Atlas Syria – Sources
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Kuzey Suriye'deki Türkmen Yerleşimlerinin Çağdaş
AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2019 / K EYLÜL - EKİM T ABDULHALİK BAKIR - SÜLEYMAN PEKİN R D Ü CİLT: 123 SAYI: 242 A T KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİ SAYFA: 89-130 Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Eylül - Ekim 2019 TDA Cilt: 123 Sayı: 242 Sayfa: 89-130 Makale Türü: Araştırma Geliş Tarihi: 15.07.2019 Kabul Tarihi: 16.09.2019 KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİNİN ÇAĞDAŞ TARİHİ VE STRATEJİK ALTYAPISI ÜZERİNE GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Prof. Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR* - Süleyman PEKİN** Öz ‘Coğrafya kaderdir’ deniyor ve bu kader Ortadoğu’da sınırlarla birlikte sık sık değişiyor. 2011 yılından buna dahil olan Suriye’nin özellikle Kuzey kıs- mındaki dil, mezhep ve etnik çeşitlilik Küresel ve Bölgesel Güçlerin rekabetine payanda olmuş durumda. Suriye Devleti’nin resmî idarî yapısındaki 14 vilaye- tin Kuzey Suriye’yi oluşturan 5’inde (Halep, Haseki, Rakka, İdlip ve Lazkiye) bu güçlerin ve buna bağlı olarak farklı grupların mücadeleleri sürmektedir. Bu gruplardan biri ve tarihî açıdan en köklü olanlardan Türkmenlerin bölge üze- rinde yaygın bir yerleşimi söz konusudur. Modern zaman olarak son yüzyıllık periyot içerisinde Millî Mücadele ve Manda, Bağımsızlık ve Baas (Esadlar), İç Savaş ve Tükmenler dönemleriyle Kuzey Suriye’deki Türkmen yerleşim yerlerinin çağdaş tarihini bu makalede ana hatlarıyla incelemeye çalıştık. Yine aynı şekilde Türkmen yerleşimlerinin stratejik alt yapısını da Nüfus ve Nüfuz Etkinlikleri ile Toplumsal Arkaplan çer- çevesinde ele alarak genel bir değerlendirmede bulunduk. Sonuç olarak hem Kuzey Suriye’nin hem de Türkmenlerin Türkiye için önemi artarak sürmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Türkmen, Kuzey Suriye, İç Savaş, Esad, Sınırlar, Kimlik, Federasyon. A General Evaluation On The Contemporary History And Strategic Infrastructure Of Turkmen Settlements In North Syria Abstract It is called ‘geography is destiny’ and this fate changes frequently with the borders in the Middle East. -
Border Contestations, Syrian Refugees and Violence in the Southeastern Margins of Turkey
Border Contestations, Syrian Refugees and Violence in the Southeastern Margins of Turkey H. PINAR ¸SENOGUZˇ Abstract: Although the tensions and conflicts between the local population and the refugees at the border regions do erupt at times, they are by no means the immediate consequences of the encounters among locals and refugees. Rather, they are mediated by the ways in which the emergency and societal responses to the ›refugee crisis‹ are politically deployed and discursively narrated. Drawing on Walters’ distinction between three historically different trajectories of territorial borders, namely ›geopolitical borders,‹ ›national borders,‹ and ›biopolitical borders,‹ this paper argues that the emergency and so- cietal responses to the Syrian refugees at the Syrian-Turkish border express the trajectory of Turkish-Syrian border as a geopolitical and national border. Focusing on the contes- tations among Turkish citizens, Syrian refugees and local authorities in the context of refugee reception in the border city of Gaziantep, the paper demonstrates that ›geopolit- ical‹ and ›national‹ borders in southeastern Turkey should not be conceived of as being firmly in place. Rather, they are quickly upended by nationalist violence and transborder ethnic ties, compelling state authorities to seek stability and assimilation among the border populations. Keywords: Syrian refugees, Turkish-Syrian border, geopolitical border, national border, border and migration control, local conflicts In the context of emergencies, borderlands are very often the first regions to turn into temporary sanctuaries for fleeing refugees. Borderlands therefore allow researchers to instantly observe early states of emergency and societal responses as well as the conflicts erupting from the discourses, ideologies, and practices underlying these re- sponses. -
Russia's Syrian Campaign
Russia’s Syrian Campaign STRATEGIC GAMBIT OR REGIONAL ZUGZWANG? PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 423 March 2016 Sergey Minasyan1 Caucasus Institute (Yerevan) The Russian military campaign in Syria has been a major military and political event with significant regional and global consequences. It is post-Soviet Russia’s first openly- conducted full-scale military operation abroad. Russia’s operation in Syria also deftly exploited the element of surprise, as in Ukraine, catching its counterparts in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East off guard. It remains to be see, however, whether Russia’s Syria intervention can become anything more than a reckless gamble. Ongoing military and political developments will establish whether the “Syrian gambit” will be a regional zugzwang2 for Russia or its hour of triumph, laying the groundwork for achieving a “new normal” in its relations with the West.3 Either way, Russia risks a long-term entanglement in the conflict, including the possibility that Russians will have to be active in ground operations. Showcasing the Russian Military The Syrian campaign demonstrated Russia’s increased capacity to project military strength beyond its borders. Such far-flung Russian military power has not been seen since Soviet deployment of troops to Egypt (1970-1972) and Syria (1983-1984). Russia has flown a record number of sorties, pushing aircraft to their capacity. Russia has also used Syria to battle-test post-Soviet conventional weapons. Much of its equipment is either completely new or has been significantly upgraded. Su- 30SM and Su-35S fighter jets flew in combat for the first time, as did Su-34 bombers equipped with new smart armaments, including satellite-guided aerial bombs and 1 Sergey Minasyan is Deputy Director and Head of Political Studies at the Caucasus Institute (Armenia). -
