A Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the Garcia Farms Favt Parcel Hendry County, Florida

A PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THE GARCIA FARMS FAVT PARCEL HENDRY COUNTY, FLORIDA

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC.

AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1182 AHC PROJECT NO. 2017.203 FEBRUARY 2018 A PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THE GARCIA FARMS FAVT PARCEL HENDRY COUNTY, FLORIDA

By: Robert S. Carr, M.S. Alan M. Noe, B.A. Earl Harvey Jacobs IV, B.S. John Beriault, B.A.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC. 4800 SW 64th Avenue, Suite 107 Davie, Florida 33314 [email protected] (954) 792-9776

For:

WATER AND SOIL SOLUTIONS, LLC

AHC PROJECT NO. 2017.203 AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1182 FEBRUARY 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY 1

PROJECT SETTING 3

PREVIOUS RESEARCH 8

CULTURAL SUMMARY 13

METHODOLOGY 18

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 21

REFERENCES CITED 22

APPENDIX I: FLORIDA SURVEY LOG 28

i LIST OF FIGURES

1. USGS map of the Garcia Farms FAVT parcel 2

2. 1876 plat map with overlay of project parcel 4

3. 1943 Copeland map with overlay of project parcel 5

4. 1974 black and white aerial photograph of project parcel 6

5. 2017 color orthophotograph of project parcel 7

6. USGS map showing all previously recorded archaeological sites within one mile of the project parcel 12

7. 2017 color aerial of project parcel depicting shovel test locations 19

8. Typical view along rows of crops planted across the project parcel 20

CONSULTANT SUMMARY

From December 2017 to January 2018 the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc., (AHC) conducted a Phase I cultural resource assessment for Water and Soil Solutions, LLC, of the 232 acre Garcia Farms FAVT (floating aquatic vegetation tilling) parcel adjacent to and east of CR833 (Josie Billie Highway) in southeastern Hendry County. The parcel is located in Section 35 in Township 47S, Range 33E (Figure 1) and lies three miles north of the Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation. The parcel was surveyed to locate and assess any sites of archaeological and/or historical significance. This cultural resource assessment was conducted for the proposed redevelopment of the parcel as a stormwater treatment area.

This assessment was conducted to fulfill historic resource requirements in response to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (1966), State of Florida Statutes Chapter 267 and Hendry County historic preservation objectives. The work and the report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code and Florida Division of Historic Resources (FDHR) Module 3 guidelines.

The Garcia Farms FAVT parcel was historically characterized as cypress strands, prairie, and oak and cabbage palm hammocks. Modern land use is agricultural.

A site search with FDHR determined that no sites are recorded in the parcel and that 16 previously recorded archaeological sites occur within one mile of the parcel. The parcel was identified as having a low probability for archaeological sites based on a review of aerial photographs. No standing structures occur within the parcel.

This Phase I cultural resource assessment included a review of aerial photographs and archival documents, a pedestrian survey, and shovel testing across the parcel.

A total of 58 shovel tests were excavated across the parcel. All shovel tests were negative for cultural material. It is the consultant’s opinion that no significant cultural resources occur on the project parcel.

PROJECT SETTING

The project parcel is located in Section 35 in Township 47S, Range 33E in south-eastern Hendry County, Florida. The ±232 acre parcel consists of vacant land that was used for farming. The parcel is adjacent to and east of CR833 (Josie Billie Highway). The relevant USGS maps are Cowbone Island and Goddens Strand (Figure 1).

Neither the 1876 plat map (Figure 2) nor the Copeland map of 1943 (Figure 3) reveal any identified natural or cultural features within the project parcel. The earliest available vintage aerial photograph indicates that the project area (ca. 1974) had been previously cleared and farmed. Land use changes in the parcel include fencing, drainage ditching, and clearing. The parcel is currently in agricultural use.

The vegetation of the general area reflects a transition from the northern reaches of the Big Cypress Swamp into the toe of slope for the Immokalee Rise characterized by elevational and vegetation changes from wetland to high saw palmetto prairie toward the northwest. In the north and western portions of the project area is a major physiographic change with increasing concentrations of cypress heads, domes, and sloughs with relict flatwoods. Four miles to the east begins a transition to sawgrass marsh communities on the western edge of the Everglades Trough. The soil changes radically at that point from sand sediments to organic peat soils mantling chalky limestone and limestone caprock.

