o HISTO GY RY o LO E EO CO A L H O C G R Y A o o Friends of the Randell Research Center

o A o March 2018 • Vol. 17, No. 1 S H W C E EA LEARN, WE T The Belle Glade Monumental Landscape Okeechobee area and coastal peoples shared knowledge, history, beliefs by Nathan Lawres

s readers of this newsletter know, the Calusa who lived on the southwest AFlorida coast were accomplished engineers and build- ers who had a rich social, political, and spiritual life. But what if I were to ask you about their equally awe- inspiring neighbors to the east, the or Belle Glade – the people who lived in the Valley and around ? Some folks might respond, “Oh! The people that lived at !” This is partly because the only widely publicized work on Belle Glade area archaeology is about Fort Center, but it is also because not much work has been focused on this part of . The lived in a vast, wet landscape. The A) Kissimmee-Okeechobee- (KOE) watershed; B) Tony’s Kissimmee-Okeechobee-Everglades watershed was once full of , a Type B circular-linear earthwork). fl owing water for six to nine months of the year, with tree-island hammocks providing the only dry ground. However, during the The most conspicuous part of the Belle Glade culture was the dry season the water receded in many areas, leaving the landscape monumental architecture they built across the landscape. Over muddy and dotted with ponds. The Belle Glade people lived on the course of nearly 2,000 years, these people built a variety the tree islands and depended for food on the plentiful fi sh of complex ranging from circular ditches to vast arrays (primarily catfi sh, gar, and bowfi n) and turtles. They also hunted of geometrically shaped sand ridges. The later forms are particular deer and other mammals, and used their strong mammalian bones fascinating. Known as “Type B circular-linear earthworks,” each to make tools. This was necessary due to a lack of local stone. consists of a large semi-circular sand ridge that partially surrounds They also imported marine shells and shark teeth for making tools, a midden-mound. From the semi-circle, multiple linear sand ridges and made a known to archaeologists as Belle Glade Plain. radiate outwards like the spokes of a wheel or the rays of the sun, and the ridges end in large conical sand . Celestial alignments at select Type B circular-linear earthworks. Over the past few years I have been thinking about these earth- A) Tony’s Mound; B) ; C) Fort Center; D) Hendry Earthworks. works in terms of the way Belle Glade peoples understood their

Continued on page 2 Continued from page 1 Okeechobee Basin, but some are to important places where large numbers of people were buried in water, such as the charnel pond at Fort Center and the Lake Okeechobee burials at Ritta and Kreamer Islands. There are also examples of alignments to sites on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Particularly intriguing are the alignments to Pineland and Mound Key, which we know to be two of the most important Calusa sites. Both of these sites have multiple alignments converging on them from several different Belle Glade sites. This suggests that these were very important places to the Belle Glade people, and further demonstrates the long-term relationships between coastal and interior peoples. Archaeologically we know that a relationship began developing between them by at least AD 500. This is known through the presence of Belle Glade pottery at Calusa sites, which by AD 1000 had become the major pottery Site alignments from Tony’s Mound. A) onset of the rainy season, the summer throughout the Calusa heartland. These Tony’s Mound; B) Fort Center; C) Big Mound solstice signals the peak of heavy rains, City; D) Joseph Reed Shell Ring; E) Naples alignments help to show that this associa- Canal; F) Mound Key; G) Pineland; H) the fall equinox marks the end of the tion was important enough to the Belle Ortona Earthworks. heaviest rains, and the winter solstice Glade people to represent it in their signals the beginning of a drying landscape. architecture. To me, this suggests that it world. Like other Native groups, they These differences in water levels are tied to is a relationship we should explore further would have understood the importance animal distributions, behaviors, and breed- in archaeological studies because it will of relationships, not only between people ing seasons. These are important to fi sher- help give us a much richer understanding but also between different elements of hunter-gatherers, especially given the signifi - of the dynamics of the history of South their landscape and between important cance of relationships for Native Americans Florida’s Native inhabitants. places on the landscape. I have been able between people and non-human animals. to identify several of these important Second, the relationships between For more details, see Lawres, Nathan R., relationships, each of which is embodied people and places on the landscape are 2017, Materializing Ontology in in the architecture. also embodied in the linear ridges. If you Monumental Form: Engaging the First, the relationships between the extend the lines of these ridges across the Ontological in the Okeechobee Basin, cosmos, landscape, and time are embodied entire landscape, they line up with monu- Florida, Journal of Anthropological in the linear ridges. Many of the linear ridges mental architecture at other important Research, Volume 73, number 4, pp. 647-696. that radiate outwards are aligned with sites! Many of these alignments are to See this paper for sources of all maps and celestial events that are recurrent or other Belle Glade earthworks in the photos used in this article. cyclical, such as the solstices and equinoxes we see each year. Such alignments reveal a To visit Fort Center, go to the Wildlife Management Area, knowledge of the relationships among which is operated by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation landscape, animal patterns, time, and the Commission. For information and directions, follow this link: all-important water levels across the landscape. The spring equinox marks the http://myfwc.com/viewing/recreation/wmas/lead/fi sheating-creek/planning-your-visit/

