ESKOM GENERATION

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW COAL-FIRED POWER STATION IN THE LEPHALALE AREA, LIMPOPO PROVINCE

FINAL REPORT

REF NO: 12/12/20/695

22 May 2006

Bohlweki Environmental (Pty) Ltd PO Box 11784 Vorna Valley Midrand, 1686 South Africa Telephone: 011 466 3841 Facsimile: 011 466 3849 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bohlweki.co.za

Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The need and Justification for the Proposed Project 1 1.1.1. Policy Considerations and Strategic Planning 1 1.1.2. Growth in electricity demand and reduction in surplus 2 capacity 1.2. Alternatives 2 1.2.1. Primary energy resource alternative 2 1.2.2. Process followed to determine the preferred coal fired 3 option location 1.2.3. Technology selection process and criteria 4 1.3. Environmental Study requirements 6

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 7 2.1. The proposed Power Station 7 2.1.1. How is electricity generated? 8 2.2. Project Alternatives 9 2.2.1. The ‘Do-nothing’ Alternative 10 2.3. Location Alternatives for the Establishment of a New 10 Coal-Fired Power Station within South Africa 2.4. Site Alternatives Identified within the Lephalale Area for 12 the Establishment of a new coal fired power station 2.4.1. Road and Conveyor Belt alternatives 13 2.4.2. Water Supply Pipeline Alignment 14 2.5. Feasible technology Alternatives 15 2.5.1. Cooling Technology 15 2.5.2. Combustion Technology 16 2.5.3. Ash Disposal Alternatives 17 2.5.4. Emissions Control Technologies 18

3. SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 22 3.1. Approach to undertaking the Study 22 3.1.1. Environmental Scoping Study 22 3.2. Authority Consultation 23 3.2.1. Consultation with Supervisory Authorities 23 3.2.2. Consultation with other relevant Authorities 24 3.3. Legislative Considerations 25 3.4. Environmental Impact Assessment 33 3.4.1. Specialist Studies 33 3.4.2. Assumptions and Limitations 35 3.4.3. Overview of the Public Participation Process 35

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3.4.4. Public Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Report 38 3.4.5. Final Environmental Impact Report 39

4. SITE SELECTION PROCESS UNDERTAKEN DURING THE 40 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING STUDY 4.1. Site evaluation – Field Studies 40 4.2. Specialist Studies 41 4.3. Rating Criteria 44 4.4. Site Rating Matrix 47 4.5. Conclusions 48 4.5.1. Evaluation in terms of economic and Technical Crieteria 48 4.5.2. Overall Conclusion and Recommedation 49

5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 50 ENVIRONMENT 5.1. Locality 50 5.2. Climate 50 5.3. Geology 52 5.4. Land Types 53 5.5. Water Resources 56 5.5.1. Surface Water 56 5.5.2. Groundwater 57 5.5.3. Water Users 57 5.6. Ecology and Biodiversity 58 5.7. Social Environment 59 5.7.1. Land Use 60 5.7.2. Population 60 5.7.3. Age and gender distribution 60 5.7.4. Education 61 5.7.5. Employment 61 5.7.6. Income 61 5.7.7. Housing 62 5.7.8. Services 62

6 WATER RESOURCES 64 6.1. Scope of Work 64 6.2. Methodology 64 6.3. Overview of the Geology of the Area 65 6.3.1. Structural Geology 68 6.3.2. Grootegeluk Coal Deposits 72 6.4. Regional hydrology 72 6.4.1. Regional groundwater occurrence and aquifers 73 6.4.2. Hydrogeology of the Preferred Sites 74 6.4.3. Groundwater use 80

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6.4.4. Ambient hydrochemistry 80 6.4.5. Aquifer Classification 81 6.5. Surface Water hydrology 82 6.5.1. Current surface water supply 85 6.5.2. DWAF Studies 88 6.5.3. Possible water augmentation sources 91 6.5.4. Water supply to the proposed power station from 92 current water infrastructure 6.6. Existing Matimba Power Station 92 6.6.1. Power Station Infrastructure 95 6.6.2. Power station geology and hydrology 95 6.6.3. Power station monitoring 96 6.6.4. Impact Assessment Regarding existing Matimba power 102 Station 6.7. Preferred Site Study 102 6.7.1. Threat Factor 103 6.7.2. Barrier Factor 104 6.7.3. Resource Factor 105 6.7.4. Site Suitability 105 6.8. Risk Assessment 108 6.8.1. Description of intention 108 6.8.2. Hazard identification 108 6.8.3. An estimation of the probability and magnitude of the 108 consequences of the hazard(s) 6.8.4. A risk estimate 111 6.8.5. Overall risk assessment 111 6.9. Emission Control Technologies 115 6.9.1. Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Technologies 115 6.9.2. Waste 116 6.9.3. Surface Water 117 6.9.4. Groundwater 118 6.9.5. Risk Assessment (FGD Impacts) 118 6.10. Conclusions 125 6.11. Recommendations 126

7 ECOLOGY 127 7.1. Introduction 127 7.2. Scope & Limitations 127 7.3. Methodology 128 7.3.1. General Floristic Attributes 128 7.3.2. Red Data Flora Investigation 129 7.3.3. General Faunal Assessment 129 7.3.4. Red Data Fauna Assessment 130 7.3.5. Ecological Sensitivity Analysis 132

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7.3.6. Ecological Impact Evaluation 133 7.4. Regional Overview 134 7.4.1. Regional Overview of the Flora 134 7.4.2. Regional Overview of the Fauna 137 7.5. Flora of the Study Area 139 7.5.1. Floristic Species Diversity 139 7.5.2. Vegetation Communities 143 7.5.3. Red Data Flora Species 149 7.5.4. Protected Tree Species 149 7.6. Fauna of the Study Area 150 7.6.1. Faunal Diversity 150 7.6.2. Faunal Status 157 7.6.3. Red Data Fauna Species 158 7.7. Sensitive Habitat Types 163 7.8. Ecological Impact Assessment 164 7.8.1. Identification of Potential Impacts 165 7.8.2. Results 166 7.8.3. Discussion 170 7.9. Conclusions and Recommendations 171

8 GEOLOGY, SOILS AND AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL 172 8.1. Geology 172 8.1.1. Preferred Site Geology 172 8.1.2. The Grootegeluk Coal Deposits 172 8.2. Geotechnical Studies 173 8.3. Soils and Agricultural Potential 174 8.3.1. Site Characteristics 174 8.3.2. Methodology 176 8.3.3. Soils 176 8.3.4. Agricultural Potential 182 8.3.5. Conclusions and Recommendations 182

9 AIR QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT 184 9.1. Introduction 184 9.1.1. Terms of Reference 185 9.1.2. Project Description 186 9.1.3. Sensitive Receptors 188 9.1.4. Limitations and Assumptions 188 9.1.5. Outline of Report 190 9.2. Atmospheric Emission Limits and Ambient Air Quality 190 Criteria 9.2.1. DEAT Permit Requirements for Scheduled Processes 190 9.2.2. Local and International Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 191 and Standards

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9.2.3. Inhalation Health Risk Evaluation Criteria for Metals 201 (and Sulphur Dioxide) 9.2.4. UK Banding Approach and Dose-response Thresholds for 209 Sulphur Dioxide 9.2.5. Potential for Damage to Metals 213 9.2.6. Vegetation Exposures to Air Pollution 216 9.3. Climatology and Atmospheric Dispersion Potential 219 9.3.1. Synoptic Climatology and Regional Atmospheric 220 Dispersion Potential 9.3.2. Meso-scale Atmospheric Dispersion Potential 224 9.4. Existing Sources of Emission and Baseline Air Quality 228 9.4.1. Existing Sources of atmospheric Emission 228 9.4.2. Measured Baseline Air Quality 244 9.4.3. Modelled Air Pollutant Concentration and Deposition due 261 to Existing Power Station Operations 9.4.4. Conclusions regarding Baseline Air Quality 273 9.5. Emissions Inventory For Matimba B Operations 275 9.5.1. Construction Phase 275 9.5.2. Operational Phase 276 9.6. Compliance and Air Quality Impact Assessment 279 9.6.1. Dispersion Model Results 279 9.6.2. Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Limits 280 9.6.3. Potential for Health Effects 295 9.6.4. Potential for Vegetation Injury and Corrosion 307 9.6.5. Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 314 9.6.6. Significance Rating of Proposed Power Station 315 Configurations 9.7. Recommendations and Conclusions 318 9.7.1. Baseline Air Quality Study Findings 318 9.7.2. Compliance and Air Quality Impact Assessment for 320 Proposed Power Station 9.7.3. Mitigation Recommendations 326

10 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 328 10.1 Introduction 328 10.2. Scope and Limitations 329 10.3. Methodology for the Assessment of the Visual Impact 331 10.3.1. General 331 10.3.2. Potential Visual Exposure 331 10.3.3. Visual Distance/Observer proximity to the facility 332 10.3.4. Viewer Incidence/Viewer Perception 333 10.3.5. Visual Absorption Capacity of the natural vegetation 334 10.3.6. Visual Impact Index 335 10.4. Regional Overview 335

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10.4.1. Description of the affected environmental 335 10.4.2. Site Description 336 10.5. Site Specific Results 336 10.5.1. Visual Impact Index – power station 336 10.5.2. Visual Impact index – ash dump 338 10.5.3. Issues related to the visual impact of the power station 338 10.5.4. Issues related to the visual impact of the ancillary 344 infrastructure 10.5.5. Conveyor Belt Alignment Options 347 10.5.6 Steenbokpan road re-alignment option 349 10.6. Conclusions and recommendations 350

11 TOURISM 353 11.1. Introduction 353 11.2. Methodology 353 11.2.1. Assumptions and Limitations 353 11.3. Background 354 11.3.1. Relevant Acts and Polices 354 11.3.2. Implications for Development 357 11.3.3. Tourism in South Africa 358 11.3.4. Tourism in Limpopo Province 359 11.3.5. Tourism in and around Lephalale 360 11.3.6. Future Tourism in and around Lephalale 364 11.4. Findings of Site Selection process 365 11.5. Evaluation of Impacts Relating to the Tourism Industry 365 11.5.1. Visual Impact relative to tourism 366 11.5.2. Noise Impact relative to tourism 367 11.5.3. Land use relative to Tourism 369 11.5.4. Corporate Demand 371 11.6. Conclusions 373 11.7. Recommendations 374

12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCES 375 12.1. Definitions and Assumptions 376 12.2. Legislative requirements 376 12.2.1. South African Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 376 1999) 12.2.2. Environmental Conservation Act (Act No 73 of 1989) 378 12.3. Methodology 378 12.3.1. Primary Investigation 378 12.3.2. Field Survey 378 12.3.3. Documentation 378 12.3.4. Standardised Set of Conventions used to Assess the 379 Impact of Projects on Cultural resources