The geology of southeastern Hendry County is characterized by solutioned limestone caprock overlain to various depths by sands or shelly marls. In cypress sloughs, but particularly in cypress dome/solution ponds there are potentially deep deposits of muck or peat. Fine tan and gray sands found extensively in the district are Holopaw and Riviera fine sands which usually overlie relict marine deposits of shelly marl and marly limestone caprock that are part of the Pleistocene Caloosahatchee and Fort Thompson formations. These marine marls contain lenses and deposits of clay intermixed with varying percentages of sand. These clays may have been a source for ceramic manufacture by the Formative period Native Americans. Mantling the Riviera and Holopaw sands are windblown deposits of gray sands of varying depths.

Seven soil types are represented on the project parcel: Oldsmar sand, 0-2 percent slopes (12%); Immokalee sand, 0-2 percent slopes (2.4%); Myakka sand, 0-2 percent slopes (30.5%); Bassinger sand, 0-2 percent slopes (54.5%); Holopaw sand, 0-2 percent slopes (0.1%); Tuscawilla fine sand (0.1%); and Chobee fine sandy loam, frequently ponded, 0- 1 percent slopes (.4%). These are fine, poorly drained sands and soils generally found in interior flatwoods cypress strand prairie areas (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1989).

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

Archaeological investigations within the western Everglades Basin and Big Cypress have not been numerous. Isolated from the more accessible coast, interior southern Florida was generally passed over by the archaeologists that visited southern Florida during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The exceptions were studies of a few earthwork sites located along the edge of the Everglades. These circular and linear earthwork complexes were large and conspicuous and caught the attention of ranchers who shared their observations with archaeologists. Among the earliest investigations of an earthworks was Big Mound City conducted by the Smithsonian Institution (Willey 1949). Other documented earthworks included Tony's Mound (Allen 1948). These early reports on earthwork sites became the impetus for additional surveys (Carr 1974, 1985; Hale 1984, Johnson 1990) and scientific excavations of earthwork sites such as at Fort Center at Fisheating Creek in the 1960s (Sears 1982) and Ortona on the Caloosahatchee River (Carr et al. 1995) that were to have impacts on developing site models, chronology, and a regional model for the Lake Okeechobee region and the Belle Glade Area in particular.

Studies of the Lake Okeechobee archaeological sites were partially fueled by speculation that maize agriculture was an important subsistence trait for the area (Sears 1982). Interest in the Everglades to the south focused on questions of site distribution and adaptation to the wetlands environment. John Goggin's early surveys and recordings of sites in both the Okeechobee and Everglades areas were pivotal for furthering our knowledge of the extent of site distribution throughout the area (Goggin 1949, 1952).

PREVIOUS RESEARCH NEAR THE PROJECT AREA

Goggin's regional survey included the recording of three sites in the general project area. Most notable is Tony's Mound, 8HN3, located 15 miles northeast of the study area. A second site, a burial mound, 8HN24, is located in an area north of the study area. The third site is the Pepper Mounds, 8HN4, described by Goggin as two sand mounds each separated by a slough that ran between them (Goggin 1951). This site is located ten miles northeast project area, although Goggin’s site form incorrectly places it in the section southwest of Section 4. Carr visited the HN4 site in 1974 and provided a revised site form on the site's location.

A review of the scientific literature indicated that systematic archaeological assessments had only been conducted in two of the six STAs (Special Treatment Areas lying to the northeast approximately ten miles near the Hendry-Palm Beach County line. These were within the northern portion of STA 6 (Carr and Davis 1990) and the eastern portion of STA-IE (Carr and Haiduven 1990). Other studies include work by Joan Deming near STA 5 and STA 6 along the L-3 Canal (1977), archaeological monitoring of oil seismic lines in Hendry County (Carr and Allerton 1988).

AHC has conducted several Phase I archaeological surveys within and near the Hendry County FPL (Florida Power & Light Corporation) parcel (Carr 1988, 1990). In July 1987

through January 1988 AHC performed archaeological testing and assessments of five seismic survey lines which resulted in the discovery of eighteen archaeological sites, all of them black dirt middens (Carr 1988).

In 1989 AHC began the first of three phases of work to assess sites found in the northern portion of the Big Cypress Seminole Reservation. The Phase I survey examined an area the equivalent of 89 square miles and resulted in the documentation of 31 sites, of which 27 were newly recorded during the assessment (Carr 1990).