Owen Harris Hellenes and Arabs at Home and Abroad Greek
Hellenes and Arabs at Home and Abroad: Greek Orthodox Christians from Aleppo in Athens Owen Harris A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies University of Washington 2021 Committee: Kathie Friedman Mary Kay Gugerty Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies ©Copyright 2021 Owen Harris University of Washington Abstract Hellenes and Arabs at Home and Abroad: Greek Orthodox Christians from Aleppo in Athens Owen Harris Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Kathie Friedman Jackson School of International Studies Abstract: In this thesis, I show how communities living together in relative equality in Aleppo, Syria, and fleeing the same conflict, experienced very different outcomes depending on which religious community they belonged to. Members of the Greek Orthodox Christian community from Aleppo who have moved to Athens reported that their new home is exactly the same as the community they left behind. Members of the Muslim community from Aleppo in Athens did not agree with this statement. Why do Greek Orthodox Christians fare so much better than their Muslim compatriots in Greece? I argue that this inequality is a result of opportunities and challenges created by policies instituted during the great unmixing of peoples in the early 20th century and the refugee crisis in the early 21st century. Greek Orthodox Christians are equal citizens in a secular Arab republic that values ecumenism and members of the Greek diaspora in a Hellenic republic that privileges Greek ethno-religious belonging. They are Arab Hellenes, equally Greek and Syrian. Drawing on data collected in interviews with members of the Greek Orthodox Syrian community in Greece, as well as Syrians of different faiths in other countries, I examine what went right for Greek Orthodox Syrians in Athens and suggest policy tools that government and civil society can use to create similar conditions for Muslim Syrians in Greece. -
Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq's Uprooted Minorities
report Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq’s Uprooted Minorities by Chris Chapman and Preti Taneja Three Mandaean men, in their late teens and early twenties, await their first baptism, an important and recurring rite in the Mandaean religion. The baptism took place in a stream on the edge of Lund, in southern Sweden. Andrew Tonn. Acknowledgements Preti Taneja is Commissioning Editor at MRG and the Minority Rights Group International gratefully acknowledges author of MRG’s 2007 report on Iraq, Assimilation, Exodus, the following organizations for their financial contribution Eradication: Iraq’s Minority Communities since 2003. She towards the realization of this report: United Nations High also works as a journalist, editor and filmmaker specialising Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The Ericson Trust, in human rights and development issues. Matrix Causes Fund, The Reuben Foundation Minority Rights Group International The authors would like to thank the following people: Abeer Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non- Dagestani, Salam Ghareb, Samira Hardo-Gharib, Kasem governmental organization (NGO) working to secure the Habib, Termida Salam Katia, Nuri Kino, Father Khalil, rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and Heatham Safo, Kate Washington, all those who contributed indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation their time, skills and insights and all those who shared their and understanding between communities. Our activities are experiences with us during the research for this report. focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and Report Editor: Carl Soderbergh. Production Coordinator: outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our Kristen Harrision. Copy Editor: Sophie Mayer. worldwide partner network of organizations, which represent minority and indigenous peoples. -
A Turkish Perspective on Syria
A Turkish Perspective on Syria Ercan Çitlioğlu Introduction The war is not over, but the overall military victory of the Assad forces in the Syrian conflict — securing the control of the two-thirds of the country by the Summer of 2020 — has meant a shift of attention on part of the regime onto areas controlled by the SDF/PYD and the resurfacing of a number of issues that had been temporarily taken off the agenda for various reasons. Diverging aims, visions and priorities of the key actors to the Syrian conflict (Russia, Turkey, Iran and the US) is making it increasingly difficult to find a common ground and the ongoing disagreements and rivalries over the post-conflict reconstruction of the country is indicative of new difficulties and disagreements. The Syrian regime’s priority seems to be a quick military resolution to