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Baseball Without Borders 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Baseball without Borders 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36m UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Baseball without Borders 11 12 The International Pastime 13 14 edited by george gmelch 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 University of Nebraska Press | Lincoln + London 36 UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg iii 1 © 2006 by the Board of Regents of the University of 2 Nebraska. Introduction and conclusion © 2006 by 3 George Gmelch. 4 All rights reserved 5 Manufactured in the United States of America 6 chapter 3, “China: Silk Gowns and Gold Gloves” 7 by Joseph A. Reaves, was adapted and updated from 8 an article that originally appeared in Nine 7, no. 2 9 (Spring 1999) and from a chapter in the author’s 10 Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (University of Nebraska Press, 2002). 11 12 chapter 4, “Taiwan: Baseball, Colonialism, and Nationalism,” © Andrew Morris. 13 14 chapter 13, “Italy: No Hot Dogs in the Bleachers” by Peter Carino, was adapted and updated from 15 an article titled “Baseball in Translation,” which 16 originally appeared in Nine 7, no. 2 (Spring 1999). 17 18 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 19 CIP to come 20 21 Designed and set in Adobe Mnion by A. Shahan. Printed by [printer]. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36m UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg iv 1 2 3 4 5 Contents 6 7 8 9 10 List of Illustrations 000 11 Acknowledgments 000 12 13 Introduction: Around the Horn 000 14 George Gmelch 15 part 1 Asia 000 16 1. Japan: Changing of the Guard in 17 High School Baseball 000 18 Dan Gordon 19 2. Japan: The Hanshin Tigers and Japanese 20 Professional Baseball 000 21 William W. Kelly 22 23 3. China: Silk Gowns and Gold Gloves 000 24 Joseph A. Reaves 25 4. Taiwan: Baseball, Colonialism, 26 and Nationalism 000 27 Andrew Morris 28 5. Korea: Straw Sandals and Strong Arms 000 29 Joseph A. Reaves 30 31 part 2 The Americas 000 32 6. Dominican Republic: Forging an 33 International Industry 000 34 Alan Klein 35 36 UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg vii 1 7. Cuba: Behind the Curtain 000 2 Tim Wendel 3 8. Cuba: Community, Fans, and Ballplayers 000 4 Thomas Carter 5 9. Puerto Rico: A Major League Steppingstone 000 6 Thomas E. Van Hyning and Franklin Otto 7 8 10. Nicaragua: In Search of Diamonds 000 9 Dan Gordon 10 11. Brazil: Baseball Is Popular, and the 11 Players Are Japanese! 000 12 Carlos Azzoni, Tales Azzoni, and Wayne Patterson 13 12. Canada: Internationalizing America's 14 National Pastime 000 15 Colin Howell 16 17 part 3 Europe 000 18 13. Italy: No Hotdogs in the Bleachers 000 19 Peter Carino 20 14. Holland: An American Coaching Honkbal 000 21 Harvey Shapiro 22 15. Great Britain: Baseball’s Battle for Respect 23 in the Land of Cricket, Rugby, and Soccer 000 24 Josh Chetwynd 25 26 part 4 The Pacific 000 27 16. Australia: Baseball Down Under 000 28 Joseph Clark 29 Afterword: Is Baseball Really Global? 000 30 George Gmelch 31 32 The Contributors 000 33 Index 000 34 35 36m UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg viii william w. kelly 1 2 3 4 2 | Japan 5 6 The Hanshin Tigers & Japanese Professional Baseball 7 8 9 10 11 As Dan Gordon’s chapter describes, Ko¯shien Stadium’s opening 12 in 192 as Japan’s first full-dimension baseball park was spon- 13 sored by the Asahi Newspaper Company as the new venue for 14 the national schoolboy tournament that the newspaper had in- 15 augurated in 1915 and had so rapidly gained popularity. But the 16 prime mover in the stadium’s construction, and then its owner 17 and operator, was the Hanshin Electric Railroad Company. Why 18 a railroad firm? 19 Particularly in Osaka and Tokyo but also in other growing Jap- 20 anese cities, this was an era of fierce competition between private 21 urban railroad companies to build terminals and commuter rail 22 lines through the metropolitan regions, vying for riders, for cus- 23 tomers at the department stores and other retail businesses built 24 around their terminals and stations, and for residential land they 25 bought and resold along their rail lines to ensure a steady rider- 26 ship. Building tennis courts, swimming pools, amusement parks, 27 and athletic stadiums were additional projects to induce riders, 28 and this fueled a boom in recreational and spectator sports in the 29 1910s and 1920s. In the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto metropolis, five major 30 rail companies crisscrossed the region with rival lines, and four 31 of them built sports stadiums that featured baseball. Amateur 32 baseball at this time moved from being a purely school sport to 33 becoming urban entertainment. 34 Companies began to sponsor employee teams around this 35 time, and there were a few attempts at fully professional clubs, 36m but it was not until the mid-1930s that a professional league of UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg 22 six teams was established. The main force was the Tokyo-based Yomiuri 1 Newspaper Company and its powerful owner, Sho¯riki Matsutaro¯, who 2 had sponsored several visits by U.S. All-Stars (including Babe Ruth in 3 193) and was stunned by the huge welcome and attention given the se- 4 ries. He then sent a group of Japanese players on an extended exhibition 5 tour of the United States in 1935. The core of that team returned to be- 6 come the Tokyo Yomiuri Giants. Several other newspaper and railroad 7 companies joined in sponsoring teams that began tournament play in 8 193. Among these was the Hanshin Railroad Company, which imme- 9 diately recognized the opportunity to find more commercial use for its 10 Ko¯shien Stadium and formed a team, the Hanshin Tigers. 11 The small league shifted from tournament to league format in 1938 12 and played into the wartime years before ceasing at the end of the 193 13 season. Its revival was encouraged in 197 by General Douglas MacAr- 14 thur as a means of fostering an American spirit in occupied Japan. A 15 two-league structure was inaugurated in 1950 in part because MacAr- 16 thur believed it was a more democratic format than the original single 17 league. The Hanshin Tigers chose to remain in the Central League with 18 the Yomiuri Giants while other Osaka-area railroad teams (Hankyu¯, 19 Kintetsu, and Nankai) joined the new Pacific League. After some fluc- 20 tuation, eventually there were six teams in each league, with the league 21 champions meeting in a postseason best-of-seven-games Japan Series. 22 Japan Professional Baseball (jpb) has remained at twelve teams and 23 never expanded as mlb did through the second half of the twentieth 24 century. 25 Thus, before and after the national high school tournaments in April 26 and August, for a season that now runs from early spring through late 27 fall, Ko¯shien is home to another level of baseball, the professional game. 28 And the team that calls the stadium home, the Hanshin Tigers, evokes 29 the same intense media attention and fan feelings that Gordon has de- 30 scribed for the schoolboy tournaments. There are few stadiums in the 31 global baseball world like Ko¯shien that are so powerfully central to the 32 parallel worlds of amateur and professional baseball. 33 The difference is the national sentimentality that has made Ko¯shien 34 the country’s mecca of high school baseball and the schoolboy athletic 35 spirit versus the local and heavily partisan passions that Hanshin fans 36 japan: The Hanshin Tigers and Japanese Professional Baseball UNP Gmelch / Baseball Without Borders pg 23 1 throughout the region invest in a team that is deeply beloved but sel- 2 dom successful. The team, many have observed, is the Boston Red Sox 3 or the Chicago Cubs of Japanese professional baseball. In particular, 4 because it chose to remain in the Central League with the powerful 5 Tokyo-based Yomiuri Giants, Hanshin has come to bear the burden of 6 Osakans’ rivalry with the national capital in what remains the country’s 7 predominant spectator sport. The Giants have always been Japan’s most 8 popular and prestigious team, by success and by clout. Yomiuri had the 9 first private television network in the 1950s and used to broadcast its 10 team to the far corners of the country and then used that popularity 11 and revenue to assemble an overwhelming team that ran through nine 12 straight Japan championships from 195 to 1973, consolidating Yomiuri 13 control of the baseball world and hold on the national spectatorship. 14 Thus the Giants-Tigers rivalry is one of intensity rather than bal- 15 ance. In the fifty-four years since the two-league system, the Giants have 16 won the Central League pennant thirty-one times and have been Japan 17 Champions twenty times. In the same period, Hanshin has won the 18 league title but four times and has taken only a single Japan Series.
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