Online Appendix a Table 1 Finding Britishness, 1950-2000: Textual Sources Year Speeches Newspapers Textbooks Films Novels
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Vucetic, Greatness & Decline: National Identity & Foreign Policy in Postwar Britain Online Appendix A Table 1 Finding Britishness, 1950-2000: Textual Sources Year Speeches Newspapers Textbooks Films Novels 1950 Attlee. The King’s Speech, Daily Express Carter & Mears. History of Britain. The Blue Lamp Christie. A Murder Is Announced (Lab) 1.3. Attlee. Margate, Daily Mirror Rayner. Short History of Britain What the Butler Shute. A Town Like Alice 3.10. Saw 1960 Macmillan. Scarborough, Daily Express Barker & Ollard. General History of Doctor in Love Fleming. Dr No (Bond series) (Cons) 15.10. England Macmillan. The Queen’s Daily Mirror Strong. History of Britain & the World Sink the Christie. 4.50 from Paddington Speech, 1. 11. Bismarck! 1970 Wilson. HC Deb on Daily Express Titley. Machines, Money & Men On Her Majesty's Christie. Endless Night (both) Address 2.6 Secret Service Heath. HC Deb on Add. Daily Mirror Larkin. English History Battle for Britain MacLean. Force 10 from Navarone 2.6. 1980 Thatcher. Brighton. Daily Express Hill. British Eco and Soc History. Life of Brian Forsyth. The Devil’s Alternate (Cons) 10.10. The Queen’s Speech. Daily Mirror Sked & Cook. Post-War Britain McVicar Smith. Wild Justice 7. 11. 1990 The Queen’s Speech. The Sun Kavanagh & Morris. Consensus Politics Shirley Valentine Forsyth. The Negotiator (Cons) 7. 11. Major. 'First Speech', Daily Mirror Connolly & Barry. Britain 1900-1939 & The Krays Smith. A Time to Die 4. 12. May. Economic and Social History 2000 Blair. Brighton. The Sun Walsh. Modern World History. Chicken Run Rowling. Harry Potter and the Goblet (Lab) 26. 9. of Fire Blair. ‘Britain speech’ Daily Mail Culpin & Turner. Making Modern Billy Elliott Rowling. Harry Potter and the 28. 3. Britain Philosopher’s Stone NOTES: The reports for 1980, 1990, and 2000 are co-authorships with, respectively, David Orr, Kristen M. Olver and Alyssa Maraj Graham, while Melanie Mitchell and Kalathmika Natarajan provided invaluable research assistance in identifying and collecting historical materials. Coding was done from June 2015 to December 2017. For more on source selections, including complete bibliography, see Appendix. For complete reports, coding examples, and hyperlinks to select newspaper samples, see the project website https://www.makingidentitycount.org/ 1 Vucetic, Greatness & Decline: National Identity & Foreign Policy in Postwar Britain Appendix A: Finding Britishness Leadership speeches. My collaborators and I aimed to select two documents that were at once high circulating, regular (regularly scheduled national speech) and on “anything but national identity” (nothing on devolution or “The Future of Britishness,” for example). The prime minister’s statements in the “State Opening of Parliament,” a new session of Parliament and the “annual party conference speech” met these criteria. With respect to the first, UK government’s legislative program (a.k.a. the ministerial agenda) for the forthcoming parliamentary session is traditionally laid out in the Queen’s Speech (in 1950: the King’s Speech), aka the “Most Gracious Speech from the Throne.” Set in 1852, the ceremony involves the monarch reading out a speech prepared by the prime minister’s office in the Lords Chamber. In the period under study, the combination of the royal pomp and disclosure of the upcoming policies and pieces of legislation by the government naturally attracted significant media attention, including a live television audience. Party conferences normally take place in early fall and away from the capital city— Birmingham or Brighton, for example. They have also evolved over time, with latter years witnessing the emergence of workshops, book fairs, movie screenings and other events within. In the immediate postwar decades, the party conference was a site of policy-making; from about 1980 onwards, it became an opportunity for image-making. The prime minister’s speech was always the central event, however. We departed from this rule thrice. In 1970 the UK had a change of government and we decided to have one leadership speech from each the two prime ministers that year: the outgoing Wilson (Labour) and the incoming Heath (Conservative). We selected the speeches the two leaders gave in the post-election State Opening on 2 July. Both speeches were given during the “Debate on the Address”, a.k.a. “Loyal Address”, which is when members of both houses debate the content of the speech (an “Address in Reply to Her Majesty’s Gracious Speech”)— another long-standing parliamentary ritual. In the year 1990 the UK again had two prime ministers: Margaret Thatcher resigned on 22 November. The subsequent leadership contest within the Conservative Party was carried by John Major, Chancellor of the Exchequer, who then became the nation’s leader on 28 November 1990. His speech at the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre on 4 December 1990 was his first as the prime minister. In 2000, we selected Tony Blair’s “Britain speech” on March 28, rather than the Queen’s Speech or his statement in the Debate on the Address on December 6. This was done to reflect the evolution of the media coverage of prime minister speeches, and the fact that the former actually gained more headlines than the latter. 2 Vucetic, Greatness & Decline: National Identity & Foreign Policy in Postwar Britain Newspapers. We followed the rankings based on the Press Council and Audit Bureau of Circulations circulation figures or the closest equivalent.1 Accordingly we selected Daily Express and Daily Mirror from 1950 through 1980, The Sun and Daily Mirror for 1990 and The Sun and Daily Mail in 2000. Although in national circulation numbers The Sun overtook Daily Express already in 1980, we still used the latter due to some difficulties in accessing the former’s archive. With this selection, we achieved some variance in ownership structures and ideological orientations of newspapers known as “popular” or “mass-market” (a.k.a. “red-tops”, a.k.a. “tabloids”). We sampled the editions published on the 15th day of each month, including, when appropriate, Sunday equivalents of the selected newspaper (Sunday Mirror, Sunday Express, Mail on Sunday but not News of the World). History textbooks. For each year under study we selected two high school-level publications on modern English or British history that were most likely to have been used at the time in private and state schools in the UK, primarily in England. To that end, we reviewed the histories and institutional contexts of the educational program in history in England, and then combed contemporary and historical reviews and discussions in journals Teaching History and History of Education Review. While it is true that UK history teachers began to use textbooks in their classrooms only following the introduction of history General Certificate of Education Exam (GCSE) and the National Curriculum initiative in the late 1980s, it is still the case that numerous textbooks—and ‘topic-books’—existed and circulated throughout the period under study. Whenever appropriate, we used publications catering to students between the ages of 14 and 19, particularly those studying for history GCSE and history A Level exams (more advanced qualifications generally required for university entrance) or their closest historical equivalents (CSE/O-Level). Next, we looked for ample reflection on “the last hundred years,” whatever the type of history (economic, social, cultural, political etc.) as well as for “recent editions”—that is, editions published in the beginning of the year or in the preceding year or two—1958 or 1959 for 1960, for example. If one of the two textbooks we selected covered only a short period of history and/or was exceptionally short, we added a third textbook to our sample. Novels. Identifying “bestselling novels” was challenging. To select two top-selling items on the consumer market of books bought by private individuals for their own use or as gifts in each year, we first consulted scholarly histories of the book and of UK fiction industry. For 1950 and 1960, we consulted annual round-ups of the bestseller market by W.H. Smith’s Trade News, The Observer, The Bookseller, Evening Standard, Evening News, Time & Tide, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Daily Express and picked the two British-authored novels closest to the top of each list. For 1970 and 1980, the reliability of bestseller lists improved thanks to introduction of surveys, 1 For further details, see Srdjan Vucetic, “The United Kingdom, 1950-2000—Primary Texts,” 23 June 2016. Available at https://srdjanvucetic.wordpress.com/research/id/srdj-postwar-uk-sources-final/ 3 Vucetic, Greatness & Decline: National Identity & Foreign Policy in Postwar Britain automated data collection (after 1980) and other ranking instruments. Especially helpful were secondary assessments of said lists published in specialist magazines such as The Listener, a weekly BBC magazine published until 1991, and by journalist Alex Hamilton in The Guardian (from 1970 onwards). For 1990 and 2000, we followed the rankings generated by computerized data capture via Electronic Point-of-Sale equipment and disseminated by companies such as Nielsen BookScan. As Table 1 shows, several authors appear in multiple years: Fleming, Christie, Smith, Forsyth, and Rowling. The paperback revolution changed our selection criteria as well since it rendered paperback the dominant format for bestsellers. First, the paperback revolution changed the meaning of high- circulating: in the late 1940s, a top hardback novel would achieve sales of 100,000 over several years, whereas in the 1990s a bestselling paperback would have 500,000 copies sold in weeks. Second, this means that some our “bestselling novels of the year” after 1960 were in fact paperback editions of a hardback released a year, two or three before the year of the study. In 1960, we thus selected Ian Fleming’s Dr No, released in March 1958 over Fleming’s For Your Eyes Only, released in April 1960.