QL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 23, NO. 5 JOURNAL MAY, 1946 'Srateflil non* /f
For the part that the American Foreign sonal use, to those peoples among whom Service has played in expanding the de¬ you temporarily reside. And we are proud mand for American products abroad, every to serve a group such as yours. American exporter offers sincere thanks. Gentlemen: a to ast! Ma y you never The makers of Three Feathers Whiskey run short of Three Feathers, that very are no exception. special American whiskey, long a favorite We appreciate not only your official here at home! activities, so important in planning and THREE FEATHERS DISTRIBUTORS. Inc. obtaining distribution. We are also grateful Empire State Bldg. ^REE FEATHERS for the example you have set, by your per¬ New York
THE AMERICAN WHISKEY PAR EXCELLENCE CONTENTS
MAY 1946
Cover Picture: THE CEOF .WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY The Taj Mahal Photo by Adrian B. Colquitt (See also page 34)
Letters to the Editors 5
The West Indian Conference 7 By Elizabeth H. Armstrong
The National War College 10 By Robert F. Evans
A Foreign Service Institute 12 By Edward T. Lampson
Gripsholm Becomes Legend in Foreign Service Annals 14 By Harry If . Frantz
Appointment of Additional Foreign Service Offi¬ cers in the Classified Grades 16 From the Congressional Record
A Suggested Approach to the Problem of Improv¬ ing the Administrative Efficiency of the De¬ partment of State—Par II 17 By Frank Snowden Hopkins
Press Comment 21J
Editors’ Column U n-W anted
News from the Department By Jane fFilson
News from the Field 26
The Bookshelf 28 Francis C. de Wolj, Review Editor Europear Language Study in the Foreign Service 30 Principles of Economics' By Albert E. Pappano Money, Banking and Foreign Exchange Service Glimpses 32-33
The Taj Mahal 34 Mathematics and Statistics By Adrian B. Colquitt Political and Economic Geography Marriages 36 English Vocabulary and Analysis Births 39
John Day Foreign Service Book Contest 59
Visitors 63 Address the Dean of the School of Government
Na. 5200—Ext. 240 Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.
MAY. 1946
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THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LETTERS TO THE EDITORS GRACE LINE The Foreign Service Exams Announces Department of State, To THE EDITORS, THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: After reading in your March issue the very inter¬ esting letter by Mr. Conrad on the Foreign Service Examinations, and also the one by Mr. Meadows which touches on the same subject, I thought you might like to hear from a person whose experience was almost the opposite from Mr. Conrad’s. Most of my comments are in connection with points raised in these letters. After two years’ service as a Departmental Officer I took the examination given in November, 1945. A New Fleet of I have been informed that I received the highest mark of any of the 100-odd candidates from the Department or the Auxiliary Service, though I un¬ TWENTY "SANTA" SHIPS derstand that there were a few among the 3400 for Express Passenger and Freight Service to the military candidates who received slightly higher marks. Mr. N. P. Davis, who acted as Chairman CARIBBEAN and SOUTH AMERICA of the Orals Board, said that mine was the first case within his memory where a mark of over 90 had Confident that a strong American Flag Merchant Marine is been received in each of the four parts of the gen¬ essential to our hard-won sea power and peacetime foreign eral examination. (91, 97, 97, 96 respectively.) I trade, Grace Line has nearly completed a new, fast, more received a mark of 67 in the German Exam, and a efficient fleet of 18 “Santa” ships (nine combination passenger rating of 90 in the Orals. and cargo liners and nine freight vessels) which, with the modernized SANTA ROSA and SANTA PAULA, will provide I have been out of college since 1936; my record for an anticipated increase in trade. there was good but not brilliant. Although I have taken two courses in Graduate Schools in Washing¬ The new passenger and cargo liners will be air-conditioned ton in recent years, I did no cramming or special and will provide all outside rooms, each with private bath, studying for the general exam. Like many others and outdoor tiled swimming pools. I tried for my own amusement the questions from These twenty modern “Santas” will provide faster and more the March exam which the JOURNAL printed. Based frequent service between Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific ports and on the questions I saw I would say that the March Central and South America, as well as between New York, and November exams averaged out to about the Venezuela, Netherlands West Indies and Colombia. same level of difficulty. I had never taken a Foreign Service exam previously. There is no question but that the examination as GRACE LINE given favors certain aptitudes and backgrounds. ROCKEFELLER CENTER or 10 HANOVER SQUARE, NEW YORK PITTSBURGH; WASHINGTON, D. C.; NEW ORLEANS; HOUSTON; CHICAGO; Some of the more important factors seem to me to DETROIT; SAN FRANCISCO; LOS ANGELES; PORTLAND, ORE.; SEATTLE be the following: 1. Speed in reading. In Part I, which involved reading fairly difficult passages for comprehension, it was not an easy matter to do justice to all the questions in the two hours allowed. Being a very fast reader, however, I was able to read each pass¬ age over several times in answering each question. A slower reader with just as much intelligence could not have done as well. I would suggest that instead of the 110 questions, all in one section, the exam (Continued on page 19)
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VOL. 23, NO. 5 WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1946
The West Indian Conference
By ELIZABETH H. ARMSTRONG, Division of International Organization Affairs.
The second session of the West Indian Conference France:—French Guiana, (Guadeloupe, Mar¬ was held at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands of the United tinique. States, from February 21 to March 13, 1946 (the Netherlands:—Curacao, Surinam. first session was held at Barbados, March 1944) United Kingdom:—Bahamas, Barbados, British under the auspices of the Caribbean Commission, Guiana, British Honduras, Jamaica, Trini¬ formerly the Anglo-American Caribbean Commis¬ dad, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands. sion, which in December 1945 was reorganized to United States:—Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. include France and the Netherlands. The meetings of the conference were also attended The West Indian Conference is the only interna¬ by the following members of the Caribbean Com¬ tional conference participated in by governments in mission : France—Mme. Eugenie Eboue, Member which the people of colonial and overseas territories from Martinique of the French Constituent As¬ were directly represented and in which their hopes sembly and widow of the late Felix Eboue, Gover¬ and aspirations were freely expressed by their own nor General of French Equatorial Africa; Governor freely chosen representatives. When the Conference Parisot of Martinique; and M. Jean de la Roche; adjourned after the three weeks, it had become clear Netherlands—Dr. J. C. Kielstra, Netherlands Minis¬ that there were certain fundamental principles on ter to Mexico; Mrs. L. A. H. Peters, Agricultural which future sessions of the West Indian Conference Attache of the Netherlands Embassy at Washington; would be based; that there should be full and free United Kingdom—Sir John Macpherson, Comptrol¬ expression of opinion by freely selected representa¬ ler of Colonial Welfare and Development at Barba¬ tives of the people of the region; that there should dos; Brigadier R. D. H. Arundel; United States— be prompt review of the recommendations of the Mr. Charles W. Taussig; Governor Rexford Tug- Conference by the metropolitan governments con¬ well of Puerto Rico; and Mr. Ralph J. Bunche, Asso¬ cerned, combined with effective action by these ciate Chief, Division of Dependent Area Affairs, governments on the acceptable recommendations; Department of State. that there should be open, public and well organized Mr. Taussig, as United States Co-Chairman and deliberations and that every effort must be made chief representative of the host Government, acted in order to permit the peoples of the Caribbean to as Chairman of the Conference. He was accom¬ enjoy higher standards of living, greater income, panied by a staff of fifteen advisers from the De¬ education and free political institutions, as well as partments of State, Agriculture, Labor and other an equal proportionment of respect for the individ¬ government agencies. The United States advisers ual of whatever race, color, creed or sex. also served as secretaries of the conference com¬ Two delegates from each of the following fifteen mittees and sub-committees. Caribbean territories, accompanied by advisory The Conference was held on the United States staffs, participated in the session: Marine Corps Air Station situated some four miles
MAY, 1946 7 from the capitol town of Charlotte Amalie. All President Truman which stated that the United the meetings were held at the base. Buildings, States policy in the Caribbean region would be which during the recent war housed officers, were guided by the following basic tenets: re-opened and placed in condition to serve as dor¬ 1. Encouragement of the effective application by mitories for the members of the Conference. Ex¬ all practicable means of the fundamental principles cellent cafeteria style meals were provided in a mess set forth in Chapter XI of the Charter of tbe United hall by a detachment from the Quartermaster Corps, Nations, this Government noting with satistaction United States Army. Navy buses were also pro¬ that in non-self-governing territories the interests vided to take Conference members to and from of the inhabitants are to be considered paramount. meetings as well as into town. Moving pictures 2. Support of the Caribbean Commission’s work were shown each night at the base and the Officers’ to the end that regional problems may be ap¬ Beach Club, complete with bar as well as most ex¬ proached as a whole and not piece-meal. cellent swimming, was placed at the disposal of the 3. Assistance by appropriate action in carrying Conference. The United States armed forces vied out the economic objectives recommended by the with each other in catering to all the needs and de¬ first session of the West Indian Conference held at sires of the members of the Conference. Oppor¬ Barbados in March, 1944. tunities were provided by the Chamber of Com¬ 4. Support for any suitable plan which would merce at Charlotte Amalie for members of the Con¬ bring the non-self-governing territories of the Carib¬ ference to take sight-seeing tours on the Island of bean region into greater cooperation with each other St. Thomas. Those who were able to get away with a view to developing the educational, social from their duties for a sufficient period of time and cultural institutions of the region, improving also visited the other islands of the Virgin Island the standards of living of the people and strengthen¬ group, St. John and St. Croix. In the course of the ing the loundafions upon which self-governing in¬ Conference some of stitutions may be de¬ the visitors derived veloped. considerable interest The presidential from attending the message was most sessions of the Mu¬ favorably received nicipal Council o f by the Conference. St. Thomas. For lei¬ As the sessions went sure moments the on it became evident most delightful occu¬ that the policies an¬ pation was to sit on nounced were ac¬ the famous terrace ceptable to the great of the government- majority of the dele¬ owned Blue Beards gates who felt that Castle Hotel, whose the support of the view over the pictur¬ United S t a t e s in esque harbor of their application Charlotte Amalie is would be of the famous throughout greatest value in the the Caribbean re¬ solution o f Carib¬ gion. bean problems. The West Indian The first ten days Conference was for¬ of the Conference mally opened on were occupied in February 21, 1946, plenary sessions in by Mr. Morris de which the delegates Castro, Acting Gov¬ discussed regional ernor of the Virgin THE CARIBBEAN COMMISSION problems along Islands, who wel¬ Standing, left to right: Jean de la Roche, France; Governor broad and general¬ comed the delega¬ Parisot, France; Governor Tugwell, U. S. A.; Brigadier R. D. ized lines. In the tions from all Ca¬ H. Arundel, United Kingdom; L. A. H. Peters, Netherlands; course of these ribbean territories. Ralph J. Bundle, U. S. A. Front row, left to right: Sir John meetings, the delega¬ MaePherson, K.C.M.G., United Kingdom; Mme. Eugenie Chairman Taussig Eboue, France; Charles W. Taussig, U. S. A.; and Dr. J. C. tion from Puerto read a message from Kielstra, Netherlands. Rico proposed that
THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Plenary Session of the West Indian Conference.
the Conference should implement a suggestion made tain Basic Problems of the Area, and Recommenda¬ in Mr. Taussig’s opening speech for the drawing up tions for Specific Action. In the field of organiza¬ of a bill of human rights and obligations. The Puerto tion the responsible committee recommended that Rican delegation suggested that a committee should the West Indian Conference should meet bi-annual- be set up to draft such a charter for the Caribbean ly, that a central secretariat headed by a Secretary- which should express the aspirations and hopes of General and located in the region itself should be the peoples of the area on economic, social and po¬ created, that all the territories of the region should litical matters. This proposal led to much discus¬ be fully consulted well in advance of the opening of sion and considerable difference of opinion. It was any session as to proposed agenda, and that the approved by a number of the more politically ad¬ territories should seek suggestions from their re¬ vanced British West Indian delegates and generally spective legislative bodies or general councils. The opposed by the delegates from French and Dutch final agenda of the West Indian Conference thus territories who argued that the proposed charter would be largely prepared from the comments re¬ bordered on the political field and was thus beyond ceived from the territories themselves. the Caribbean Commission’s terms of reference. In considering basic area problems, the responsi¬ When it became evident that full discussion of the ble committee made recommendations on agricul¬ proposed charter of human rights and obligations tural diversification, on soil surveys, on plans for would lead to considerable controversy and delay, small conferences dealing with health education, for the Puerto Rican delegation agreed to table its pro¬ a survey of nutritional needs, and for quarantine posal. In the closing days of the session the Puerto regulations for humans, plants and animals. This Rican delegation proposed that before the next ses¬ committee’s most important recommendation was a sion of the West Indian Conference, the Caribbean proposal that a conference on industrial develop¬ Commission should gather information on the ques¬ ment, whose terms of reference should also include tion and submit a bill of human rights and obliga¬ trade and transportation within the Caribbean, tions based on these findings for discussion at the should be convened by the Commission not later next session. This suggestion was unanimously ap¬ than February, 1947. proved by the entire body of delegates. The first business of the committee considering On the conclusion of the plenary sessions, the suggestions recommended for specific action was the Conference split up into three main committees and implementation of the tourist project, originally some twelve sub-committees which for one week proposed by the Anglo-American Caribbean Com- considered respectively: Organization Matters, Cer¬ (Continued on page 39)
MAY, 1946 9 The National War College
BY ROBERT F. EVANS Special Assistant to Director, Office of the Foreign Service
In the past few months there have been a number of articles devoted to a discussion of training for the Foreign Service. Recently tivo steps have been taken which carry this subject out of the sphere of pure speculation in the direction of concrete action. The State Department has been asked to participate in the National War College and to send ten Foreign Service officers to the College in the fall. Secondly, the Secretary of State has sent to the Bureau of the Budget recommendations for new legislation for the For¬ eign Service Institute. In view of these important developments, the JOURNAL is running two articles on training in the cur¬ rent issue. The first describes the National War College; the second summarizes the present thinking in the Office of the Foreign Service on the role of the Foreign Service Institute.
ANEW step towards the further integration of who is presently Deputy Commander of the Army the thinking and planning of the State Depart¬ and Navy Staff College, and Brigadier General T. H. ment, War Department, and the Navy Department Landon, Army Air Force, now Chief of the Air will be taken on September 3rd when classes will Section of the Army and Navy Staff College. start in the new National War College. The Na¬ Admiral Hill and Assistant Secretary Russell, tional War College, which will be the highest level together with Generals Gruenther and Landon, are educational institution of the State Department and currently drawing up a curriculum for the first the armed forces, will be staffed by key officers of session. A Board of Consultants, consisting of Dr. the Army and Navy, and chosen personnel from the James P. Baxter, III, President of Williams Col¬ State Department and the Foreign Service. In addi¬ lege; Dr. Calvin B. Hoover, Dean of Graduate tion, a limited number of leading civilian profes¬ School of Duke University; Dr. William L. Langer sors will be borrowed from American universities. of Harvard; Professor Arnold Wolfers of Yale Organized under the au¬ University Dr. Edward M. thority of the Joint Chiefs Earle and Dr. W.L. Wright of Staff, the College will have of Princeton are conferring an enrollment of at least 100 with them in making plans students of which it is hoped for the curriculum. that ten will be from the For¬ The course of instruction eign Service. The course will will cover a wide range of take approximately ten subjects pertinent to national months, the first group of planning and national de¬ students being scheduled to fense, including a study of graduate on June 21, 1947. foreign policy, international The buildings and grounds law, and international rela¬ of the Army War College in tions. The instruction will be Washington will be utilized. principally by the lecture sys¬ The Commandant of the tem and seminars with com¬ new college is Vice Admiral mittee studies and reports, Harry W. Hill. U.S.N., for- as well as analyses by indi¬ mer Commander of the Fifth vidual students. Amphibious Force. Assistant Certain parts of the course Secretary of State Donald will be held in conjunction Russell is directing the State with the Armv-Navy Indus¬ Department participation, trial College of which Briga¬ while the Deputy Command¬ dier General Donald A. Arm¬ ants are Major General Al¬ strong is Commandant. Close fred M. Gruenther, U.S.A., Robert F. Evans liaison is being maintained
10 THE AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL The Army War Col¬ lege, Washington, D. C.
with the Naval War College at Newport, and the appear that organization would constitute a major other training organizations of the armed forces part of the study. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, joint such as the Command and General Staff School at expeditionary staffs, command relations, joint intel¬ Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Air Forces Univer¬ ligence and logistics would be studied together with sity at Maxwell Field, Alabama. the effect of airborne operations, amphibious war¬ The studies to be pursued may start with an in¬ fare, and similar subjects. doctrination course covering the organization, ca¬ It is contemplated that the latter part of the course pabilities, and limitations of the Army, Navy, and may deal with strategic considerations, analytical Air forces. A second course may deal with scien¬ studies of joint operations, and the development of tific research and development, and include atomic war plans. Foreign Service officers and State De¬ energy together with the atomic bomb and other partment officials may omit this portion of the new weapons and their effect on future warfare. studies, but it is contemplated that at least a few A third course may discuss war as an instrument will continue on for the full ten months. In these of national policy taking up the objectives sought later months, it is contemplated that intensive by nations through war, military action short of studies will be made of our strategic frontiers and war, and those measures which may be taken to outlying bases, together with an analysis of the make war unnecessary. This course could also in¬ over-all strategy of World War II. Studies of clude the various phases of economic warfare, psy¬ World War II and joint operations which made up chological warfare, and the various means of di¬ the various campaigns would be made on the levels recting national policy at the outbreak of war. An¬ of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the theater operations, other course may be a study of the factors effecting and the Joint Expeditionary Forces. The principles the military potentialities of nations to include the of joint planning in the development of war plans various rolls of air, sea, and ground forces and the would be analyzed together with the problems in¬ potentials of production, technology, and transpor¬ volving the preparation of estimates of the situation tation. in relation to joint operations. The international commitments of the United Concerning the assignment of Foreign Service States and the military potentials for supporting officers to the course, Mr. Selden Chapin, Director these commitments may constitute another course of the Office of the Foreign Service, has stated that which would include the problem of State Depart¬ he hopes to have ten officers for the first session of ment policies, coordination with the armed forces, the College and that he is aiming for personnel with military government, and central intelligence. Still approximately fifteen years’ service. Other Foreign other courses may cover the military potentials of Service officers will be assigned to the faculty. Offi¬ other countries, the mobilization of such military cers interested in attending the course may make potentials, and joint operations. application to the Chief of the Division of Foreign In a course dealing with joint operations it would Service Personnel.