2 Randell Research Center

Restored parcel explodes with native plants, wildlife by Bill Marquardt

As our readers know, fi ve acres of land were added to the Randell Research Center in 2015 thanks to the generous support of Tim and Judith Sear and the Calusa Land Trust. Grants from RRC members and the Felburn Foundation for invasive vegetation removal and from the A Gulf fritillary butterfl y (Agraulis vanilla) Florida Humanities Council for public inter- gathers nectar from a scorpion’s-tail plant pretation made it possible to open an (Heliotropium angiospermum) growing in the extension of the Calusa Heritage Trail in understory of a restored area on the edge of the In 2015, the Calusa-dug canal around the March, 2017 (see RRC Newsletter, June Smith Mound canal. (Photo by Laura Coglan.) Smith Mound was choked with vegetation and 2015; June 2016; and September 2017). effectively invisible. Native vegetation and Smith Mound, its surrounding canal, and wildlife are returning. (Photo by Charles O’Connor.) When we acquired the property, it the Low Mound. Thanks to the initial was dominated by Brazilian pepper clearing and to weekly maintenance work Wildlife that depends on these native (Schinus terebinthifolia), earleaf acacia by our volunteers, not only have the plants is also returning. If you have not (Acacia auriculiformis), invasive non-native plants been controlled, visited the newly added property lately, and other non-native but native plants are emerging through- please do so on your next visit to Pineland. invasive plants that out the property at an astounding rate. You will be amazed. had obscured the ground and blocked all visual access to the Understory native plants, such as American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), American pokeweed The native toothpetal (Phytolacca americana), and rougeplant orchid (Habaneria (Rivina humilis), as well as the native odontopetalum) now vines possum grape (Cissus sp.) and thrives near the canal creeping cucumber (Melothria pendula) surrounding the Smith are returning in the drier part of the Mound. (Photo by William parcel away from the Smith Mound and Marquardt.) canal. (Photo by Charles O’Connor.) New and Renewing Friends of the RRC November 16, 2017 to February 15, 2018 Please let us know of any errors or omissions. Thank you for your support. * = donated goods and services. Patrons Sponsoring Members Lee & Jeff Horowitz Wayne Hinnant David T. Glick ($100,000 and above) ($500-$999) Cathy House Larkin & Barbara Hosmer Jeanne Gossman E.L. Roy Hunt Martha & David Huard Nancy Green Joseph T. Brinton III Brenda Anderson* Dale S. Kammerlohr Nancy N. Kraft Martha Hall Sustaining Members Mike & Margie Bennett William (Coty) Keller Casimir & Kathy Krul Brian Holaway Clarence Kellermann ($5,000-$9,999) Alan & Ruth Marcus Robert & Rita Mast Nancy Howell Patricia Yourdon John & Sue Miller Rosie Neal Randall Johnson Ella Warren Miller Contributing Members Amy Owen Stephen & Faith Osborn Keith Keefer Supporting Members ($100-$499) Frank & Linda Potter Karl & Ceci Rice Anne Loffredo Gloria Shaw Janet Sanders Diane Maher ($1,000-$4,999) Eleanor Arnold John & Glenda Sirmans Brad & Carol Smith Judith D. McCarty Virginia Amsler in honor of Mary & Steve Banks Beverly & Roger Stone Tom Ullman Rosie Neal Peter Corcoran Cliff Beittel Bill Vernetson Patty Jo Watson Nancy O’Brien Larry & Carol Aten Jenna Coplin Richard H. Werner Norris & Nancy Williams John P. Odom John & Gretchen Coyle Bill & Mary Cyzewski Lee & Betty Zausner Lucie & Gary Zuchowski Mrytle Orzalli Don Cyzewski William H. Marquardt Susan Patchett John & Donna Divito Family Members Individual Members Deborah Russell & Elmer Janet Sanders Eaton Corporation Kevin & Tracy Aaron Austin Bell Wheeler Sue Sobeck Gary Foster Michael & Laurel Adams Linda Bohacek Alan & Patricia Symonds Chris Walser Robin & Lin Fox Donald E. Bailey Dixie Colson Jon L. & Beverly A. Molly Whitney Barbara & Carl Harcourt Al Bonini & Dianna Suppa Judith D’Agostino Thompson Catherine Williams Dan Harrow Chris & Claire Farrell Phyllis Faust