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12.4. Description of the Area 379 12.5. Survey Results 380 12.5.1. Site number 1 380 12.5.2. Site number 2 381 12.5.3. Site number 3 381 12.6. Discussion 381 12.6.1. Stone Age 382 12.6.2. Iron Age 382 12.6.3. Historical period 382 12.7. Identification of Risk Sources 382 12.8. Conclusion 382

13 TRAFFIC 384 13.1. Status Quo Conditions 384 13.1.1. Provincial Roads and Traffic Volumes in the Surrounding 384 Area 13.1.2. Description of Road Infrastructure 385 13.1.3. Description of Travel patterns 385 13.1.4. Location of Employee Residences 386 13.1.5. Other Transport Infrastructure 386 13.2. Assumptions for Traffic/Transport Impact 386 13.2.1. Proposed Power Station 386 13.2.2. Coal Supply 387 13.2.3. Ash handling 387 13.3. Traffic / Transport Impacts 387 13.3.1. Access Road / Provincial Road Re-alignment Alternatives 387 13.3.3. Construction Traffic 390 13.3.4. Transport of Employees (operational Traffic) 392 13.3.5. Coal Supply Transportation 393 13.3.6. Ash Transportation 394 13.3.7. Transportation of Sorbent for Flue Gas Desulphurisation 394 Plant 13.4. Conclusions 395 13.5. Recommandations 396

14 NOISE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 397 14.1. Introduction 397 14.1.1. Study Areas 397 14.1.2. Details of the Proposed Power Station 397 14.2. Details of the study Area 398 14.2.1. Topography 398 14.2.2. Roads 398 14.2.3. Railway Lines 399 14.2.4. Land Use 399

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14.2.5. Aspects of Acoustical Significance 400 14.3. Methodology 400 14.3.1. General 400 14.3.2. Determination of the Existing Conditions 400 14.3.3. Assessment of Planning/Design Phase and Construction 401 Phase Impacts 14.3.4. Assessment of Operational Phase Impacts 402 14.4. Findings and Assessment of Impact 402 14.4.1. General Details 402 14.4.2. The Existing Ambient Noise Climate 403 14.4.3. Assessment of the Pre-Construction Phase 406 14.4.4. Assessment of the Construction Phase 407 14.4.5. Assessment of the Operational Phase 408 14.5. Mitigation measures 409 14.5.1. Pre-construction Phase 409 14.5.2. Construction Phase 409 14.5.3. Operational Phase 410 14.6. Conclusions 410 14.7. Recommendations 411

15 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 412 15.2. Scope and Limitations 413 15.3. Methodology 414 15.3.1. Refined Social Profile of the Study Area 414 15.3.2. Assessment of alternative alignments for the 414 Steenbokpan Road and Conveyor Belt 15.3.3. Assessment of Social Impacts 415 15.3.4. Rating of Impacts 416 15.3.5. Formulation of Mitigation Measures 419 15.4. Social Profile of the Study Area 419 15.4.1. Demographics 421 15.4.2. Employment and Income 422 15.4.3. Housing and Services 422 15.4.4. Ambient Air Quality of Areas Surrounding the Site 424 15.4.5. Surrounding Farms and other Land Uses 424 15.4.6. Alternative Road and Conveyor Belt Alignments 427 15.5. Assessment of Social Impacts 427 15.5.1. Employment Creation 428 15.5.2. Influx of Job Seekers 429 15.5.3. Social Problems Arising from Population Influx 431 15.5.4. Change in Local Infrastructure Requirements 432 15.5.5. Social Investment Initiatives 434 15.5.6. Effects on Local Farm Owners and Residents 435 15.5.7. Relocation of Households 437

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15.5.8. Safety and Daily Movement Patterns 438 15.5.9. Nomination of Preferred Road and Conveyor Belt 438 Alignments 15.6. Conclusions and Recommendations 439 15.6.1. Summary of Impact Ratings and Mitigation Measures 439 15.6.2. Recommendations 441

16 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 442 16.1. Evaluation of the Proposed Project 443 16.2. Recommendations for Appropriate Mitigation Measures 444 16.2.1. Groundwater Quality 445 16.2.2. Fauna and Flora 446 16.2.3. Ambient Air Quality Impacts 447 16.2.4. Emission Control Technologies 448 16.2.5. Visual / Aesthetic Impacts 449 16.2.6. Tourism 450 16.2.7. Heritage Sites 451 16.2.8. Traffic Impacts 451 16.2.9. Noise Impacts 451 16.2.10 Soils and Agricultural Potential 453 16.2.11 Social Impacts 453 16.3. Assessment of Additional Alternatives 455 16.3.1. Road and Conveyor Belt Alternatives 455 16.3.2. Ash Disposal Alternatives 456 16.3.3. Water Supply Pipeline 457 16.4. Overall Conclusion 457 16.5. Overall Recommendations 457

17 REFERENCES 458

APPENDICES:

Appendix A: Site Layout Plan Appendix B: Acceptance Of The Environmental Scoping Study Appendix C: Acceptance Of The Plan Of Study For EIA Appendix D: Comments From SAHRA Appendix E: I&AP Database Appendix F: Minutes Of I&AP Consultation Undertaken To Date During The EIA Phase Appendix G: Landowner Map Appendix H: Advertisements Appendix Ia: Issues Trail Appendix Ib: I&AP Comments Received To Date Appendix Ic: I&AP Comments Received During Comment Period and

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Relevant Responses Appendix J: EIA Newsletter Appendix K: Site Ranking Matirx From The Environmental Scoping Report Appendix L: Water Consumption Graphic Appendix Ma: DWAF Studies Briefing Paper Appendix Mb: Executive Summary Of The Internal Strategic Perspective: Crocodile West Marico Water Management Area / Crocodile West Catchment Appendix Mc: Executive Summary of the Crocodile (West) River Return Flow Analysis Study Appendix Na: Baseline PRECIS Data Appendix Nb: Impact Evaluation Appendix O: Ecology Photos Appendix P: Extract From DEAT ‘Guidelines For Scheduled Processes’ (1994) Appendix Q: Atmospheric Dispersion Simulation Methodology Appendix R: Atmospheric Dispersion Simulation Results – Air Pollutant Concentrations And Dust Deposition Rates Due To Matimba Power Station Emissions Appendix S: Proposed Matimba B Power Station - Atmospheric Dispersion Simulation Results – Maximum Hourly, Daily And Annual Concentrations Due To Various Power Station Configuration Scenarios Appendix T: Proposed Matimba B Power Station – Potential For Compliance With Air Quality Limits, Health Risks, Vegetation Injury And Corrosion Appendix U: Isopleth Plots Depicting Total Fine Particulate Concentrations And Dustfall Rates Due To Current And Proposed Power Station Emissions (Stack And Fugitive Emissions; Primary And Secondary Particulates Appendix V: Visual Impact Assessment Maps Appendix W: Traffic Impact Appendix X: Traffic Impact Appendix Y: Traffic Impact Appendix Z: Matimba B EIA Rating Scale – Traffic Impact Appendix AA: Glossary Of Terms For The Noise Impact Assessment Appendix AB: Details Of The Noise Measurement Survey And Existing Noise Climate Condition Assessment Appendix AC: Assessment Of Noise Impact Appendix AD: Minutes of the Public Meeting Held 29 March 2006 Appendix AE: Minutes of the Key Stakeholders Workshop Held 30 March 2006 Appendix AF: Quantification of Mercury Emissions

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1. INTRODUCTION

Electricity cannot be stored and must be used as it is generated. Therefore, electricity must be generated in accordance with supply-demand requirements. The main object of Eskom Holdings Limited (Eskom) is to provide energy and related services, including the generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. Eskom currently generates approximately 95% of the electricity used in South Africa. The reliable provision of electricity by Eskom is thus critical for industrial development and related employment and sustainable development in South Africa.

1.1. The Need and Justification for the Proposed Project

1.1.1 Policy Considerations and Strategic Planning

The South African Energy Policy, published in December 1998 by the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) identifies five key objectives, namely:

• Increasing access to affordable energy services; • Improving energy sector governance; • Stimulating economic development; • Managing energy-related environmental impacts; and • Securing supply through diversity.

In order to meet these objectives and the developmental and socio-economic objectives in South Africa, the country needs to optimally use the available energy resources. The South African Government, through the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), the National Electricity Regulator (NER) and Eskom are required to address what can be done to meet these electricity needs both in the short- and long-term.

The Department of Minerals and Energy performs Integrated Energy Planning (IEP) to identify future energy demand and supply requirements. The National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) performs National Integrated Resource Planning (NIRP) to identify the future electricity demand and supply requirements. Similarly, Eskom continually assesses the projected electricity demand and supply through a process called the Integrated Strategic Electricity Plan (ISEP). Through these assessment and planning processes, the most likely future electricity demand based on long-term Southern African economic scenarios is forecasted, and provides the framework for Eskom and South Africa to investigate a wide range of supply and demand-side technologies and options. Eskom’s ISEP provides strategic projections of supply-side and demand-side options to be implemented in order to meet these long-term load forecasts. It provides the framework for Eskom to investigate a wide range of new supply-side

Introduction 1 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province and demand-side technologies, with a view to optimising investments and returns. The most attractive supply-side option identified remains the Return-to- Service of the three mothballed Simunye Power Stations, i.e. Camden, Komati and Grootvlei. These stations are currently being returned to service. A variety of supply side options are being investigated including conventional pulverised fuel power plants, pumped storage schemes, gas-fired power plants, nuclear plants (PBMR), greenfield fluidised bed combustion technologies, renewable energy technologies (mainly wind and solar projects), and import options within the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). As older Eskom power plant will reach the end of their design life by 2025, the use of all available technologies will need to be exploited in order to supply the country’s growing electricity demand.

1.1.2 Growth in electricity demand and reduction in surplus capacity

The demand for electricity in South Africa has grown, on average, at more than 4% over the past few years, with a concomitant reduction in the surplus generating capacity. The DME, NERSA and Eskom planning processes all indicate that South Africa will require an additional 5 000 MW of electricity within the next 5 years, with this consisting of both base load electricity generating capacity1 and peaking electricity generating capacity2. The processes also indicate that new base load capacity will be required by approximately 2010. In 2004, the South African Cabinet took the decision that Eskom will build approximately 70% of the new capacity required in South Africa. The balance is expected to come from Independent Power Producers (IPPs).

For base load capacity, the selection of the preferred alternative from those being investigated is required as a matter of urgency to enable the first unit of the chosen plant to be commissioned in 2010.

1.2. Alternatives

1.2.1 Primary energy resource alternative

The outcomes of the IEP, NIRP and ISEP planning processes described above identified that South Africa will be dependant on coal as a primary energy source for electricity generation for many years into the future. With the current production levels, coal reserves are estimated at 200 years (Chamber of Mines, 2002; cited in Eskom Research Report, 2002). The NER drew the following

1 "Base load electricity generating capacity" refers to power station technology designed specifically to generate electricity continuously for all hours of the day and night. 2 "Peaking electricity generating capacity" refers to power station technology designed specifically to generate electricity during periods of very high demand for electricity, normally on weekday mornings around 07:00 to 09:00 and weekday evenings around 18:00 to 20:00.