MAY, 1946 11 A Foreign Service Institute
BY EDWARD T. LAMPSON, Division of Foreign Service Planning
THIS month the Secretary of State sent to the mechanically. It might follow the same lines as the Bureau of the Budget recommendations for present Foreign Service short-answer questions, but legislation in regard to the Foreign Service which serious consideration should be given to adopting include provisions for the establishment of a For¬ intelligence tests similar to those used by the Army eign Service Institute. Under the terms of this pro¬ for Officer Candidate Schools and legal aptitude tests posed legislation the new training school will be on such as are used by Yale University Faw School, a graduate level under the direction of a Director Possibly only the top thirty per cent of the men who will receive a salary equal to that of an Assist¬ taking the first examination would qualify to take ant Secretary. the second. The number of candidates would be Under these circumstances it may be of interest small enough so that the second written examina¬ to sketch briefly the present thinking in the Office tion could be read with care by a group of exam¬ of the Foreign Service concerning the future In¬ iners with relatively similar standards of judgment. stitute. The following discussion is written This being the case, it would be possible to set throughout in the conditional mood; naturally it up the second examination solely on the basis of would be premature to lay down rigid specifications essay questions. If this were done, the examination before the first Director, whose influence over the would reveal more clearly than the present exam¬ future of the Institute will be decisive, has even inations an ability to think clearly and write well. been selected. Upon entering the Service a new' officer should be The Institute’s activities should range from taking given a three-month orientation course designed to part in setting examinations for the Foreign Service introduce him to his new career, its organization, and giving orientation courses to directing ad¬ traditions, duties, standards, and mores, to describe vanced studies conducted by Foreign Service offi¬ briefly the position of the United States in world cers and other experts in foreign affairs—studies affairs, and to teach him some of the “tools” of his which will train high-ranking officers in diplomatic new trade. strategy. After this training the officer should be sent to a Upon establishment of the Institute, the Execu¬ training post in the field. The instruction which tive Director of the Board of Foreign Service the beginner receives during this period will be, in Examiners should be assigned to the Institute staff, the main, a humble and concrete grounding in the and two assistants appointed to aid him in the fundamentals of the operation of the Foreign Serv¬ preparation and administration of the Foreign Serv¬ ice. It is essential, however, that his experience be ice examinations. It will be possible to test the ade¬ both varied and interesting. The training assign¬ quacy of the examinations as a selective mechanism ment should be organized on the principle of rotat¬ if they are handled by men who are in a position to ing the student through several sections of the con¬ follow the later careers of successful candidates. sulate or mission; he should serve a specifically Members of the Institute, working in close contact limited term performing each type of work. Dur¬ with the Division of Foreign Service Personnel, can ing this eighteen-month period a number of the pro¬ do this, and such constant “validation” will insure bationary officers would be found unsuited for the the maximum effectiveness of the examinations. Service. Fet us assume that about ten per cent are Furthermore, these men in their role as educators eliminated at the end of eighteen months. (for they should be trained in educational methods) The successful candidates should be brought to should weigh the advantages of various new exam¬ Washington for a year’s training, during which half ining techniques and determine their applicability of the officer’s time should be spent at the Institute, to the needs of the Service. the other half in divisions of the Department, learn¬ For example, they should consider the feasibility ing by doing. of adopting a system of two qualifying written Some officers should be given a “general line” examinations. course, others assigned to a course of area special¬ According to this plan, the first examination can ization in which they would spend all of their train¬ be made a qualifying test designed solely to narrow ing time working on matters pertaining to one geo¬ the field and prepared so that it can be corrected graphic area. In order to develop an understanding
12 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL of various aspects of the where he does not speak the work of the Department, both language without intensive general line and area student language training. Where officers should be rotated possible, his wife should be through four functional divi¬ included in the course. There sions. The normal order of should be established in the assignment might be admin¬ Institute intensive four-month istrative, economic, informa¬ courses in the major Ro¬ tional, and political divi¬ mance, Germanic, and Slavic sions, in that order. languages and in Chinese Morning courses at the In¬ and Japanese, and short-term stitute should be integrated instruction in other lan¬ with the work done at the guages such as Burmese, Ru¬ Department. They would nat¬ manian, Greek, etc. urally fall into one of two The courses of training de¬ groups: General seminars scribed up to this point have pitched at a rather high the¬ been devoted chiefly to de¬ oretical level, and detailed veloping in new Foreign and thorough area courses or Service officers the knowledge courses in specialized For¬ and skills needed in general eign Service functions. For work. In the future, how¬ this instruction the Director ever, the Federal Govern¬ should employ a panel of Edward T. l.ampsoii ment’s representatives abroad visiting professors appointed will be called upon to do for one year, who should also much more highly special¬ act as consultants for various offices of the Depart¬ ized work than was the case before the war. A large ment. part of this work can be effectively done by Foreign During this phase an area student officer should Service officers, but if the Foreign Service accepts receive intensive training in reportorial methods. such responsibility it must furnish special training In the past too many foreign Service despatches to make its officers competent in these new fields. have been written on an ad hoc basis and have In the future economic reporting and economic dealt with immediate crises, interpreting general negotiation will certainly be more technical and events from the point of view of a particular emer¬ more complex. The Foreign Service officer must gency. It is highly important to build up a new be prepared to deal in problems concerning labor type of reporting from the field—basic monographs and housing, former enemy assets, reparations and setting forth the underlying, more or less permanent, restitution, decartelization, economic intelligence, and often dominant, factors at work in shaping im¬ transportation, telecommunications and many other mediate political events. It might be advisable to matters. With the return of peace the important job place some men directly in research divisions where of promoting American trade abroad and furnish¬ they could analyze, under proper direction, reports ing commercial reports must be done on a much from the field on certain political and economic larger scale than during the war. aspects of current affairs. The process of studying Foreign Service officers will work closely with despatches from the field and integrating them with numerous international organizations. Some of the immediate policy problems and decisions of the them may be assigned as members of the staff of Department is most revealing. Officers might also the American delegation to U.N.; others may serve be assigned to the preparation of detailed back¬ as members of international conferences, or sit on ground studies. In this phase of training the co¬ plebiscite commissions, or take part in the proceed¬ operation of the Office of Intelligence would be of ings of the International Court. The staffs of the great importance. Allied Control Councils in Germany and Japan will At the conclusion of the third year a probation¬ require Foreign Service officers for some time to ary officer should either be separated or promoted come. Thus officers will certainly need special and made a regular officer. (Perhaps twenty to training in international administration and inter¬ thirty per cent of the probationary officers would national law. be eliminated.) He should then be assigned to the Furthermore, a number of special technical sub¬ field. jects will come directly into the area of respon- No officer should normally be assigned to a post (Continued on page 43)
MAY, 1946 13 Gripsholrn Becomes Legend in Foreign Service Annals
By HARRY W. FRANTZ
THE motor liner Gripsholrn soon will complete gency transport of medical supplies and blood its service in charter for the Department of plasma, the removal of wounded soldiers, and the State, and with its return to home port of transportation of diplomats, including those of Goteborg a splendid tradition will have been added many American republics. Most of the Christian to the diplomatic annals of the United States of missionaries in the Orient returned home on this America. vessel. Many countries of the Far East, Near East, In story and book for a century will grow the Mediterranean, North and South Americas, bene- legends of the ship that served humanity through fitted by one or another of these historic cruises. the explosive years of World War II. Passenger, Thousands of households were gladdened by return sailor and officer will share memories of ship’s pas¬ of sons and daughters whose homecoming in war¬ sage through submarined seas, and countless homes time merged on the miraculous. will perennially rejoice with those who came back The Gripsholrn steamed in Seven Seas, a neutral on the Gripsholrn.” ship flying the Swedish flag, fully lighted, identi¬ Through the prisoner exchanges and repatriation fied to friend and foe by the huge lettering on the of 25,000 victims of the war, officials of the De¬ hull: partment of State and the American Foreign Serv¬ DIPLOMAT ice are entitled to a special pride in the efficient or¬ GRIPSHOLM—SVERGE ganization and manifold personal services that The Gripsholrn was chartered from the Swedish- made the voyages of the Gripsholrn successful. American Line in 1942, having been known ear¬ At Rio or Goa, Manila or Marseilles, in reminis¬ lier as a cruise ship in North Atlantic during sum¬ cent sundown hour, the Gripsholrn will cruise anew mer and Caribbean during the winter. She is a through the table talk of men from home. They vessel of 18,000 tons, has Diesel engines, and nor¬ will remember the tedious paper work that went mally cruises at about 15 knots. She had de luxe, with the assembly of passengers, the exciting hours first and second class accommodations, but in war¬ on waterfront, the painful errands for sick or time was operated as a single class ship, with cabin wounded, the occasional grateful note from re¬ preferences given to the aged, mothers with sick patriate. children, the ill and wounded. The Gripsholrn sailed from New York February Captain Erickson was in command on the first 27 on its tenth voyage for the Department of State. three voyages, and thereafter, Captain Harry Nor- Outbound passenger list was for Cobh, Plymouth densson. The regular crew numbered 450. At first and LeHavre, being substantially a commercial nearly all were Swedes, but eventually about 100 operation under auspices of the United States Lines. Americans were signed on. There was a small purs¬ But the return cruise would bring from Europe er’s staff of Americans. American physicians per¬ and England a final contingent of nearly 1,500 formed splendid feats of surgery and medical treat¬ Americans, “stranded” across the Atlantic as after- ment on board. math of war. Officers of the Department of State and the neu¬ With conclusion of this cruise at the end of tral government of Switzerland accompanied each March, the Gripsholrn was to return to the Swedish- voyage, and Foreign Service personnel at all ports American Line, and would sail to Goteborg for of call had instructions to render every possible as¬ overhaul preparatory to resumption of normal sistance. Such assistance, in fact, often went far peacetime service. beyond the bounds of official service and routine In the Gripsholrn log-books would be the rec¬ entertainment, as great personal efforts were made ords of ten voyages, of which five were made pri¬ ashore to add relief and pleasure to the ship’s pas¬ marily for exchange of prisoners and five for the sengers. Clothing was assembled, local sightseeing repatriation of Americans unable otherwise to reach arranged, and emergency financial assistance often home. Six of the voyages were made before and given out of private pocket. four after V-E Day. Before the Gripsholrn was chartered, the S. S. Hundreds of supplementary services of mercy DroUttin^holm took some Axis nationals and offi¬ and convenience were rendered, such as the emer¬ cials to Lisbon for exchange. But that vessel was
14 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL too small for the exchanges between the United exchanging German civilians, sick and wounded States, Latin American countries, and nationals war prisoners for American civilians, sick and in¬ from Japan. The Gripsholm was then chartered. jured soldiers. The Gripsholm departed from New York on its The fifth voyage was to Goteborg, Sweden, in first exchange voyage in June 1942 for Lourenco August 1944, to exchange German sick and wound¬ Marques in Portuguese East Africa with Japanese ed prisoners for United States and Canadian sick diplomats and civilians, and returned with United and wounded prisoners. States diplomats and civilians from Japan, China, A sixth voyage to Marseilles was for a similar Indo-China and Siam. mission. The second voyage started from New York in After V-E Day, there was an urgent problem of September 1943, with an outbound list of 1330 repatriating distressed American citizens and their Japanese civilians from New York and 173 from families. Large numbers of missionaries and edu¬ Rio de Janeiro. These were exchanged at Mormu- cators had reached India from China and other gao and Goa in Portuguese India for American Far Eastern countries. The first repatriation voyage civilian refugees from Japan, China and the Philip¬ was therefore to Bombay, where 1132 Americans pines. Later American diplomats were brought boarded. At Greek ports the remainder of a total home. list of 1500 were picked up. In February 1944, the Gripsholm left New York The second repatriation voyage brought Ameri¬ on a third voyage. German civilians and some can refugees from the Near East and Italy, includ¬ sick and wounded soldiers were taken to Lisbon ing 175 American Red Cross workers from Naples. and exchanged for an American list which includ¬ The third repatriation voyage was again to the ed United States diplomats formerly accredited to Mediterranean. During the eastbound trip, engine the Vichy Government, and sick and wounded trouble developed. Repairs were made by the Navy American soldiers and sailors. at Palermo. This voyage brought home 1500 war- The Gripsholm in May 1944, went to Barcelona, (Continued on page 52)
The Gripsholm in Rio Harbor No¬ vember, 1943.
MAY, 1946 Appointment of Additional Foreign Service Officers in the Classified Grades
From the Congressional Record, April 12, 1946.
After the “Manpower Bill” (see FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALS of October, November and December 1945 | had been reported favorably by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs and reached the floor of House of Representatives, Mr. Rabaut of Michigan introduced two amendments to the bill. The bill has not yet been acted upon by the Senate.
Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous In 1939, the State Department had 833 men in consent for the immediate consideration of the hill the classified foreign service. Now it has only (H.R. 5244) to authorize the appointment of ad¬ about 800. Energetic measures have been taken ditional foreign-service officers in the classified to bring in new men at the bottom. An examina¬ grades. tion for candidates in the auxiliary and clerical The Clerk read the title of the bill. services produced 45 new officers last fall, while The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the re¬ an examination recently held for young men in the quest of the gentleman from New York? armed forces and another to be held this year are Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, expected to yield 400 new junior officers. reserving the right to object—and I shall not ob¬ This bill, however, provides for highly skilled, ject—this bill was reported unanimously by the mature men, over 31 years of age, who have either Foreign Affairs Committee and is considered ex¬ served in the armed forces during the war, or who tremely necessary if our foreign service is to func¬ have had qualifying experience in a responsible tion adequately during the next few months. It Government position during the war. These men is an emergency measure. are immediately needed to take care of the de¬ Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, ficiency in special knowledges and technical skills reserving the right to object, will the gentleman ex¬ and would be appointed to the classified grades plain the bill? commensurate with their ability and age. Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, H.R. 5244 is a bill The approximate cost of employing all 250 of to employ 250 foreign-service officers in the De¬ these new foreign-service officers, including their partment of State to fill the urgent need caused by salaries and allowances would probably be between the 4-year suspension of recruitment during the $1,500,000 and $2,000,000. war. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. This bill carries The question has been asked, What is the foreign the unanimous report of the gentleman’s committee? service? Before 1939, the Treasury Department, Mr. BLOOM. It has an unanimous report. It the Agriculture Department, the Department of is very necessary to have these additional people. Commerce, the Bureau of Mines, in addition to the Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, reserv¬ State Department, all had foreign-service officers ing the right to object, are those men needed in serving in our embassies and legations abroad as this country or abroad? commercial attaches and in various technical capaci¬ Mr. BLOOM. They are needed abroad. The ties. Department of Commerce, the State Department, In 1939 these men were all unified under the and other departments of the Government have supervision and control of the Department of State. heretofore had these people, but now this is all Through them, the State Department carries out placed under the head of one department, the State necessary functions for the various other depart¬ Department. ments of our Government as well as necessary ac¬ Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right tivities of the Department of State. to object, I have two amendments to the bill which Additional foreign-service officers are especially I submitted to the committee. needed for economic work. Their shortage has The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the re¬ been felt most directly and acutely in connection quest of the gentleman from New York [Mr. with the reopening of posts in the liberated areas BLOOM] ? of Europe and the Far East. (Continued on page 55)
16 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A SUGGESTED APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF IMPROVING THE ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
(Continued from the April issue)
By FRANK SNOWDEN HOPKINS Assistant Chief, Division of Training Services
An important consideration in setting up a chain such a post, he should obviously be non-partisan of command is to distribute duties and responsi¬ and permanent, so that no matter what party is in bilities in such a way that each person is used to power the Department of State should be an effec¬ capacity, but is not loaded with work beyond the tive instrumentality for carrying out the national point of optimum efficiency. In industrial organ¬ will in foreign affairs. izations the usual rule is that an executive should It should be understood, of course, that while the not have more than six subordinates reporting to chain of command should be narrow' and steep, any him directly for orders. This is about the maximum executive would naturally wish to have his staff number which the average executive can advise and of advisers and consultants, including subordinates control, and still have time for creative thinking on various levels, who would be available to in¬ and planning and for handling the technical opera¬ form and advise him on the various matters for tions which must be performed on his level. The which the executive is responsible. The important executive who has twelve or fifteen subordinates thing to remember is that the command relationship reporting directly to him will spend too much time is one thine, and the advisory relationship quite on them and their problems, and not enough on his another. An executive can call upon any one for own responsibilities. advice, but orders should be given in most cases In the Department of State, where executives directly to the man next below him in the chain have technical duties to perform which are of great of command, and in all cases either through him national urgency and importance, the number of or with his full knowledge. men reporting to a single executive should be kept DANGERS OF TOO MUCH SUPERVISION as small as possible, so that adequate time is left for At this point it may be well to consider a point the executive’s technical functions. He cannot pos¬ which has been raised w'ith the writer by Harry C. sibly organize his time effectively if a constant Hawkins, Minister-Counselor for Economic Affairs, stream of people is coming to him with problems at London. Mr. Hawkins feels that the recent and decisions. tendency to stratify the Department by layer on For this reason, it is my belief that the organ¬ layer of supervising officers is not a sound one, as izational pyramid in the Department of State should it tends to submerge high-calibre professional peo¬ be a fairly steep one. It is highly probabje that ple, who work best when they are given a high there should he two Under Secretaries of State, one degree of responsibility, rather than under several to handle foreign affairs, as at present, and one organizational layers, particularly if there is close to be responsible for the effective working of the supervision and review at each stage. entire administrative machinery of the Department If, indeed, the steep pyramid proposed here and that these two men are all who should, in the were to result in stultifying high-grade officers bv chain of command, report directly to the Secretary subjecting them to too close supervision, I should of State. be the first to deplore it. Such a result could come The creation of an Under Secretary for Admin¬ about only through a misunderstanding of the real istration would seem to be the best method of get¬ purpose of the chain of command. Its raison d'etre ting the proper recognition for the importance of is not to provide criticism and review at each stage, internal planning and of giving the responsible but to distribute responsibilities in an even and official the power and prestige he needs. It would logical manner. not, of course, do away with the need for an As¬ Mr. Hawkins writes, “It seems to me that the sistant Secretary in charge of the administrative executive has done nine-tenths of his job when he divisions, but would rather fill the requirement for (a) gets the right man for a job and (b) clearlv a top executive with enough authority to deal di¬ defines his responsibilities. The other tenth is re¬ rectly with the White House and the Congress on viewing and assuming specific responsibility on matters relating to the proper functioning of the questions of special difficulty and importance which Department. If the right man can be found for line officers, on their own volition, ask him to re-