March 2018 3 o HISTO Non-profi t GY RY o LO E EO CO A L Organization H O C G R Y A o U.S. Postage o Friends of the PAID Pineland, FL Randell Research Center 33945 PO Box 608 Permit No. 26 o A o S H W C E EA LEARN, WE T Pineland, FL 33945-0608

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Annual Honor Roll, 2017 Each year the Randell Research Center recognizes all those who have donated $100 or more during the previous calendar year by listing them in the Annual Honor Roll. We extend our heartfelt appreciation for the support that these and all our gifts represent. (* = in-kind services). PATRONS Kay Luongo Howard & Ronald & Mary Koontz Robert Repenning & ($100,000 and above) Denége Patterson Nancy DeVane Laura Kozuch Jennet Buri Leslie Pollack Jean Dickason Robin C. Krivanek Forrest & Michele Rieder Tim & Judith Sear Debbie Randell Charles & Sass Edwards Janet Levy Harold Sears Gayle & Jim Sheets Tucki & Chip Folkers Betty Seidel BENEFACTORS Dr. & Mrs. Gregory Nick West Valerie Fors Lignelli Gloria Shaw ($20,000 – $99,999) Pat Yourdon Gary Foster Henry & Carolynn John C. & Glenda L. Paul & Warren Miller Helen Fox & Jim Koopman Littleton Sirmans CONTRIBUTING Robin & Lin Fox Darcie MacMahon Doug & Carol Stafford SUPPORTING MEMBERS Kim E. Gibbons Don & Dawn Marano Paula & John Streeter MEMBERS ($100 – $499) Nancy Glickman & Lawrence & Maureen Beverly & Roger Stone Robert Macomber Massey Mike & Maria Sweeney ($1,000 – $4,999) Sharon Albright Chauncey & Allison Goss Judith McCloskey Melinda S. Tanzman & Virginia Amsler Marion Almy Robert & Carol Gray Ted & Diane McGee Burton D. Shapiro Lawrence E. & Brenda & Bruce Anderson Barbara & Carl Harcourt Shirley McTaggart Vince Tapager Carol F. Aten Kelli & Rich Anderson Dan Harrow Jerald T. Milanich Dan & Kay Van Riper Chris & Gayle Bundschu Gloria Andrews Jack & Rosalie Hewins Jacob L. Miller Bill Vernetson John & Gretchen Coyle Leigh & Genie Andrews The Matlacha Hookers John & Sue Miller Randal L. Walker Lawrence Edwards, M.D. Eleanor Arnold Lee & Jeff Horowitz Betsy & Jim Murphy Becky & Dick Werner Don & Dawn Marano Paul & Eileen Arsenault Cathy House & Bob House Margi Nanney Dave & Vicky Werner William Marquardt Mary & Steve Banks E. L. Roy Hunt Abraham & Cynthia Ofer Rae Ann Wessel Virginia O’Neill Cindy Bear Peter & Colette Johnson Amy S. Owen Patty & Jack Wettstein Bill & Norma Pretsch Cliff Beittel Terri Jones Nick & Linda Penniman Jim & Anne Whitmore Crandon Randell & Robert Bendt Dale S. Kammerlohr Matt Perry Family Victoria Winterer Gayle Allegro Alan & Patricia Blomgren William Keefer Frank & Linda Potter Sally Woliver Deborah Russell & Jim & Bobbi Caraway Elmer Wheeler Marge & Coty Keller Michael & Sarah Raiden Dick Workman John & Marla Carr Karl & Kathryn Schroeder Clarence Kellermann Susan Chastain Tim & Judith Sear Louis R. Cizmadia Maddie & Sam Stewart Ann Cordell Patricia & Alan Symonds Gift Shop & Tour Information: Linda Coyle & RRC News Jon & Beverly Thompson Mark Dreyer (239) 283-2157 Creighton Construction Editor: William Marquardt SPONSORING & Management, LLC Writers: Send questions or comments to: MEMBERS Robert D. Crum Nathan Lawres Randell Research Center ($500 – $999) Carole Crumley William Marquardt PO Box 608 Paul Benedum, Jr. Bill & Mary Cyzewski Pineland, FL 33945-0608 Michael & Margie Bennett Don Cyzewski Production: GBS Productions Lammot duPont Shellee Storz-Davis Telephone: (239) 283-2062 & Russell Davis Stanley & Dee Ink Email: rrc@fl mnh.ufl .edu Frank Desguin John & Marty Kendall Website: www.fl oridamuseum.ufl .edu/rrc