Introduction 2 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province conclusion in their National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP) (reference NER NIRP2 available from the NER website www.ner.org.za):

“Options for diversification are insufficient to meet all of the forecast demand for electricity over the next 20-year planning horizon. Coal-fired options are still required for expansion during this period.”

The need to construct a new coal-fired power station in order to assist Eskom in adequately providing for the growing electricity demand was identified through Eskom’s ISEP process. Through screening and feasibility studies undertaken by Eskom for various Eskom facilities, the construction of a new coal-fired power station in the Lephalale (previously Ellisras) area was identified as a feasible option.

1.2.2 Process followed to determine the preferred coal fired option location

• Regional location Potential sites were identified based on the high level criteria discussed in Chapter 2. Three locations have been identified for further investigation based on this process. The locations are Kendal North, Vaal South and Lephalale. These locations are not alternatives; if the necessary approvals are obtained all three of these location options may be implemented to meet the future base load demand.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for this location option was initiated in February 2005. EIA’s for the other two location options were initiated at the beginning of 2006.

• Local site alternatives A strategic analysis was undertaken by Eskom in order to identify feasible alternative sites for the establishment of the proposed new power station (terrace) and associated infrastructure within the Lephalale area. This analysis considered technical, economic and environmental criteria. From a high-level screening study undertaken in 1998, it was concluded that there was the potential to establish a new power station in close proximity to the existing Matimba Power Station. In order to minimise the technical and environmental costs associated with the transportation of the fuel source to the power station, it was determined that the most feasible sites would be close to the existing Grootegeluk Mine. Criteria in terms of sterilisation of coal resources and major risks to the operations of the Mine or existing power station were also taken into consideration.

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1.2.3 Technology selection process and criteria

• Sub-critical vs Super-critical The feasibility phase of the project considered both sub- and super-critical pulverised fuel technologies for implementation. Through the technical and financial evaluation processes followed during the feasibility phase, it emerged that the super-critical option is the preferred technology solution. The term “super-critical” refers to the critical transition point of water to steam at pressures over 22 MPa. Super-critical units typically refer to main steam conditions of 24 to 30 MPa and 538 to 600ºC, with a single reheat stage at 566 to 600ºC. The super-critical boiler is a once through design which (with sliding pressure) means that heating, evaporating, and super-heating of the incoming feed water are completed within a single pass through the evaporator tubes and therefore does not require the use of a steam drum to separate and re-circulate water during normal operation. This technology provides improved cycle efficiency and hence improved environmental performance.

The three primary factors driving the resultant conclusion were: ∗ An improvement in reliability of supercritical units to the same level as those currently achievable in sub-critical units. ∗ A reduction in the capital cost difference between sub-critical and supercritical plant to the extent that they are indistinguishable on a levelised lifecycle cost basis. ∗ Improved environmental performance of supercritical units due to the higher efficiencies, which became the differentiating factor in the selection of super-critical over sub-critical PF technology.

The benefits of super-critical technology are: ∗ Increased gross efficiencies. This increase in efficiency results in a reduction in coal consumption of approximately 5%. ∗ A reduction in emissions in the order of 5%. ∗ Super-critical plant performance in terms of availability indicators is comparable to that of current Eskom plant performance according to a VGB report "Availability of Thermal Power Plants" for the operation period from 1995-2004.

The levelised cost difference between sub-critical and super-critical technologies is extremely small and does not support the selection of one technology over the other based on financial grounds. Improved environmental performance of super-critical units due to the higher efficiencies, becomes the differentiating factor in the selection of super-critical over sub-critical PF technology.

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Further investigation was also conducted during the feasibility phase to clarify the appropriate unit size and cooling technology to be implemented. In addition an assessment on flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) technologies available was performed and recommendations were made on the preferred technology choice, should the implementation of FGD be required.

Based on the technological and financial assessments conducted during the feasibility study a detailed User Requirement Specification was produced and approved by Eskom’s Generation Division.

• Low NOx burners The proposed power station in the Lephalale area will be fitted with low turndown burners to improve the ignition and flame stability over an extended load range.

• Cooling technology options Water usage is reduced from approximately 2,0 to approximately 0,1 – 0,2 litres per kWh of electricity sent out by using either one of two different non- evaporative cooling techniques: indirect cooling with dry-cooled heat exchangers within a conventional natural draught tower, and direct dry-cooled condensing heat exchangers installed above forced draught fans, situated just outside the power station’s turbine generator hall. These technologies have already been employed by Eskom at Grootvlei unit 5, Matimba, Kendal and Majuba Power Stations.

• Size of the generating units Unit sizes in Eskom show a change upwards from 600 MWe to 660 MWe from Lethabo onwards. The latest coal fired units in Eskom are Majuba units 4, 5 and 6 at 713 MWe. The following considerations were taken into account in determining the preferred unit size for the proposed power station in the Lephalale area: ∗ Larger unit capacity results in lower levelised investment cost. ∗ The construction lead time difference between 800 MWe and 1000 MWe units, from “Notice to Proceed” to “Commercial Operation” of the first unit is 5,5 months. ∗ The performance in terms of availability indicators for different unit capacities are almost the same, however super-critical units tend to be slightly higher than sub-critical units. ∗ The Matimba, Kendal and Majuba dry cooling designs are currently the largest of their type in the world. There are currently no dry cooled power stations at 800 to 1000 MWe size.

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∗ World experience shows that most supercritical units in operation are of the 700 MWe size range and larger units operating at supercritical conditions are limited in number.

Based on the above considerations, the size of the proposed power station in the Lephalale area should be greater than or equal to the size of the latest installed units such as Majuba to ensure reasonable economies of scale, however the unit size will be limited by proven design criteria relevant to dry cooling size, where the size of the turbine utilised should at least have a proven track record under dry cooling conditions at this capacity.

1.3 Environmental Study Requirements

In terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations published in terms of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989), Eskom Holdings Limited requires authorisation from the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in consultation with the Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (L DEDET) for the undertaking of the proposed project. In order to obtain authorisation for this project, comprehensive, independent environmental studies have been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulations.

Eskom appointed Bohlweki Environmental (as independent consultants) to undertake environmental studies together with a team of specialists to identify and assess all potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed project.

The environmental studies followed a two-phased approach in accordance with the EIA Regulations published in terms of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989) i.e.:

• Phase 1: Environmental Scoping Study • Phase 2: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

This Environmental Impact Report evaluates potential environmental impacts associated with all aspects of the proposed project as identified in the Environmental Scoping Study. In terms of the EIA Regulations, feasible alternatives were evaluated within the Scoping Study (refer to Chapter 4 for a summary of this site selection process). The Environmental Scoping study recommended the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ as the feasible preferred sites for the development, and identified further studies that would be required within the EIA phase of the project. These studies are detailed in Chapters 6 to 15).

Introduction 6 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

In order to be able to adequately provide for the growing electricity demand, Eskom propose to construct a new power station with a maximum capacity of 4 800 MegaWatts (MW) in the Lephalale area in the vicinity of the existing Matimba Power Station. The power station will be coal-fired, and coal will be sourced from local coalfields.

2.1 The Proposed Power Station

The Power Station is proposed to ultimately have a maximum installed capacity of up to 4800 MW (6 x 800 MW units), but the first phase to be constructed and operated will be approximately half that installed capacity (i.e. 3 x 800 MW units). The exact output will depend on the specification of the equipment installed and the ambient operating conditions. The footprint of the proposed new power station is still to be determined through final engineering and design, but has been indicated by Eskom that the new facility will be similar in size (ground footprint) to the existing Matimba Power Station. The power plant and associated plant (terrace area) would require an area of approximately 700 ha, and an additional estimated 500 - 1000 ha would be required for ancillary services, including ashing facilities (alternate ash disposal options are, however, currently being investigated).

It is envisaged that the proposed power station will utilise a range of technologies pertaining to cooling, combustion and pollution abatement. The environmental studies undertaken will attempt to assist with the determination of these. The proposed power station will be a dry-cooled station. The use of dry-cooled technology is necessitated as a result of the water availability in the area. The power station would be a zero liquid effluent discharge station, particulate emissions will be less than 50mg/Sm3 and due to the relatively low sulphur content of the coal Sulphur dioxide emissions will not have a significant impact. Gaseous emissions will be monitored and the need for emission reduction technology will be established in this EIA.

It is anticipated that the power station would source coal from the local coalfields, and it would be delivered to the power station via conveyor belts. The Grootegeluk Colliery, which also services the existing power station, is located to the immediate west of Matimba Power Station. An estimated 7 million tonnes per year of coal is required in order to supply the proposed power station.

The Power Station is proposed to be constructed and commissioned in phases in order to meet the growing demand of electricity. Appropriate technology alternatives have been investigated by Eskom from a technical and economic feasibility perspective through pre-feasibility studies. All Eskom's existing

Description of the Proposed Project 7 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province operational coal-fired power stations utilise pulverised fuel technology (PF). The first phase of this proposed power station will consist of 3 units, each with a nominal installed capacity of between approximately 700 and 800 MW, pulverised fuel combustion. The second phase (timing, capacity and technology) will be decided upon in due course through the Eskom approval processes. The preferred technology will be nominated based on the findings of Eskom’s feasibility studies (technical and economic). The decisions regarding technology alternatives will determine the number of units required and exact output, as this is dependant on the specification of the equipment and the ambient operating conditions.

The proposed power station would be similar to the existing Matimba Power Station in terms of operation, design and dimensions. The power station structure would be approximately 130 m high and approximately 500 m wide. The required stacks would be approximately 220 m in height. Direct-cooling technology will be applied, hence no cooling towers will be constructed. Other related infrastructure would include a coal stockpile, conveyor belts, and an ash dump, with infrastructure such as transmission lines being planned to integrate the station into the national electricity grid. The EIA for the Transmission lines is a separate process and has been initiated. The proposed power station layout plan is included in Appendix A.

The two feasible technology alternatives were considered for the Proposed Power Station namely Pulverised Fuel Combustion (PF) and Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC). PF combustion technology is the preferred technology for the first phase, and the feasibility of using FBC combustion technology for the second phase of the project, is still being considered.

Technology alternatives are discussed further in section 2.4.

2.1.1 How is electricity generated?

The process of generating electricity within a power station can be summarised as follows:

• Fuel: Coal is fed from the coal mine to a stockpile at the power station via conveyor belts. Coal is fed into pulverising mills which grind the coal to dust. A stream of air blasts this powdered coal to the boiler burners in the furnace where it burns like a gas. More coal is required with increased capacity. • Boiler: Heat released by the burning coal is absorbed by many kilometres of tubing which form the boiler walls. Inside the tubes, water is converted to steam at high temperature and pressure.

