Handbook on the CLASSIFICATION of PRISONERS
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BLACK MEN MAKING IT in AMERICA: the Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America
BLACK MEN MAKING IT IN AMERICA: The Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America W. Bradford Wilcox, Wendy R. Wang, and Ronald B. Mincy Black Men Making It in America: The Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America 1 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction 4 CHAPTER 2: Black Men Who Have Made It 7 CHAPTER 3: Assessing Conventional Accounts of Black Men’s Success 12 CHAPTER 4: Other Engines of Opportunity for Black Men 16 CHAPTER 5: Conclusion 20 APPENDICES 24 2 Black Men Making It in America: The Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the last decade, much of the racial news and academic research on black men in America has been sobering, if not downright depressing. But negative news isn’t the only story about race or even about black males in the United States. In Black Men Making It in America, we report some good news: • Black men’s economic standing. More than one-in-two black men (57%) have made it into the middle class or higher as adults today, up from 38% in 1960, according to a new analysis of Census data. And the share of black men who are poor has fallen from 41% in 1960 to 18% in 2016. So, a substantial share of black men in America are realizing the American Dream—at least financially—and a clear majority are not poor. • The institutional engines of black men’s success. As expected, higher education and full-time work look like engines of success for black men in America. -
BEHIND the WALLS a Look at Conditions in Thailand's Prisons
BEHIND THE WALLS A look at conditions in Thailand’s prisons after the coup February 2017 / N° 688a February Cover photo: A prison officer stands guard with a baton in the sleeping quarters of Bangkok’s Klong Prem Prison on 9 August 2002. © Stephen Shaver / AFP TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive summary 4 II. International and domestic legal framework 6 International legal framework 6 Domestic legal framework 7 III. UN human rights bodies censure Thailand over prison conditions 9 IV. Thailand’s unenviable prison record 10 System overview 10 1. Sixth highest prison population in the world, highest prison population in ASEAN 12 2. Occupancy levels show overpopulated prisons 12 3. Highest incarceration rate among ASEAN countries 13 4. High percentage of prisoners jailed for drug-related crimes 13 5. High percentage of prisoners under death sentence convicted of drug-related crimes 14 6. World’s highest incarceration rate of women 15 7. Sizeable pre-trial and remand prison population 16 V. Sub-standard prison conditions 17 Restrictions on access to prisons 17 Case studies: The Central Women’s Correctional Institution and the Bangkok Remand Prison 18 Overcrowded dormitories, cramped sleeping space 20 Insufficient water, sanitation 22 “Terrible” food, dirty drinking water 23 Medical care: “Two-minute doctors”, paracetamol 24 Exploitative prison labor 25 Visits to prisoners cut short, correspondence censored 27 Prisoners who complain face retaliation 27 Punishment could amount to torture 28 Post-coup conditions: Increased restrictions 29 VI. 11th Army Circle base: Prison junta-style 30 Dozens of civilians detained 31 Independent access denied 31 Two deaths within two weeks 33 Torture, ill-treatment of inmates feared 34 VII. -
Growth in the U.S. Ex-Felon and Ex-Prisoner Population, 1948 to 2010
GROWTH IN THE U.S. EX-FELON AND EX-PRISONER POPULATION, 1948 TO 2010 Sarah Shannon, Christopher Uggen, MElissa Thompson, Jason Schnittker, and Michael Massoglia Abstract The steep rise in U.S. criminal punishment in recent dEcades has spurred scholarship on the collateral consequences of imprisonment for individuals, familiEs and communities (Pager 2009; WakefiEld and Uggen 2010; Western 2006; Wildeman 2009). WhilE sEveral excEllent studies have estimated the size and social distribution of the former prisoner population (Bonczar and Beck 1997; PEttit and Western 2004), far less is known about the size and scope of thE total ex-felon population beyond prison walls. This paper extends previous national estimates of the U.S. ex-fElon population to 2010 and develops state-level estimates based on demographic life tables (Uggen, Manza and Thompson 2006). The felon population has far-reaching consequences for individuals as well as communities and social institutions, including civic engagEment and community health. 1 GROWTH IN THE U.S. EX-FELON AND EX-PRISONER POPULATION, 1948 TO 2010 As U.S. rates of criminal punishment have increased dramatically over the past 40 years, social scientists have begun to document and explicatE the far-flung consequences of incarceration (see, E.g., WakefiEld and Uggen 2010). As Figure 1 demonstrates, however, the lion’s share of this growth has been among the non-incarcerated population of probationers and parolees who are supervised in their communities. Such trends have important social and dEmographic consequences, as those subject to criminal sanctions facE restrictions on Employment, housing, voting, and welfare recEipt, as well as long- term effects on physical and mental health (Ewald and Uggen 2011; Massoglia 2008; Schnittker and John 2007). -
Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination. -
The California Prisoners Union in Without Freedom of Expression 1971
