The List of the World Heritage Properties Threatened by Water Infrastructure 17 African Countries Are Yet to Learn the Lessons from the Lake Turkana Destruction 20 Stiegler’s Gorge Dam, Tanzania 23 Can Tasmania Wilderness Heritage Fuel the Battery of the Nation? 29 Sumatra’s Last Jungles: Protecting and Enhancing the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 32 Great Leaping Tiger Dammed 37 Cumulative Dam Impacts Threaten the Chitwan National Park 42 Sikkim’s Vanishing Rivers: Ongoing Destruction and Impending Threats. 45 Landscapes of Dauria – Endangered Soon After Inscription 49 Lake Baikal World Heritage - a Victim of Climate Change and Hydropower 54 The Mesopotamia Marshes in Peril 58 Upper Svaneti – Upper Enguri River Basin under Threat 60 Lake Ohrid and Hydropower 65 Death of a Delta: Negative impacts of hydropower projects on Canada’s largest World Heritage Site 67 Beyond the Dams: the Impact of the Cóndor Cliff – Barrancosa Hydropower Project 72 Part II. WILD RIVERS 76 If We Value Free Flowing Rivers - They Should Be Protected Now 77 The Congo River Ecological Values under Threat from Grand Inga Hydropower Scheme 80 Sustaining the Heartbeat of the Mekong Basin 85 Wild Floods in the Amur River Basin 89 The Karnali River – Nepal’s Last, Most Pristine Free-Flowing River 93 The Greater Zab: The Last Free River of Mesopotamia 97 The Europe’s Last Wild River 100 Dams Decommissioned – Rivers Revived? 104 Part III. RECOMMENDATIONS AND BROADER PERSPECTIVES 109 Rivers, Dams and Heritage – Our Recommendations to the World Heritage Committee 110 How Green is ‘Green’ Energy? 117 The Curse of Hydropower? 122 Instead of Conclusion: THE FALSE PROMISES OF HYDROPOWER 125 Introduction Free-flowing Amur River forming the Sino-Russian border (Taipinggou National Nature Reserve) We compiled this volume to share information on the immense values of free flowing rivers, as well as our concerns about a difficult relationship between this natural and cultural heritage of human- kind and unsustainable water infrastructure. As our world rapidly loses its natural wonders and riches, rivers and other freshwater ecosystems become the most threatened elements of the Planet’s natural (and cultural) diversity. Water infrastructures: dams, dykes, canals, etc. are the most power- ful human-induced factors in degrading river ecosystems because their development forever changes the morphological character and hydrological patterns of natural rivers and lakes. We are in the middle of a great crisis and should undertake urgent efforts for protection of our freshwater heritage. Fresh water is literally the source of life on Earth: despite occupying 1% of terrestrial surface it hosts up to 10% of known animals and about one-third of all known vertebrate species. By today scientists have identified at least 125 000 species associated with freshwater habitats and this number grows rapidly, due to new discoveries1. The Lake Baikal alone hosts over 2500 species of aquatic life, de- spite being situated in a harsh boreal region2. Natural freshwater ecosystem processes sustain our lives on earth: transport and purify water, shape and nurture fertile floodplains, ensure multiplication and migration of the enormous fish stocks
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