From April through July 2011 AHC conducted a Phase I cultural resource assessment for FPL of a ±3118 acre parcel adjacent to and west of SR833 (Josie Billie Highway, Government Road) in southeastern Hendry County. In March through June, 2014, additional testing was conducted across the same parcel. A total of 632 systematic and judgmental shovel tests were excavated across the FPL Hendry County parcel, of which 85 were positive for archaeological material. Twenty eight archaeological and historical sites were recorded, including black earth middens, faunal bone middens, and sand mounds, and one linear resource: HN612, a possible 19th century military trail. Five of the sites are black earth middens representing large camps or villages, sixteen are small camps, and four sites include sand mounds.

Other projects occurring in the project area include an archaeological assessment for an EOC tower replacement (McCudden 2003), A Phase I assessment of the McDaniel Ranch (Southeastern Archaeological Research 2008a), and an archaeological assessment of Snake Road (Janus Research 2006). A desktop archaeological assessment west of the project parcel was conducted in April, 2011, by Southeastern Archaeological Research (ibid 2011).

LITERATURE REVIEW

A search was requested on 12/13/17 with FDHR for archives and literature associated with the project area. This included site forms and cultural resource assessment reports from the Florida Master Site File of previously recorded archaeological and historic sites and surveys in the project parcel and within one mile of the parcel (Table 1).

Table 1. Literature Review Summary Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites: 14 archaeological sites, 1 cemetery, 1 resource group Within Project Parcel 0 Within One Mile of Project Parcel 16 Previous Assessments: 5 Within Project Parcel 0 Within One Mile of Project Parcel 5

A review of Florida site files determined that no previously recorded archaeological or historic sites occur within the project parcel (Table 2).

Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites Summary1 In Survey Outside of Site No. Site Name Site Type References Parcel Parcel Archaeological and 8HN91 Sam Jones’ Grave Historic Grave Historical X Conservancy, 1990 Archaeological and Big Cypress Historic Historic Trail/ Linear 8HN612 Historical X Trail Resource Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN570 Oak Couple Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN572 Camphorwood Midden Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN573 Gumbo Limbo Point Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN574 Gumbo Limbo Peak Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN575 Oak Council Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN576 Morning Squirrel Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN577 Ditch Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN578 Small Oak Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and Prehistoric 8HN579 Mystery Mound Historical X Midden/Mound Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN580 Thick Vine Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN581 Great Owl Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN582 Dead Oaks Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN583 Guardian Oak Prehistoric Midden Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Archaeological and 8HN614 Target 7 Mound Prehistoric Mound Historical X Conservancy, 2011 Note: 1Based on sites within or within one mile of the project parcel.

A review of the state report files indicated that five cultural resource assessments were previously conducted within one mile of the project parcel (Table 3).

Table 3. Previous Cultural Resource Assessments1 Survey Out of Date Author Title In Parcel No. Parcel Seminole Heritage Archaeological and Archaeological and 2622 1990 Historical Survey Phase I: Northern Big X Historical Conservancy Cypress An Archaeological Survey of the Big Cypress Archaeological and 19929 1997 Reservation Water Conservation Area, Hendry X Historical Conservancy County, Florida Seminole Tribe of Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation EOC 8951 2003 Florida Tribal Historic Tower Replacement Project, Hendry County, X Preservation Office Florida Cultural Resources Assessment Survey of Snake Road (BIA 1281) from the I-75 17910 2006 Janus Research Inc. X Interchange to Six Miles South of CR835, Broward and Hendry Counties, Florida A Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the Archaeological and 21265 2011 X Historical Conservancy FPL Hendry County Project Parcel, Hendry County, Florida Note: 1Based on assessments within one mile of the project parcel.

CULTURAL SUMMARY

The Glades area was originally defined as a distinctive cultural area to include all of southern Florida by M. W. Stirling (1936). John M. Goggin defined more specific boundaries for the area and identified three inclusive sub-areas (1947). These were the Calusa sub-area in southwest Florida, the “Tekesta” sub-area for southeast Florida and the Florida Keys, and the Okeechobee sub-area around Lake Okeechobee. Goggin classified these sub-areas on the basis of his recognition of their distinctive natural environments, the different tribes in those regions during historic times, and differences in the archaeological record. Since Goggin's work, there have been several amendments to these definitions. John Griffin noted Goggin's error in utilizing the names of historic tribes to name two of the sub-areas (Griffin 1974). Griffin saw no significant differences in the material culture of southern Florida that could not be accounted for by variations in coastal environments or different frequencies of trade pottery. Further, Griffin believes that the occupation of southern Florida was generally coastal with the Everglades being considerably less significant and containing only small midden sites which indicate many short term occupations through the centuries (1974). Based on this belief, he tentatively suggested that the term Circum-Glades Area be applied to that area from the Ten Thousand Islands eastward through southeast Florida and then northward to St. Lucie County. Unfortunately, this reclassification of the Glades area has been used in a book on Florida archaeology and the error compounded by the statement that sites are distributed "around the Everglades (with only few sites actually in the Everglades proper)" (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:233).

The contention that sites are concentrated on the coast and are scarce in the Everglades is partially incorrect. Recent archaeological surveys in the Everglades (Carr et al., 1979) and within the Big Cypress Swamp (Ehrenhard et al., 1978) indicate that there are at least several hundred sites situated within the south Florida interior, some of them being large, substantial sites that suggest more than just marginal or short term use. A redefinition of the Glades culture area was offered using the term Everglades Area by Carr and Beriault to encompass only southeast Florida (1984: 1-11). In 1988, Griffin concurred by using Everglades Area in his recent synthesis of South Florida archaeology. This revision confines the Everglades Area to southeastern Florida and the Florida Keys. It is difficult to determine an exact western boundary for the area, but Carr and Beriault suggest one somewhere west of the Shark River and east of Turner River, probably near the eastern boundary of Big Cypress Swamp. A northern boundary would be somewhere near the Broward-Palm Beach County line (Carr and Beriault 1984:2).

The area north of the Everglades area, and within the project area is problematic. There is insufficient data to suggest boundaries or even a clear assignment to any particular cultural area for the northern Everglades Basin. Bordering the Everglades area to the south and southeast, the East Okeechobee sub-area or district to the northeast, the Belle Glade Area to the north, and the Caloosahatchee area to the west, it is clear that attempting a definition by area or sub-area is difficult at best. It may be easier to view the area as a potential geographic district, as has been suggested for other sub-areas of the

Glades Area (Griffin 1988). Based on current data, it would appear that the study area is a transitional one where many groups, or tribes, may have bordered one another generally using the area for canoe travel and small encampments. The exception to such transitory use are the earthwork complexes (i.e. 8HN3, 8HN4) located on the western edge of the Everglades that show strong affiliation with the Belle Glade Area that characterized the circum-Lake Okeechobee Area. Its also worth noting that influences from as far away as the Ten Thousand Island area of southwest Florida are suggested by pottery types located at sites a short distance west of STA 5 and STA 6 on the western Everglades, but aside from the evidence of Belle Glade and Ten Thousand Island influences, no clear evidence of cultural affiliations during the Formative Period has yet been gathered.

CHRONOLOGICAL PERIODS

PALEO INDIAN PERIOD (10000 BC TO 8000 BC)

The Paleo-Indian lived in southern Florida in probable association with mammoths, bison, and other types of megafauna. Deposits of fossilized Pleistocene bone have been uncovered by dredging operations from several locations in southern Florida and from solution holes in south Dade County. Martin and Webb (1974) note the wide range of grazing ungulates and sloths indicating more extensive grasslands than present. With the extinction of the megafauna by about 11,000 B. P., the Paleo-Indian apparently made an effective adaptation to the emerging wetlands of southern Florida, and began to establish the patterns of subsistence that were to provide the basis of resource procurement for the subsequent 10,000 years. Evidence of the Paleo-Indian in southern Florida is now well established with the discovery of a late Paleo/Early Archaic site at Cutler in south Dade County (Carr 1986). Radiocarbon dates of 9,670 +/- 120 years were determined for this site that yielded evidence of exploitation of deer and rabbit, some marine fauna, and some indication of hunting extinct horse and peccary. A possible artifact from the Paleo Indian Period was recovered from near the STA 5 and STA 6 project area as reported by an informant to Dr. Kennedy at Florida Atlantic University when a bi-face was found during dredging near the Miami Canal (personal communication: Kennedy to Carr 10-95).

ARCHAIC PERIOD (6500 BC TO 1000 BC)

During the Post Glacial, the sea level rose and greatly diminished Florida's land size. It has been calculated that the rate of sea level rise was approximately 8.3 cm per 100 years from 6000 to 3000 BP That rate has decreased to about 3.5 cm per 100 years from 3000 BP to present (Scholl et al. 1967). By 5000 BP, cypress swamps and hardwood forests characteristic of the sub-tropics began to develop in southern Florida (Carbone 1983, Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). The Archaic Period was characterized by an increased reliance by the native populations on the shellfish and marine resources on the coast, and a generally expanded hunting, fishing, and plant-gathering base throughout southern Florida. Archaeologists were not aware until recently of the extent and nature of Archaic Period sites in southern Florida. The earliest dated mid-Archaic archaeological materials are from the Bay West site, a cypress pond mortuary situated in Collier County northeast of Naples (Beriault et al. 1981). It is likely that the Bay West site was a hydric sinkhole

that provided an "oasis" and water hole during the much drier mid-Archaic period. Radiocarbon dates recovered there indicate a temporal range of 5500 BP - 7000 BP. This chronology and the cultural materials, particularly the preservation of organic materials, are very similar to those recovered from Little Salt Spring I 10 km to the north (Clausen et al. 1979). The mortuary pond is one of the characteristic types of cemeteries of the Archaic Period throughout central and southern Florida.