4 Randell Research Center

o HISTO GY RY o LO E EO CO A L H O C G R Y A o o Friends of the Randell Research Center

o A o • S H Pineland, Florida March 2018 W C E EA LEARN, WE T Phone 239-283-2062 Email: rrc@fl mnh.ufl .edu

Dear Friend, You are cordially invited to join, or renew your membership in, the RRC’s support society, Friends of the Randell Research Center. All Friends of the RRC receive a quarterly newsletter and free admission to the Calusa Heritage Trail at Pineland. Supporters at higher levels are entitled to discounts on our books and merchandise, advance notice of programs, and special recognition. Your continuing support is vital to our mission. It means more research, more education, and continued site improvements at the Randell Research Center. Thank you.

Sincerely,

William H. Marquardt Director Randell Research Center

Please check the membership level you prefer, and send this form with your check payable to University of Florida Foundation, to: Membership Coordinator • Randell Research Center • PO Box 608 • Pineland, Florida 33945

❏ Individual ($30) and Student ($15): quarterly Newsletter and ❏ Supporter ($1,000-$4,999): The above + listing on annual free admission to Calusa Heritage Trail donor plaque at Pineland site ❏ Family ($50): The above + advance notice on special events and ❏ Sustaining Members ($5,000-$19,999), Benefactors programs ($20,000-$99,999), and Patrons ($100,000 and above) ❏ Contributor ($100-$499): The above + annual honor roll listing in receive all of the above + complimentary RRC publications and newsletter + 10% discount on RRC publications and merchandise special briefi ngs from the Director. ❏ Sponsor ($500-$999): The above + invitation to annual Director’s tour and reception Permanent Address

______Name Photo by A. Bell. ______Address ______City / State / Zipcode ______Email address Seasonal Address (so we can send you your newsletter while you are away)

