Clinical Ophthalmology Medical and Surgical Approach
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Clinical Ophthalmology MEDICAL AND SURGICAL APPROACH Clinical Ophthalmology MEDICAL AND SURGICAL APPROACH Second Edition Editor SANDEEP SAXENA MS MAMS Member, National Academy of Medical Sciences, India DAAD Visiting Professor, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Visiting Professor, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA Fellow, Barnes Retina Institute and Anheuser-Busch Eye Institute, St Louis, USA Fellow, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA Professor, Department of Ophthalmology CSM Medical University (Erstwhile, King George’s Medical University) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Published by Jitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Corporate Office 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, India, Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314 Registered Office B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, India Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021 +91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559, Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Offices in India • Ahmedabad, Phone: Rel: +91-79-32988717, e-mail: [email protected] • Bengaluru, Phone: Rel: +91-80-32714073, e-mail: [email protected] • Chennai, Phone: Rel: +91-44-32972089, e-mail: [email protected] • Hyderabad, Phone: Rel:+91-40-32940929, e-mail: [email protected] • Kochi, Phone: +91-484-2395740, e-mail: [email protected] • Kolkata, Phone: +91-33-22276415, e-mail: [email protected] • Lucknow, Phone: +91-522-3040554, e-mail: [email protected] • Mumbai, Phone: Rel: +91-22-32926896, e-mail: [email protected] • Nagpur, Phone: Rel: +91-712-3245220, e-mail: [email protected] Overseas Offices • North America Office, USA, Ph: 001-636-6279734, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] • Central America Office, Panama City, Panama, Ph: 001-507-317-0160 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jphmedical.com • Europe Office, UK, Ph: +44 (0) 2031708910, e-mail: [email protected] Clinical Ophthalmology: Medical and Surgical Approach © 2010, Sandeep Saxena All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editor and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by the contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and the editor will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. First Edition: 2003 Second Edition: 2011 ISBN 978-93-5025-004-4 Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit Printed at To My parents Dr R C Saxena and Mrs Madhu Saxena & My family Sangeeta, Shreeya and Aishwarya Contributors Leonardo Akaishi, MD Taraprasad Das, MD, FRCS Albrecht Hennig, MD Director Director Program Director Hospital Oftalmólogico de Brasília Head, Retina Service Sagarmatha Choudhary Eye Hospital Modulo G, Brazil LV Prasad Eye Institute Lahan, Nepal Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India Harmohina Bagga, MD Santosh G Honavar, MD, FACS Formerly, Glaucoma Fellow Sachi Devi, MS Director, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery VST Center for Glaucoma Care Glaucoma Service Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology LV Prasad Eye Institute Sankara Nethralaya LV Prasad Eye Institute Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Samar K Basak, MD, DNB Disha Eye Hospital and Research Center Kumar Doctor, MS Chanda Hingorani, MS Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Doctor Eye Institute Doctor Eye Institute Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India M Baskaran, DO, DNB Consultant, Glaucoma Service Satpal Garg, MD Subhadra Jalali, MS Sankara Nethralaya Professor Head, Smt Kanuri Santhamma Retina Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Vitreous Center Ophthalmic Sciences LV Prasad Eye Institute Arnab Biswas, DOMS, FRCS All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Consultant Oculoplastic and Orbital New Delhi, India Surgeon Apjit Kaur, MS Alo Eye Care Ronnie George, MS, DO, DNB Professor Kolkata, West Bengal, India Consultant, Glaucoma Service Department of Ophthalmology Sankara Nethralaya CSM Medical University Jyotirmay Biswas, MS, FAMS Head, Uveitis Service Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Sankara Nethralaya Lingam Gopal, MS, DNB, FRCS, FAMS Sushmita Kaushik, MS Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Director of Research Assistant Professor Gagandeep S Brar, MS Medical and Vision Research Foundation Advanced Eye Center Formerly, Assistant Professor Sankara Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Medical Advanced Eye Center Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Education and Research Postgraduate Institute