A mid-Archaic Period site was recently discovered in Broward County, the first site from this period discovered in southeast Florida (Carr and Sandler 1991). The site, 8BDIII9, was discovered on Pine Island ridge. Characterized by a scatter of chert flakes and several mid-Archaic projectile points, the site appears to be either a lithic workshop for reshaping tools, or the remnants of a habitation area, with a limited artifact assemblage because of differential preservation creating a sampling bias.

Sites from the Late Archaic Period are becoming increasingly evident in southeast Florida. Sites dating from as early as 4000 BP have been located along Biscayne Bay (Carr 1981), but late archaic horizons appear to be common place on Everglades sites. Radiocarbon dates in the Everglades indicate early ages of 3050 BP +/- 140 years for the Peace Camp site (Mowers and Williams 1972: 18), and 4840 +/- 210 BP for Taylor's Head (8BD73) (Masson et al. 1988:346).

The Late Archaic Period is distinguished by the development of fiber-tempered pottery. The Orange series of fiber-tempered pottery is well documented by Cockrell on Marco Island (1970), and undecorated fiber-tempered pottery has been recovered on the southeast coast at the Atlantic site (Carr 1981). Sites containing fiber-tempered pottery have been dated from as early as 3400 +/- 100 BP on Marco Island, and dates of ca. 2500 BP at the Firebreak site in Collier County, and 3000 +/- 4000 BP along Biscayne Bay (Carr 1981). Partial fiber and sand tempered pottery has been recovered from interior sites such as the Honey Hill site (8DA411) and the 202nd Street site in north Dade County, and the Markham Park (8BDI83) site in Broward County.

THE GLADES PERIOD (CA. 750 BC - 1750 AD)

Goggin (1947) defined three periods for the Formative Era. Using decorated pottery types that have proven to be effective time markers, he created the Glades 1, II and III periods. These divisions have been most useful in extreme southern Florida. The Glades I Early period (750 BC - ca. AD 200) is characterized by the use of undecorated sand-tempered pottery. Ceramic decorations in extreme southern Florida were developed by 500 AD with the inception of the Ft. Drum decorated series. While decorated types begin during Goggin's Late Glades I period, future revisions of the Glades period may simply make the first appearance of decorated wares coincide with the inception of the Glades II Period.

During the Glades II period (AD 750 - AD 1200), there are shifts in ceramic styles that allow the archaeologist to accurately divide the period into three subperiods based on the relative frequency of certain decorative styles (i.e. Key Largo Incised, Miami Incised,

Sanibel Incised, etc.). Mound construction was also commonplace during this period, reflecting the rise of a stratified society with a select ruling and/or priest class.

During the Glades II and III periods (AD 1200 - AD 1750), there is a shift in ceramic decorations and vessel shape in extreme southern Florida. Griffin reports the near absence of decorated pottery between AD 1000 and AD 1200 (1974). Occurrences of St. Johns tradeware and Belle Glade Plain increase along the east coast, and in general, a thriving trade network that brought a variety of exotic resources, such as lithic tools and ornaments, is evident.

EUROPEAN CONTACT PERIOD (CA. 1500 AD - 1750 AD)

When the Europeans arrived in the sixteenth century they encountered a thriving population of at least five separate tribes in southern Florida: the Tequesta in southeast Florida, the Calusa in southwest Florida, and the Jeaga and Ais along the east coast north of the Tequesta, and the Mayaimi near Lake Okeechobee. At the time of Spanish contact the Calusa maintained political dominance over these other tribes. It has been estimated that there were about 20,000 Indians in south Florida when the Spanish arrived (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). By 1763, when the English gained control of Florida, that population had been reduced to several hundred, and these tribal remnants migrated to Cuba with the Spanish (Romans 1962).

HISTORIC PERIOD (CA. 1750 AD - 1930 AD)

With the demise of indigenous people in South Florida, increasing migrations of Creek peoples moved southward, first as raiding parties directed at slave raids of the remnants of the South Florida tribes, and then as hunting trips, and finally as settlers. The Creeks and proto-Seminoles were in the area as early as the early eighteenth century.

The earliest documentary evidence of Seminole settlement in South Florida is an account by John Lee Williams describing the Snake Warrior's Island at the headwaters of Snake Creek. This site was recently identified as probably being site 8BDI867 in Miramar in southern Broward County. Seminole Archaeology is a relatively new focus in South Florida, but research has contributed new data about Seminole lifeways in the Everglades (Carr et al. 1991), and Seminole trade (Carr 1981a, 1989).

Pressures from white encroachment on their traditional territories forced Seminoles into the Big Cypress and Everglades area by the 1830s. By this time most of the cultural identity of pre-contact times had been lost, although some of the prehistoric strategies may have been in part adopted by Seminoles. A number of Seminole sites have been documented on earlier Glades middens. This pattern may in part reflect the paucity of high land in the interior (Ehrenhard et al. 1978, 1979, 1980, 1980; Taylor et al. 1983, 1984, 1985). Older midden sites (particularly those called “black dirt” middens) can be rich agriculturally as well as archaeologically, making these foci for historic Seminole gardens and citrus/banana/papaya groves.

Seminole cultural chronology in south Florida has been divided into I (1820-1860), II (1860-1900), and III (1900-1940) (Ehrenhard et al. 1978). Post-1940 Seminole camps are designated “Late Seminole” in some reports. These periods reflect the different stages of Seminole migration into south Florida, Seminole displacement and active conflict with the expanding American culture, and the eventual refuge by Seminole remnants in Big Cypress and Everglades regions.

Military records, and in particular several sketch maps by military personnel done in the 1830’s and 1840’s and the Ives military map of South Florida (1856) indicate that numerous military expeditions passed near and through the subject parcel. Fort Shackleford and Waxy Hadjo’s Island are several miles south of the project parcel. The same is true for Brown’s Trading Post (8HN77).

The northern Big Cypress Swamp has notable historical sites such as Sam Jones’ Old Town inhabited during and after the Seminole Wars, Brown’s Trading Post at Boat Landing established in 1901, Waxy Hadjo’s Island, and the Episcopal Everglades Cross Mission established in 1895 and later moved to Boat Landing in 1908. In 1911 the “Hendry County Reservation” was established by executive order and gradually evolved into the present day Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation which lies immediately south of the project parcel.

METHODOLOGY

Prior to conducting fieldwork in the project parcel, relevant archives and literature were reviewed. This included studying previous archaeological reports for sites in Hendry County, reviewing information from the Florida Master Site File concerning nearby sites, and examining USGS maps of the project area. Also, black and white as well as color aerial photographs of the project area, which could aid in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and floral communities, were interpreted.

The principal project goal was to locate and assess all historical or archaeological sites on the project parcel. This Phase I cultural resource assessment incorporated the use of certain predictive models based on topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and historic sites in Hendry County. These models postulate that live oak and cabbage palm hammocks in close proximity to drainage sloughs and marshes are medium to high probability areas for archaeological sites. The elevational information on the USGS maps for the area also was used.

It was determined that the project parcel had a low probability of containing archaeological sites as no hammocks of higher elevation were observed.

FIELDWORK

All parts of the parcel were assessed by pedestrian survey. Testing intervals conform to FDHR Module 3 guidelines. A total of 58 shovel tests were excavated across the project parcel within low probability areas. Sampling was done at 100 meter intervals along eight north-south transects (Figure 7).

All shovel tests measured 50 cm diameter and were dug to a depth of 100 cm where possible. If a hole was positive for cultural deposits, additional shovel tests were dug at 10-meter intervals on the cardinal directions from the positive hole. This delineation method was used to determine the extent of the site. All dug sediments were screened through ¼”-mesh hardware cloth and all cultural materials were collected.

COLLECTIONS

All collected material was placed in sealable plastic bags and transported to the AHC laboratory for analysis. These materials were assigned field specimen numbers (Appendix I). All material reposes at the AHC facilities in Davie.

INFORMANTS

No informants were identified for this parcel.

e project parcel.

ops planted across th

Figure 8. Typical view along rows of cr

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A Phase I cultural resource assessment of the Garcia FATV parcel was completed in January 2018. No historic or archaeological sites were identified as a result of this survey. A total of 58 shovel tests were dug across the parcel. All of the tests were negative for cultural material.

It is the consultant’s opinion that no significant cultural resources occur on the project parcel. However, if cultural materials are uncovered during development the project archaeologist should be notified. In the event that human remains are uncovered, the provisions of Statute 872.05 will apply.

