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Culture and Customs of South Africa Culture and Customs of South Africa FUNSO AFOLAYAN GREENWOOD PRESS Culture and Customs of South Africa South Africa Culture and Customs of South Africa FUNSO AFOLAYAN Culture and Customs of Africa Toyin Falola, Series Editor GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Afolayan, Funso S. Culture and customs of South Africa / Funso Afolayan. p. cm. — (Culture and customs of Africa, ISSN 1530–8367) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–32018–7 (alk. paper) 1. Ethnology—South Africa. 2. Material culture—South Africa. 3. South Africa—History. 4. South Africa—Politics and government. 5. South Africa—Social life and customs. I. Title. II. Series. GN656.A36 2004 306'.0968—dc22 2003060058 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Funso Afolayan All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003060058 ISBN: 0–313–32018–7 ISSN: 1530–8367 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 For Abimbola ˙ Nkosikazi—Iyawo mi owon ˙ ˙ Contents Series Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chronology xv 1 Land and People 1 2 History and Political Economy 25 3 Religion and Worldview 57 4 Literature 87 5 The Media 107 6 Art and Architecture 121 7 Cuisine and Traditional Dress 155 8 Gender Roles, Marriage, and Family 181 9 Social Customs and Lifestyle 213 10 Performing Arts and Cinema 233 Glossary 263 Bibliographical Essay 271 Index 291 Series Foreword AFRICA is a vast continent, the second largest, after Asia. It is four times the size of the United States, excluding Alaska. It is the cradle of human civili- zation. A diverse continent, Africa has more than fifty countries with a popu- lation of over 700 million people who speak over 1,000 languages. Ecological and cultural differences vary from one region to another. As an old continent, Africa is one of the richest in culture and customs, and its contributions to world civilization are impressive indeed. Africans regard culture as essential to their lives and future development. Culture embodies their philosophy, worldview, behavior patterns, arts, and institutions. The books in this series intend to capture the comprehensiveness of African culture and customs, dwelling on such important aspects as religion, worldview, literature, media, art, housing, architecture, cuisine, traditional dress, gender, marriage, family, lifestyles, social customs, music, and dance. The uses and definitions of “culture” vary, reflecting its prestigious associa- tion with civilization and social status, its restriction to attitude and behavior, its globalization, and the debates surrounding issues of tradition, modernity, and postmodernity. The participating authors have chosen a comprehensive meaning of culture while not ignoring the alternative uses of the term. Each volume in the series focuses on a single country, and the format is uniform. The first chapter presents a historical overview, in addition to infor- mation on geography, economy, and politics. Each volume then proceeds to examine the various aspects of culture and customs. The series highlights the mechanisms for the transmission of tradition and culture across generations: x SERIES FOREWORD the significance of orality, traditions, kinship rites, and family property distri- bution; the rise of print culture; and the impact of educational institutions. The series also explores the intersections between local, regional, national, and global bases for identity and social relations. While the volumes are orga- nized nationally, they pay attention to ethnicity and language groups and the links between Africa and the wider world. The books in the series capture the elements of continuity and change in cul- ture and customs. Custom is not represented as static or as a museum artifact, but as a dynamic phenomenon. Furthermore, the authors recognize the current challenges to traditional wisdom, which include gender relations; the negoti- ation of local identities in relation to the state; the significance of struggles for power at national and local levels and their impact on cultural traditions and community-based forms of authority; and the tensions between agrarian and industrial/manufacturing/oil-based economic modes of production. Africa is a continent of great changes, instigated mainly by Africans but also through influences from other continents. The rise of youth culture, the penetration of the global media, and the challenges to generational stability are some of the components of modern changes explored in the series. The ways in which traditional (non-Western and nonimitative) African cultural forms continue to survive and thrive, that is, how they have taken advantage of the market system to enhance their influence and reproductions also receive attention. Through the books in this series, readers can see their own cultures in a dif- ferent perspective, understand the habits of Africans, and educate themselves about the customs and cultures of other countries and people. The hope is that readers will come to respect the cultures of others and see them not as inferior or superior to theirs, but merely as different. Africa has always been important to Europe and the United States, essentially as a source of labor, raw materials, and markets. Blacks are in Europe and the americas as part of the African diaspora, a migration that took place primarily due to the slave trade. Recent African migrants increasingly swell their number and visibility. It is important to understand the history of the diaspora and the new migrants, as well as the roots of the culture and customs of the places from where they come. It is equally important to understand others in order to be able to interact successfully in a world that keeps shrinking. The accessible nature of the books in this series will contribute to this understanding and enhance the quality of human interaction in a new millennium. Toyin Falola The University of Texas at Austin Preface SOUTH AFRICA is, in many ways, Africa’s oldest and newest nation. In 1910, it gained its independence from British rule as the Union of South Africa, the first state in Africa to break loose from European colonial domination. The vast majority of the other African states would not secure their independence for another four decades. However, for the peoples of South Africa, the 1910 independence was a highly constricted one. It gave autonomy and power to the white minority, but denied liberty and equality to the majority of the population till the last decade of the twentieth century. The end of apartheid and the establishment of a nonracial, nonsexist, and multiparty democracy in 1994 finally brought freedom to all the inhabitants of the country. April 27, the date of the first epochal democratic elections in South African history, became South Africa’s Freedom Day, marking its birth as Africa’s newest nation. The newness of South Africa poses a major methodological problem for any attempt to study the culture and customs of its peoples. Anthropologists have long abandoned the idea of the static and unchanging society. All human societies are cultures in transition. For South Africa, this is even more so. Since 1994, this newest of the African states has been going through a period of rapid transformations. Rescuing and rebuilding this nation from the ravages of colonialism and of the apartheid years is a work in progress. While we are still studying to understand what the nation has been and where it is coming from, we as yet do not know where it is going or what it is going to become. It is in recognition of this reality that I have adopted a sociohis- xii PREFACE torical approach in this study. The present is still too new, too fluid, and too much in a state of flux, that to understand it one must do so within the framework of the past. Diversity is a word that should have a place of honor in the South African lexicon. The most racially diverse in Africa, the “rainbow people of God,” as Archbishop Desmond Tutu puts it, South Africa is also one of the most eth- nically, culturally, and linguistically varied on the continent. Besides its vari- ous Khoisan- and Bantu-speaking African groups, it is home to the most populous communities of Asians and Europeans in Africa. This diversity has remained a crucial and a salient element of its history and society, and it is fully taken into consideration in this reference. However, no attempt is made to cover every aspect of the culture and customs of each and every one of its many peoples and groups. Such a comprehensive and indeed encyclopedic exploration, even if desirable, is impossible within the scope and purpose of this volume. Thus, I have been selective and deliberate, hopefully not arbi- trary, in the range of issues and topics explored in the series parameters, influ- enced by my assessment of their relative importance and by the nature and extent of the available information. The bibliographical essay at the end of the book provides extensive additional sources for those interested in more profound explorations of the issues examined in this volume. With regards to terminology and orthography, a little explanation is in order. As a result of its linguistic diversity and its history of racial and group antagonisms, language was used by the dominant white minority to denigrate and marginalize the other racial groups in the country. To avoid or minimize confusion, I have used more acceptable and less subjective terms, where appropriate and where such exist.
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