MAY, 1946 17 view, and for which they feel he should take direct organization.” It consists of an informal group¬ responsibility.” With this 1 am in entire agreement, ing of people in certain close relationships to one with particular emphasis on the clear definition of another, which may entirely disregard the struc¬ responsibilities. Again it should be emphasized that tural organizations as it appears on paper. No an organizational structure can be used properly matter what an executive does, such informal social or misused, and that the answer has to be found organizations inevitably appear. It is the execu¬ not primarily in changing the structure, but in edu¬ tive’s responsibility to realize the importance of cating personnel in the proper operating techniques. this phenomenon and to control it for the good of The essential principle of the steep organizational the formal organization. pyramid is that it should result in each executive’s It is particularly essential that the importance responsibilities being held down to a burden which of the informal social organization be recognized he can reasonably be expected to handle with full at the very top of the pyramid. When no close effectiveness. If this is done, then the executive will relationship exists at the heart of an organization be more free to think, to plan and to deal with between the key executives, it is extremely diffi¬ such problems as are appropriately handled by him cult to make the organization function properly, personally because of his experience, technical no matter how able and earnest the persons con¬ qualifications or position in the organization. cerned may be as individuals. The problem is The chain of command will never work effec¬ particularly acute in organizations in which there tively, however, unless it is thoroughly understood. are frequent changes of personnel, as every change It must be clearly determined in advance what disturbs the informal social organization and makes kinds of decisions are to be made on each level necessary a new grouping. of operating responsibility. The idea should never From what has been said above, it should follow be to bury officers under too much supervision, but logically that extensive “reorganizations” are very to give them maximum freedom by clear definition expensive in terms of morale and efficiency. For of duties and authority, and a simple, expeditious the sake of getting a better organizational struc¬ way to get a higher decision on matters which ture, well established social relationships between they find to be beyond their competence. fellow workers are drastically disrupted. New rela¬ Each executive must guard against two common tionships and new operating techniques have to faults; he must never pass on to some one else a grow and develop, and this takes time. decision which he himself should make, and he Meanwhile, there is temporary bewilderment and should never make a decision which should prop¬ uncertainty, and administrative efficiency drops. erly be made by either his superior or his subor¬ Morale suffers damage as feelings of insecurity dinate. In such a system, knowledge of proper develop, and the efforts of each member of the or¬ operating procedure is the sine qua non. One of ganization to win recognition in the eyes of his the chief requirements of a good executive is that chiefs and his co-workers are subjected to a serious he should know when to make and when not to setback. Worst of all, established policy, which make a decision. Neither the buck-passer nor the every one learned slowly and painfully, is sud¬ decision-grabber make effective officers in a large denly fluid and uncertain, and on every level oper¬ organization, where they disturb the smooth work¬ ating decisions are blocked until policy again be¬ ing of the executive machinery. comes clear. This is not to say that reorganizations are not THE “INFORMAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION” sometimes necessary, but that when undertaken One other thought should be introduced here. there should be full awareness of the price which Every person sophisticated in organizational pro¬ will have to be paid. cedure knows that one factor in making an organ¬ ization run smoothly is the personal relationships THE CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION that develop between people who work together. It is now time to introduce the third element in People must learn to know one another’s minds and our scheme of organization—that is, the establish¬ dispositions. They must learn to put confidence ment and maintenance of a satisfactory system of in one another. They must adjust to one another’s communication. The longer the chain of command, ways of operating. No matter how individually able the more necessary it is to have channels of com¬ a man mav be, he must be removed from an organ¬ munication to short-circuit the passage of informa¬ ization if he cannot learn to work with his fellows tion from the top of the executive hierarchy to all and to adjust to the procedure of operation. lower levels, and conversely to get information from Generally speaking, when people work for some the lower levels transmitted upward. time together, something develops which in socio¬ The responsibilitv for keeping channels of com- logical terminology is called the “informal social (Continued on page 46)
18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Letters to the Editors (Continued from page 5)
The Foreign Service Exams—Continued but were pertinent to the kind of work which a For¬ be divided into two sections. The first would have eign Service Officer would be expected to do. Mr. perhaps 50 questions. If the candidate wished to Meadows suggests that examinations be based on spend his whole time on these he could, and would actual Foreign Service duties such as drafting tele¬ receive a mark of 80 if he answered all correctly. grams and despatches, although he recognizes that This would be a test of comprehension solely. The this would be fair only if all candidates had had second section would have another— 50 questions some actual field experience. However, it seems or so, and the fast worker could go on to that, earn¬ to me that the qualities needed for this kind of prac¬ ing an additional 20 points if he got all correct. tical work are well tested in the exam as given, with This would leave the fast reader just where he is the further advantage that by putting the questions now, but would give the slower one a break which in neutral terminology there can be no question of he deserves. favoring candidates with one kind of experience as 2. Type of mind. There are a wide variety of against another. mental characteristics, many of which have no in¬ With respect to the language examination, it is of trinsic superiority over others. An examination of course difficult to make a comparison between my the type given definitely favors the analytical mind, German exam and the one in Spanish to which Mr. and the one which can move rapidly and easily Conrad refers. Possibly since Spanish is usually from one subject to another making quick decisions considered to be the easier language there was a in each case. The imaginatively creative mind, and conscious effort to make that exam more difficult. the one which is at its best making a thorough and At any rate, after ten years without using my Ger¬ intensive study of a single subject over an extended man, and only ten or twelve brush-up lessons before period of time, have little opportunity to demon¬ the exam, I could not complain of the grade I made. strate their strong points; yet these qualities are The exam was one in which conversational fluency certaiidy needed in the Foreign Service. I have would probably have made only a small difference; a feeling that too much has been sacrificed for ease again it seems to me that an attempt was made to in marking the examinations, although it is true give a break to the person who had not had an that the rating of part IV was not purely mechani¬ opportunity to use the language abroad but had had cal. I think that the Examining Board should direct only academic training. its efforts toward finding some way to test these My main criticism of the language portion would other aptitudes, without giving undue weight to one be the narrowness of the choice. Certainly officers particular kind of experience. with a command of the rarer languages are urgently 3. Range of background reading. The mark I needed, yet only French, Spanish, and German were received in Part III (Vocabulary and General Infor¬ offered. Although these are the traditional school mation) must be largely attributed to very wide languages, no unfairness would have resulted from and extensive reading of both books and periodicals offering Russian, Portuguese, Arabic, etc., in addi¬ over a period of many years. Availability of read¬ tion. It seems to me that if the Board of Examiners ing matter, facility in reading, and rather catholic would announce a policy of expanding this area interests have all contributed to this. If the nature they would be encouraging the study of these scarcer of Foreign Service work, or the opportunities to get languages in the colleges and schools offering spe¬ hold of reading material at posts abroad, have re¬ cial Foreign Service training. This ought to be sulted in such reading being made difficult or im¬ highly desirable since a student wishing to special¬ possible for any officer or employee who has the ize, for example, on Russia could concentrate on inclination, then not only for the sake of the exam¬ the language while taking his related subjects. inations but for the sake of the Foreign Service I think Mr. Conrad shou'd be congratulated for itself this situation must be corrected. It is a field his courage in tackling this subject, particularly in which improvement will probablv require a com¬ when he has to risk the cry of “sour grapes” being bination of official and unofficial effort, and a place hurled at him. It is especially important that every where a collaboration between Foreign Service Auxiliary Officer who has demonstrated marked Planning and the Foreign Service Association might competence for Foreign Service work be given every be extremely profitable. opportunity to Qualify for a career appointment. With respect to Part II (interpretation of statis¬ In the event that you wish to use this letter for tical data) and Part IV (condensation, expansion, publication, I shall be obliged if you will withhold etc.) I must say I felt that these were not onlv fair my name: not only for the obvious reason of mod-
MAY, 1946 19 esty, but so that, in case I do enter the Service, I eral Income Tax of Foreign Service personnel will not be called “that d . . . brightie” or “the Quiz serving abroad, constitutes a step in the right di¬ Kid” for the rest of my career. rection: this is a move that merits the wholehearted DEPARTMENTAL OFFICER. support of the Service in toto. Apart from being deprived of the benefits of resi¬ “You’re Not Supposed to be Humble at All” dence in the United States mentioned by Mr. Jor¬ American Embassy dan, we of the service who spend the greater part La Pez, Bolivia of our career abroad are faced with the nightmare To the Editors March 18, 1946. of excessive prices for practically everything we THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: purchase. In many posts the non-career and cleri¬ I was deeply shocked by the article “A Humble cal personnel are not granted free entry and are, Foreign Service Clerk” in the January issue of the therefore, unable to order clothing or foodstuffs JOURNAL, which has just arrived in La Paz. Un¬ from home. During the recent war prices sky¬ doubtedly there are pills in every organization, in¬ rocketed out of all reasonable bounds, and diplo¬ cluding the Foreign Service. It is to be regretted matic immunity suffered the same ignoble fate as that the writer of the article, who appears to be a did the business and financial standing of mer¬ person of superior education and intelligence, chants, manufacturers and importers. With no happened to hit a bad spot for his or her first post. added stipend, Foreign Service personnel was (and Before passing final judgment on the Foreign still is) hard put to meet ordinary living expenses Service, this clerk should give it another try by and to maintain the prestige incumbent upon it. changing posts. In La Paz we have no undue heat, And then, as if to add a bitter aftermath to the no bugs and no caste system. The writer would onerous burden, income tax had to be figured and be most welcome here. paid. The American staff was immediately called to It has been said that paying income tax is a my office to discuss this letter and to make sure no privilege. That cannot be denied in the main, such system exists in La Paz. It doesn’t. By duty but it is hardly true in the case of the Foreign Serv¬ and by choice we do not all go to the same social ice. The men and women who serve in the field gatherings. But there is no system preventing really deserve some consideration in the matter of people from going out because of their positions. taxation apart from the period of grace granted Most of us here in La Paz come from the same for the return: regardless of the delay allowed, kind of average American home; we were educated the money must be forthcoming, and budgets, es¬ and brought up the same; and we enjoy the same pecially of those in the lower salary brackets, are things. Rank has little part in the groups which gone over and checked and re-checked and talked are formed from congenial tastes, and parties fre¬ about in desperate efforts to squeeze out the money quently find staff members of all ranks present. required for the tax payment. Our Washington’s Birthday reception included all We all want to do our part in the strict mainten¬ members of the Embassy as well as all the Am¬ ance of our system of government, and if there is bassadors, Ministers and Secretaries stationed in no hope of legislation tending to exempt us from La Paz. the payment of income tax, we will dig down and In conclusion, may I say to “A Humble Foreign pay it, regardless, but it is believed that we do Service Clerk” you are not supposed to be humble have a legitimate claim for a hearing on the ques¬ at all. Each person has his or her part to play and tion and if there are valid reasons why such exemp¬ can and should be proud so to serve the Govern¬ tion should not be allowed, we should hear about ment. Also, do not think the higher classes of them and discuss them, then, if still required, abide by the decision rendered. officers are all heels; the great majority of them Certainly others in the Service have ideas pro are good fellows right through. and con, and they should express them through the HECTER C. ADAM, JR. JOURNAL. LEONARD E. THOMPSON Charge d’Affaires a. i. American Vice Consul A Privilege to Pay Federal Income Tax? Port-au-Prince, Haiti CORRECTION To THE EDITOR, April 4, 1946 The following name should be added to the list of THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: Retired Foreign Service Officers which appeared in The letter from Francis C. Jordan of December the February 1946 issue: 10, 1945, published in the February issue of the Randolph, John, 5350 Central Ave., Journal, with regard to the exemption from Fed¬ St. Petersburg, Fla.
20 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Press Comment
THE AMERICAN SOLDIER AS A DIPLOMAT
Editorial in THE FIELD ARTILLERY JOURNAL, March 1946
ON February 14th, President Truman announced than our brother officers in the Navy, and certain that he had accepted the resignation of Mr. career men in the State Department, there is no Averell Harriman as Ambassador to Russia and other sizable group in America which maintains a named Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, national outlook consistently. That most Ameri¬ USA, as his successor. This is the second time that cans think locally is, of course, the logical and per¬ the President has turned to a soldier for an im¬ haps the most important single derivative of our portant diplomatic assignment. More pertinent here federal structure of government. Our greatest strength in some ways, the “colloquialism” of our is the unprecedented fact that the United States now collective thinking makes for weakness in the pat¬ has soldier-diplomats (Generals Marshall and tern of the conduct of our foreign affairs. Inci¬ Smith I in what are unquestionably the two most dentally, it utterly baffles foreigners, and particu¬ difficult and delicate ambassadorial jobs in the larly Europeans. . . . world—China and Russia. Notable success bv . . . the more forward-looking regular officers find either or both can go far toward furthering good the underlying realities of international relation¬ will and peace among nations. The price of either’s ships a field not only of stimulating intellectual in¬ failure is not pleasant to contemplate. terest but also one that impels their close attention These two appointments, one right after the other, professionally. Being realists, these officers are are of considerably more than passing interest. The acutely conscious of the role of force in the con¬ placing of soldiers in these high posts was not a tinuous interplay of the instruments of power in decision taken lightly. Such decisions are of first the world of diplomacy. It is not surprising, there¬ importance in the conduct of our foreign affairs. fore, that many regular officers possess a peculiar Why did the President select soldiers? Are these appreciation of the numerous relatives that press two appointments but two special and isolated cases, upon, and must be balanced by, the diplomat. or is there something deeper here? Lacking the Although the degree and extent of Mr. Truman’s full facts, this column cannot furnish conclusive use of soldier-diplomats is entirely without prece¬ answers to these thought-provoking questions. How¬ dent, the idea is far from new. Likewise, the use ever, certain observations can be made; observa¬ of Navy officers—Admirals Leahy and Kirk being tions of significance to the military and non-military the most recent examples. In the Army, the names reader alike. of Generals Leonard Wood, John J. Pershing, Task¬ The essentia] attributes of a diplomat, let alone er Bliss, and Frank McCoy stand, perhaps, at the the specific qualifications for a particular diplomatic head of the pre-World War II list of soldier-diplo¬ post at anv given time, do not lend themselves to mats. Of these, General Frank McCoy stood quite nice definition. Obviously, there are always manv apart in this role. His most prominent assignment special and contributing factors to be considered was as our representative on the Lytton Commission in any diplomatic appointment; certainlv, there are which investigated the Manchurian Incident of 1931. a-plenty in both Russia and China today. No one Recently, General McCoy took time off from being will quarrel, however, with the contention that in President of the Foreign Policy Association to serve anv event an accomplished diplomat must have a again as a soldier-diplomat as the Chairman of the national outlook and be we’l aware of the instru¬ Far Eastern Commission. ments oj power, which include force. As indicated at the outset, there are no firm con¬ Infrequently mentioned is the fact that regular clusions to be drawn now from what was obviously Army officers invariably approach any problem something more than the merely coincidental use with a national outlook. This national outlook is by our President of two outstanding American sol¬ derived from the Arrnv way of life, the character diers in the most difficult and delicate ambassadorial of dutv performed, and the extensive travel it en¬ jobs in the world. It is most flattering to the Army, tails. These combine to bring about a weakening, in any event, and should serve to stimulate an in¬ early in an officer’s career, of former ties and al¬ creased appreciation, particularly among the young¬ legiances to a particular town or state or county. er regular officers, of the challenging opportunities With lengthening years of service, in most cases offered from time to time by their chosen profession this initial weakening develops into what is virtually for service in other than a purely military capacity. a complete severance of “local” associations. Other (Continued on page 36)
MAY, 1946 21 THE Nations visited the Northeastern Seaboard last De¬ cember and January, it finally decided to recom¬ mend to the General Assembly that the permanent headquarters of the United Nations be on the FOREIGN JOURNAL boundary of New York and Connecticut in the No.-JItj Westchester-Fairfield area and that the temporary d headquarters should be in the vicinity of New York PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREION City. This decision resulted in an angry chorus of complaint from citizens of the Westchester-Fair¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. field region. Vehement town meetings were called, Copyright, 1946, by the American Foreign Service Association resolutions passed and referendums carried out The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the suggesting in no subtle terms that the United Na¬ editors. tions was not wanted. As for temporary site in The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or the vicinity of New York, the city was strangely 25 cents a ropy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. laggard in offering the hand of hospitality and the Federal Government itself displayed no excess of JOURNAL STAFF zeal in this direction. Having opened the door to HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman ' the United Nations we left it on the doorstep. R. HORTON HENRY__. Now, for want of better quarters, the United Na¬ EDMUND A. GULLION I Editorial tions has been forced to establish itself in a surplus ROBERT MCCLINTOCK ( Board war factory far removed from metropolitan New JAMES K. PENFIELD York. The General Assembly to meet next Septem¬ IANE WILSON. Managing Editor . ber will convene in a converted skating rink on GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager Flushing Meadow. It is to be questioned whether CLIFTON P. ENCLISH Treasurer the thousands of staff members of the United Na¬ tions will he pleased with this change in venue. The American Foreign Service Association Certainly they will commute to the Sperry Gyro¬ rhe American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and scope Factory at Lake Success on Long Island, voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering twenty-five miles from Manhattan, less speedily esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and than the Secretary-General of the United Nations to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. escorted by Mr. Grover Whalen and a cavalcade of motorcycle policemen. Assembly Delegates travel¬ UN-W ANTED ling the twelve miles from their mid-town hotels to Flushing Meadow may look quizzically at the Em¬ As the JOURNAL goes to press news is published pire Sta'e Building, where fourteen floors are that the-honieless United Nations has found a make¬ occupied bv Federal Government agencies. shift and temporary home. This decision was reached after months of indecision; months in The foreign delegate to the United Nations might, which it might fairly well be questioned by other in fact, be inclined to wonder how it is that the members of the United Nations whether, in fact, United States, so mighty in war, so able at the touch the United States was really sincere in its offer to of its wand to bring into being vast structures in welcome the new organization for peace and do the shortest possible time and at disregard of cost— everything possible to assure its success. how it is that this same United States is so unable Although only last December both Houses of in peace to do more than make available abandoned Congress by unanimous resolution urged the United factories, gymnasiums and skating rinks to that Nations to establish its headquarters in this country, organization to whose success its policy is pledged. and although at the Preparatory Commission of the The Editors of the FORIEGN SERVICE JOURNAL United Nations in London delegation after delega¬ urge that when the final, permanent site is found tion from American municipalities gave the fifty- this country not be niggardly. It is their hope one states the decided impression that to secure the that the United States Government will take this site of the organization for the United States was opportunity to place the principles and purposes of their dearest wish, nevertheless when it came down the Charter into practice by providing the best to brass tacks, when the actual choosing of the site possible environment to the United Nations. What was in question, there was a notable reluctance on the American atmosphere has done for free men, the part of the municipal and Federal Governments so can it do for free nations. Surely it is not too to implement their fine promises by action. late for American hospitality to retrieve its repu¬ When the Interim Site Committee of the Lhiited tation.