of Medical Chandigarh, India Education and Research Amod Gupta, MS, FAMS Chandigarh, India Professor and Head Mohit Khattri, MS Advanced Eye Center Department of Ophthalmology Arindam Chakravarti, MS Postgraduate Institute of Medical CSM Medical University Vitreoretinal Consultant Education and Research Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital Private Limited Chandigarh, India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Atul Kumar, MD, FAMS Preeti Gupta, MS Professor Sunita Chaurasia, MS Department of Ophthalmology Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Consultant, Cornea Service CSM Medical University Ophthalmic Sciences LV Prasad Eye Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India New Delhi, India Tanuj Dada, MD Vishali Gupta, MS Associate Professor Associate Professor Poonam Kishore, MS Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Advanced Eye Center Professor Ophthalmic Sciences Postgraduate Institute of Medical Department of Ophthalmology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Education and Research CSM Medical University New Delhi, India Chandigarh, India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Ajit B Majji, MD Surinder S Pandav, MS Parveen Sen, MS Consultant, Smt Kanuri Santhamma Additional Professor Consultant, Vitreoretinal Service Retina Vitreous Center Advanced Eye Center Sankara Nethralaya LV Prasad Eye Institute Postgraduate Institute of Medical Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Education and Research Chandigarh, India Mahesh P Shanmugam, DO, DNB, J Manju, B Opt PhD, FRCS Electrodiagnostic Department R Priya, M Phil (Opt) Formerly, Consultant Vitreoretinal Sankara Nethralaya Electrodiagnotic Department Service Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sankara Nethralaya Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Kanwar Mohan, MS Jagat Ram, MS Formerly, Associate Professor Namrata Sharma, MD Professor Associate Professor Department of Ophthalmology Advanced Eye Center Postgraduate Institute of Medical Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Postgraduate Institute of Medical Ophthalmic Sciences Education and Research Education and Research Chandigarh, India All India Institute of Medical Sciences Chandigarh, India New Delhi, India R Muralidhar, MS MS Kavita Rao, Rashmi Shetty, MBBS, FRSH Consultant, Cornea Service Consultant Consultant Cosmetic Physician LV Prasad Eye Institute Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital Private Limited Revival Clinic Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India MS Srinivas K Rao DO, DNB, FRCS Krishna R Murthy, Kirti Singh MD, DNB, FRCS Formerly, Consultant Cornea Service Vitreoretinal Department Professor, Glaucoma Division Sankara Nethralaya Sankara Nethralaya Guru Nanak Eye Center Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Maulana Azad Medical College Praveen R Murthy, MS, DNB Ritika Sachdev, MS New Delhi, India Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Vitreoretinal Department Vinita Singh, MS Clinical Ophthalmology: Medical Surgical and Approach Ophthalmic Sciences Sankara Nethralaya Professor and Head Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Department of Ophthalmology CSM Medical University Milind N Naik, MS Chinmaya Sahu, MS Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Consultant, Division of Ophthalmic Uveitis Service Plastic Surgery, Facial Aesthetic Surgery, Sankara Nethralaya Rajesh Sinha, MD, FRCS Orbit and Ocular Oncology Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Assistant Professor L V Prasad Eye Institute Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Virender Sangwan, MS Ophthalmic Sciences Associate Director All India Institute of Medical Sciences Arun Narayanaswamy, DNB Director, Cornea and Uveitis Services New Delhi, India Consultant, Glaucoma Service L V Prasad Eye Institute Sankara Nethralaya Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Subijoy Sinha, MD Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for MS, MBA Puneet Saxena Ophthalmic Sciences Director, Industry Strategy S Natarajan, DO All India Institute of Medical Sciences JDA Chairman and Managing Director New Delhi, India Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital Private Limited Dallas, USA Late G Sitalakshmi, DO, FRCS Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sandeep Saxena MS MAMS Professor Consultant, Cornea Service DO, DNB Aditya Neog, Department of Ophthalmology Sankara Nethralaya Glaucoma Service CSM Medical University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sankara Nethralaya Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Parul Sony, MD G Chandra Sekhar, MD Formerly, Senior Research Associate Canrobert Oliveira, MD Director