Idlib which has emerged as the final stronghold of the armed opposition and jihadist groups and to then use that victory and boosted morale to move into areas controlled by the SDF/PYD with backing from Iran and Russia. While the east of the Euphrates controlled by the SDF/PYD has political significance with relation to the territorial integrity of the country, it also carries significant economic potential for the future viability of Syria in holding arable land, water and oil reserves. Seen in this context, the deal between the Delta Crescent Energy and the PYD which has extended the US-PYD relations from military collaboration onto oil exploitation can be regarded both as a pre-emptive move against a potential military operation by the Syrian regime in the region and a strategic shift toward reaching a political settlement with the SDF. -
The Syrian Refugee Crisis: a Short Orientation
RCIS Working Paper No. 2017/2 The Syrian Refugee Crisis: A Short Orientation Vappu Tyyskä Jenna Blower Samantha DeBoer Shunya Kawai Ashley Walcott Ryerson University Series Editor: Shuguang Wang RCIS Working Papers present scholarly research of all disciplines on issues related to immigration and settlement. The purpose is to stimulate discussion and collect feedback. The views expressed by the author(s) do not necessarily reflect those of RCIS. For a complete list of RCIS publications, visit www.ryerson.ca/rcis ISSN: 1929-9915 Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 Canada License RCIS Working Paper No. 2017/2 Introduction Following decades of internal religious, political, and economic turmoil and international actions, a civil war broke out in Syria in 2011, sending unprecedented numbers of refugees to the surrounding countries, to Europe, and gradually to North America. While the international and Canadian communities are struggling to address this humanitarian crisis, background knowledge about the unfolding situation is needed. This report will provide: (1) a summary of the recent history of the Syrian crisis, starting in the 1970s; (2) an orientation to the Syrian refugee flows; and (3) an outline of the Canadian and international refugee resettlement efforts. Origins of the Syrian Crisis The complex history of the Middle East is a much longer story than can be told here, with roots extending far beyond the last four to five decades, which are the focus of this paper (June 2016). A full treatment of the events of this more recent era in Syria is very challenging, as we have opted to focus on the current events and their precedents which shed light on the present humanitarian crisis. -
Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation Thomas Pierret, Laila Alrefaai
Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation Thomas Pierret, Laila Alrefaai To cite this version: Thomas Pierret, Laila Alrefaai. Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation. Wehrey Frederic. Return to Islamic Institutions in Arab States: Mapping the Dynamics of Con- trol, Co-option, and Contention, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2021. hal-03259910 HAL Id: hal-03259910 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03259910 Submitted on 14 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation - Isl…ption, and Contention - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 14/06/2021 1502 RETURN TO ISLAMIC INSTITUTIONS IN ARAB STATES: MAPPING THE DYNAMICS OF CONTROL, CO-OPTION, AND CONTENTION https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/06/07/religious-governan…VGRxweWlvGyRC5kMOB2uewbbLsqrRHEj7Gm4Nl2uSVOxQZFe7yvQ-tvxNig Page 1 sur 33 Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation - Isl…ption, and Contention - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 14/06/2021 1502 https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/06/07/religious-governan…GRxweWlvGyRC5kMOB2uewbbLsqrRHEj7Gm4Nl2uSVOxQZFe7yvQ-tvxNig Page 2 sur 33 Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation - Isl…ption, and Contention - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 14/06/2021 1502 Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation Thomas Pierret, Laila Alrefaai In Syria, disparate governing figures have different levels of involvement with and power over religious institutes. -
Erdoğan's Neo-Ottoman Vision Meets Xi's Silk Road Dream in the Middle
ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security Issue Erdoğan’s Neo-Ottoman Vision Meets Xi’s Silk Road Dream In the Middle East No. 395 Dr Christina Lin Jan 2016 Erdoğan’s Neo-Ottoman Vision Meets Xi’s Silk Road Dream In the Middle East Dr Christina Lin January 2016 Abstract The ancient Silk Roads crossed Eurasia to link trade between China and its Greco-Roman trading partners until the Ottoman Empire cut it off in the 1400s. With Turkey’s expanding military footprint in its near abroad by stationing troops in Cyprus, Syria, Iraq, Qatar, as well as territorial disputes with Greece and with Israel over Gaza access, Erdoğan is attempting to exert control over energy supplies and key energy corridors in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is not yet clear whether the newly revived One Belt, One Road (OBOR) Initiatives under Chinese President Xi Jinping would meet the same fate in the 15th century as Turkey’s President Erdoğan asserts his Neo-Ottoman ambitions in the greater Middle East. About ISPSW The Institute for Strategic, Political, Security and Economic Consultancy (ISPSW) is a private institute for research and consultancy. The ISPSW is objective and task oriented, and impartial to party politics. In an ever more complex international environment of globalized economic processes and worldwide political, ecological, social and cultural change, that bring major opportunities but also risks, decision makers in enter- prises and politics depend more than ever before on the advice of highly qualified experts. ISPSW offers a range of services, including strategic analyses, security consultancy, executive coaching and intercultural competency. -