22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL By JANE WILSON
Personals Included among the Advisors in the Delegation HOWARD BUCKNELL, former FSO who is now to accompany Assistant Secretary of State Clayton, Vice President of International Telephone and Tele¬ U.S. Member of the Council of UNRRA, to the graph has been assigned to Washington. D. C. as Fourth Session of the Council which convened at the resident representative for I. T. & T. in the Atlantic City on March 15th, were JOSEPH F. MC- Nation’s Capital. GURK, Ambassador to the Dominican Republic; ROBERT F. EVANS has been designated as Spe¬ FSO JOSEPH C. SATTERTHWAITE, Assistant Chief of cial Assistant to the Director of the Office of the the Near Eastern Division, and, as one of the Spe¬ Foreign Service. In addition to other duties Mr. cial Advisers to Mr. Clayton I to attend if called I Evans is handling the information and public re¬ JOHN CARTER VINCENT, Director of the Office of Far lations programs for the Foreign Service. Before Eastern Affairs. the war he was a partner in the book publishing MRS. MARY ELLEN SNYDER retired from the State firm of Carrick & Evans and has had experience as Department after 28 years service. She served all a newspaper w'riter and editor. He came to the of this time in the same Division, having charge of State Department from the Army where he held the the Records and Files section in the Consular Bu¬ rank of Lieut. Colonel. reau which later became the Division of Foreign MANNIX WALKER who is now an Economic Ana¬ Service Administration. lyst at the Department of Commerce, specializing CONSUL GENERAL LEO STURGEON, who was sent in South Africa, is giving evening courses, in prep¬ recently to Dairen to reestablish the Consulate there, aration for the Foreign Service examinations. His has been assigned to the staff of GEORGE ATCHESON, present course is in preparation for the Third Gen¬ JR., Political Advisor to General MacArthur. Tak¬ eral. As soon as the regular examinations begin ing Mr. Sturgeon’s place as Consul General at Dair¬ again—those including the special sections—Mr. en w ill be H. MERRELL BENNINGHOFF, who has been Walker will reopen his preparatory school. on the political advisory staff of the LLS. military Retired FSO and MRS. EMIL SAUER planned to authorities in Korea and was formerly Assistant pay a visit to Mr. Sauer’s home town in Fredericks¬ Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs. burg, Texas, in May. He was invited to be the H. L. MILBOURNE, Second Secretary and Consul guest of the city for its centennial celebration May at Chungking, has retired from the Foreign Service 5-8. Mr. Sauer’s grandfather was one of the origin¬ and will make his home at 2294 Sutter St., San al founders of the town. Francisco, California.
Headquarters of the Di¬ vision of Training; Serv¬ ices, Lothrop House, 2001 Connecticut Ave., N. W. Emblem for the Foreign Service University Baby Sitters, Inc. Five young men, all students in the Foreign Serv¬ From JOHN GOODYEAR ice School at Georgetown University, have gone Now that the war is over and millions of coat into the business of baby-sitting. This idea was lapels are blossoming forth with the trim gold born, they explain, when they tried to figure out some way to earn extra money to pay for their emblem of the honorably discharged from the armed school expense and at the same time keep up with forces of the United States, I have given some their studies. In this new business they just com¬ thought to the plight of the benighted FSO whose bine business with study. coat lapel is bare. I believe I voice the feeling of They charge 50 cents an hour for their baby¬ at least a part of the Service when I say that the sitting service; and they take children from the age selection and approval of a distinctive lapel button where you have to put things on them and take badge would fill a crying need. things off— With this thought in mind, I have cast about for a suitable device, and in the end have drawn upon Tribute jor Us Mr. Drew Pearson and others who share his views Tribute to the Service was recently paid by SYD¬ for inspiration. The device may be described as NEY MOSELEY the radio commentator and author in his address to members of the Overseas Press Club of America in New York. Mr. Moseley—Vice President of the Club—recently returned from a post-war investigation in Europe and told members that as a result of what he had heard and seen he came to the conclusion that excellent work has been done by the American Foreign Service representa¬ tives abroad. In many still secret episodes they more than outwitted the Nazis and he said it was his decided view that the consular and diplomatic offices abroad made a decided contribution to the winning of the war and that from knowledge which Moseley had gained from Russian, German and British sources on this latest trip the Service de¬ served far greater tribute than it has so far received. He came across one such officer who made one of the most oersistent and valuable intelligence contri¬ butions of the war. He had heard people describe this American Foreign Service officer—one of those A pushed cookie (crowned with raspberry) couchunt “pink-tea” American diplomats—as Number One on a field of striped pants. spy. A nity the full story cannot be told, Moseley concluded. Distending the Distaff Perhaps some of the readers of the JOURNAL would be interested in this idea. A badge manu¬ Another woman. Helen R. Nicholl, has passed the Foreign Service Examinations. This makes facturing concern could strike any number of but¬ three since 1930. The other two w'ere Betty Anns tons from a special steel die made to order, and Middleton and Laura Bryning. buttons could be had in various price ranges de¬ Miss Nicholl is at present in charge of the Speak¬ pending upon quality of metal used. ing Arrangements Unit of the Division of Public Liaison of the Department, and took the In-Serv¬ Black Maria Saves the Day ice Exam. She attended Barnard I A.B. I and Mt. An INS story recently appeared to the effect that Holyoke (M.A.). She also took courses at the University of Grenoble. For three years she was Assistant Secretary Clayton, unable to find a train at Yale University as a Research Assistant at the or taxicab which would get him from Philadelphia Institute of International Studies and did war work to Atlantic City in time for a scheduled appearance of a confidential nature before entering the De¬ before the UNRRA council session, hired a hearse. partment. He rode in the front seat. (Continued on page 63)
24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MAP SHOWING THE BUILDINGS IN WASHINGTON, D. C., IN WHICH THE STATE DEPARTMENT IS LOCATED
Symbol Building Location Symbol Building Location A Architects Bldg. 1735 NY Ave. NA Archives Bldg. 10th & Const Auditors Court House 0 Otis Bldg. 810 18th St. ACH 14th & Indep SW Bldg. P Premier Apts. 718 18th St. AUD Walsh Auditorium 19th & E Sts. S State Bldg. 17th & Penna Ave. BH Blair House 1651 Penna Ave. SL Stone Bldg. Broad St. bet. G & H SW B-LH Blair-Lee House 1653 Penna. Ave. SO Standard Oil Bldg. 261 Constitution Ave. SS Social Security Bldg. 4th & Indep Ave. Commerce Bldg. 14th St. between E St. & C Constitution Ave. TO Toner School 24th & F Sts. CA Court of Appeals Bldg. 5th & E Sts. TCB Tariff Commission Bldg. F St. bet. 7th & 8th Sts. Col Coliseum 26th & E Sts. W Winder Bldg. 604 17th St. DCB Dupont Circle Bldg. 1334 Conn. Ave. WAR New War Bldg. 21st & Virginia Ave. DH Dorchester House 16th & Euclid WAR-1 War Annex No. 1 401 23rd St. Fish Fisheries (Old) 8th & Independence W-J Walker-Johnson Bldg. 1734 NY Ave. G 1712 G St. Washington Loan & 1712 G St. WLT 9th & F Sts. Gr Grant Bldg. 532 17th St. Trust Bldg. H Hill Bldg. 17th & Eye Sts. Wn Washington Bldg. 15 th & NY Ave. JE Japanese Embassy Bldg. 2428 Mass Ave. 13th 818-820 13th St. 818-820 13th St. LAS La Salle Bldg. 1034 Conn Ave. 17th 501 17th St. 501 17th St. LEM Lemon Bldg. 1729 NY Ave. 22nd 515 22nd St. 515 22nd St. LH Lothrop House 2001 Conn Ave. 23rd 1253 23rd St. 1253 23rd St. M Metropolitan Club Annexl712 H St. 1818 H 1818 H St. 1818 LI St.
MAY, 1946 25 \ews From the Field
/.Vri .V/.'rV.'.’
FIELD CORRESPONDENTS Australia—John R. Minter Mexico—Robert F. Hale Bolivia—Hector C. Adam, Jr. Morocco—Charles W. Lewis, Jr. Brazil—Walter P. McConaughy Nassau—John H. E. McAndrews China-—James O’Sullivan Nicaragua—Raymond Phelan Costa Rica—J. Ramon Solana New Zealand—John Fuess
Dutch West Indies—Lynn W. Franklin Panama—Arthur R. Williams 1 V.V.V.V.W.V .' Ecuador—George P. Shaw Peru—Maurice J. Broderick El Salvador—Robert E. Wilson Southampton—-William H. Beck French West Indies—William H. Christensen Spain—John N. Hamlin Greece—William Witman, 2d Tangier—Paul H. Ailing Ireland—Thomas McEnelly U. S. S. R.—Edward Page, Jr. Jamaica—John H. Lord Union of South Africa—Robert A. Acly London—Dorsey G. Fisher Venezuela—Carl Breuer
AVAW/AV.V.*.,.,.V.V,V.-.V.V.,.VW.W.V.VAV.V.V.V.’.V.V.WA\WiWAW/.,.f
BOGOTA
Photograph taken on the occasion of General Arnold’s recent visit to Bogota. Left to right: General Harold H. Arnold (wearing the Cruz de Boyaca awarded him while oil the visit), President Alberto Lleras Camargo and Ambassador John C. Wiley.
26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CALCUTTA Consul General and Mrs. S. J. Fletcher celebrated their silver wedding anniversary on February 10. The evening before they gave a large cocktail party to mark the event, but very modestly did not announce it even then. The week previous an informer had appeared in the office and declared to the best of his knowledge and belief the anniversary was the tenth. The staff immediately decided that the Fletchers deserved notice being taken of such an important day, and plans were laid. The staff gathered for tea the correct afternoon—the in¬ former was reported to have fears and misgivings— a little before the Fletchers should arrive. It was almost a surprise—the “bearers” from the office lingered in the driveway to welcome the guests of honor with many salaams! Mrs. LeFranc, who has been with the Consulate General twenty-five years, presented to the Fletchers on behalf of the staff an engraved silver tray. In the excitement Mrs. LeFranc’s speech was not recorded but she made clear the warm good wishes which accompanied the gift. (Continued on page 63)
Upper right: American Legation, Jidda, Saudi Arabia
Photo by C. J. McIntosh
American Consulate, St. George’s, Grenada
Photo by Charles H. Whitaker
Entrance to the Chancery of the American Embassy, Avenida de los Insurgentes No. 105, Mexico, D. F. The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor
THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN, by Crane Britain must pin her hopes for the future on the Brinton, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, desperate necessity of making the international Mass., 1945. pp. 305 $2.50. organization work. As the first of twenty-five volumes to be pub¬ One may infer that in spite of Britain’s grave lished by Harvard University Press under the handicaps in the post-war economic struggle the editorship of Sumner Welles, the American Foreign author staunchly believes there’ll always be an Policy Library is offering “The United States and England. He feels strongly that we and the Britain by Crane Brinton, Professor of History British are more and more coming to “speak the at Harvard. This handy survey of Anglo-American same language” both literally and figuratively, and relations in eleven easy chapters is fittingly timed that while we have plenty of points of conflict the in the light of current debate on the British loan. weight of the testimony is in favor of our working It might well serve, in fact, as a first reader for together—but not as one, as he takes care to under¬ Congressmen, their constituents, or any others line. On the prospects for such collaboration, Mr. who profess to hold an opinion on the latter sub¬ Brinton thinks, depends in large measure the suc¬ ject. cess of the international organization as well as Mr. Brinton undertakes to examine the con¬ the peace and security of the world. temporary scene in England on the basis of a war¬ H. S. VILLARD time intelligence mission, during which he met and talked with all manner of people, including Harold THE INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIAT, by Egon Laski on Tuesday nights. His blunt but by no F. Ranshojen-Wertheimer, Columbia University means malicious observations are balanced by Press, Neiv York, 1945, 500 pages, $4.50. comparisons showing what Americanisms pain our British cousins most. Written in simple, even A GUIDE TO THE PRACTICE OF INTERNA¬ colloquial language, such an impartial analysis of TIONAL CONFERENCES. By Vladimir D. Pas¬ our respective faults and virtues can be a distinct tuhov, Columbia University Press, New York contribution to Anglo-American understanding if 1945, 275 pages, $2.50. properly digested on both sides of the Atlantic. These two books by former League officials are It is astonishing how much information Mr. easily the most authoritative and comprehensive Brinton manages to pack into his relatively short studies in their respective fields. Written by men volume. He treats of everything from Lend- who have the advantage of practical experience plus Lease to the Hollywoodization of the British mass¬ scholarship, they constitute a constructive summary es, from island bases to the origins of perfidious of international experience in the period which fol¬ Albion” and “the white man’s burden”. He ex¬ lowed World War I. They appear at an opportune plains why Britain “must export or die” and why time, thanks to the Carnegie Endowment for Inter¬ the United States “must import or fight another national Peace which in 1942 began a program of World War”. He furnishes an Appendix of Vital studies in anticipation of renewed international col¬ Facts about Britain, another on Suggested Read¬ laboration following World War II. ing, and, in addition, a useful index to the wide Mr. Wertheimer’s volume deals with the internal range of subjects touched upon. organization and administrative machinery of the Some of the chapters already seem a bit dated, League. While conscientiously pointing out the so fast does the world move nowadays. For in¬ many problems and difficulties of selecting and stance, there can scarcely be grounds any longer maintaining an international staff, the tone of the for the doubt expressed by Britishers (on page book is not pessimistic. The decline of the League 217) that America is really going to assume in¬ is pictured only indirectly as events in the outside ternational responsibilities this time. Again, the world which broke into and eventually overwhelmed optimism among Britishers discerned (on page the life and work of the secretariat in Geneva. Con¬ 109) at the time the book was written may not be siderable emphasis is placed on the conflict between so widespread in the face of circumstances today. the official’s national loyalties and his international If anything is even clearer, however, it is that obligations. It is evident throughout that Mr. Wer-
28 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL theimer maintains a very high concept of the duties take German goods, and he adds, “People in Cong¬ and status of the international civil servant. ress, or out of it, who demand that Germany and Mr. Pastuhov summarizes the vast experience Japan pay cash reparations should be examined gained since the last war and comes nearer to the by a competent psychiatrist.” codification of the procedure of international con¬ Of the Trade Agreement Program, quoting Mr. ferences than anything hitherto attempted. The Percy W. Bidwell of the Council on Foreign Re¬ book covers the entire field of conference practices lations, he says, “The agreements ‘have not ac¬ with particular emphasis on the experience of the complished a real reform in the American tariff, League at Geneva, but it does not neglect the inter- consequently their effect on foreign tariffs has al¬ American Conferences and recent United Nations so been limited.’ ” conferences. Concisely but thoroughly the author Concerning Lend-Lease: “There should be no net takes up the problems of planning, staffing, budget¬ debt left when Lend-Lease terminates. If the na¬ ing, organizing, directing, and the actual holding tional interest of the United States demanded that of conferences and committee meetings with special Britain and Russia and China be kept in the war, emphasis on the follow-up work. The carefully then Lend-Lease was the most sensible way to do it. chosen appendices constitute an important addition We got as much out of it as did our allies, and to the text. The concentration of the best conference probably at a smaller sacrifice.” practices into the one compact handbook should The world state is something he hopes we will make it a bible for all conference officials and stu¬ some day achieve, but he does not expect to live to dents. see it, since his idea of a world state is something Officials of the new international organization the powers cannot now swallow. His world state who read these and related volumes of a semi-offi¬ must be a functioning political organization with a cial character have no reason to feel that they are legal code and courts to interpret it. A genuine starting work in an unknown field. The course has world police force must possess the power to enforce been charted, the obstacles are known, and they are the code. Hence, it follows that nations can no fully aware of the prospects of success and the con¬ longer be sovereign, and the era of nationalism sequences of failure. comes to an end. LYLE L. SCHMITTER, First and foremost of home remedies to stimulate Division of International Conferences. foreign trade, he lists full employment. Next, he advises as moderate a tariff as possible. Third, he TOMORROW’S TRADE, by Stuart Chase. The advises considering imports ahead of exports. This Twentieth Century Fund, New York. 1945. 156 is a theme which he constantly repeats in the book, pages. $1.00. namely, that the less we import and the more we export the more badly out of balance our trade be¬ In the fifth of his series of reports on postwar comes. If we do not buy from other nations they problems, Mr. Chase discusses how nations are will have no money with which to buy our products. going to exchange goods and services now that the There is much more in the book, and it is highly war is over. His discussion includes not only a recommended as a brief, succinct, thought-provok¬ consideration of commerce but of other important ing discourse on the problems of our foreign com¬ factors influencing foreign trade. These include merce. the gold standard, the prospects of a world state, H. G. KELLY. the Bretton Woods Agreement, Dumbarton Oaks, Mr. Hull’s Trade Agreement Program, and the policies of the “Big Three”. It makes interesting BLACK SHIPS OFF JAPAN. By Arthur Wal¬ reading, as all of Mr. Chase’s books do, and is worth. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, pp. 278. written in his usual simple and forthright manner $3.00. with enough lightness to relieve the concentration This is an aocount of the American expedition necessary in following the intricacies of interna¬ to Japan in 1853 led by Commodore Matthew Cal- tional finance and Lend-Lease. braith Perry. The author has undertaken to make Mr. Chase points out, among other things, that a readable and lively story out of the dry bones our refusal to buy German goods after the first of historical records, and in this he has succeeded war left Germany without the money to pay repara¬ admirably. Never before, to our knowledge, has tions, so that in the end the victors were financially this episode in our national history been presented the losers since they had neither German money in such a way that the average reader can appre- nor German goods. This time, he says, we must (Continued on page 60)
MAY, 1946 29 Language Study in the Foreign Service
By ALBERT E. PAPPANO, Third Secretary, Mexico City