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• Steam turbines: This superheated steam passes to the turbines where it is discharged onto the turbine blades. The energy of the steam expanding in the turbines causes the turbine to spin. • Generator: Coupled to the turbine shaft is the rotor of the generator. The rotor is a cylindrical electromagnet which spins inside large coils of copper to generate electricity. • Transmission: The electricity that has been produced passes from the generator to a transformer where the voltage is raised to the transmission voltage of 400 kV. • Cooling: After exhausting its energy in the turbines, the steam in the boiler water circuit is required to be condensed so that it can be pumped back to the boiler for reheating.

2.2 Project Alternatives

In terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, feasible alternatives were required to be considered within the Environmental Scoping Study. All identified, feasible alternatives were required to be evaluated in terms of social, biophysical, economic and technical factors.

A key challenge of the EIA process is the consideration of alternatives. Most guidelines use terms such as ‘reasonable’, ‘practicable’, ‘feasible’ or ‘viable’ to define the range of alternatives that should be considered. Essentially there are two types of alternatives:

• incrementally different (modifications) alternatives to the project; and • fundamentally (totally) different alternatives to the project.

Fundamentally different alternatives are usually assessed at a strategic level, and EIA practitioners recognise the limitations of project-specific EIAs to address fundamentally different alternatives. Electricity Generating alternatives have been addressed as part of the National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP) from the National Electricity Regulator (NER) and the Integrated Strategic Electricity Plan (ISEP) undertaken by Eskom which is in line with the NIRP. Environmental aspects are considered and integrated into the NIRP and ISEP using the strategic environmental assessment approach, focussing on environmental life-cycle assessments, water-related issues and climate change considerations. The Environmental Scoping Study, thus, only considered alternatives considered in terms of the proposed new coal-fired power station in the Lephalale area, and did not evaluate any other power generation options being considered by Eskom.

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2.2.1. The 'Do Nothing' Alternative

The ‘do-nothing’ alternative is the option of not establishing a new coal-fired power station at a site in Lephalale, Limpopo Province.

The electricity demand in South Africa is placing increasing pressure on Eskom’s existing power generation capacity. South Africa is expected to require additional peaking capacity by 2007, and baseload capacity by 2010, depending on the average growth rate. This has put pressure on the existing installed capacity to be able to meet the energy demands into the future. The 'do nothing' option will, therefore, result in these electricity demands not being met in the short-term. This has serious short- to medium-term implications for socio-economic development in South Africa.

Without the new proposed coal-fired power station in Lephalale, an alternative means of generating an additional 4 800 MW capacity would be required to be sought from another power generation source. Such alternatives include amongst others, Combined Cycle Gas Turbine, regional hydro power, investigating and promoting energy efficiency, researching and demonstrating renewable energy, this includes a 100MW solar thermal plant, in the longer term Nuclear and the optimal use of operating power stations.

Eskom have identified that a wide range of capacity options are required to be developed simultaneously in order to successfully meet the future electricity needs of South Africa. Alternative energy sources such as gas and wind power may have benefits in terms of some biophysical and social aspects, but must be considered in terms of quality and quantity of supply, cost, efficiency, available timeframes and associated environmental impacts.

Without the implementation of this project, the electricity network will not be able to function at full capacity, and the greater power supply will be compromised in the near future. This has potentially significant negative impacts on economic growth and social well-being. Therefore, the no-go option is not considered as a feasible option on this proposed project.

2.3 Location Alternatives for the Establishment of a New Coal-fired Power Station within South Africa

In determining the most appropriate sites for the establishment of a new coal- fired power station within South Africa, various options were investigated by Eskom. This site selection process considered the following criteria:

∗ Sufficient proven coal reserves for a power station operational life of at least 40 years. The level of confidence for these coal reserves needs to be

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high. Once there is confidence that the coal field is acceptable, it must be possible to deliver the coal to the proposed power station in an acceptable time period, in volumes as required by the power station. The quality parameters of the coal must be acceptable and fairly constant over the life of the proposed power station. ∗ Cost of fuel is a critical consideration since it impacts long term electricity pricing and the economics of each project. The geology of the coal field and the infrastructure needed to mine the coal are important cost factors. ∗ Sufficient quantities of water have to be available in the area, or it must be relatively easy and quick to transfer sufficient quantities of water to the area. The cost of the water must also not be prohibitive. ∗ Suitable and sufficient land on which to build the proposed power station must be available as close as possible to the coal source. Numerous factors are important here, for instance the geotechnical study results indicating the suitability of the foundation conditions for the new plant. ∗ The distance to the nearest existing Transmission High Voltage network has to be evaluated. The cost of integrating into the existing network, the strengthening of that network and whether the upgrading of this network falls in line with the long term electrification plans for the area. ∗ The area where the proposed power station is to be located must preferably be an area where the airshed (air quality) is not already degraded. Whilst it is possible to mitigate atmospheric pollution, it is still preferable to avoid already highly stressed locations/airsheds. Should flue gas desulphurisation be required, the availability and cost of sufficient sorbent supply is an important consideration.

All of the above factors were translated into financial figures and a levelised cost for each location option was obtained. The 3 different coal options, at different locations, showed different calculated cost figures for capital expenditure, operating & maintenance expenditure and fuel cost, finally leading to a direct power cost for each option.

These costs were then adjusted taking into account the following factors: ∗ Inherent project risk ∗ Stage of project development uncertainty premium ∗ Diversification benefit, and ∗ Impacts from transmission integration

The total adjusted cost figure for each location option was then considered. The evaluation confirmed that all three location options were appropriate for further investigation. The EIA for the Lephalale was initiated in 2005 and the EIA for the other two sites in 2006.

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2.4 Site Alternatives Identified within the Lephalale Area for the Establishment of a New Coal-fired Power Station

A strategic analysis was undertaken by Eskom in order to identify feasible alternative sites for the establishment of the proposed new power station (terrace) and associated infrastructure within the Lephalale area. This analysis considered technical, economic and environmental criteria. From a high-level screening study undertaken in 1998, it was concluded that there was the potential to establish a new power station in close proximity to the existing Matimba Power Station. In order to minimise the technical and environmental costs associated with the transportation of the fuel source to the power station, it was determined that the most feasible sites would be close to the existing Grootegeluk Mine. Criteria in terms of sterilisation of coal resources and major risks to the operations of the Mine or existing power station were also taken into consideration.

A significant concern in terms of the siting of a new power station in close proximity to the existing Matimba Power Station was the risks associated with interference from the cooling system of one power station on the other. In this regard significant analysis was necessary to determine the potential influence of the proposed power station on the existing Matimba Power Station, and vice- versa prior to finalising the alternative sites identified for investigation.

In addition to the above technical and economic criteria, the selection of potential sites was significantly influenced by the position of two major fault lines within the study area, i.e. the Eenzaamheid and Daarby Faults. In the case of the Daarby Fault the level of coal drops by 300 m from the sub-surface coal found at Grootegeluk Mine. It is considered unlikely that in the life of the power station there will be any mining operations in this area due to the logistics of mining and hence the temporary sterilisation of the land on this site for the life of the power station, and this is not considered to be a limiting factor. No coal exists south of the Eenzaamheid fault.

The sites adjacent to the mine pit were all evaluated, and it was concluded that there were no fatal flaws associated with the farms Eenzaamheid, Nauwontkomen, Nelsonskop and Appelvlakte. Therefore, these were considered for the establishment of the power station and associated plant (terraced area). The farm Hanglip was considered to be flawed for various reasons, including the fact that the site is currently congested with transmission lines. The Eskom- owned properties of Zongezien and Peerboom were not identified as suitable sites through this analysis mainly as a result of their distance from the existing Mining operations and their location close to existing and planned residential development.

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It was further concluded that any other site would be significantly more distant from the mine pit than the four previously identified sites. As such these sites would only be considered at a later stage for the power station development should all four of the identified sites be found to be unsuitable through detailed environmental and technical evaluations.

Through this analysis, the farms Appelvlakte, Nelsonskop, Eenzaamheid and Nauwontkomen were identified as suitable sites for the establishment of the power station or ancillary infrastructure. In addition to these sites, Droogeheuvel, Zongezien, Kromdraai and Kuipersbult were also identified as additional suitable sites for the establishment of ancillary infrastructure and possibly a temporary construction camp.

The Environmental Scoping Study evaluated all eight farms and nominated the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ as the preferred farms for the establishment of the power station and ancillary infrastructure respectively. These two farms have undergone detailed investigation during the EIA phase of the project, the results of which are included in Chapters 6 – 15.

2.4.1 Road and Conveyor Belt Alternatives

Due to the outcome of the Environmental Scoping Study, additional alternative studies were required with regards to ancillary infrastructure. The nomination of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ for the establishment of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure resulted in the need to identify and evaluate alternative alignments for a coal supply conveyor as well as the re-alignment of the Steenbok pan road. These alternatives are illustrated in Figure 2.1 and are evaluated as part of the detailed assessments undertaken by the specialist team.

• Road realignment

The nomination of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ has resulted in the need to re-align the Steenbokpan road. Two alternatives were identified and evaluated. The northern alternative deviates from the existing Steenbokpan road in a northwesterly direction following the northern boundries of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ until it intersects the existing Steenbokpan road to the west of the farm Eenzaamheid. The southern alternative deviates from the existing Steenbokpan road turning off in a southeastern direction following the southern boundary of the Farm Naawontkomen, the alignment turns north to follow the boundary between the farms Eenzaamheid and Naauwontkomen and then turns west to align with the northern alternative. Figure 2.1 illustrates the northern and southern alternatives of this realignment.

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• Conveyor Belt Alternatives

Two conveyor belt alignments were identified. The eastern alignment runs from the Grootegeluk mine in a south-easterly direction along the existing railway line, turning southwards towards the farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ. The western alignment follows a shorter alignment cutting through the farm Enkelbult and Turfvlakte in a southerly direction towards the farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ. Figure 2.1 illustrates the eastern and western alternatives for the conveyor belt.

Figure 2.1: Map showing the road and conveyor belt alternatives

2.4.2. Water Supply Pipeline Alignment

The construction phase of the new power station will required significant amounts of water (both potable and raw water), therefore water pipelines will be required for the provision of potable and raw water for this construction phase. It is proposed that the potable and raw water be piped from the existing Matimba Power station (or existing water supply pipelines located close-by) to the new site along the existing ash conveyor servitude, along a section of provincial road (Steenbokpan Road) and into the new proposed site.

Pipelines are recommended for the delivery of potable and raw water as the only alternative would be to provide water via water tankers, however, this would increase the amount of traffic on the road significantly specifically at the peak of construction.

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The pipeline is approximately 5 km in length and will traverse over Eskom owned property for the majority of its length. Approximately 1,5 – 2,0 km will traverse over either private land or within a provincial road servitude. Figure 2.2 illustrates the proposed alignment of the pipeline.

Figure 2.2: A map illustrating the proposed pipeline alignment (yellow line).

2.5 Feasible Technology Alternatives

2.5.1 Cooling Technology

The new power station is proposed to be dry-cooled, largely as a result of the limited water supply in the Lephalale area. This technology is less water intensive than power stations utilising conventional wet-cooling systems. The dry cooled systems currently used in Eskom utilise <0,2 l/kWh (litres of water per electricity unit sent out), which equates to approximately 3 million cubic metres of water per annum for a typical 2100 MW installed power station. In comparison, wet cooled systems currently used in Eskom, utilise approximately 1.8 l/kWh, which equates to approximately 27 million cubic metres of water per annum for a typical 2100 MW installed power station. Advantages and disadvantages of dry-cooling technology include:

• Advantages ∗ A dry cooled plant shows no visible wet plumes, e.g. fogs, shadow or ice.

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∗ This technology assists with water conservation and thus increases plant- siting flexibility. ∗ The use of dry cooled units will therefore meet the necessary environmental requirements and subsequent water conservation needs.

• Disadvantages ∗ Expected 2% loss in nett efficiency1, making this technology a more expensive option.

There are two types of equally proven dry cooling systems, namely direct and indirect.

In a direct dry system, the steam is condensed directly by air in a heat exchanger (air cooled condenser) and the condensate is returned to the steam cycle in a closed loop. Most part of the condensation takes place in the condenser section at a near constant temperature, however 2-4°C below the saturation temperature corresponding to the turbine backpressure. Another section of the heat exchanger serves for condensing the remaining steam with higher air content, therefore it takes place in a gradually decreasing temperature with a significantly lower heat transfer coefficient due to the increasing partial pressure of the air. The air flow is induced solely by mechanical draft at all the existing direct air cooled condensers.

With indirect dry cooling, cooled water from cooling tower flows through recovery hydraulic turbines connected in parallel and is used in preferably a direct contact jet condenser to condense steam from the steam turbine. The condensation takes place practically at the temperature corresponding to the turbine backpressure. The mixed cooling water and condensate are then extracted from the bottom of the condenser by circulating water pumps. A portion of this flow (corresponding to the amount of steam condensed) is fed to the boiler feed water system by condensate booster pumps. The major part of the flow, discharged by the circulating water pumps, is returned to the tower for cooling. The cooling deltas (water-to-air heat exchangers) dissipate the heat from the cycle.

Eskom investigated which dry-cooling system would be utilised and implemented at the proposed new power station, direct dry cooling technology was selected.

2.5.2 Combustion Technology

In terms of combustion technology, the proposed new power station, like the existing Matimba Power Station, is proposed to make use of pulverised fuel (PF) technology, with particular reference to phase one of the proposed project. With

1 Definition of Nett Efficiency: the total sent out power/heat input

Description of the Proposed Project 16 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province this technology, coal is first pulverised, then blown into a furnace where it is combusted at high temperatures. The resulting heat is used to raise steam, which drives a steam turbine and generator. Recent advances in technology such as the possibility of using a higher efficiency combustion process (supercritical combustion) will result in the new power station’s thermal efficiency being up to 40% (compared to approximately 34% of older power stations), resulting in a reduced environmental impact as less coal has to be burned to produce the same amount of energy. The use of PF technology may result in the need to ensure that an emissions control technology is utilised to control emissions such as SO2. This will be discussed in Chapter 9 (Air Quality Impact Assessment).

2.5.3 Ash Disposal Alternatives

Under normal circumstances, ash disposal at a power plant would require disposal to land i.e. an ash dump. The ash dumps are usually located in close proximity to the power station and ash is transported via conveyor belts for disposal on the dump. This method was the only alternative for Ash disposal considered during the Environmental Scoping Study. However, the possibility exists that in the future Eskom may be able to dispose of ash by ashing back into the pit at the Grootgeluk mine.

To consider this alternative a detailed evaluation must be completed. Eskom and Kumba will have to consider the results of this study prior to reaching agreement to ash back in the pit. Therefore, a decision was taken that the EIA would evaluate the aspects associated with an ash dump for the proposed power station and the ancillary infrastructure. It is anticipated that the environmental study for ashing back into the pit will be completed prior to the operation of the power station.

Ashing in the pit would lengthen the life of the ashing facility proposed for the new proposed power station. The site layout plan (Appendix A) outlines the 50 year plan for the ashing facility in the event that the only ash on an ash dam applies (i.e. the construction of a 6 unit power station and the disposal of ash to land). The 50 year plan clearly shows that if alternative ashing disposal technologies are not utilised the footprint of the ashing facility would exceed the size of the farm Eenzaamheid and hence require additional land.

The additional requirement for land would involve the potential need for the farm Kromdraai. This farm was evaluated during the Environmental Scoping Study but was not nominated as a preferred site (see Chapter 4). The ecological impacts on this farm were considered of a high significance, however, no fatal flaws were identified. In the event that this additional land is required in the future, (approximately 30 years time) additional detailed studies on this property will be

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2.5.4. Emissions Control Technologies

Since 1995, the approach to air quality management in South Africa was informed and driven by the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (Act No. 45 of 1965) (APPA). This Act was not adequate to facilitate the implementation of the principles underpinning the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and the Integrated Pollution and Waste Management (IP&WM) white paper.

The National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) (NEMAQA) came into effect on the 11th September 2005. Sections 21, 22, 36 to 49, 51(1)(e), 51(1)(f), 51(3), 60 and 61 are currently excluded. Parts of these Sections pertain to the “licensing” sections of NEMAQA and as stated have not yet been effected. APPA still regulates scheduled activities for 18 – 24 months.

Eskom, the major user of coal in South Africa, has for many years had electrostatic devises or Pulse Jet Fabric filters fitted to their plant to reduce particulate emissions.

The sulphur content of South African coals is relatively low hence the impact associated with these emissions from power stations is limited. The stacks at most of Eskom power stations are designed high enough to emit well above the inversion layer, which improves dispersion, limiting high concentrations at ground level.

As Eskom have proposed to construct an additional power station in the Lephalale area, it is considering the incremental effect of impacts on air quality. Should it be modelled or predicted that sulphur dioxide concentrations at ground level are outside of allowable limits then suitable emission reduction technologies will have to be considered.

Eskom has conducted an extensive review of (SO2) emission removal. The emission removal techniques include the introduction of a sorbent to effectively remove SO2.

Eskom assessed the various technologies based on the following criteria: -

• Resource availability (availability of limestone or dolomite) • Proven technology (the technology must be commercially proven) • Must effectively reduce source emissions so that ground level standards can be complied with.

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• Risk associated with using the technology must be low • Must be economically viable

The most suitable flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technologies for the proposed power station includes the use of wet or dry (semi-wet) scrubbers. These technologies allow for the introduction of calcium (Ca), which removes the SO2 through the formation of calcium sulphite (CaSO3) or calcium sulphate (CaSO4).

The following justifications were made following the screening:

• Wet and Semi-dry technologies are commercially proven to remove in excess of 90% SO2 on a scale of 700MWe unit sizing and above. • Sea-water scrubbing, being the other technology which could be applied in this specific scenario, has been precluded due to logistical constraints of the station position and sea-water location. • Sorbent injection into the furnace was precluded for this power generating option, due to the fact that it is not commercially proven on large-size units such as those proposed for the new power station. • Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) is the process of removing sulphur oxides, primarily SO2, from the combustion gases (Reinhold, 2004).

• Wet process In the wet FGD process, flue gases are brought into contact with an absorber

(scrubber). The SO2 reacts with the absorbent (Ca) or dissolves into the

solution to form a CaSO3 or CaSO4 slurry.

Wet scrubbers are most widely used throughout the world and are proven to

reach 90% SO2 removal.

The Ca slurry sorbent allows for the removal of SO2 through the reaction: -

CaCO3 + SO2 = CaSO3 + CO2

The calcium sulphite (CaSO3) waste product can be oxidised to form gypsum

(hydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO4 – 2(H2O)), which may have commercial value.

Alternatively the generated waste can be dewatered (for some water reclamation) and mixed with flyash for deposition on a waste site.

This process is water intensive.

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• Dry process In a dry absorption system, only 60% of the water used in the wet process is required to dissolve or suspend the reacting chemical. This process does, however, have a higher chemical consumption and has lower efficiencies.

This technology is proven but not as popular as wet process FGD. The dry

process is capable of 90% SO2 removal.

This technology is more suitable to retrofit existing power stations but has high operational costs.

Typical dry scrubber processes include circulating fluid bed (CFB) or spray dry FGD. The CFB process is more beneficial as it has less moving parts and can

remove 90% SO2.

• Water consumption on FGD systems

A dry FGD system uses 0.092 /kWh less than a wet FGD system.

On a typical dry-cooled power station, water consumption would increase from approximately 1.55 Mm3/annum without wet FGD, to approximately 4.76Mm3/annum with wet FGD, i.e a three-fold increase in water consumption, in an area that is already water-stressed.

• Ca (sorbent) Sources Lime is required for the dry process and limestone or calcrete can be utilised in the wet process. Eskom has conducted a study and identified possible sources of calcium for the proposed power station.

The source, if required, must be able to supply the necessary calcium for a period of 35 years. ∗ A source of calcrete has been identified in Lephalale, which would require further investigation to confirm the quantity and quality of sorbent available and following this a mining authorisation. ∗ A source of limestone has been located at Kraalhoek and Dwaalboom, some 180 km from Lephalale.

The only source of lime is from Lime Acres, some 850 km from the proposed power station.

Studies conducted by Eskom have indicated that Wet FGD (a gypsum process) is the preferred sulphur abatement/reduction technology for the first phase of the project, based on life cycle costs, whilst the decision on sulphur abatement technology for the next phase of the project is still being taken.

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• FGD Economics

The capital cost for the installation of a wet FGD system on a typical 3-unit (3x700-800 MW units) PF plant would be approximately R5,000 M and on a typical 6-unit (6x 700-800 MW units) PF plant approximately R8,000 M. This translates into an increase of approximately 20% on overall capital costs.

The operating costs of such a Wet FGD plant (associated with water, sorbent, waste management, plant operation and maintenance) would translate into an increase of approximately 10% in overall operating costs.

• Environmental Impacts The potential environmental impacts of FGD in relation to this project include the following: ∗ Increased Carbon dioxide emissions ( this technology will lower the efficiency of the power station through the use of electricity and it also produces additional Carbon dioxide) ∗ Increased water use ∗ Increased effluent ∗ Increased resource use ∗ Increased solid waste ∗ Visual impacts (wet plume due to FGD) ∗ Traffic and transport impacts ∗ Increased land-use

The above impacts are discussed within the report in Chapters 9, 6, 10 and 13 respectively. The Environmental Impact Assessment will assess the use of wet or dry FGD in order to inform the technical and economical decisions that will be required in the event that an emission control technology is required.

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3. SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

3.1. Approach to Undertaking the Study

An Environmental Scoping Study for the proposed establishment of a new coal- fired Power Station, in Lephalale, was undertaken in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations published in Government Notice R1182 to R1184 of 5 September 1997, as amended by Government Notice R1645 of 11 December 1998, in terms of Section 21 of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989), as well as the National Environmental Management Act (No 107 of 1998).

In terms of Regulations R1182 to R1184 of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989), the following listed activities, which may have an impact on the environment, are applicable:

• Item 1 (a) - the construction of facilities for commercial electricity generation with an output of at least 10 megawatts and infrastructure for bulk supply. • Item 1 (d): The construction or upgrading of roads, railways, airfields and associated structures and activities outside the borders of town planning schemes. • Item 1 (c) – The construction, erection or upgrading of storage facilities for any substance which is considered as dangerous or hazardous and is controlled by national legislation. • Item 1 (n) - The construction, erection or upgrading of sewage treatment plants and associated infrastructure. • Item 2 (c) - a change in land use from agricultural or zoned as undetermined to any other land use. • Item 9 – Scheduled processes listed in the second schedule to the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 1965 (Act No 45 of 1965): Process 29 (a) – Power Generation Processes in which a fuel is burned for the generation of electricity for distribution to the public or for purposes of public transport.

The environmental studies followed a two-phased approach:

• Phase 1: Environmental Scoping Study • Phase 2: Environmental Impact Assessment

3.1.1. Environmental Scoping Study

An issues-based Environmental Scoping Study was undertaken for the proposed project. Existing information and input from specialists, the Authorities and I&APs were used to identify and evaluate potential environmental impacts (both

Scope of Environmental 21 23/03/2006 Investigations Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province social and biophysical) associated with the proposed project. The specialist studies also provided input into the site selection process through which the preferred sites were nominated for further study in the EIA. No fatal flaws associated with the proposed project were identified through the Environmental Scoping Study, although a number of potentially significant environmental impacts were identified as requiring further in-depth study within the EIA.

The Scoping phase of the environmental studies provided I&APs with the opportunity to receive information regarding the proposed project, participate in the process and raise issues of concern. The draft Environmental Scoping Report was made available at public places for I&AP review and comment from 3 October 2005 to 1 November 2005. All the comments, concerns and suggestions received during the Scoping Phase and the draft report review period were included in the final scoping report, which was submitted to the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) and the Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (L DEDET) on 18 November 2005.

Acceptance of the Environmental Scoping Report has been received from DEAT in February 2006 (refer to Appendix B). In terms of this acceptance, an Environmental Impact Assessment was required to be undertaken for the proposed project. The Plan of Study for EIA was submitted and accepted by DEAT in February 2006 (refer to Appendix C). In terms of this acceptance DEAT requested that specific information be included in the EIA, this request has been met.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Process that was followed for the project is described below.

3.2. Authority Consultation

3.2.1. Consultation with Supervisory Authorities

The relevant authorities required to review the proposed project and provide a Record of Decision (RoD) were consulted from the outset of this study, and have been engaged throughout the project process. These supervisory (decision- making) authorities included the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), who are the lead authority for this project, and the Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (L DEDET) who is the commenting authority. Authority consultation included the following activities:

• Pre-application consultation.

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• Submission of an application for authorisation in terms of Section 22 of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989). • Undertaking of a site inspection. • An authority consultation meeting following the site inspection, with a number of specialists and the proponent in attendance. • Submission of a Plan of Study to undertake the Environmental Scoping Study to National DEAT and Limpopo DEDET (provincial). • Consultation with Authorities regarding project specifics, and the receipt of Authority approval of the Plan of Study for Scoping. • Discussion with Authorities regarding the public participation process, the Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) consulted, advertising, and issues arising through the Environmental Scoping process. • Submission of the final Environmental Scoping Report and the acceptance thereof (refer to Appendix B). • Submission of a Plan of Study for EIA. • Consultation with the Authorities regarding project specifics, and the receipt of Authority approval of the Plan of Study for EIA (see Appendix C). • On-going authority consultation throughout the process.

3.2.2. Consultation with Other Relevant Authorities

Consultations with additional authorities and non-DEAT authorities were undertaken. The following departments were consulted:

• The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). • The Limpopo Department of Labour. • The Limpopo Department of Health. • The Limpopo Department of Agriculture. • The Limpopo Department of Minerals and Energy. • The Lephalale Municipality. • The Limpopo Provincial Department of the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). • The DEAT Chief Air Pollution Control Officer (CAPCO). • The Limpopo Department of Land Affairs. • The Department of Transport. • The Department of Public Works. • The Department of Trade and Industry. • The Department of Science and Technology.

Background information regarding the proposed project was provided to these departments, together with a registration and comment form formally requesting their input into the EIA process.

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In addition to the above, Limpopo based authorities have been invited to attend a follow up authorities meeting in Polokwane on 28 March 2006. The meeting will provide authorities with an additional opportunity to obtain clarity on specific issues as well as an opportunity to raise any additional issues or concerns.

Comments on the heritage specialist studies were received from the Limpopo Office of the South African Heritage Resources Agency. These comments have been included in Appendix D. No further consultation with SAHRA was deemed to be necessary.

3.3. Legislative Considerations

An overview of relevant legislation was undertaken in order to identify any legal issues related to the proposed project. Applicable environmental legislation which must be considered by Eskom during the implementation of the proposed project is summarised in Table 3.1 below, and relevant details pertaining to selected Acts are provided.

Table 3.1: Summary of applicable environmental legislation Legislation Sections Relates to Chapter 2 Bill of Rights. The Constitution (Act No 108 Section 24 Environmental rights. of 1996) Section 25 Rights in property. Defines the strategic environmental management goals and objectives of the government. Applies throughout Section 2 the Republic to the actions of all National Environmental organs of state that may significantly Management Act (No 107 of affect the environment. 1998) The developer has a general duty to care for the environment and to Section 28 institute such measures as may be needed to demonstrate such care. Section 2 General policy. Prevention of littering by employees Sections 19 and and subcontractors during 19A construction and the maintenance phases of the proposed project. Environment Conservation Act Sections 20 and Waste management. (No 73 of 1989) 24 Regulations regarding noise, vibration Section 25 and shock. Sections 21, 22, EIA Regulations, including listed 25, 26 and 28 activities. Section 28A Exemptions.

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Legislation Sections Relates to Provides general principles for governing heritage resources management throughout South Africa National Heritage Resources including national and provincial Act (No 25 of 1999) heritage sites, burial grounds and graves, archaeological and palaeontological sites, and public monuments and memorials. Section 19 Water quality management. Sections 21, 22, Water quantity management: water National Water Act (No 36 of 26, 32 and 39 use. 1998) Sections 27 - Licensing of water use. 29 Sections 27 - Dust control & dust control areas. 35 Atmospheric Pollution Section 36 - 40 Air pollution by fumes emitted by Prevention Act (No 45 of 1965) vehicles. Second Scheduled processes. No 29 relates Schedule to power generation processes. National Environmental Relates to the protection of air quality Management: Air Quality Act through sustainable development. (No 39 of 2004) National Environmental Relates to the management and Management: Biodiversity Act conservation of South Africa’s (No 10 of 2004) biodiversity. Relates agricultural natural resources Conservation of Agricultural and the conservation, management Resources Act (No 43 of 1983) and use thereof, including soil conservation, declared weeds etc. Section 8 General duties of employers to their employees. Occupational Health and Safety Section 9 General duties of employers and self Act (No 85 of 1993) employed persons to persons other than their employees. National Road Traffic Act (No Transportation of dangerous goods 93 of 1996) GNR 225 of 17 and large components. May 2000 White Paper on Energy Policy, Addresses environmental governance, GN 3007, 17/12/1998 including energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa Waste management and pollution (January 2000), and the control National Waste Management Strategy documents (October 1999)

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Legislation Sections Relates to United National Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Climate change Protocol All relevant Provincial regulations, Municipal bylaws and ordinances

• The National Environmental Management Act (Act No 107 of 1998) The aim of the act is to encourage, promote and create parameters for legal enforcement for environmental protection, management and compliance. Chapter 1 of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) defines the National Environmental Management Principles that apply throughout the Republic and stresses the fact that “environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront and serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably”. It also provides a framework for sustainable development that implies “meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generations”.

The Act requires that national departments exercising functions that may influence the environment or the management thereof prepare a consolidated environmental implementation and management plan in order to: ∗ coordinate and harmonise environmental policies, plans and programmes and decisions of different National departments that exercise functions affecting the environment; ∗ give effect to the principles of cooperative government; ∗ secure the protection of the environment across the country; ∗ prevent unreasonable actions by provinces in respect of the environment; and ∗ enable monitoring of the achievement, promotion and protection of sustainable environment.

The Act requires the inclusion of specific information in both environmental implementation plans and the environmental management plans. In this respect, every environmental implementation plan must contain: ∗ a description of policies, programmes and plans that may affect the environment and the manner in which these will comply with the environmental management principles and legislative provisions in the Act; and ∗ recommendations for the promotion of the objectives and plans for implementation.

In this regard, every environmental management plan must contain:

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∗ a description of the functions exercised and norms and standards set by the relevant department in respect of the environment; ∗ a description of the policies, programmes and plans designed to ensure compliance, as well as the priorities and extent of compliance with policies by the organs of state; ∗ a description of arrangements for cooperation with other National departments and spheres of government; and ∗ proposals for the promotion of the objectives and plans for the implementation of the procedures and regulations of the Act.

In addition to the NEMA, consideration should also be given to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process as discussed in the Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act No 73 of 1989), which control certain activities and developments that could have an impact on the environment.

• Environment Conservation Act (Act No 73 of 1989) The Environment Conservation Act (ECA) was intended to be an overarching national act to regulate all aspects related to the effective protection and controlled utilisation of the environment. The National Environmental Management Act (Act No 107 of 1998) has recently repealed most of the Environment Conservation Act. However, Sections 21 and 26 of the Environment Conservation Act and their associated regulations, which deal with the Environmental Impact Assessment process and which control certain activities that could have an impact on the environment, remain relevant. Provision is made for the control of activities that are potentially detrimental to the environment (Section 21). These include: ∗ Land use and transformation. ∗ Water use and disposal. ∗ Resources removal, including natural living resources. ∗ Resource renewal. ∗ Agricultural processes. ∗ Industrial processes. ∗ Transportation. ∗ Energy generation and distribution. ∗ Waste and sewage disposal. ∗ Chemical treatment. ∗ Recreation.

Authorisation to perform any of the listed activities is based on an assessment of the impact of the proposed activity on the environment. The scope and content of Environmental Impact Assessment reports should include: ∗ a description of the specific activity and alternative activities;

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∗ the identification of the physical environment which may be affected by the activity and alternative activities; ∗ an estimation of the nature and extent of the effect of the activity and of the alternative activities on the land, air, water, biota and other elements or features of the natural and man-made environments; ∗ the identification of the economic and social interests which may be affected by the activity and alternative activities; ∗ an estimation of the nature and extent of the effect of the activity and alternative activities on the social and economic interests; ∗ a description of the design or management principles proposed for the reduction of adverse environmental effects; and ∗ a concise summary of the finding of the environmental impact report.

• National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act No. 10 of 2004 The object of the Act is to provide for the management and conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity within the framework of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998; the protection of species and ecosystems that warrant national protection; the sustainable use of indigenous biological resources; the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from bio-prospecting1 involving indigenous biological resources; the establishment and functions of a South African National Biodiversity Institute; and for matters connected therewith.

The objectives of this Act are: ∗ Within the framework of the National Environmental Management Act, to provide for: − the management and conservation of biological diversity within the Republic and of the components of such biological diversity; and − the use of indigenous biological resources in a sustainable manner. − the fair and equitable sharing among stakeholders of benefits arising from bio-prospecting involving indigenous biological resources. ∗ To give effect to ratified international agreements relating to biodiversity which are binding on the Republic. ∗ To provide for co-operative governance in biodiversity management and conservation. ∗ To provide for a South African National Biodiversity Institute to assist in achieving the objectives of this Act. ∗ The South African National Biodiversity Institute was established by the act and is responsible for monitoring biodiversity in a holistic manner. ∗ A Biodiversity Framework must be prepared in terms of the act within three years of coming into effect. This document will then be reviewed at least every 5 years.

1 Bio-prospecting is defined as the systematic search, collection, gathering, extraction, development or application of, or research on, genetic resources for commercial or industrial exploitation

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∗ The act is in effect to: − provide for the protection of ecosystems that are threatened or in need of protection to ensure the maintenance of their ecological integrity; − provide for the protection of species that are threatened or in need of protection to ensure their survival in the wild; − give effect to the Republic’s obligations under international agreements regulating international trade in specimens of endangered species; − ensure that the utilisation of biodiversity is managed in an ecologically sustainable way; − to prevent the unauthorized introduction and spread of alien species and invasive species to ecosystems and habitats where they do not naturally occur; − to manage and control alien species and invasive species to prevent or minimize harm to the environment and to biodiversity in particular; − to eradicate alien species and invasive species from ecosystems and habitats where they may harm such ecosystems or habitats; − to ensure that environmental assessments for purposes of permits in terms of the Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 (Act No. 15 of 1997), are conducted in appropriate cases in accordance with Chapter 5 of the National Environmental Management Act; − to regulate bio-prospecting involving indigenous biological resources; − to regulate the export from the Republic of indigenous biological resources for the purpose of bio-prospecting or any other kind of research; − to provide for a fair and equitable sharing by stakeholders in benefits arising from bio-prospecting involving indigenous biological resources; − restricted activities involving specimens of: (i) listed threatened or protected species in terms of section 57(1); (ii) alien species in terms of section 65(1); or (iii) listed invasive species in terms of section 71(1); − activities regulated in terms of a notice published in terms of section 57(2); − Bio-prospecting involving indigenous biological resources in terms of section 81(1); and − the export of indigenous biological resources for bio-prospecting or any other type of research in terms of section 81(1).

• National Water Act (Act No 36 of 1998) The purpose of the Act is to ensure the protection, usage, development, management and control of water resources of the Republic by taking into account the following principles: ∗ Meeting the basic human needs of present and future generations. ∗ Promoting equitable access to water.

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∗ Redressing the results of the past racial and gender discrimination. ∗ Promoting the efficient, sustainable and beneficial use of water in the public interest. ∗ Facilitating social and economic development. ∗ Providing for growing demand for water use. ∗ Protecting aquatic and associated ecosystems and their biological diversity. ∗ Reducing and preventing pollution and the degradation of water resources. ∗ Meeting international obligations. ∗ Promoting dam safety. ∗ Managing floods and droughts.

In order to achieve the above, the Act states that suitable institutions with appropriate community, racial and gender representation must be established. In terms of this study, the most relevant areas of the Act are those that deal with the management, protection and usage of water resources. In terms of water management, the Act requires the development of a National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS) as well as a Catchment Management Strategy (CMS). The NWRS provides the framework for the protection, use, development, conservation, management and control of water resources in defined water management areas at a national, regional and catchment level, while the CMS deals with the management and allocation of specific water resources in a catchment area.

A series of measures intended to ensure the protection of all water resources is prescribed in the Act and deals with the following: ∗ Developing a classification system for water resources that must provide guidelines, and procedures for the determination of different classes of water resources. ∗ Determining and establishing the reserve for water resources in terms of a basic human needs reserve and an ecological reserve. ∗ Preventing pollution of water resources that may occur as a result of activities on land. ∗ Control of emergency incidents in order to remedy pollution of water resources caused by such incidents.

Regarding the use of water, the Act sets general principles that provide a basis for regulating water usage in terms of: ∗ Types of water use. ∗ Permissible water use. ∗ Quantity of water that may be allocated by responsible authorities. ∗ Licenses for use of water found under ground. ∗ Transferring authorization for water use. ∗ Regulations for water use.

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The Act also discusses the establishment, powers, duties and functions of catchment management agencies, water user associations, advisory committees and a water tribunal.

• National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 39 of 2004 The National Environment Air Quality Act No. 39 of 2004 seeks to repeal the whole of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act No 45 of 1965. The APPA will be replaced by the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 39 of 2004. The new Act was signed by the President and gazetted in February 2005 and certain sections of the act came into force on 11 September 2005.

The purpose of the Air Quality Act is to reform the law regulating air quality in order to protect the environment by providing measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation, while promoting justifiable economic and social development. The Air Quality Act seeks to provide national standards regulating air quality monitoring, management and control.

Power generation processes, including the combustion of fuel for the generation of electricity for distribution to the public, are classified as Scheduled Processes (Process number 29) in the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, Act 45 of 1965 (as amended). In terms of the new Air Quality Act, power generation processes will be classified as a ‘listed activity’ and as such will require an ‘atmospheric emissions license’ in order to operate. During the transitional phase an application for a registration certificate under the APPA will be taken as an application for an atmospheric emission license under the Air Quality Act. Holders of registration certificates will be responsible for proving compliance with the requirements of such permits and for applying for atmospheric emissions licenses.

• National Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 1999) The National Heritage Resource Act serves to introduce an integrated and interactive system for the identification, assessment and management of the heritage resources of South Africa. It promotes good governance and the empowerment of civil society to preserve their heritage for future generations, and states the principles of heritage resource management while making provision for legislation protecting national heritage resources.

The Act further establishes the South African Heritage Resource Agency (SAHRA) and stipulates its functions, powers and duties as a national governing body, while allowing for the establishment of similar bodies at provincial and local level. Although specific functions, powers and duties of Provincial Heritage Resources Agency are also described in the Act, the specific heritage resource management principles for the province may be prescribed in accordance to principles set in the Act and by SAHRA. A high

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level grading system for heritage resources distinguishes between the following: ∗ Grade I: Heritage resources of special national significance due to its exceptional qualities. ∗ Grade II: Heritage resources, although part of the national estate, with special qualities making them significant within the provincial or regional context. ∗ Grade III: Other heritage resources worthy of conservation.

In this regard, management of Grade I heritage resources are the responsibility of SAHRA, while Grade II and III heritage resources are the responsibility of the provincial and local heritage resources agencies respectively. In particular Section 31 places a duty on a local authority to investigate the need for the establishment of heritage areas whenever a spatial development framework is compiled. Before heritage status can be awarded to such an area the local authority is required to consult with the Provincial Heritage Resources Agency, landowners and the affected community. Joint approval of conservation measures is required from the Provincial Heritage Resources Agency, the Provincial Planning Authority and the local authority.

3.4. Environmental Impact Assessment

As part of the overall project planning process, this Environmental Impact Assessment aims to achieve the following:

• to provide an overall assessment of the social and biophysical environments of the area affected by the proposed establishment of a coal-fired power station and ancillary infrastructure; • to undertake a detailed assessment of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ in terms of environmental criteria; • to identify and recommend appropriate mitigation measures for potentially significant environmental impacts; and • to undertake a fully inclusive public participation process to ensure that I&AP issues and concerns are recorded.

3.4.1. Specialist Studies

In undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment, Bohlweki Environmental were assisted by a number of specialists in order to comprehensively identify both potentially positive and negative environmental impacts (social and biophysical) associated with the project, evaluate the significance of the identified impacts, and propose appropriate mitigation measures, where required. The specialist team identified and evaluated the potential impacts for the nominated preferred

Scope of Environmental 32 23/03/2006 Investigations Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province sites i.e. farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ. These specialists and their fields of expertise are outlined in Table 3.2.

Name and Organisation Field of Study Bathusi Environmental Consulting (BEC) Ecological assessment (flora & fauna) Airshed Planning Professionals Review of air quality assessment undertaken for the power station for Eskom MetroGIS Visual Impact assessment and GIS mapping Groundwater Consulting Services (GCS) Assessment of surface and groundwater impacts Goba Traffic impact assessment Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Assessment of soils and agricultural potential National Cultural History Museum Heritage Impact Assessment Jongens Keet and Associates Noise Impact Assessment Afrosearch Social Impact Assessment (SIA) SiVEST Assessment of impacts on tourism potential

All of these specialist studies were undertaken within the EIA phase of the project, which concentrated on the two preferred sites (farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ), as identified during the Scoping phase.

In order to evaluate issues to subsequently assign an order of priority, it was necessary to identify the characteristics of each potential issue/impact:

• the nature, which shall include a description of what causes the effect, what will be affected and how it will be affected; • the extent, wherein it will be indicated whether the impact will be limited to the immediate areas or site of the development activity (local), limited to the immediate surroundings, sub-regional, regional, and/or national; • the duration, wherein it will be indicated whether the lifetime of the impact will be of a short duration (0-5 years), medium-term (5 – 15 years), long- term (> 15 years) or permanent; • the probability, which shall describe the likelihood of the impact actually occurring, indicated as improbable (low likelihood), probable (distinct possibility), highly probable (most likely) or definite (impact will occur regardless of any preventative measures); • the significance, which shall be determined through a synthesis of the characteristics described above and can be assessed as low, medium or high.

As Eskom have the responsibility to avoid or minimise impacts and plan for the management of impacts (in terms of the EIA Regulations), the mitigation of

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3.4.2. Assumptions and Limitations

The assumptions and limitations on which this study has been based include:

• Assumptions: ∗ All information provided by Eskom and I&APs to the Environmental Team was correct and valid at the time it was provided. The consultants and specialist investigators do not accept any responsibility in the event that additional information comes to light at a later stage of the process. ∗ The two sites nominated as preferred through the site selection process undertaken during the Environmental Scoping Study are technically and economically viable. ∗ All data from unpublished research is valid and accurate. ∗ It is not always possible to involve all interested and affected parties individually. Every effort was, however, made to involve as many broad based representatives of the stakeholders in the nominated area. The assumption has, therefore, been made that those representatives with whom there has been consultation, are acting on behalf of the parties which they represent.