REFERENCES CITED

Allen, Ross 1948 The Big Circle Mounds, The Florida Anthropologist 1: 17-21.

Archaeological and Historical Conservancy 1990 Seminole Heritage Archaeological and Historical Survey Phase I: Northern Big Cypress. Survey #2622 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

1997 An Archaeological Survey of the Big Cypress Reservation Water Conservation Area, Hendry County, Florida. Survey #19929 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

2011 A Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the FPL Hendry County Project Parcel, Hendry County, Florida. Survey #21265 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

2014 A Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the FPL Hendry County Project Parcel, Hendry County, Florida. Survey #21265 on file, Division Of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Beriault, John G., Robert S. Carr, Jerry J. Stipp, Richard Johnson and Jack Meeder 1981 The Archaeological Salvage of the Bay West Site, Collier County, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 34(2):39-58.

Carbone, Victor A. 1983 Late Quaternary Environments in Florida and the Southeast. The Florida Anthropologist 36 (1-2).

Carr, Robert S. 1975 An Archaeological and Historical Survey of Lake Okeechobee. Florida Department of State Division of Archives, History and Records Management Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties; Miscellaneous Project Report Series No. 22. Tallahassee.

1981 The Brickell Store and Seminole Indian Trade. The Florida Anthropologist 34(4):180-199.

1986 Preliminary Report of Archaeological Excavations at the Cutler Fossil Site in Southern Florida. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. New Orleans.

1989 Archaeological Excavations at the Stranahan House, (8BD259), Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 42(l): 7-33.

1990 Seminole Heritage Archaeological and Historical Survey Phase I: Northern Big Cypress. Report #2622 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Carr, Robert S. and David Allerton 1988 An Archaeological Survey of the Shell Big Cypress Seismic Project (DNR Permit G81-86). Report on file at the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc. Miami, Florida.

Carr, Robert S. and John Beriault 1984 Prehistoric Man in Southern Florida. In Environments of South Florida, Present and Past. Miami Geological Society, Coral Gables, pp. 1-14.

Carr, Robert S., John Beriault, Irving Eyster and Margot Ammidown 1979 An archaeological and historical survey of the site 14 replacement airport and its proposed access corridors, Dade County, Florida. Report on file with Dade County Historic Preservation Division, Miami.

Carr, Robert S., and Joe Davis 1990 An Archaeological Survey of the Southern Division Citrus Property, Hendry County, Florida. AHC Technical Report #14.

1991 Archaeological Testing on U.S. Sugar Site #12 (8HN55), Hendry County, Florida. AHC Technical Report #32.

Carr, Robert S. and Debra Sandler 1991 Archaeological Investigations at Westridge, Broward County, Florida. AHC Technical Report #37.

Carr, Robert S. and W.S. Steele 1993 Seminole Heritage Survey, Seminole Sites of Florida. AHC Technical Report #74.

Carr, Robert S., Dave Dickel, and Marilyn Masson 1995 Archaeological Investigations at the Ortona Earthworks and Mounds. The Florida Anthropologist 48: 4 (227-263).

Carr, Robert S., Simon Daniels, Joe Davis, W.S. Steele and Jorge Zamanillo 1996 Archaeological and Historical Assessment of the Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas, Hendry and Palm Beach Counties, Florida. AHC Technical Report #145.

Carter, Luther J. 1974 The Florida Experience: Land and Water Policy in a Growth State. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Clausen, Carl J., A. D. Cohen, Cesare Emiliani, J. A. Holman and J. J. Stipp 1979 Little Salt Spring, Florida: a Unique Underwater Site. Science 203:609-614.

Cockrell, Wilburn A. 1970 Glades I and Pre-Glades Settlement and Subsistence Patterns on Marco Island Collier County, Florida. Masters Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.

Delcourt, P. A. and H. R. Delcourt 1981 Vegetation Maps for Eastern North America: 40,000 yr. BP to the present. in Geobotany II. Edited by R. C. Romans. Plenum Publishing Corp.

Deming, Joan 1977 8HN4 Pepper Mound, Florida Master Site form, on file at Florida's Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Doran, Glen H. 1994 Florida's Wet Sites. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Paleo-Archaeology. Special Publication 93-03, University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Ehrenhard, John E., Robert S. Carr and Robert C. Taylor 1978 The Archaeological Survey of the Big Cypress National Preserve: Phase 1. Southeast Archaeological Center, National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.

1979 The Archaeological Survey of the Big Cypress National Preserve: Phase II, Southeast Archaeological Center, National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.