THE CALIFORNIA A Prisoners Rights Union Publication Sacramento, CA June 1991 Vol. 19, No.2 1971-1991: A History of Fighting For Prisoner's Rights PRU and the Law .\ "The law in its impartial majesty forbids the rich and poor alike from steahng bread and sleeping under bridges." By Michael Snedeker ways been the second type. These categories are not water-tight; the Union or Its volunteers have often tried to Union's Philosophy help individuals, and have also weighed in heavily recently Is the Law a thing to be ad against the explosive growth of mired? In California, laws are imprisonment as the ofiicial solu auctioned off to the interest tion to a host of societal groups that pay the most. Gover· problems. However, groups that nor Wilson was given $760,000 want to abolish prisons or help by California's prison guards to individuals share an indifference run for office; few among us could to the legal structure governing remain unaffected by such a sum prisons, while the Prisoners of money. Inside prison, laws are Union has made this stn lct-ure more like suggestions than fixed its central focus. norms. Still and all, the Bill of The righ ts closest to our hearts Rights has not yet been repealed; are tho e g1raranteed by the First the Prisoners Rights Uh ion has Amendment to the United States alws,ys been interested in and in· Constitut ion, Ilnd Al·ticle 1, sec volved with cha nging or enforc· lions 2 and 3 of the California ing laws. Constitution; the rights t.bat col Our interest arises fro m the ledively make up what has been Union's essential nat u re. -
Aging in Prison a Human Rights Problem We Must Fix
Aging in prison A human rights problem we must fix Photo: Nikki Khan THE AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE Prison Watch Project Developed by Mary Ann Cool, Bonnie Kerness, Jehanne Henry, Jean Ross, Esq., AFSC student interns Kelsey Wimmershoff and Rachel Frome, and those people inside who gave this issue voice and vision 1 Table of contents 1. Overview 3 2. Testimonials 6 3. Preliminary recommendations for New Jersey 11 4. Acknowledgements 13 2 Overview The population of elderly prisoners is on the rise The number and percentage of elderly prisoners in the United States has grown dramatically in past decades. In the year 2000, prisoners age 55 and older accounted for 3 percent of the prison population. Today, they are about 16 percent of that population. Between 2007 and 2010, the number of prisoners age 65 and older increased by an alarming 63 percent, compared to a 0.7 percent increase of the overall prison population. At this rate, prisoners 55 and older will approach one-third of the total prison population by the year 2030.1 What accounts for this rise in the number of elderly prisoners? The rise in the number of older people in prisons does not reflect an increased crime rate among this population. Rather, the driving force for this phenomenon has been the “tough on crime” policies adopted throughout the prison system, from sentencing through parole. In recent decades, state and federal legislators have increased the lengths of sentences through mandatory minimums and three- strikes laws, increased the number of crimes punished with life and life-without-parole and made some crimes ineligible for parole. -
Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders
Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna. -
Aging of the State Prison Population, 1993–2013 E
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics MAY 2016 Special Report NCJ 248766 Aging of the State Prison Population, 1993–2013 E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician, and William J. Sabol, Ph.D., former BJS Director he number of prisoners sentenced to more than FIGURE 1 1 year under the jurisdiction of state correctional Sentenced state prisoners, by age, December 31, 1993, 2003, authorities increased 55% over the past two decades, and 2013 Tfrom 857,700 in 1993 to 1,325,300 in 2013. During the same period, the number of state prisoners age 55 or older Sentenced state prisoners increased 400%, from 3% of the total state prison population 1,000,000 in 1993 to 10% in 2013 (figure 1). Between 1993 and 2003, 800,000 the majority of the growth occurred among prisoners 39 or younger ages 40 to 54, while the number of those age 55 or older 600,000 increased faster from 2003 to 2013. In 1993, the median age 40–54 of prisoners was 30; by 2013, the median age was 36. The 400,000 changing age structure in the U.S. state prison population 200,000 has implications for the future management and care 55 or older of inmates. 0 1993 2003 2013 Two factors contributed to the aging of state prisoners Year between 1993 and 2013: (1) a greater proportion of Note: Based on prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year under the jurisdiction prisoners were sentenced to, and serving longer periods of state correctional authorities. -
Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang
• CHAPTER 2 • “Except as Punishment for a Crime” The Thirteenth Amendment and the Rebirth of Chattel Imprisonment Slavery was both the wet nurse and bastard offspring of liberty. — Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection It is true, that slavery cannot exist without law . — Joseph Bradley, The Civil Rights Cases nyone perusing the advertisements section of local newspapers such as the Annapolis Gazette in Maryland, during December 1866, wouldA have come across the following notices: Public Sale— The undersigned will sell at the Court House Door in the city of Annapolis at 12 o’clock M., on Saturday 8th December, 1866, A Negro man named Richard Harris, for six months, convicted at the October term, 1866, of the Anne Arundel County Circuit Court for larceny and sentenced by the court to be sold as a slave. Terms of sale— cash. WM. Bryan, Sheriff Anne Arundel County. Dec. 8, 1866 Public Sale— The undersigned will offer for Sale, at the Court House Door, in the city of Annapolis, at eleven O’Clock A.M., on Saturday, 22d of December, a negro [sic] man named John Johnson, aged about Forty years. The said negro was convicted the October Term, 1866, of the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel county, for; • 57 • This content downloaded from 71.114.106.89 on Sun, 23 Aug 2020 20:24:23 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Childs.indd 57 17/12/2014 12:56:10 PM 58 “EXCEPT AS PUNISHMENT FOR A CRIME” Larceny, and sentenced to be sold, in the State, for the term of one year, from the 12th of December, 1866. -
Black Women at Work in Corrections in the Era of Mass Incarceration: Documenting Demographic Changes in the New York City Department of Correction
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2019 Black Women at Work in Corrections in the Era of Mass Incarceration: Documenting Demographic Changes in the New York City Department of Correction Carolyn Fisher The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3290 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] BLACK WOMEN AT WORK IN CORRECTIONS IN THE ERA OF MASS INCARCERATION: DOCUMENTING DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION by CAROLYN FISHER A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2019 © 2019 CAROLYN FISHER All Rights ReserveD ii Black Women at Work in Corrections in the Era of Mass Incarceration: Documenting Demographic Changes in the New York City Department of Correction by Carolyn Fisher This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. ___________________________ ___________________________ Date Michael Javen Fortner Thesis Advisor ___________________________ ___________________________ Date Alyson Cole Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Black Women at Work in Corrections in the Era of Mass Incarceration: Documenting Demographic Changes in the New York City Department of Correction by Carolyn Fisher Advisor: Michael Javen Fortner Recent work has popularized the idea that mass incarceration arose in the wake of the civil rights movement to maintain the social and economic subordination of African Americans previously enforced under Jim Crow. -
(UNODC), Handbook for Prison Leaders: a Basic Training Tool
Handbook for prison leaders A basic training tool and curriculum for prison managers based on international standards and norms CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover images: Left and right: ©Photodisc.com, Centre: ©iStockphoto.com/theprint UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Handbook for prison leaders A basic training tool and curriculum for prison managers based on international standards and norms CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS New York, 2010 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.10.IV.4 ISBN 978-92-1-130292-9 © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, March 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: UNOV/DM/CMS/EPLS/Electronic Publishing Unit. ii Acknowledgements This Handbook for prison leaders was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate, International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Vancouver, Canada, with the assistance of Robert E. Brown, Yvon Dandurand and Eric McAskill. The Handbook was reviewed by a group of international experts. UNODC wishes to acknowledge the valuable contribution of experts who reviewed this tool and helped finalize it: Elias Carranza, Aggrey Nyapola, Michael Langelaar, and Richard Kuuire. UNODC also wishes to acknowledge the support provided by the Government of Canada. -
Older Men in Prison : Emotional, Social, and Physical Health Characteristics
OLDER MEN IN PRISON: EMOTIONAL, SOCIALl AND PHYSICAL HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS Elaine Marie Gallagher B.Sc.N., University of Windsor, 196' M.Sc., Duke University, 1976 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Special Arrangements @~laine Marie Gallagher SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY March, 1988 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Elaine Marie Gallagher Degree: .?h. D. Interdisciplinary Studies Title of thesis: Emotional, Social and Physical Health Needs of Older Men in Prison. Examining Committee: Chairman: Dr. Bruce Clayman Dean of Graduate Studies Senior Supervisor: Dr. Gloria Gutman , -,,r LC.- Director Gerontology Center and Program Dr. Ellen Gee . ., Assistant Professor, Sociology Dr. Margaret Jackson I - Assistant Professor, Criminology External Examiners Dr. Real Prefontaine _- J Director, Treatment Services and Regional Health Care, Correctional Services of Canada Dr. Cathleen Burnett - - P.ssistant Professor, Sociology - P.dministration of Justice Program, University of Missouri-Kansas City PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser Unlverslty the right to lend my thesis, proJect or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or In response to a request from the I ibrary of any other university, or other educatlonal institution, on its own behalf or for one of Its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies.