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Cytochemical Features Common to Nucleoli and Cytoplasmic Nucleoloids of Olea Europaea Meiocytes: Detection of Rrna by in Situ Hybridization

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Cytochemical Features Common to Nucleoli and Cytoplasmic Nucleoloids of Olea Europaea Meiocytes: Detection of Rrna by in Situ Hybridization Journal of Cell Science 107, 621-629 (1994) 621 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1994 JCS8341 Cytochemical features common to nucleoli and cytoplasmic nucleoloids of Olea europaea meiocytes: detection of rRNA by in situ hybridization J. D. Alché, M. C. Fernández and M. I. Rodríguez-García* Plant Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, E- 18008 Granada, Spain *Author for correspondence SUMMARY We used light and electron microscopic techniques to study highly phosphorylated proteins. Immunohistochemical the composition of cytoplasmic nucleoloids during meiotic techniques failed to detect DNA in either structure. In situ division in Olea europaea. Nucleoloids were found in two hybridization to a 18 S rRNA probe demonstrated the clearly distinguishable morphological varieties: one similar presence of ribosomal transcripts in both the nucleolus and in morphology to the nucleolus, and composed mainly of nucleoloids. These similarities in morphology and compo- dense fibrillar component, and another surrounded by sition may reflect similar functionalities. many ribosome-like particles. Cytochemical and immuno- cytochemical techniques showed similar reactivities in nucleoloids and the nucleolus: both are ribonucleoproteic Key words: nucleoloids, nucleolar proteins, rRNA, in situ in nature, and possess argyrophillic, argentaffinic and hybridization INTRODUCTION lentum (Carretero and Rodríguez-García, unpublished observa- tions). The reason for this diversity is unknown. Cytoplasmic bodies similar in morphology and ultrastructural Nucleoloids have rarely been studied in genera other than characteristics to the nucleolus have been reported many times Lilium. Cytoplasmic nucleoloids are very common in Olea in relation to plant meiosis (Latter, 1926; Frankel, 1937; europaea during microsporogenesis and their large size and Hakansson and Levan, 1942; Gavaudan, 1948; Lindemann, peculiar morphological characteristics make them a good 1956). These bodies have been given different names, although material to study the behavior and nature of these structures the term ‘cytoplasmic nucleoloids’ or simply ‘nucleoloids’, (Rodríguez-García and Fernández, 1987). We report results proposed by Dickinson and Heslop-Harrison (1970) for bodies obtained with several cytochemical and immunocytochemical found during microsporogenesis in Lilium, has been the most techniques, and with in situ hybridization, used to search for widely used. components common to both cytoplasmic nucleoloids and Cytoplasmic bodies similar to the nucleolus have also been nucleoli. found in meristematic cells of different species (Sato and Sato, 1984; Sato et al., 1988). Whether these bodies are similar in MATERIALS AND METHODS function and physiological significance to the nucleoloids of microsporocytes is currently unknown. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy The behavior and nature of nucleoloids have been studied in Short branches were cut from olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in great detail in Lilium (Dickinson and Heslop-Harrison, 1970; different areas in southern Spain (Granada and Málaga provinces) Dickinson and Willson, 1985; Sato et al., 1989, 1991). These during the flowering period. investigations have yielded information about the ribonucleo- After appropriate stages of the floral buds were roughly determined proteic nature of the nucleoloids, and the presence of rRNA by their size, flowers were dissected to obtain anthers, which were transcripts. However, information concerning the presence of fixed in 3% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde other components, and the behavior and function of nucleoloids buffered in 0.1 M cacodylate (pH 6.8), for 90 minutes at room tem- compared with the nucleolus, is still scarce. It has been postu- perature (RT). The anthers were dehydrated in a series of ethanols, lated that nucleoloids could be involved in the build-up of the gradually transferred to propylene oxide and embedded in Epon. Thin sections (1 µm) and silver defracting ultrathin sections were post-meiotic ribosome population in the cytoplasm of the obtained with a Reichert-Jung ultramicrotome (Ultracut E), and trans- meiocyte (Dickinson and Heslop-Harrison, 1970). However it ferred to glass slides or 400 mesh copper grids for light microscope is important to note that nucleoloids have not been observed in (LM) or transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, all species, and thus cannot be considered a general feature of respectively. microporogenesis. For example, no such bodies where found in For LM, the sections were