AN American Foreign Service Officer going abroad as anyone. I do not believe that frank self-exami¬ y \ today to his post of duty represents the most nation will bear out this claim. In most communi¬ powerful, the richest and the most widely esteemed ties of the United States not only has no foreign nation in the world. He has behind him uncounted language been heard and used regularly for genera¬ natural and industrial resources, a body of public tions, but development in this direction is inhibited opinion second to none in influence and a national by a certain innate repugnance and resistance to prestige never equaled in modern times. Obvious¬ anything foreign whatever. Almost nowhere in the ly these factors provide him with a tremendous United States is there the need, constant and well- advantage in facing the grave and weighty tasks nigh universal in Europe, to cultivate at least one which he must perform and help to clear many additional language for the ordinary purposes of potential obstacles from his path. Yet in weighing everyday living. Inevitably the acquisition and use his own effectiveness as a representative of his gov¬ of a foreign language is more difficult for Ameri¬ ernment it would perhaps be instructive to him to cans than for nationals of most other countries and imagine the United States as small, weak, poor and we may well accept the fact with good grace and with little prestige or influence in world affairs. set about counteracting it as best we can. How would he then perform his duties? Would he The quality, direction and emphasis of foreign work harder than he now does to represent his language instruction have, through military neces¬ country adequately and to promote its interests? sity, become matters of major concern during the Would he put forth greater effort to know and war period, and the revolutionary innovations in understand the country of his assignment and its teaching and learning technique which have been people? Would he be more active in cultivating developed for the armed forces and intelligence the acquaintance and friendship of the people to services will undoubtedly become available for For¬ whose government he is accredited, as well as of eign Service use in due time. It must be remem¬ government officials and of his foreign colleagues? bered, however, that these new techniques were Would he be more assiduous in learning their atti¬ originally devised for the training of young and tudes and ways of thought and more diligent in flexible minds under conditions of intensive and presenting his own government’s point of view on extended concentration and may be found some¬ current problems? A candid review of the activi¬ what less productive for more mature persons. ties of some of his colleagues who do represent the Moreover, the objective of most of the armed serv¬ smaller entities of the world might point the way ice courses is naturally no more than to provide to unexpected but stimulating answers to these members of an occupying force with a sufficiently questions. extensive superficial acquaintance with the local One important requisite for these tasks which tongue to enable them to carry out their military seems to be too little cultivated by Foreign Service functions efficiently. Officers, and by their wives as well, is facility in Modern language instruction in the United States the use of a foreign language. It is obviously im¬ prior to World War II seldom rose above medioc¬ possible to state the matter categorically but it rity and was often below it. In most schools and seems to be agreed by experienced officers, and is colleges it was, at best, an academic exercise consci¬ all too often readily apparent, that the general level entiously performed. It consisted in general of of linguistic attainment in the Service is not high routine study of forms and rules accompanied by and that relatively few officers are at ease in any laborious translation and written exercises, perfunc¬ language other than English. Our deficiencies in tory oral drill and, perhaps, attendance at a lan¬ this respect grow principally, I believe, out of three guage club where subjects of desultory interest factors common to most Americans: lack of lin¬ were discussed in halting and stumbling phrases. guistic talent, poor or misdirected language instruc¬ Under average conditions an apt pupil learned to tion in the United States, and a wrong approach to read with some ease and to write simple prose cor¬ later study or self-instruction in the field. Unfor¬ rectly, if not always idiomatically. He received in tunately also in many cases these conditions nur¬ addition a reasonably sound basis for advanced ture a diffidence and self-consciousness which ag¬ study in grammar and literature. He was not gravate their effect. equipped, however, for easy comprehension of the It is sometimes said and written that, making due language as spoken by someone to whom it was allowance for individual differences and given native, nor could he achieve much more than bare proper instruction, Americans are as good linguists intelligibility in addressing such a person. The
30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL so-called “direct method,” that of conducting all the desirability of correct diction and pleasing classroom activities in the language being taught, pronunciation, but to emphasize the precedence of although it seemed to promise better results, was readiness, ease and fluency over the more scholarly never universally accepted, since it was considered and ornamental qualities. by many authorities to be either pedagogically un¬ With a quite elementary knowledge of the struc¬ ture of the language, the observation of a few fairly sound or too exacting for available teachers. simple grammatical principles and a very modest It is an almost inevitable result of the general vocabulary, a beginner at one of the common Euro¬ attitude toward language study and teaching in the pean languages can make himself understood at United States that members of the Foreign Service, once and can attain some degree of fluency within like most of their compatriots, should approach a a very few months. Success depends upon two in¬ new language with the tenseness and resolve of a dispensable conditions: mastery of the basic ma¬ high school honor student beginning a new term. terial contained in some such brief, systematic The logical end of their efforts, were they ever to presentation as the short courses presently being be carried to conclusion, would be an accurate planned by the Department, and constant use in knowledge of all forms and inflections, perfect ob¬ conversation from the outset. The inevitable gram¬ servance of all rules of syntax and speech impec¬ matical errors should, as far as possible, be disre¬ cably accented and pronounced. Typical of this garded. As acquaintance and ease with the lan¬ attitude toward language study is a somewhat in¬ guage grow, these erors will, for the most part, genuous faith in lessons or classes, even though in disappear naturally. Pronunciation or, as it is most cases past experience and observation should usually termed, “accent” also should be seen in its suffice to demonstrate the unlikelihood of any con¬ proper perspective. Native-sounding pronunciation, siderable benefit. In many instances the teachers, if it can be attained, is highly desirable, but the while serious, sometimes well-connected socially combination of sensitive ear and agile tongue neces¬ and often charming, prove to have little real qualifi¬ sary for its acquisition is unfortunately rare among cation for giving instruction. In any event interest Americans. Granted the real objectives of language soon wanes, attendance at lessons or classes be¬ cultivation in the Foreign Service, fluency with a comes a perfunctory sop to conscience and is sooner baldly “American accent” is preferable to the care¬ or later dropped altogether. ful enunciation of a few words and phrases in a Study of this type is clearly a misdirection of good imitation of native speech. initial effort as well as, at all times, a waste of hours A potent factor in the acquisition of any foreign and money. Even though pursued faithfully as language, and one too little noticed, is the develop¬ intended, its tendency is to aim at a perfection that ment of aural comprehension. Every region as well can never be attained. It engenders a conscious¬ as every language has its own peculiar characteris¬ ness of error and a reluctance to make mistakes tics of intonation and of phrase and sentence rhythm which can only lead in the beginner to a hesitation more subtle than mere pronunciation. Attuning the to speak at all. The student tends to refrain from ear to these peculiarities is one of the basic steps in using the new language until he has learned it and understanding a spoken language and merely hear¬ to avoid contacts in which its use would be required ing the language spoken is insufficient without con¬ of him, even though it should be self-evident that scious and constant effort to comprehend each word. he will never learn it without extensive practice and “Getting the idea” is not really good enough and that unless he uses it widely and constantly, it has leads to no improvement in vocabulary or expres¬ no real value for him. Thus his earnest striving sion. In addition to ordinary conversation, the for a mastery which fades farther and farther into radio, the theater and the movies offer assistance in the impossible is likely to prevent his utilizing con¬ increasing comprehension and will amply repay the structively whatever little he may actually have been time devoted to them. able to acquire. It will be observed at once that the natural divi¬ For Foreign Service purposes nothing could be sions of common speech are phrases and word- less productive than this academic, perfectionist groups rather than words, and that the same group¬ approach to a foreign language. The primary ob¬ ings of words recur again and again. These groups jective of language study in the Service is, of or phrases,- representing whole ideas, statements, course, purely utilitarian. Any cultural or aca¬ questions or answers, are easily acquired, and once demic aspects of such study are secondary to its acquired come readily to the lips fully formed, leav¬ real purpose, which is clearly not prize elocution ing the speaker’s mind free of the necessity to grope but the ready and easy interchange of conversation for words or forms. on any desired subject. This is not to discount (Continued on page 40)
MAY, 1946 31 UHoH^r It- Gc°r,g rom^r- "-‘t s h tionoW |(indu'g , u)i‘
of T«E C0BM^f^5 rfc';”f lit 0> ar P rS F , nitor C l° V*> ;%ly« ’c„nsal L- ■aHt: J< Armi"’'1, filly* Vicf4 an* J E =VE« Eft cK' f"* Be r Fr<%liss p ConSl1 Ptnro*1’ R°,n The Taj Mahal By ADRIAN B. COLQUITT (Cover picture by the author) IT IS difficult to convey an adequate impression the huilding in its placid water. In its early da>s of the strangely delicate and moving beauty of the favorite approach was by river, the emperor the Taj Mahal. The perfection of its proportions and his court being conveyed by a magnificent state and the superb fluidity of its design are combined barge to the landing steps of the terrace. Original¬ in a gem of exquisite and graceful architecture. ly the Taj was intended to be seen from across a There is an impression of ethereality about this foreground of water for the beauty of its reflection, poetic edifice which is perhaps evoked by the Maka- but only the land approach is now used. The en¬ rana marble of which it is built, a marble of deli¬ trance to the gardens is through a fine archway of cate graining that reflects variations of light at red sandstone ornamented with inscriptions from different hours and in varying atmospheric condi¬ the Koran. Through this archway the visitor catches tions with great subtlety of tint and tone. his first glimpse of white marble dazzling in the The Taj Mahal is, of course, a mausoleum. The glare of the Indian sun and contrasting sharply with Moghul emperor Shah Jahan built it in his grief the green of the gardens and cypress trees. at the death of his favorite wife, Arjunand Banu, The base of the building is a marble platform who was known under the titles of Mumtaz Mahal twenty-two feet in height and 313 feet square. The (Chosen of the Palace) or Taj Mahal (Crown of great central dome rises to a height of 187 feet, sur¬ the Palace), whence the name of the building is mounted by a metal pinnacle of 30 feet. The height derived. The beauty of the queen and the emporor’s of the facade equals the height of the dome. At devotion to her are legendary. each corner of the platform are three-storied white The Taj was under construction from 1630 to marble minarets, 137 feet tall, which serve to extend 1650 at the height of the fabulous splendor of the architectural effect while giving coherence to Moghul rule in India, when the best artists, artisans the whole. and architects from Persia Arabia and Central Asia The interior of the building consists of an oc¬ contributed to a great epoch of Moghul art that tagonal central room and four subsidiary chambers was soon to decline and never to be equalled. It connected by radiating passages. A beautifully trel- was in this era of immense regal wealth that Shah lised screen of white marble encloses the tomb of Jahan drew upon the resources of his great empire the queen directly under the center of the dome. to construct in memory of his beloved wife a Shah Jahan’s tomb is at her side. In the Indian mausoleum that would be one of the wonders of the manner, however, these are not the actual sarcoph¬ world. The broad concept of the memorial is agi; the bodies lie in plainer tombs in a vault di¬ ascribed to the emperor himself, but the name of rectly below. On the queen’s tomb are carved the the architect who translated his ideas into definite ninety-nine names of Allah. History records that form is unknown. It is related that twenty thousand Shah Jahan had intended to build for his own tomb workmen were employed for twenty years in its a duplicate of the Taj Mahal in black marble, to construction. The total cost is estimated to have be constructed on the opposite bank of the river been roughly eighteen million dollars. and joined by a bridge of silver. The plan was never carried out, but the monument that Shah In 1658, eight years after the completion of the Jahan created in his boundless grief has preserved Taj Mahal, the emperor was deposed by his son through three centuries the sensuous charm of that Aurangzeb and confined to a section of the palace lyric age of Indian architecture. in the great Fort at Agra from which the Taj Mahal could be clearly seen in the bend of the river below. In 1666 Shah Jahan died in a tower of his palace prison, his eyes fixed upon the marble vision. IN MEMORIAM The Taj lies at the end of a spacious formal gar¬ LOCKHART. Mrs. Ruby H. Lockhart, wife of den measuring a thousand feet square, while back Foreign Service Officer Frank P. Lockhart, Chief of it the Jumna river flows past its base. 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MAY, 1946 35 PRESS COMMENT and congressional myopia concerning appropria¬ (Continued from page 21) tions could be overcome, much solid, longrange building for international understanding and WOMEN ARE NEEDED IN WORLD American prestige could be done abroad by a wide DIPLOMACY TODAY use of women in educational and cultural activities. From the Washington Post, April 12, 1946 Most masculine diplomacy has been inept in its BY MALVINA LINDSAY contacts with the ordinary people of foreign coun¬ tries. It has been too busy or too social to meet Usually after a war a few more doors are un¬ other than a coterie of the right people—who so locked to women. One small but highly important often turn out next week to be the wrong people. door now slightly ajar for them is diplomacy. Naturally there is the prospect also of the woman There seems to be a general, though as yet slight diplomatic snob. But usually the woman who awakening to the idea that men and women, rather gains a foothold in Foreign Service in any country than men alone, are needed in making and main¬ has to work so hard for her job, and has to have taining peace. Even the super-stodgy British so much mental equipment, that she does not Foreign Office has broken down and announced easily degenerate into a futile role of any kind. that women will be admitted to both diplomatic France has appointed some of its most mentally and consular posts—their number, however, to be vigorous achievement women to its consulates. And limited to 10 per cent. the few women who have come up through the France, its slate of tradition wiped clean, has years in the American Foreign Service are definitely passed special legislation to admit women to dip¬ capable and effective. lomatic service. It already has six women in its Those familiar with women’s work in diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs, serving chiefly as believe that the information and cultural field consulate attaches and secretaries. French news¬ offers the best opportunity for their talents. Liaison papers and magazines are concerning themselves work with communities through the consulates over a correct uniform, for these women at official could be a great aid to peace, they believe. They functions on foreign soil. even suggest that Britain might now be finding Here in the staid old State Department’s For¬ more friends for its American loan had it long aao eign Service, so long a nineteenth century man’s staffed its consulates through the Middle West with world, femine influence is slowly infiltrating. alert, tactful women. But much bolder use of women’s talents in con¬ To give women a bigger chance at diplomacy in ducting international relations is needed, many any of its fields would be a logical step since men American women leaders feel. alone haven’t been shining successes at it— if we Theoretically the American Foreign Service has accept the prevention of war as its major aim. been open to women since the consolidation of But women diplomats could not be expected to Civil Service in 1924. But today it has only nine work miracles alone. All that both men and women who could be called career diplomats. women can contribute are desperately needed in However, the war left it a legacy of able young conducting those delicate activities on which the women in foreign outposts who had been with the peace of the world may hinge. OWI, now absorbed by the department’s Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs. After cuts in this service have been completed, the MARRIAGES department will decide on the permanent status GATEWOOD-LANGENBERG. Miss Merle Langenberg of those employees retained. Most of these are and Foreign Service Officer Richard Duncan Gate- working as assistant cultural relations officers, in wood were married on December 18 in Colombo, the roles of librarians and research and informa¬ Mr. Gatewood is Second Secretary at New Delhi. tion specialists, and in liaison work with com.- HOLDER-COOPER. Miss Jane Cooper and Foreign munities. The department also has inherited some Service Officer Oscar Holder were married on capable women who served during the war with the October 20, 1945 in Elmira, New York. Mr. Hold¬ Foreign Service Auxiliary, to be discontinued a er is assigned to the Division of Eastern European year from now. Affairs. How many of these women will be retained, and KRENTZ-WIELANDT. Miss Jean McLaren Wielandt how they will be used has yet to be settled. Also and Foreign Service Officer Kenneth Krentz were in the matter of retraction, how will women fare married on February 21 in Washington, D. C. Mr. in the Foreign Service now that men are available? Krentz is Assistant Chief of the Division of For¬ If State Department tradition concerning women, eign Service Administration. 36 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL **■Ceiliny Zero99—yet he'll land safely collaboration with the Army Air Force and IN BLINDING storm or fog, pilots now come in safely on a magic electronic “runway" Civil Aeronautics Administration. Adopted provided by two radio beams reaching by the armed forces as wartime equipment, instrument landing will illustrate anew, in out from unseen airports. This instrument the Air Age, IT&T’s world-wide leadership landing system was developed and pro¬ in electronic research and development. duced by Federal, an IT&T associate, in Why tell me? 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This committee’s recommendations includ¬ ed a suggestion that the. feasibility of creating a BARR SERVICE regional tourist organization should be considered in detail. The committee pointed out that an un¬ Thirty Years of Continuous Service to usual opportunity existed for the post-war develop¬ Exporters and Importers ment ol a major tourist industry in the Caribbean and endorsed the so-called “regional approach” to Caribbean tourist development. It supported the Caribbean Commission’s recommendation for a con¬ International ference of Caribbean tourist interests which, it was suggested, should be held in New York not later SHIPPING AGENTS than June 30, 1946. This committee also made recommendations concerning the development of FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS handicrafts as well as for meetings of soil scientists and the organization of studies on levels of living, FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE overpopulation, unemployment, etc. Throughout the Conference, the Caribbean Com¬ BROKERS mission held frequent meetings at Government House, the picturesque old Danish mansion over¬ INSURANCE looking the magnificent harbor of Charlotte Amalie. The three weeks of the conference’s duration pro¬ vided an excellent opportunity for the Commission¬ ers of all four member nations to get acquainted BARR SHIPPING COMPANY and to work together on a day by day basis. At the is able to help its clients achieve that most end of the Conference, there was general agreement important factor in international trade— among the Commissioners that much had been ac¬ mutual understanding and confidence be¬ complished during these weeks of common work in tween seller and buyer. laying the foundations for the future development of the Caribbean Commission on its new four-power For thirty years BARR SHIPPING COM¬ basis. A considerable portion of this work was pre¬ PANY has dealt with exporters and import¬ pared in a committee on organization matters under ers in a score of foreign countries, and the chairmanship of Mr. Bunche, whose recommen¬ experience is a good teacher. dations the Commission adopted unanimously. One In the export business, perhaps mo'e than of the most important recommendations of this com¬ in any other, it is fundamentally true that: mittee was for the establishment of a central secre¬ tariat for the Commission to be located in the Carib¬ GOODWILL is an asset bean to be organized on sound principles of interna¬ Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates tional responsibility and recruited as far as possible from the peoples of the region. It was specifically recommended that the Secretary General should be On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet responsible to the Commission, be its first adminis¬ containing American Foreign Trade Definitions. trative officer and be selected on the basis of highest qualifications for the office. It was made clear that each member of the Commission should respect the international character of the responsibility of the Secretary General and his staff, and should not seek BARR SHIPPING to influence them in the discharge of their duties. COMPANY It will be clear that these provisions for the secre¬ tariat of the Caribbean Commission were based on HARRY K. BARR, President the provisions of the United Nations Charter, as well as on the plans for the secretariats of the spe¬ cialized agencies. No decision was arrived at as to 25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. the site of the central secretariat as it was agreed CABLE: —All Codes — BARRSHIPCO that this was a matter for negotiation among the MAY, 1946 39 four metropolitan governments, members of the the Caribbean area, inhabited largely by non-self- Commission. governing peoples, living under adverse social and It was decided by the Commission that the Sec¬ economic conditions, but also with the reasonable retary General should be responsible for the prep¬ spirit in which demands for social and economic re¬ aration of an annual budget covering the expenses forms were presented by the great majority of dele¬ of the Commission, its auxiliary bodies and the gates. The West Indian Conference and the Carib¬ secretariat, which should be submitted to the Com¬ bean Commission itself may well serve as an ex¬ mission for its approval and for eventual considera¬ tremely useful channel for the expression of the tion by the four metropolitan governments. It was hopes and desires of the peoples of all the Carib¬ also suggested that the Commission should recom¬ bean territories. The very existence of such