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The Randell Research Center is a program of the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Books, Videos, Cards, and RRC Gear BOOKS ON SOUTHWEST FLORIDA’S ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY NUMBER ORDERED COST A Tour of the Islands of Pine Island Sound, Florida: Their Geology, Archaeology, and History by Denége Patterson. RRC Popular Series No. 2, softcover, full color, $29.95 Buy this book benefi ting our endowment and receive 20% off all RRC gear (hats and shirts) and books indicated by *. Off er expires April 30, 2018. $ The Plant World of the Calusa: A View from Pineland* written and illustrated by Martha Kendall, RRC Popular Series No. 1, softcover, full color, $24.95 $ The Calusa and Their Legacy: South Florida People and Their Environments* by Darcie A. MacMahon and William H. Marquardt, U. Press of Florida, hardcover, $39.95 $ The Archaeology of Pineland: A Coastal Southwest Florida Site Complex, A.D. 50-1710*, edited by William Marquardt and Karen Walker, Monograph 4, hardcover, 935 pages, 408 fi gures, 231 tables, bibliographic references, $125.00 $ Discovering Florida: First-Contact Narratives from Spanish Expeditions along the Lower Gulf Coast edited and translated by John E. Worth, U. Press of Florida, softcover, $27.95 $ The Florida Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing edited by Phyllis E. Kolianos and Brent W. Weisman, University Press of Florida, hardcover $49.95 $ Sharks and Shark Products in Prehistoric South Florida by Laura Kozuch, Monograph 2, softcover, $5.00 $ The Archaeology of Useppa Island* edited by William H. Marquardt, Monograph 3, hardcover $35.00, softcover $20.00 $ New Words, Old Songs: Understanding the Lives of Ancient Peoples in Southwest Florida Through Archaeology by Charles Blanchard, illustrated by Merald Clark, SALE! hardcover $10.00, softcover $5.00 $ Fisherfolk of Charlotte Harbor, Florida by Robert F. Edic, hardcover, $35.00 $ Edisonia Native Girl: The Life Story of Florence Keen Sansom by Denége Patterson, Peppertree Press, 2010, softcover, $39.95 $ Missions to the Calusa by John H. Hann, U. Press of Florida, hardcover, $35.00 $ Florida’s Indians by Jerald T. Milanich, U. Press of Florida, softcover, $19.95 $ Randy Wayne White’s Ultimate Tarpon Book: The Birth of Big Game Fishing edited by Randy Wayne White and Carlene Fredericka Brennen. U. Press of Florida, softcover, $21.95 $ Eyes of the Calusa by Holly Moulder, a historical novel for young readers, winner of the silver medal in young adult fi ction from the Florida Publisher’s Association, White Pelican Press, $8.95 $ The Crafts of Florida’s First People by Robin Brown, a step-by-step guide to making Florida Indian tools and containers (for ages 10 and up), Pineapple Press, softcover, $9.95 $ Water from Stone: Archaeology and Conservation at Florida’s Springs by J. O’Donoughe. U. Press of Florida, hardcover, $74.95 Florida Weather and Climate by J. Collins, R. Rohli and C. H. Paxton. U. Press of Florida, hardcover, $34.95 Sea Level Rise in Florida: Science, Impacts, and Options by A. C. Hine, D. P. Chambers, T. D. Clayton, M.R. Hafen and G. T. Mitchum. U. Press of Florida, hardcover, $34.95 CALUSA POSTCARDS Images from the Calusa Heritage Trail Art by Merald Clark, 4”-x-6” postcards, full-color, set of 11 cards, $4.95 $ RRC postcards Art by Patricia Randell, 4” x 6” black and white, set of 4, $2.00 $ RANDELL RESEARCH CENTER GEAR RRC logo hat $21.95 $ Calusa Heritage Trail T-shirts designed by Merald Clark: Specify size (S, M, L, XL) $ • Seven Masks (black with white image, seven Calusa masks), $18.95 • Pineland Crane Head (white with full color depiction), $18.95 Total for items ordered: $ Friends of the RRC who give at the $100 level or above may deduct 10% Discount: — — Florida residents add sales tax: + Shipping: Add $5.00 for fi rst item, To place order, make check payable to $1.00 for each additional item: + University of Florida Foundation and mail to: TOTAL: $ Randell Research Center PO Box 608 Name (please print): ______Pineland, FL 33945. Mailing address (please print): ______Questions? 239-283-2157 E-mail: rrc@fl mnh.ufl .edu ______Zip code (please print): ______