stained with a mixture of Methylene Beta vulgaris (Majewska-Sawka, 1989) or Lycopersicum escu- Blue and Azure B (Humprey and Pittman, 1974) for 20 minutes at 622 J. D. Alché, M. C. Fernández and M. I. Rodríguez-García Fig. 1. Ultrastructural features of nucleoloids in Olea europaea microsporocites. TEM. (A) Meiocyte of Olea europaea at the young tetrad stage showing nucleoli (NU) and a cytoplasmic nucleoloid (ND) similar in shape and electron density to the nucleolus (inset). CA, callose; L, lipid body; N, nucleus; Cy, cytoplasm. Bar, 1 µm (inset 0.5 µm). (B) Meiocyte at the young microspore stage. The nucleoloid (inset) is surrounded by ribosome-like particles (arrows). Ex, exine; V, vacuole. Bar, 1 µm (inset 0.5 µm). (C) Fibrillar mass (FM) in the cytoplasm of a young microspore in the tetrad. Ribosomes (arrows) are located at the periphery of this structure. Bar, 0.5 µm. (D) Cytoplasmic nucleoloid in a young microspore surrounded by ribosome-like particles (arrows). Bar, 0.5 µm. rRNA and proteins in nucleoloids of Olea europaea 623 Fig. 2. Behaviour of nucleoloids during meiosis. Olea europaea meiocytes after Methylene Blue-Azure B staining. LM. Bars, 5 µm. (A) Meiocyte at metaphase I. No nucleoloid-like structures are stained in the cytoplasm. (B) Meiocytes at anaphase I (left) and early telophase I (right). No stained nucleoloids are visible in the cytoplasm. (C) Telophase I. A cytoplasmic nucleoloid stained in the cytoplasm (arrow). Nucleolus stained (arrowhead). (D) Cells at the dyad stage. Both the nucleolus (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic nucleoloids (arrows) are stained. (E) Meiocyte at the second meiotic division. The cytoplasm is apparently free of stained structures. (F) Cells at the tetrad stage. Nucleolus (arrowheads) and cytoplasmic nucleoloids (arrows) are again clearly stained. (G) Microspore shortly before release from the tetrad. Nucleoloids (arrow) are still visible as stained structures. The nucleolus (arrowhead) is also stained. 65˚C. For TEM, ultrathin sections were contrasted with lead citrate an HBO 50 W epifluorescence system, using a combination of filters and uranyl acetate, and observed in a Zeiss EM 10C TEM operating BP450-490, FT510, and LP520. at 60 kV. Argentaffinic reaction Acridine Orange stain Silver staining of argentaffinic proteins was performed in block after Glass slides with 1 µm sections were treated with a freshly made fixation using the method of Tandler and Pellegrino de Iraldi (1989), saturated solution of sodium hydroxide in methanol for 2 hours to per- followed by processing as indicated for conventional LM. meabilize the resin, then incubated for 15 minutes in an 0.1% (w/v) solution of Acridine Orange in PBS buffer in the dark. The slides were Low temperature processing of samples thoroughly washed in water, then mounted in citifluor-glycerol The anthers were fixed in 2% (w/v) paraformaldehyde, 0.1% (v/v) medium and observed in a Zeiss Axioplan microscope equipped with glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 1 hour at 4˚C. 624 J. D. Alché, M. C. Fernández and M. I. Rodríguez-García After fixation, samples were dehydrated in a series of methanols at Hybridization progressively lower temperatures to −30˚C, using an appropriately Nucleic acids were made accessible on the ultrathin sections by incu- programmed freeze-substitution unit (FSU, Balzers Union). bating grids with 20 µg/ml proteinase K (Boehringer Mannheim) in Embedding in Lowicryl K4M resin and initial polymerization with TE buffer (10 mM HCl-Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) for 2 hours at ultraviolet light (2 days) were also done in the FSU at −30˚C. Final 37˚C. Digestion was stopped by washing the grids repeatedly in TE. polymerization of the Lowicryl blocks with UV light was done at RT For hybridization the grids were floated on 4 µl drops of the probe for 2 days. placed on a Petri dish cover inside a small hermetic hybridization chamber. This chamber, containing an excess of hybridization buffer, Silver staining was incubated at 50˚C overnight. Pale gold sections of low temperature-processed samples were After hybridization, the grids were floated on 50 µl drops of 4× collected on 300 mesh gold grids. The grids were treated according SSC (5× 1 minute at RT), 2× SSC (5× 1 minute at RT) and 1× SSC to the method of Moreno et al. (1985) by floating them on 50 µl drops (2 hours at 50˚C in a humid chamber) (1× SSC: 0.015 M sodium of the working solution (0.3% (w/v) formic acid, 0.6% (w/v) gelatin, citrate, 0.15 M sodium chloride, pH 7.0). 33% (w/v) silver nitrate) for 5 minutes in the dark. The grids were The biotin-labelled hybrids were immunodetected by incubating then washed in bidistilled water and floated on drops of 5% (w/v) the grids on 50 µl drops of SC buffer (0.5 M sodium chloride, 0.5% sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes, and observed after thorough Tween-20, 50 mM PIPES, pH 7.2, for 15 minutes at RT) (McFadden
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