Islamic and Islamist Revivalism in Syria: the Rise and Fall of Secularism in Ba'thist Syria
Islamic and Islamist Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Secularism in Ba„thist Syria. Line Khatib © 2 Line Khatib Islamic Revivalism in Syria 3 Line Khatib ISLAMIC AND ISLAMIST REVIVALISM IN SYRIA: THE RISE AND FALL OF SECULARISM IN BA„THIST SYRIA. ___________________________________________ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________ 6 ABSTRACT _________________________________________________________________ 7 RESUME ____________________________________________________________________ 8 Chapter 1: The Subject of Islamic Revivalism in Syria _____________________________ 10 Scope of the Study __________________________________________________________________ 10 Key Research Questions and Key Variables ______________________________________________ 12 ―Islamic,‖ ―Islamist‖ and ―Fundamentalist‖ Defined _______________________________________ 13 Why Study Syria‘s Conflictual Relationship with its Islamic Movement? _______________________ 14 Contribution _______________________________________________________________________ 16 Contending Perspectives ______________________________________________________________ 16 Methodology _______________________________________________________________________ 25 Map of the Work ____________________________________________________________________ 27 PART I: THE ORIGINS OF THE CONFLICT ___________________________________ 28 Chapter 2: Rise of a Secular Socialist Party: The Ba´th in Power _____________________ 29 Introduction ________________________________________________________________________ -
The Rising Costs of Turkey's Syrian Quagmire Crisis Group Europe Report N°230, 30 April 2014 Page 45
The Rising Costs of Turkey’s Syrian Quagmire Europe Report N°230 | 30 April 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Turkey Adapts its Humanitarian Response ..................................................................... 2 A. Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Safety without Status..................................................... 2 1. As the world’s best shelters reach their limit ....................................................... 4 2. Syrians spread through Turkey’s urban spaces ................................................... 6 3. Syrian children miss out on schooling ................................................................. 9 4. Turkey’s many Aleppos ........................................................................................ 10 5. A new Syrian working class .................................................................................. 10 B. Turkey’s Lifeline to Northern Syria ........................................................................... 12 1. “Zero point” -
Executive Summary & REPORT
SYRIANS IN TURKEY: SOCIAL ACCEPTENCE AND INTEGRATION [Novermber 2014] HUGO-M.Murat Erdoğan 0 Assoc.Prof. D r . M.M u r a t ERDO Ğ AN Executive Summary & REPORT November 2014 www.hugo.hacettepe.edu.tr SYRIANS IN TURKEY: SOCIAL ACCEPTENCE AND INTEGRATION [Novermber 2014] HUGO-M.Murat Erdoğan 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study titled “Syrians in Turkey: Social Acceptance and Integration” was conducted between January- October 2014. Humanitarian plight, which emerged through this unmatched, great crisis, and the debates on the culture of acceptance and integration in Turkey comprise the core of the study. Furthermore, the social experience of the Turkish migrants who went abroad in masses half a century ago provided diversity in the debates here. Considering the immensely dynamic, multidimensional and complicated nature of the process, the study has been conducted as comprehensively and detailed as possible. Rather than the theoretical framework and the debates over the issue, this study prioritizes analysis of the data from the decision-makers and specialists directly in the field through the application of different scientific methods. It is essential to ensure the sustainability of the goodwill and sacrifice demonstrated by the Turkish people who host the Syrian refugees forced out of their homes with numbers exceeding 1.565.000 by October 2014. In this study, which aims to reach the clues of peaceful coexistence, either in “temporary” or “partially permanent” forms, a team of 11 researchers from the HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY MIGRATION AND POLITICS RESEARCH CENTER has conducted in-depth interviews in 6 provinces to discover the conditions of and problems faced by refugees in Turkey and, additionally, in October 2014 survey research has been conducted in 18 provinces with 1501 people to reveal a general picture of the level of “social acceptance” regarding the issue of Syrians in Turkey.