Florida Division of Historical Resources n.d. Module Three: Guidelines for Use by Historic Preservation Professionals. Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual. Florida Department of State, Tallahassee.

Goggin, John M. 1947 A Preliminary Definition of Archaeological Areas and Periods in Florida. American Antiquity 13:114-127.

1948 Culture and Geography in Florida Prehistory. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University.

1949 The Archaeology of the Glades Area. Typescript on file at the Southeast Archaeological Research Center, U.S. National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.

1950 Stratigraphic Tests in the Everglades National Park. American Antiquity. 15:288- 246.

1951 Pepper Mound 8HN4, Florida Master Site File Form, on file at Florida's Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Griffin, John W. 1974 Archaeology and Environment in South Florida. In Environments of South Florida: Present and Past. Edited by Patrick J. Gleason, pp. 342-346. Miami Geological Society, Memoir 2, Coral Gables.

1988 The Archaeology of the Everglades National Park: A Synthesis. Tallahassee, Florida: National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center.

Griffin, John, James Miller, and Mildred Fryman 1979 A Survey of the Archaeology and History of the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge. Cultural Research Management, Inc., Tallahassee, Florida.

Hale, Stephen H. 1984 Prehistoric Environmental Exploitation Around Lake Okeechobee. Southeastern Archaeology 3(2):173-185.

Janus Research 2006 Cultural Resources Assessment Survey of Snake Road (BIA 1281) from the I-75 Interchange to Six Miles South of CR 835, Broward and Hendry County. Report #17910 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Johnson, William G. 1990 A Report of Investigations on the West Okeechobee Basin Archaeological Survey. Report on file at the Florida Department of State, Tallahassee.

Labate, Julie Richko 2009 A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Trust Land of Fry Ranch, Hendry County. Report #16934 on file, Division Of Historic Properties, Tallahassee, Florida.

Martin, R. A. and S. D. Webb 1974 Late Pleistocene Mammals of Florida. Edited by S. David Webb, pp. 114- 145. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

McCudden, Anne C. 2003 Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation EOC Tower Replacement Project Hendry County, Florida. Report #8951 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Masson, Marilyn, Robert S. Carr, and Debra Goldman 1988 The Taylor's Head Site (8BD74): Sampling a Prehistoric Midden on an Everglades Tree Island. The Florida Anthropologist 41(3):336-350.

Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks 1980 Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.

Motte, Jacob 1953 Journey into Wilderness: An Army Surgeon's Account of Life in Camp and Field During the Creek and Seminole Wars 1836-1838. James F. Sunderman, ed. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Mowers, Bert and Wilma B. Williams 1972 The Peace Camp Site, Broward County, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist. 25(l): 1-2. Purdy, Barbara A. 1988 Wet Site Archaeology. Telford Press, Caldwell, New Jersey.

Romans, Bernard 1962 A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida. A Facsimile Reproduction of the 1775 Edition with Introduction by Rembert W. Patrick in the Floridiana Facsimile and Reprint Series. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Scholl, D. W. and M. Stuiver 1967 Recent Submergence of Southern Florida. Geological Society of America Bulletin 78:437-454.

Sears, William H. Fort Center: An Archaeological Site in The Lake Okeechobee Basin. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Seminole Tribe of Florida Tribal Historic Preservation Office 2003 Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation EOC Tower Replacement Project, Hendry County, Florida. Survey #8951 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Southeastern Archaeological Research Inc. 2011 Cultural Resource Desktop Analysis of the 3118-Acre Hendry Ranch Site, Hendry County, Florida. Gainesville, Florida.

Stirling, M. W. 1936 Florida Cultural Affiliations in Relationship to Adjacent Areas. In Essays in Anthropology in Honor of Alfred Louis Kroeber, pp. 351-357. Berkeley.

Sturtevant, William C. 1953 Chakaika and the 'Spanish Indians': Documentary Sources Compared with Seminole Tradition. Tequesta 13:35-73.

United States Department of Agriculture 2011 USDA National Resource Conservation Service Web Soil Survey: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov

Will, Lawrence E. 1965 Okeechobee Boats & Skippers. Great Outdoors Publishing Co., St. Petersburg, Florida.

Willey, Gordon R. 1949 Excavations in Southeast Florida. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 42, New Haven.

APPENDIX I: FLORIDA SURVEY LOG

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USGS Maps: COWBONE ISLAND, REV. 1974 0 660 1320 2640 Feet approx. GODDENS STRAND, REV. 1974 0 182 364 728 Meters approx.