institu¬ mend to the metropolitan governments, after an tions constitutes a considerable guarantee of peace¬ ample joint fund had been established to meet these ful, orderly and evolutionary development. expenses, that it should be financed by contributions from the four member nations of the Commission in LANGUAGE STUDY IN FOREIGN SERVICE such proportion as might be determined from time (Continued from, page 31) to time. After mastery of whatever basic material is in¬ The Commission agreed that each Caribbean ter¬ cluded in the elementary short course mentioned ritory, colony, or group of colonies of the four mem¬ above, it would be well to restrict the study of ber nations should be entitled to send two delegates grammar and vocabulary to a minimum. Attentive and such advisers as it might consider necessary to listening to correct speech will inevitably be re¬ each future session of the West Indian Conference flected in the listener’s own conversation, and usage which meets bi-annually. so acquired is easily assimilated. With constant At the conclusion of the discussions by the three conversation vocabulary is never a problem and main committees, their recommendations were sub¬ every individual develops precisely the vocabulary mitted to the Conference as a whole and unani¬ which he needs for current use. Trips to grammar mously adopted in a final plenary session held on or dictionary in these circumstances become few March 12, 1946. Considerable discussion took place and infrequent and are likely to be prompted oftener concerning a proposal that the legislative bodies of by curiosity than by conscience. all the Caribbean territories should outlaw any form Formal lessons or classes are usually not worth of racial discrimination in hotels and other facilities the time and money expended on them. Less effort open to tourists. The suggestion was finally adopted. in other directions is almost certain to be more The Conference closed in the same atmosphere of rewarding as well as more pleasant. If it should mutual understanding and harmony which had be felt that a certain amount of conscious practice marked all of its meetings. The great majority of is necessary, an informal conversation group is delegates and advisers seemed to feel that this sec¬ probably the most satisfactory solution. Such a ond session of the West Indian Conference had been group, made up of a congenial and well-informed instrumental, not only in bringing together repre¬ selection of the learner’s foreign friends, meeting sentatives of all Caribbean territories, but in laying periodically to discuss current events, is valuable some concrete foundation for their future collabora¬ not only for language cultivation but also, inci¬ tion, as well as that of the four metropolitan govern¬ dentally, for the ideas and viewpoints brought out ments concerned. In a speech at the final session, in its discussions. Equally beneficial is regular par¬ Governor Tugwell stirred the delegates to enthusi¬ ticipation in some sport, hobby or activity with a asm when he said “if there are those who hope group in which the constant use of the language quietly to assassinate your proposals and to embalm being learned is required. There are, for instance, them in the vastness of minutes and pigeon-holes, I bridge groups meeting regularly almost everywhere, warn them from long experience that this time the as well as organizations devoted to various other old methods will not work.” He added that the sports and pastimes. Caribbean Commission and the West Indian Con¬ Specific suggestions could be multiplied almost ference were not governing bodies, had no legisla¬ without limit but enough has been said, I think, to tive, executive or judicial powers, but were neverthe¬ indicate the possibilities offered by a more matter- less important as a consultative and advisory body; of-fact approach to learning languages. Whatever as the repository of local tradition and achieve¬ medium of cultivation is followed, the essential ments, and as the standard conscience of the region. means is constant use, not in exercises but in con¬ No one who was present at the recent West Indian versation, and with emphasis on ease and readiness Conference could fail to be impressed, not only with rather than grammatical precision and elegance of the evident need for social and economic reform in expression. 40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ANNOUNCING DEVOTED TO THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION THROUGH DIPLOMACY -CD- 2647 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. Washington 8, D. C. MAY, 1946 41 than three-quarters of a century, the Bacardi family has faithfully practiced its unique distilling art for your enjoyment. That’s why your Bacardi Cocktail is always so smooth and refreshing . . . your Bacardi Collins so mellow and satisfying. And that’s why we think you’ll agree . . . nothing can replace Bacardi! BACARDI GOLD LABEL WHITE LABEL Straight... or in Highballs Straight... or in Cocktails RUM COMPANIA RON BACARDI, S. A. SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA. 89 PROOF 42 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE (Continued from page 13) sibility of the Foreign Service. Among these are AMERICAN EASTERN civil aviation, petroleum, mineral requirements, etc. For these reasons the Foreign Service Institute should as one of its major responsibilities provide CORPORATION specialized training for certain qualified Foreign Service officers. The most logical time for such REPRESENTS training would be about four or five years after the in 24 Middle and Near East completion of the probationary training. This would coincide roughly with the time a promising officer Countries might expect to be promoted from Class V of the new Service to Class IV. AMERICAN SHIPPING It should be recognized that such specialized training should not be given to all officers, and AMERICAN TRADE should not be considered necessary for advance¬ AMERICAN INDUSTRY ment to the top of the Service. The Foreign Service will require a number of general officers who can assume command positions without such training. A certain number, however, will want to become specialists in finance, public relations work, or other types of work. The number of officers given specialized training should be determined by the general needs of the Service, the number of vacan¬ cies for the particular tvpe of work, the availability of specialists therein, and the desire to keep impor¬ tant functions in the hands of regular Service offi¬ cers. In providing specialized training, the Director will act as an educational broker. He should know exactly what courses are given in various univer¬ sities of the country and be able to tell where an individual officer should go for a special tvpe of training. He should be in close enough touch with university authorities to arrange for special courses through affiliates, branches and agents: for the Foreign Service if necessary, but should not AMERICAN EASTERN CORP., New York limit himself to purely academic institutions. In and branch in Saudi Arabia some cases, perhaps, the best training may be for¬ mulated by the training school of a large corpora¬ AMERICAN EASTERN NAVIGATION CO., tion. a research foundation, or another deoartment INC., New York of the Government. A consistent policy should be adopted whereby AMERICAN EASTERN, S.A.I., Teheran, Iran an officer is permitted to carry on in the work for AMERICAN EASTERN TRADING & SHIPPING which he is trained for at least four or five years CO., S.A.E., Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt after his training assignment. This will not mean that a man will necessarily be a specialist for the AMERICAN IRAQ SHIPPING CO., LTD., rest of his life. It will mean, however, that he will Baghdad and Basrah, Iraq become thoroughly competent and experienced in his chosen field. This should promote his advance¬ Please address all inquiries to: ment in the Foreign Service and should not militate against his being given general assignments and AMERICAN EASTERN CORPORATION command positions later on. 30 Rockefeller Plaza Men who live abroad for the greater part of their lives will perforce lose touch with their own New York 20, N. Y. country. In the past, no matter how widely repre¬ Telephone Circle 6-0333 sentative of this country Foreign Service officers MAY, 1946 43 may have been upon entering the Service I and give him an opportunity to refresh his knowledge statistics show that they have been drawn from a of this country. Some of his time should be spent much wider segment of American life than is gen¬ on leave and in travelling so that he can again get erally realized I, they have tended to find them¬ the feel of his own country. After this he should selves isolated by their continuous service abroad. be assigned to the Institute. To do his job abroad properly an officer should An officer should then work in collaboration have firsthand experience of major developments with other specialists; he might be made a member at home. For example, our friends abroad are of a team including an Army officer, a scholar, an often keenly interested in such subjects as the American business man primarily concerned with Tennessee Valley Authority, Wall Street, the Chica¬ foreign trade, an officer in the Department of State, go stockyards, the Ford Plant, or Boulder Dam. and perhaps one or more officers from other de¬ An American diplomat creates a poor impression if partments of the Government. It should be the he is unable to speak of any of these things on the function of this team to prepare a long-range report basis of personal observation. Furthermore, he upon some major aspect of foreign policy. must know them as they are today—not as they Under the direction of the Foreign Service In¬ were ten years ago. stitute, teams of experts, including Foreign Service The State Department, through the Institute, officers, should study such crucial problems as the must provide Foreign Service officers with op¬ clash of British and Russian interests in the Near portunities to get to know America. East, the internationalization of the Dardanelles, When an officer comes home he should of course the position of India in the British Empire, or the be given leave. But approximately once for every need for a modification of the Monroe Doctrine. five years which he has served abroad he should, These are only a few of the many problems which if possible, be assigned to the Foreign Service In¬ call for careful examination in an unhurried, stitute for intensive study of developments in this thorough and scholarly fashion. To such a study country. An assignment in Washington will not a Foreign Service officer with his intimate knowl¬ suffice; whenever possible he should be sent into edge of conditions abroad, his experience in negoti¬ the heart of America. ation, and his awareness of the limits of practical An officer’s training should not end with the international politics, can make most important completion of the programs described above. The contributions. His knowledge and vision should Institute should continue its influence throughout be pooled, however, with the special knowledge of his entire career. Before he is promoted to Class other persons. III an officer might be assigned to the Institute for Upon the completion of its studies the group a period of nine months, at which time he would should submit a report (which should be classified be given refresher courses in economics, American as “top secret”) to the Secretary of State and the history, geography, international law, and other President, possibly to all the members of the Cab¬ appropriate subjects. These courses in general inet and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. would be given at non-government institutions. One of the premises upon which the plan out¬ For example, it might be possible to establish lined in the previous pages is based is that a train¬ Foreign Service fellowships by which officers could ing program should not prescribe an excessive attend a leading university at government expense number of years devoted to purely academic in¬ on terms similar to those by which the Nieman struction at the expense of practical experience. Fellows attend Harvard University. Furthermore progressive training should be pro¬ As a general procedure it is proposed that a vided at appropriate periods in an officer’s careSr, Foreign Service officer before he is promoted from so as to precede assignments of increased responsi¬ Class II to Class I should be assigned to the De¬ bility. partment for a period of approximately one year In brief, it is recommended that the following for advanced training. The promotion to Class I general training pattern be adopted: is a significant milestone in an officer’s career. A 1. General introductory training to be given in the man who never reached that class could continue course of the first three years in the Service. to be occupied with special or technical subjects 2. Specialized training for selected officers after throughout his entire service. Upon reaching it an approximately seven years of Service experience. officer rises into the uplands of the Service. He 3. Intermediary training for selected officers after becomes directly concerned with the formation of approximately twelve years of Service ex¬ broad policy. perience. Thus it is logical that at this noint the officer 4. Advanced training for selected officers after ap¬ should be recalled to the United States. This will proximately twenty years of Service experience. 44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL OLD FAMILIAR FRIENDS Rommel was knocking at the gates of Alexandria when TWA crews first landed their war-cargoed planes on Egyptian airfields. Now, in the air wake of such historic armadas, great Sky Chiefs wing there from America’s shores in a day and a half. The peace of mind you feel springs from a huge backlog of such world-spanning experience. Twenty years of flying —40,000,000 miles of international travel—recommend TWA as today’s most satisfying way to see the world. From California to Cairo, for first-class travel call the nearest T WA office— or your travel agent. TRANS WORLD AIRLINE Direct one-carrier tervice to Newfoundland • Ireland • France • Switzerland • Italy • Greece • Egypt • Palestine Trans-Jordan • Iraq • Saudi Arabia • Yemen • Oman • India • Ceylon • Portugal • Spain • Algeria • Tunisia • Libya MAY, 1946 45 IMPROVING THE ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY (Continued, from page 18) munication open is primarily that of the chief executive of an organization. No one but he can OFF TO A address all the personnel of the organization in tones of complete authority and prestige, because it is to him that every one looks for the expression of thoughts and sentiments that set the tone of the FLYING entire enterprise. It is one of the executive func¬ tions, one of the inescapable duties of leadership, which the top man in an organization can never START delegate. And the more completely he uses his facilities of communication to establish rapport with all employees, the higher the morale of the organization and the more willing and effective its cooperative effort. In addition to written and oral statements from time to time to all the personnel, the chief executive in a dependable Douglas DC-6 . . . must take steps to establish as much contact as pos¬ sible with the key people in his organization. The the luxury airliner based on mil¬ Secretary of State may have but one or two men reporting to him in the chain of command, but it is important that he see a great many others in an lions of flying hours transporting advisory or consultative capactiy, and that he talk with groups of key men in the Department as often 80% of our airborne men, muni¬ as possible, to give them as complete an insight into his policies and methods as it is possible for him to give them. There is no complaint in the average tions and wounded, plus Douglas’ organization so bitter as that of the executive or sub-executive who says that he is working for a years of prior experience building man whom he does not know personally and rarely sees. There is a natural human craving among people to establish some kind of personality contact 80% of all air transports. with the top man to whom they look for leadership. This is well understood in the military world, where generals realize how important it is to the morale of their troops that they see and get a personality impression of their leader. However, communication responsibilities do not ☆ begin and end with the chief executive. Each sub¬ ordinate executive also has responsibilities to see that all pertinent information is passed downward to his subordinates, and upward to his superiors. Moreover, while in the chain of command the aim GREATEST NAME IN AVIATION should be to have a very limited personal contact between executives, in the channel of communica¬ tion the ooposite principal should prevail. For ex¬ ample, an Assistant Secretary of State might give DOUGLAS DC-6 orders to only three men, but he might hold staff conferences and talk on purposes and policies and methods to thirty or sixty, or any number he might judge appropriate. The important purposes of the channel of communication are to make policies clearly understood, to disseminate current informa¬ tion as promptly, accurately and completely as pos- 46 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FIRES HURRICANES FLOODS THEFTS RADIO . . . HELPS PROTECT LIFE AND PROPERTY FLAMES lick the sky. Fire¬ munications provides a greatly equipment, shown in the illus¬ fighting apparatus is on extended operating range in tration above, includes a trans¬ the job. In a matter of min¬ the enforcement of law and mitter (30 to 60 watts) and utes, aided by emergency radio, order and in the reduction of a receiver unit which may fire officers communicate with crime. be installed in a convenient location. Hand-set and loud¬ one another and fire stations In the public utilities field, speaker control units are lo¬ and headquarters. radio is a veritable "lifesaver” cated on the dispatcher’s desk. Under the cloak of night a in emergencies such as hurri¬ For mobile operation, the burglar stealthily collects loot canes, tornadoes, floods, forest transmitter and receiver are from a home or store for a fires and other catastrophies usually in the automobile quick getaway. A police car which disrupt telephone, elec¬ trunk; the telephone-type quietly draws up to the scene tric light and power facilities. hand-set and control are on of the crime, and the burglar Radio not only aids in warn¬ the dashboard. is caught—red-handed! ing residents to vacate afflicted No matter what special ra¬ In this and countless other areas but aids in the mobilizing dio requirements your commu¬ ways radio communications is and co-ordination of efforts to nity may have—RCA has radio on the job protecting life and control these public hazards. equipment engineered to meet property. Modern radio com¬ The RCA communications them. MAY, 1946 47 . . warn ' . AT “Boy, That’s Tobacco! ” Painted from life in the tobacco country by James Chapin. YES! Lucky Strike Means Fine Tobacco! So Round, So Firm, So Fully Packed— So Free and Easy on the Draw... .Millions of Eager Readers Await the Ston of lour Travel Observations fcAVE you not come upon peoples, customs, and places of such human and timely interest that you were inspired to write to relatives at home, telling them what you had observed in your travels as a Foreign Service Officer? 1,450,000 other families —readers of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE—would also like to benefit by your geographic knowledge and ex¬ perience. If you enjoy writing and making pictures, the editor cordially invites you to submit for editorial con¬ sideration brief outlines of your pro¬ posed narratives. Liberal payment will be made for all articles and photo¬ graphs accepted for publication. At Ras at Tannura in Saudi Arabia, native muscle and American steam combine to run this laundry. Photo¬ graphed for the National Geographic Magazine by Maynard Owen Williams. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE—Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor—Washington 6, D. C. sible, and to maintain morale through the build¬ understand how to make it work. A structure which ing up of human relationships. is logically far from perfect can be made reasonably These, ten, are the three principles advocated: effective, in spite of this handicap, if the executives that policy be made at the top, that it be passed right down the line display the proper leadership down the line through a chain of command so that functions. work and responsibility can be distributed, and The solution which is proposed in this paper is that the chain of command be supplemented by that the entire executive personnel of the Depart¬ using channels of communication to inform and ment of State be thoroughly indoctrinated in a unify the personnel of the organization and get theory of organization and administration—prefer¬ them to work as a cooperative group. ably the theory outlined in the previous section of this paper, which is one tried and proven effective APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF ORGANIZATION in industrial practice, but at any rate a good, sound, No theory of organization is any good as a practical theory of organization and administration. theory only. If it is not applied in practice, one has The best method of doing this is a problem to which only been engaging in mental gymnastics. Suppos¬ a great deal of thought has been given, but space ing that the theory of organization outlined above forbids any discussing it here. At any rate, once were to be accepted by the Department of State, the responsible officers understand thoroughly the how then could it best be put into practice? role of the executive, then they can to a large First of all, it is necessary to restate one of the extent reorganize the Department themselves by basic premises of these two essays, which is that applying the theory to the situations for which they effective organization is not so much a matter of happen to be responsible. structure as it is proper exercise of executive func¬ One point which should be emphasized to all tions by all persons in positions of responsibility. executives is that they should plan with imagina¬ The most beautifully logical structure will not work tion, and try to think ahead to the enormous re¬ effectively if the officers of the organization don’t sponsibilities of the United States in the postwar world. The Department has suffered again and again from inadequate planning. It has been un¬ able at times to assume new responsibilities because of lack of personnel, and at present it is suffering grievously from its lack of budgetary foresight. There is no valid excuse for the wealthiest country in the world to stint its most important govern¬ mental instrumentality, and to refuse it the funds and the personnel it needs to do its job properly. One may hazard a guess that if the Department is developed to meet its responsibilities of the next ten years effectively, it virtually will have to double its Washington personnel. The prospect is one which makes more urgent than ever the need for a sound system of organization and operation. Since the program indicated eventually would FEDERAL STORAGE involve substantial increases in budget, it is of the greatest importance that the Bureau of the Budget and key members of the Congress shall be included COMPANY in planning at every stage of the discussions. When the final budget estimate is submitted, it should be Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling a generous and imaginative one, and it should be and Care of Household Treasures explained to the White House and to the Congress by the Secretary of State personally, with a full Private Rooms for Furniture statement as to what the Department needs if it is Certified Cold Storage Vaults for Furs to represent American interests effectively. Rug Cleaning and Storage Porto-lockers and Chests for Woolens CONCLUSION Vaults for Silverware The plan outlined is a simple one, but it should Heated Piano and Art Section Fumigation Chambers not for that reason be suspect. It has very real Home Inspection and Insurance Service advantages, in that it could be applied quite Packing and Forwarding quickly, and without turning the problem of organ¬ Nation-wide Long Distance Moving izational changes completely over to outside experts (Allied Van Linet) who would have to spend months familiarizing Lift Vans for Foreign Shipments (Bottling Green) themselves with complex Departmental problems. Motor Vans for Local Moving It would, on the contrary, enlist to the fullest ex¬ tent the abilities of the men now in the Department, who already know the situation, and who could 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 make their own contribution to structural and pro¬ Washington 9, D. C. cedural planning. It has the final advantages of putting the epipha- sis where it really belongs—not on expensive Officers Directors changes in structure, which might or might not E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD Pretident H. RANDOLPH BARBEE help, and which most certainly would be costly HAROLD N. MARSH DANIEL L. BORDEN in terms of lost morale and efficiency, but on a Vice-Pret. and Counsel M. F. CALNAN JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENRY P. ERWIN more enlightened method of operation. In other Vice-Pret. and Treaturer H. RANDOLPH BARBEE D. P. GAILLARD words, executive know-how should be developed JAMES M. JOHNSTON Secretary first, and structural and procedural planning should PAUL E. TOLSON HAROLD N. MARSH Asti. Vice-Pret. ALLISON N. MILLER follow'. In this structural and procedural planning, S. WEBSTER ADAMS CARROLL MORGAN Department executives will no doubt be grateful for Attt. Vice-Pret. E. K. MORRIS A. RUSSELL BARBEE DONALD F. ROBERTS all outside assistance they can obtain. If executives Attt. Secretary FREDERIC N. TOWERS RAYMOND O. BABB GRIFFITH WARFIELD can be sold on the necessity of putting more time Attt. Secretary ROBERT W. WILSON and thought on what has been described in these essays as the “executive functions,” then the final result should be to slacken the pressure of work upon them, and make them more free to think and 50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL IN A 1946 PACKARD CLIPPER A lot of people will get a lot of pleasure and happiness from Packard’s resumption of fine car making—and that happy day is here. The 1946 Packard Clipper is an achievement. With everything that has made Packard cars famous through the years—plus— new engineering techniques gained from experience in building war-craft engines—it is ready to step far ahead in its customary position of leadership. You’ll find beauty that is brilliantly modern in the sweeping streamlines of the new 1946 Packard Clipper. And beneath its beauty—from fan belt to petrol tank—lies mechanical perfection that gives you the comfort and performance you expect in a Packard—the ruggedness and durability that have always made Packard a sound investment. The day for your first new, post-war car is here. See your Packard distributor today. MAN WHO OWNS ONE MAY, 1946 51 plan and formulate policies. leading to the better administrative conditions so It is surely not possible to over-emphasize the bitterly needed, it will be because the able men importance of bringing about such an accomplish¬ and women of the field have their hearts and minds ment. The development of an efficient instrumen¬ in their work, and have given generously of their tality for the formulation and execution of Ameri¬ time to provide me with the material included can foreign policy is so absolutely essential to the herein. It is in the hope of stimulating improve¬ nation’s future peace and security that it fairly ments and thus enabling them to do the better job screams for attention. As long as the Department they eagerly want to do that these essays have been of State is organized as it is today, the United submitted. States role in world affairs can hardly be more than a holding action, with our policy largely negative GRIPSHOLM and defensive. For the positive, creative and hard¬ hitting policy that we need in order to strengthen (Continued from page 15) democratic forces in the postwar world, the Depart¬ distressed Americans and their families for Christ¬ ment must be planned and operated by men of mas holidays (1945) in their own country. imagination, who can make it into an effective and The Gripsholm’s fourth repatriation voyage smooth-running machine. brought to the United States 986 American citizen In a word, imagination is needed; and it is repatriates and 388 immigrant aliens from Alex¬ needed first of all on the administrative level, in andria, Salonika, Piraeus, Naples and Marseilles. the creative performance of the executive functions, Between Salonika and Piraeus fire broke out in the before it can hope to be effective on the diplomatic engine room and the line hove to while the crew front. In one ot the most interesting interviews of fought flames for nearly an hour. my tour, one of our best-known Chiefs of Mission told me that he considered that men of imagination The trans-Atlantic commercial travel facilities, were the greatest single need of the Foreign Service. having gradually improved and the urgent cases of If this be true of the field service, it is doubly, stranded Americans having been cared for, it was triply and quadruply true of the headquarters in decided that the fifth repatriation cruise would be Washington. When I made this statement to an¬ the last. The Gripsholm therefore was released to other Chief of Mission, he replied rather grimly normal maritime services. that imagination, in combination with practical The service of the Gripsholm was rendered in ac¬ ability, was one of the rarest of human qualities. cordance with business principles, but always with But surely there are people in our great and gifted due consideration to the emergency confronting dis¬ nation who can supply talents of mind and per¬ tressed persons seeking passage to their home-lands. sonality adequate to the tasks before us. Fares were established comparable to those of com¬ One final word. The ideas in these two essays mercial shipping in 1941 prior to Pearl Harbor. are the joint product of many minds. The basic These fares during the war were somewhat lower scheme of organization presented is an adaptation than those on neutral Spanish and Portuguese of that outlined by Chester I. Barnard, for many steamers which occasionally operated on several of years president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone the routes. Company, in that most illuminating of all books Distressed persons admitted to the passenger lists on personnel administration, “The Functions of for repatriation when unable to pay were allowed the Executive.” Insights into the workings of the to give promissory notes. These are being rapidly Foreign Service and of the Department of State paid. Many were settled by business concerns and have most generously been given me first and fore¬ missionary societies whose personnel were returned most by Ambassadors Messersmith, Norweb, from the Far East. The War Department will com¬ Winant, Hornbeck and Caffery and by Ministers pensate the State Department for return of wounded Wadsworth, Tuck and Eddy. But I am even more soldiers and exchanged military prisoners, and the indebted to scores of able and intelligent younger passage of diplomats would be settled by their re¬ officers, who are deeply disturbed over the present spective governments. situation. The net loss, or possible gain, from four years of The ideas, in short, have come from the place operation will not he officially revealed until a final where one would naturally go to look for ideas— audit is made. The net costs in any event would from the field, and from the operating level. If this be negligible when compared to the tremendous essay should prove to be in any way useful in humanitarian—frequently life-saving—services ren¬ clarifying the problems of the Department, and in dered to individuals and their countries. 52 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL w S Hi®®* Oceans of Pouierfar Industrial Enpansion WATER POWER —important source of electric energy today —will have an even greater role in the coming decades. A large number of hydroelectric projects are now under construc- for Power Transmission for Construction —tion — many more are in the blueprint stage. JO* Future industrial expansion will be made prac- tical by literally oceans of power. - "I* Since 1 899, when Westinghouse built the first E5i> commercial turbine generator to harness the waters of Niagara Falls, the Company has been jjjr-jS, a leader in the development of new sources of ... for Transportation for Mass Production 3?* electric power. Today, Westinghouse equipment fiST* of oh types and sizes, standard or specially de- signed to meet unusual situations, is broadening Qm the industrial horizon from Mexico to Chile, from China to New Zealand. Westinghouse is prepared to furnish tested equipment and reliable engineering service for every type of hydroelectric installation. For com¬ ...for Heavy Industry ...for the Home plete information, you are invited to consult the Westinghouse distributor or representative in your locality. Westinghouse Electric International Co., 40 Wall Street, New York 5, N.Y., U.S.A. “rtycfcbiGeiec&uc 'Ptajecte ...for Science ...for Communications ^““tW;stindhouser OFFICES AND DISTRIBUTORS EVERYWHERE . . . PUNTS IN 23 CITIES 120 Broadway, Hew York 5, Hew York, U. S. A. PM Deluxe whiskey—a blend. OLD SUNNYBROOK whiskey—a blend. BELLOWS SPECIAL RESERVE whiskey—a blend. CRUZAN RUM—White or Gold Label. MARQUES DEL MERITO ports and sherries. 54 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL APPOINTMENT OF ADDITIONAL FSOs (Continued from page 16) There being no objection, the Clerk read the bill, as follows: Be it enacted, etc., That the President is author¬ ized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not to exceed 250 persons to posi¬ tions as foreign-service officers. Each such ap¬ pointment shall be by commission to a classified grade and shall be in addition to all other appoint¬ ments of foreign-service officers. SEC. 2. A person appointed under this act may, under such regulations as the Board of Foreign Service Personnel for the Foreign Service may pre¬ scribe, be commissioned as a foreign-service officer of any classified grade, depending upon his age, experience, and ability. Upon appointment, any such foreign-service officer shall receive the lowest basic salary of the classified grade to which he is appointed. SEC. 3. No person shall be eligible for appoint¬ ment as a foreign-service officer under this act un¬ less— (a) he is an American citizen and has been such at least 15 years: (b) he has served (1) in the active military or naval service of the United States on or after September 16, 1940, and has been separated or re¬ leased therefrom under honorable conditions after active service of 90 days or more, or by reason of an injury or disability incurred in service in line of duty, or (2) since December 7, 1941, for not less than two years in a position or positions of respon¬ sibility as an officer or employee of the United States, or of any corporation, wholly or partly owned by the United States, which is an instru¬ HE TEXAS COMPANY through mentality of the United States; T (c) he has been designated by the Secretary of close supervision of all State as a candidate for examination for appoint¬ ment as a foreign-service officer and has passed such phases of its operations such examination as the Secretary may prescribe; and (d) he was at least 31 years of age at the time as drilling, pipe lines, refining, of application. etc. assures users of uniformly SEC. 4. No appointment under this act shall be made after the expiration of 2 years after the high quality Texaco fuels and date of enactment of this act. With the following committee amendments: lubricants. Page 2, line 10, after the semicolon, insert the word “and.” Page 2, line 21, strike out the word “States” and insert the following; “States, whose service and ex¬ perience can qualify them as a foreign officer; and.” THE TEXAS COMPANY The committee amendments were agreed to. Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, I offer an amend¬ Texaco Petroleum Products ment. (Continued on the next page) MAY, 1946 55 EMBLEMS OF DUALITY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Lubricants 26 BROADWAY • NEW YORK 4. N. Y. The Clerk read as follows: ference in the status of these people, because they Amendment offered by Mr. RABAUT: On page 3, deal with officials of other governments who have at the end of the bill, add a new section, as follows: that status. The way it exists today, they are really “SEC. 5. Each employee who has been desig¬ clerks dealing with others who are officers. nated as vice consul, not of career, by the Secre¬ Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Does it carry tary of State shall, upon completion of 15 years of any pay increase? service in that capacity, be appointed as foreign- Mr. RABAUT. No. They must get the same service officer without examination, at a salary not pay. lower than the employee received at the time of Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. It is truly a such appointment: Provided, That during the next very democratic thing to do, and gives the men in two succeeding fiscal years not less than 40 of such that group a little recognition. employees shall be so transferred during each fiscal Mr. BLOOM. It is very constructive too. year: Provided further, That thereafter such em¬ Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Yes. ployees as become eligible for transfer in pursu¬ Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. It is sort of a ance hereof shall be so transferred.” promotion system? Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker. Mr. RABAUT. It puts them in the proper cate- I move to strike out the last word. Will the gentle¬ gorv. man explain what departure this is from the past? The SPEAKER. The question is on the amend¬ Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, up to the present ment offered by the gentleman from Michigan. time there has been sort of a class system in the The amendment was agreed to. Department in which some men are called officers Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, I offer another of the foreign service and others are called for¬ amendment. eign-service officers. This takes the personnel who The Clerk read as follows: were in the position of vice consul and puts them Amendment offered by Mr. RABAUT: On page 3, into the foreign-service-officers class after they have at the end of the bill insert a new section, as follows: .served a period of 15 years. It makes quite a dif¬ “SEC. 6. The provision of 22 United States Code 56 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CLOSER TO THE NATION Now 93A hour CLIPPER service—Daily flights to and from Hawaii Pan American’s new, giant Constellation-type over-ocean air routes in the Western Hemi¬ Clippers make daily trips between the Pacific sphere, established the first radio and me¬ Coast and Hawaii with flight time reduced to teorological stations, and built the far-flung 9%, hours, fares cut to $195 one way and $350 bases which made possible a vast Pan Ameri¬ round trip, plus tax. can air network to 4 continents. This new service is an important step in Today Pan American World Airways links Pan American’s world-wide program to offer the United States with 42 foreign lands. As increased air-travel facilities. Later, with the soon as conditions permit, the Clippers will delivery of double-decked, Boeing-built, 80- also fly their certificated routes to Australasia. passenger Clippers, service will again be You may travel abroad swiftly, in comfort, increased, flight times further reduced. and, if you are from the United States, with To the last word in modern, mammoth, pride when you travel Pan American. high-speed equipment Pan American lends a know-how of 18 years of over-water flying. Pan American pioneers charted the earliest IF IT ISN'T OPERATED BY PAN AMERICAN IT ISN'T A CLIPPER MAY, 1946 57 23h is hereby amended to read as follows: “ ‘The correspondence and records of the Division of Foreign Service Personnel shall be confidential except to the President, the Secretary of State, the members of the Board of Foreign Service Personnel, the Assistant Secretary of State supervising the division, the legislative and appropriations com¬ mittees of the Congress charged with legislating for and appropriating for the Department of State, or their duly authorized representatives, and such employees as may be assigned to work on such cor¬ respondence and records.’ ” Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I move to strike out the last word. Will the gentleman please explain what this accomplishes ? Mr. RABAUT. I will be very pleased to ex¬ plain it to the minority leader. This adds the pro¬ vision that the two committees of Congress, the Legislative and the Committee on Appropriations, Overseas Branches or their agents, may investigate the status of the people in the foreign service in addition to those ARGENTINA CUBA PERU who were permitted to investigate it heretofore. Buenos Aires Havana Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. They never Cuatro Caininos (Buenos Aires) PHILIPPINE had this power before? Plaza Once (Havana) ISLANDS Galiano Mr. RABAUT. It gives these congressional (Buenos Aires) Manila Rosario (Havana) committees the power to investigate. La Lonja PUERTO RICO BRAZIL (Havana) Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, Rio dc Janeiro San J uan Caibarien Pernambuco will the gentleman yield? Cardenas Bayamon Sao Paulo Manzanillo Caguas Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. I yield to the Matanzas Mayaguez gentleman from Massachusetts. CANAL ZONE Santiago Balboa Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. It really is a Cristobal REPUBLIC OF ENGLAND PANAMA great move against communism and a great pro¬ CHILE London Panama tection to the country. Santiago 117, Old Broad St. Valparaiso 11, W aterlooPIace STRAITS Mr. RABAUT. It gives Congress an opportunity CHINA SETTLEMENTS Singapore to make these further investigations. Shanghai INDIA Tien tain Mr. BLOOM. It gives them power that they did Hong Kong Bombay URUGUAY Calcutta not have before. COLOMBIA Montevideo Bogota Mr. RABAUT. In further explanation of my Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA Medellin Mexico City two amendments, I wish to say the following: These employees have served for 15 years or 65 BRANCHES IN GREATER NEW YORK more as vice consuls, and not of career, at that. It is a reflection on them as well as on the Depart¬ Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially ment. The Department tried to ease their feelings Importan t City of the World by calling them “officers of the foreign service”, as contrasted with the regular term “foreign-serv¬ ice”. These employees are required to perform in¬ ternational functions and make contacts with for¬ When traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit eign offices of other governments. It is embarrass¬ ing to them to be known as clerks. If they per¬ or Travelers Checks. They safeguard and form international functions they should be given make your money easily available for your use international status, that is, a title recognized by the other governments. If an employee has not proved his worth in 15 years sufficiently to be recognized Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation be should be asked to resign or under such cir¬ cumstances, he could be asked to resign his designa- 58 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tion as vice consul and be retained only in an ad¬ ministrative capacity. The Foreign Service Journal is replete with references to the status of noncareer vice consuls. Many of the foreign-service officers do not like the situation. As one foreign-service officer so aptly put it—“they are neither fish nor fowl”. I feel that no additional appointments, or designations of vice consuls, not of career, should be made. The Department should gradually abol¬ ish this service, but if it should desire to continue the system generally, it should certainly give recog¬ nition to the employees who have served 15 years in that capacity. With respect to the second amendment, this will merely give the two committees of the Congress, responsible for legislating and appropriating for the Department of State, an opportunity to review the records of foreign service officers. They do not have this right at the present time. . . . The amendment was agreed to. The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read the third time, and passed, and a motion to recon¬ sider was laid on the table. . . . BIRTHS KRIEG. A son, Laurence John, was born on De¬ cember 11, 1945, to Foreign Service Officer and Mrs. William Laurence Krieg in Caracas where Mr. Krieg is Vice Consul. BARNES. A daughter, Elizabeth Louise, was born ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ on March 22 to Foreign Service Officer and Mrs. William Barnes in Springfield, 111. Mr. Barnes is eign Service men in the Nation’s Second Secretary at Lisbon. Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ RITT. A daughter, Maura Elizabeth, was born on March 25 to Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Ritt, Jr. Mr. partment of State. Convenient to Ritt is a Foreign Service Courier and Mrs. Ritt was before her marriage Miss Martha Green, for¬ all points of interest in Washing¬ merly Foreign Service Clerk at Cairo and Athens. ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous JOHN DAY FOREIGN SERVICE BOOK food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail CONTEST Lounge. Air Conditioned in the The John Day Company announces that the clos¬ ing date of its Foreign Service Book Contest has summer. been postponed from May 31 to September 30, 1946, to allow sufficient time for the completion of several manuscripts now in preparation. The competition is for an award of $1,000, of which $500 is an outright prize and $500 an advance against royalties. It is open to any member of the Foreign Service, of any grade, active or retired, or the wife or husband of a member. Judges are Pearl mRVFUMJER S. Buck, Henry S. Villard, and Vincent Sheehan. WASHINGTON, D. C. Donald Dunham, author of Envoy Unextraordinary, C. J. MACK, General Manager is contest editor. Members of the armed services are not eligible— only those of the American Foreign Service as such. MAY, 1946 59 THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 29) ciate its extraordinary dramatic qualities. This country has always been peculiarly fortun¬ ate in producing the right man when a critical job needs doing. Commodore Perry was such a man, of commanding presence, great patience, and no small amount of wile. He must he accounted one of our great military statesmen in the direct line from General George Washington to General Eisen¬ hower. It is high time that the full stature of this great American leader should be appreciated by his LONG active in promoting commerc* countrymen, and this book will go far toward serv¬ among the peoples of the Americas, ing that purpose. The story starts with the various attempts made the Chase National Bank today is in the during the early period of Western contacts with vanguard of those institutions which are the Orient to gain a commercial foothold on the fostering Pan-American relations by the fabulous islands of Japan, attempts which had in¬ promotion of trade and travel. variably been frustrated by the determination of the . Japanese to have no dealings with other peoples. It recounts the two visits of the squadron of Commo¬ THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK dore Perry bringing a demand for the conclusion of OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK a treaty and the opening up of Japan to the West, Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and describes the momentous events which led to the successful conclusion of the mission. J Perry succeeded where others had failed, partly because of the care with which his expedition had been planned and organized, partly because of the skill with which he handled the negotiations, but most of all because of the realization by the Japa¬ nese themselves that their isolation could not last much longer. They were not as ignorant of the course of world events as was then generally as¬ sumed. The author makes it clear that Japan in 1853 was ripe for a change and that Perry’s visit was the blow which caved in the weakened shell of isolation. There are significant parallels between this first successful effort to impose by force our will on the MIDDLE COLOMBIA COSTA RICA Japanese, and the present situation wherein we find AMERICA CUBA ourselves the masters of Japan. The Japanese, in Since the turn of the century, DOMINICAN deciding to open the gates of their country, were the United Fruit Company’s REPUBLIC influenced not so much bv the desire to abandon ECUADOR Great White Fleet has served their traditions as by the realization that only Middle America, transporting EL SALVADOR through a policv of seeming cooperation could great cargoes and thousands of GUATEMALA passengers to and from the HONDURAS they acquire the knowledge and skills which would lands of our nearest neighbors JAMAICA, B. W. I. enable them to oppose the West. Students of the to the South. NICARAGUA Japanese doctrine of “Wa.” or bending without PANAMA If you have a shipping prob¬ breaking before an irresistible force, may reflect lem involving any of the coun¬ CANAL ZONE tries listed here, please call on us. PANAMA on the motives which impfl the presentday Japa¬ nese to yield with such srrace to the conqueror and GREAT WHITE FLEET to pursue with such avidity the ways of democracy. UNITED FRUIT COMPANY The student of our foreign relations in the Orient Pier 3, North River, New York 6, N. Y., WHitehal! 4-1700 will find in this book interesting interpretations; (,1) THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the historian will discover in it considerable new material. The general reader will find it a fine story of adventure. To the Joreign Service Officers Sir George Samson, eminent British historian and diplomat, has contributed an interesting preface of the United States to the book. ♦ WILLIAM T. TURNER THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ DYNAMITE ON OUR DOORSTEP: PUERTO RICAN PARADOX. By Wenzell Brown. Green¬ ice in writing your bond. Special attention berg publishers, New York, 1945. Pp. 301. $2.75. is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ Wenzell Brown arrived in Puerto Rico in 1936 ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes with a group of young men hastily recruited as in this service. special teachers of English. As many of them came from New York City, their adjustments to primary ♦ teaching in remote villages frequently proved diffi¬ UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND cult. The author led a turbulent life in his two GUARANTY COMPANY years on the Island. Chris. A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager There are characterized in facile, expressive stories the jibaro (landless peasant), a Spanish 1616 EYE ST., N. W. Falangist landlord, and impoverished school chil¬ Washington 5, D. C. dren. Working class family life is vividly portrayed, Telephone—NAtional 0913 with a prevailing strident and noisy ambiente. Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide” A number of striking black and white sketches by Jack Crane emphasize the not infrequently sor¬ did locale of the incidents described by the author. A graphic episode is the breaking up of a politi¬ cal demonstration in Ponce. Here appear at once the latent emotion, patriotism, hysteria and con¬ Canned Salmon troversy that mark a triangular problem: adujsting the sentiment of the local people to the administra¬ An Appetizing, Nu¬ tive perplexities confronting the insular government tritious, Easily Kept in view of the distant policy determinations of the and Transported Federal Congress. Sea Food Despite a sympathetic attitude to the problems of the Island. Mr. Brown does not probe profound¬ ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC ly into political currents. He tells of isolated items FISHERIES of antagonism between local residents and continen¬ SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE tal Americans. He adds journalistic descriptions of the characters and works of two political leaders, Albizu Campos and Luis Munoz Marin. But wheth¬ er reporting on democracy or Marin or the role ot IN NEW YORK CITY the Popular Party, his theme often wanders, with SHOP BY PROXY the author, into a nearby bar. PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE NOTE: An historic effort to solve the ‘"Puerto Ask me to attend to your orders. Rican Paradox” has been made during the elapsed One letter for everything. Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or weeks since this book’s publication: a special mes¬ United States Despatch Agent. sage to Congress by President Truman on October Men’s Suits $50.00, Palm Beach $19.50, Seersucker 16, 1945 (reiterated in January 1946) advocating $14.95, Nettleton’s Shoes for Men, Table Delicacies and Household Necessities. the granting to Puerto Rico of its choice of local election of governor, independence, statehood, or MISS E. J. TYNER dominion status. Murray Hill Hotel 112 Park Avenue New York City WILLARD F. BARBER. Telephone: Murray Hill 5-5479 (Continued on the next page) MAY, 1946 61 PEACE, SECURITY AND THE UNITED NA¬ While on Assignment. . . TIONS. By Hans J. Mprgenthau. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, 1946. 129 pp. $1.50. AN AMERICAN EDUCATION Hans J. Morgenthau has here collected five lec¬ FOR YOUR CHILD tures which were given in July of last year at the Twenty-first Institute of the Norman Wait Harris FAMOUS Calvert “School-at-Home service” gives Foundation. The lectures on these various phases your child sound schooling wherever you live. Widely used by State Department members. of the United Nations Charter are all eminent ob¬ Courses from Kindergarten through 9th grade. servers of the international scene—Percy E. Cor¬ All lessons, books and supplies provided. Start any time. Catalog on request. bett, Arthur R. Burns, Malbone W. Graham, Fred¬ erick L. Schuman, Eugene Staley—and they pre¬ CALVERT SCHOOL sent their theses with expected logic and thorough¬ 130 E. Tuscany Road, Baltimore 10, Maryland ness. But it is doubtful that their words will suc¬ ceed in “relating the Chapter to the world,” a hope the publishers express. If, instead of being ad¬ dressed to “the world,” this book were addressed to the highly specialized small group of students of WHEN YOUR HEART international politics it would have been more to SAYS “REMEMBER”... the point, since these lectures go far beyond the Charter and deal, not only with the “legal and Wire FLOWERS organizational aspects of peace and security of the • No other remem postwar world, but also with the concrete political brance expresses factors upon which the legal and organizational de¬ velopments, envisaged at San Francisco, will large¬ your sentiments so perfectly ly depend.” In his preface Mr. Morgenthau states that the “legalistic prositivist approach ... no longer dom¬ 1212 F Street N. W. inates American thinking on foreign affairs with¬ out serious challenge.” The five chapters present¬ Authorized F.T.D. Member Washington, D. C. ed here partly underline the new school of thought which derives its meaning not from the text of in¬ ternational treaties alone but from “their text in Foreign Service Journal Subscription conjunction with the political considerations which Your relatives and friends will welcome this intimate gave rise to them . . .” The implications of this news about the Service, the people in it and its work. theory certainly could be far-reaching in our wav¬ Send them a subscription ering world. "I" HE JOURNAL offers to relatives and Among the lectures Mr. Schuman’s study on “Re¬ friends of members of the Foreign Service and gionalism and Spheres of Influence” is particularly to persons and institutions interested in the interesting in the light of recent events. There is Service or in foreign affairs the privilege of much plain-speaking here and the basic problems subscribing for the JOURNAL at the rate of confronting the world are revealed in staccato $2.50 a year. sentences which would look well engraved on the Subscriptions may be entered either by marble portals of the UNO assembly hall. Here members of the Foreign Service Association are just two of these: “ Peace and security are or by the person who will receive the maga¬ never threatened by relations among the weak, ex¬ zine. Please use the coupon below. cept when the weak become pawns of rival powers or are permitted to recover strength to challenge AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, the strong.” And: “In the unity of the strong lies Care Department of State, Washington, D. C. the only available basis of peace.” Please send the JOURNAL for one year Nevertheless, whether the reader, anxious to To round out his political education, will confront these discerning theories with a feeling of frustra¬ Enclosed $ tion or one of cognizance, will depend on the more Entered by immediate reality of that morning’s headlines. ALICE L. RAINE. 62 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NEWS FROM THE FIELD Attache, and Montgomery Colladay. Mrs. Roosevelt, (Continued from page 27) accompanied by the Minister and Mrs. Gray, mo¬ tored to Rineanna to join other American delegates On February 15 Mr. Kenneth S. Patton who was to U. N. 0. who were returning by plane to the formerly American Consul General here, stayed United States. overnight on his way to Bangkok where he is ad¬ The American Cardinals-designate on their way visor to the Government of Siam. Mrs. Patton to Rome were welcomed by Mr. David Gray, Amer¬ arrived the following Tuesday and had a chance ican Minister, at the airport at Rineanna on Feb¬ to see many of her friends that evening at a large ruary 11 and 12. party given by the Chinese Consul General. Mr. J. Alfred La Freniere, who arrived in Dub¬ RUTH YEARNS. lin on December 28 with his wife and small daugh¬ ter, was recently commissioned Vice Consul to March 13, 1946. serve in the Consulate General. Prepared by Elizabeth C. Bouch; On February 8, 1946, the Consulate General Submitted by Thomas McEnelly. staff at Calcutta assembled in the office of the Consul General to congratulate Mr. Sures Chandra Datta, on the completion of 25 years’ service with the NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT United States Government. He was appropriately (Continued from page 24) “garlanded” and was presented with a scroll of sig¬ natures of all members of the Consulate General Book Reviews for the Caribbean staff and with a purse of money. One of the most popular features of the West Mr. Datta has been in the employ of the Ameri¬ Indian Radio Newspaper, a unique broadcast can Consulate General at Calcutta since February beamed by short wave to the Caribbean, is the pro¬ 7, 1921. gram called “Books in Review”. WILLIAM W. HARRIS is director of WIRN and brings to the pro¬ SAMUEL J. FLETCHER gram a long and friendly association with the Carib¬ DUBLIN bean countries. This broadcast was originally a war project, begun by the Anglo-American Carib¬ February 25, 1946 bean Commission in 1942, and has changed now Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt flew to Dublin on Feb¬ to a peace-time project of cultural information, still ruary 17 to visit her aunt, Mrs. David Gray, wife under the same auspices. of the American Minister. Among those who at¬ Members of the Foreign Service will be interested tended a reception in her honor at the Legation in these reviews. Some of the recent ones broad¬ were the Most Rev. Paschal Robinson, Apostolic cast have been: “Modern Man is Obsolete” by Nuncio; Prime Minister De Valera; Mr. Sean Mac- Norman Cousins, “Germany is our Problem” by Entee; the President of the High Court and Mrs. Henry Morgenthau, Jr., “The Best American Short Maguire, American Consul General and Mrs. Mc- Stories” edited by Martha Foley, “Congo” by La- Enelly; Colonel K. R. Kreps, American Military touche and Goucin, and many others. VISITORS The following Foreign Service Personnel signed the Department Register upon returning from or de¬ parting for their posts: March: E. R. Williams, Stuttgart Joseph F. Walker, Algiers Leland C. Altaffer, Lorenco Marques John M. Kavanaugh, Munich Emmet Mashburn, Tegucigalpa Don L. Sullivan, Cairo Nathalie D. Boyd, HongKong Fred A. Motz, Vienna James Breman, Johannesburg Weiffo A. Forsten, Caracas Mary K. Richmond, Oslo A. J. Thomas, Jr., Rotterdam Margret P. Ezzell, Athens Charlotte M. Reed, Bremen Walter C. Isenburg, Jr.. Istanbul Patricia Geraty, London Robert D. Connraf, Port Said Albert H. Robbins, London Robert L. Ilartzell, Munich Nathan S. Barnes, Moscow F. Terrassa, Cali Leroy G. Denman, Jr., Buenos Aires Thomas G. Dumy, Tunis MAY, 1946 63 Dorothy H. Watson, Tientsin Elmer E. Yelton, Nairobi James D. Mason, Trieste Robert C. Burton, Chungking R. English, Hamilton Ivan B. White, Paris Kathleen M. Anderson, Stuttgart Lawrence W. VonHellens, Stockholm Roland A. Hall, Madrid Elizabeth J. Cawley, Stuttgart Charles V. Kolt, Bogota Sarah B. Purnell, Marseille P. D. Balog, Moscow Alice Magee, Rome H. L. Milbourne, Chungking Arlene Hofften, Madrid Gloria M. Rusch, Manila Marcelyn Cremer, Madrid Janet Dickey, Madrid Josephine Gruenwald, Shanghai Ralph C. Fratzke, Stockholm Irene L. Rossi, Leopoldville Frederick P. Latimer, Jr., Panama Lois M. Lange, London Margery Millwood, Leopoldville William A. Ehelebe, Paramaribo Penelope Royall, Paris Joseph F. Burt, Danzig George P. Spishock, Caracas Mariana M. Smith, Paris Janice Race, Munich Virginia McAuliffe, Lima Clifford C. Taylor, Warsaw Hope Hurd, Frankfurt Mary Ann Pardue, London Nelle R. Johnston, Berlin Meade T. Foster, Buenos Aires L. Pittman Springs, Suva James W. Anderson, Bangkok Howard K. Forlowski, Moscow Earl Crain, Santiago Bernice R. Spears, Managua Louise E. Luke, Moscow James G. Powers, Cork Helen M. Forbes, Brussels M. E. Blake, Cracow Horace W. Greenway, Mexico Horace W. Greenway, Jidda Rosa L. Dickenson, Berlin George A. Armstrong, Munich Ernest H. Fisk, India Anne Kelly, Algeria Jesse M. Orme, Port Limon Marybelle Bouchard, Shanghai Charlice Eubanks, Ceylon Hon. Raphael O’Hara Lanier, Monrovia Vera Fedak, Warsaw Frances M. Wilson, Lima Charles A. Hutchenson, Pretoria Maria Ramos, San Salvador Ruth J. Torrance, Marseille Harvey R. Wellman, Habana F. Taylor Gurney, Tehran Georgine C. Brown, London Dale H. Baker, Dhahran Paul W. Frillmann, Shanghai Arthur S. Abbott, Harbin Moyer L. Cliff, Jidda Jessie M. Brewlon, Tokyo A. Ruth Green, Vancouver Don H. Shrouf, Alexandria Norris S. Haselton, Santiago Dorothy R. Faxon Lorraine G. Haight Avis Tallackson, New Delhi Walter J. Donnelly, Lima Carl E. Christopherson, Wellington Hon. John D. Erwin, Tegucigalpa Dorothy R. Ward, Bangkok Harold Sims, Angola Dorothy F. Solon, Stockholm Walter M. Furguson, Rome Everett K. Melby, Bern Charles L. Ribera, Montevideo Edward W. Clark Hon. Louis G. Dreyfus, Jr., Reykjavik Don B. Reynolds, Berlin James C. Lobenstine, Lima G. E. Robert Meyer, Shanghai Virginia E. Terry, Berlin Robert W. Weise, Jr., Valencia Frank DeStasio, Paris Jose Gonzalez Padron, Teneriffe Ray H. Crane, Sao Paulo Carl E. Johnson, Warsaw Henry E. Allue, Mexico Mazine E. Short, Cali Eleanor R. Borrowdale, Budapest Sybillia D. Jones, Algiers Vincent Lavista, Rome Lunnra Burgman, Cairo Cecil W. Gray, Vienna Mary Jane Henry, London Sophie F. Venz, Naples Walter W. Sholes, Basel William D. Moreland, Jr., Cork Marguerite Klindt, Berlin Beatrice Comeau, Tokyo Robert L. Hunter, Casablanca George W. Uderitz, Rome Turner C. Camron, Jr., Paris Richard T. Lankenau, Buenos Aires Marguerite MacDonald, Barranquilla Claude G. Ross, Athens Grant M. Smith, Buenaventura Alfred Hollen, Budapest Herman Moss, Geneva Charles W. Booth, Karachi Elizabeth Jorzick, Shanghai Joran J. Birkeland, Copenhagen Jones R. Trowbridge, Buenos Aires Addison G. Foster, Paris Temple Wanamaker Albert J. Malo, Lima Mary Eliz. Chaffee, Bremen Henry V. Rann, Copenhagen Irma B. Mathis, London Henry Hawson, Jr., Accra John H. Straight Loretta A. McDonald, Buenos Aires Louis G. Levine, Berlin George R. Vitale, Montevideo Albert C. Cizauskos, Batavia Ida I. Lindstrom, Oslo John F. O’Grady Edward Kardas, Cairo Lucie Gay, Madrid James K. Morrison, Moscow William E. Cole, Jr., Trieste Dorothy D. Dunham, Paris James J. O’Neil, Paris Louise MacMillan, London Elizabeth E. Garver, Managua William P. Fuller, Jr., Moscow William P. Wright, Caracas Meade Foster, Ottawa Darrell Meek, London Halleck L. Rose, Quito Joyce M. Fries, Frankfurt Ida L. May, Sao Paulo Mary Ann Hummel, Johannesburg Kathleen N. McHugh, Stuttgart Marcus Hagan, Asuncion Ellen Collins, Caracas Isabelle Walsh, Frankfurt Herbert L. Jacobson, Trieste Edward M. Groth. Hamburg Lawrence C. Mitchell, Moscow Elliott H. Miller, Bremen April: Rachel McBride, Amsterdam John L. Rawlinson, Tientsin Clarence J. McIntosh, Johannesburg La Mar D. Mulliner, Moscow Dr. H. J. Schoettner, Jidda Catherine Anderson, Stockholm James A. Collins, Jr., Florence Dwight Dickinson, Mexico Grace E. Dollenmayer, London Augustus Rex Jones, Caracas Adele M. Callais, Naples E. F. Penrose, London Ernest V. Siracusa, Guatemala Loris F. Craig. Shanghai Charles C. Carson, Lima Carrel B. Larson, Lima Joseph H. Bulik, Moscow Bettye Bohanon, Lima John L. Hagan, San Jose George S. Roper, Ottawa Mary C. Forbes, Lisbon David K. Hammond, Madrid William Penneman, Jr., Santiago Mrs. Lucile G. Keating, New Delhi James R. Wilkinson, Munich Cecil M. P. Cross, Sao Paulo Robert J. Catto, Shanghai John F. Cady, Rangoon Evangeline J. Constantine, Madrid Hubert F. Ferrell, Paris Charles W. Smith, Rome J. Kittredge Vinson, Bremen William H. Dennis, Shanghai John H. Madonne, Berne Marybelle Bouchard, Shanghai William C. Lakeland. Quebec Lois May Lean, La Paz Rita M. Bauer, San Salvador Paul A. Casey, New Delhi Don C. Bliss, London Marguerite E. Mullen, Paris Dorothy L. Donini, Natal G. F. Reinhardt, Moscow Henry W. Nicklasson, Rome June M. Pithanen, Helsinki Nathaniel P. Davis, Manila Samuel Berry, Tehran Harry L. Troutman, Istanbul Claude M. Cannon, Monrovia 64 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATRONAGE! The popularity of American products in many world markets may at least in part be attributed to the wholehearted cooperation of America’s diplomatic and consular representatives abroad. This reflects not only conscious effort on their part, but the great power of their example. Schenley appreciates your patronage of its products—not merely because your prestige impresses our foreign prospects and customers and means better business for us, but also because we are genuinely proud to serve the distinguished group of men and women to which you belong. We would like to call your particular attention to Schenley Reserve —a true American whiskey of the finest quality. Schenley International Corporation Empire State Building • New York City AMERICA’S FINEST WHISKEY... FO i8 D " t\ otcHNVDtR MRWALT Sfc »UM£SS*“