• Limitations: ∗ This report and its investigations are project-specific, and consequently the environmental team did not evaluate any other power source alternatives.

3.4.3. Overview of the Public Participation Process

The primary aims of the Public Participation Process (PPP) were:

• To inform interested and affected parties (I&APs) and key stakeholders of the proposed development. • To initiate meaningful and timeous participation of I&APs. • To identify issues and concerns of key stakeholders and I&APs with regards to the proposed development (i.e. focus on important issues). • To promote transparency and an understanding of the proposed project and its potential environmental (social and biophysical) impacts. • To provide information used for decision-making. • To provide a structure for liaison and communication with I&APs and key stakeholders. • To assist in identifying potential environmental (social and biophysical) impacts associates with the proposed development.

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• To ensure inclusivity (the needs, interests and values of I&APs must be considered in the decision-making process). • To focus on issues relevant to the project and issues considered important by I&APs and key stakeholders. • To provide responses to I&AP queries. • To encourage co-regulation, shared responsibility and a sense of ownership.

On-going consultation with key stakeholders (e.g. local authorities, relevant government departments, local business etc.) and other identified I&APs ensured that I&APs were kept informed regarding the EIA findings and proposed mitigation measures. Networking with I&APs will effectively continue throughout the duration of the project until the closure of the EIA phase. Where required, key stakeholders and I&APs were engaged on an individual basis. During the environmental studies, consultations were held with individuals, businesses, institutions and organisations, including the following:

• National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). • Limpopo Department of Finance and Economic Development (LDEDET). • Department of Water Affairs (DWAF). • Department of Minerals and Energy (DME). • Chief Air Pollution Control Officer (CAPCO). • Department of Transport. • Local authorities (including Lephalale Local Municipality and Waterberg District Municipality). • South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL). • South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). • Farmers’ Associations. • Kumba Resources and other land owners of the candidate sites. • Neighbouring properties within a 10 km radius of the alternative sites. • Residents Associations or Community Organisations (e.g. Ward Councillors). • Labour Unions (e.g. National Mineworkers Union). • Environmental NGOs (e.g. Earthlife Africa, WESSA and EWT).

The I&AP database is included in Appendix E.

• Consultation and Public Involvement ∗ Through consultations, issues for inclusion within the Scoping Report were identified and confirmed. Telephonic discussions, one-on-one consultation meetings and focus group meetings were held with key stakeholders and other relevant I&APs in order to identify key issues, needs and priorities for input into the proposed project. Minutes of meetings held with I&APs were taken and were forwarded to the attendees for verification of their issues. The minutes of the consultations undertaken to date during the EIA phase have been included within Appendix F.

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Special attention was paid to consultation with affected landowners within the study area. A map indicating the extent and nature of consultation within the study area was compiled (refer Appendix G).

Networking with I&APs continued through-out the duration of the EIA phase of the project.

• Public Meeting: A public meeting will be held during the Environmental Impact Report review period in order to inform I&APs and stakeholders of the outcomes of the EIA Report. A public meeting has been scheduled for 29 March 2006 at the Mogul Club Conference Room, Lephalale. The Public meeting will be held from 17:30. In addition to the Public meeting a meeting with the Marapong Local Community has also been arranged for the evening of 28 March 2006.

The primary aim of these meetings will be to:

∗ disseminate information regarding the proposed project to I&APs; ∗ provide I&APs with an additional opportunity to interact with the public consultation team and the relevant Eskom officials; ∗ discuss the studies undertaken within the Environmental Impact Study; ∗ supply more information regarding the EIA process; ∗ answer questions regarding the project and the EIA process; ∗ receive input regarding the public participation process and the proposed development, and

In accordance with the requirements of the EIA Regulations, the public meeting was advertised 10 days prior to the public meeting within local newspapers in the predominant languages of the area (refer to Appendix H). This advertisement was combined with the advert announcing the commencement of the project. Registered I&APs were informed of the planned public open day and meeting by fax or by e-mail.

Minutes of these meetings will be compiled and forwarded to all attendees. The minutes will be included within the final Environmental Impact Report.

• Key Stakeholders Meeting A key stakeholders meeting will be held during the EIA Report review period in order to inform stakeholders of the outcomes of the EIA Report. A workshop has been scheduled for 30 March 2006 at the Eskom Convention Centre, Midrand.

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The key stakeholders’ workshop will allow stakeholders (such as service providers and non-DEAT authorities) to interact with the environmental project team and Eskom representatives on a one-on-one basis to allow for more detailed discussion regarding particular issues. The key stakeholders’ workshop will include a formal presentation regarding the proposed project.

The key stakeholders’ workshop will present a further opportunity for consultation with and participation by stakeholders, and to record further issues and concerns raised by stakeholders for inclusion in the environmental process. As such, the meeting will form part of the ongoing communication strategy between the project team and stakeholders.

Minutes of the meeting will be compiled and forwarded to all attendees. These minutes will be included within the final Environmental Impact Report.

• Social Issues Trail: Issues, comments and concerns raised during the public participation process were compiled into an Issues Trail (refer to Appendix I). This issues trail provides a summary of the issues raised, as well as responses which were provided to I&APs. This information was used as the basis of the evaluation of social impacts.

3.4.4. Public Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Report

The draft Environmental Impact Report will be made available for review from 23 March 2006 to 28 April 2006 at the following public locations within the study area, which are readily accessible to I&APs:

• Lephalale Municipal offices • Lephalale Library • Eskom Matimba Power Station – Security office • Co-op Lephalale (Offices of Lephalale District Agricultural Union) • Marapong Clinic • Offices of Bohlweki Environmental • www.bohlweki.co.za

The availability of the draft Environmental Impact Report was advertised in the Capricorn Voice and the Mogol Pos on 16 March 2006 and 17 March 2006 respectively (refer to Appendix H) as well as on 22 March and 24 March 2006. All registered I&APs will be notified of the availability of the report in writing (refer to Appendix J).

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3.4.5. Final Environmental Impact Report

The final stage in the Environmental Impact Assessment process will entail the capturing of responses from I&APs on the draft Environmental Impact Report in order to refine the Environmental Impact Report, and ensure that all issues of significance are addressed. The final report will be submitted to National DEAT and Limpopo DEDET for review, comment and decision-making.

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4. SITE SELECTION PROCESS UNDERTAKEN DURING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING STUDY

The Environmental Scoping Study (ESS) identified the potential positive and negative environmental (biophysical and social) impacts associated with the proposed new coal-fired power station and ancillary infrastructure. The ESS nominated the farms Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid as the preferred farms for the establishment of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure respectively. This section serves to outline the approach that was utilised to evaluate the alternative farms and select a preferred site for the establishment of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure.

A number of issues and potential environmental impacts on the power station and ancillary infrastructure alternatives were identified and considered in the selection of a preferred site for the construction of the power station and ancillary infrastructure, as well as in determining what further studies would be required in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) phase. All issues which were anticipated to have a moderate to high impact on the preferred sites have been investigated further by specialists and detailed within the EIA phase of the study.

The scoping process evaluated four alternative sites for the power station and eight alternatives for the ancillary infrastructure. The footprint of the proposed power plant and associated plant (terrace area) was anticipated to be approximately 700 ha and approximately 500 – 1000 ha for ancillary infrastructure (such as ashing facilities). In order to establish the best possible site to be evaluated in the EIA, a site specific evaluation was undertaken. The process involved a range of physical, biological and social criteria.

4.1. Site Evaluation – Field Studies

The eight alternative sites were inspected by the specialists in order to:

• Investigate the study area; • Gather baseline information for the sites; • Assess the current situation; • Identify any potential environmental (biophysical and social) impacts; • Engage in interdisciplinary discussions; and • Interview Landowners.

Site selection process undertaken 39 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

4.2. Specialist Studies

The choice of specialist studies undertaken during the Environmental Scoping Study was influenced by the need to cover all aspects of the environment namely, physical, biological and social.

The studies undertaken covered the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment. Table 4.1 outlines the components or issues that were used in ranking the sites. Over 78 components were reviewed by the specialists through 11 different specialist studies.

Table 4.1: Specialist studies and the components investigated during the Environmental Scoping Phase Physical Variables Water Resources Poor quality water stored on site recharging the groundwater. Artificial recharge impacting on groundwater. Poor quality surface water on site. Surface water drainage. Seepage below the ash dump. Geology, Soils and Geotechnical. Agricultural Potential Soil. Agricultural potential. Biological Variables Fauna and Flora Destruction of pristine floristic and faunal habitat within development area. Destruction of Red Data flora and fauna species and suitable Red Data habitat. Destruction of protected tree species and associated habitat. Destruction of sensitive ecological habitat types (outcrops, riparian fringes, non-perennial streams, etc.) Social Variables Visual Power Station. Potential visual exposure. Proximity and exposure to the R510 and R33.

Site selection process undertaken 40 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Proximity and exposure to secondary roads. Proximity and exposure to residential areas. Proximity and exposure to game farms and lodges. Compound visual impact. The effect of lighting. Strategic placement of the proposed power station near the existing ash dump. Strategic placement of the proposed power station near the Grootegeluk Mine pit. Destruction of natural vegetation. Ancillary Infrastructure Visual exposure and proximity to secondary roads. Visual exposure and proximity to residential areas. Visual exposure and proximity to game farms and lodges. The effect of lighting. Strategic placement of infrastructure. Destruction of natural vegetation. Tourism Noise impact. Visual impact. Corporate demand. Land Use Towns and Settlements. Functional division. Possible restriction of access. Possible restriction of development. Visual impact. Possible resettlement of households. Possible impact on planning policies and future development. Possible safety risks. Agriculture. Functional division.

Site selection process undertaken 41 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Sterilisation of agricultural land. Impact on production. Exemption Farms. Decreased in property value. Visual impact. Mineral Potential Areas. Possible restriction of future mining operations. Heritage Presence or absence of heritage sites. Air Quality Impacts on human health due to gaseous and particulate emissions. Impacts on vegetation / landuse potential (land not

currently utilised for mining or industry). Non-compliance with air

quality limits and standards. Noise Power Station . Impact of Matimba B on Marapong Township. Impact of Matimba B on Lephalale (Onvewacht Township). Impact of Matimba B on farmhouses/other rural residences. Impact of Matimba B traffic on Nelson Mandela Drive area. Impact of Matimba B traffic on Nelson Mandela Dr Ext area. Impact of Matimba B traffic on Sterkpoort Road area. Impact of Matimba B traffic on Steenbokpan Road area. Impact of Matimba B traffic on Afguns Road area. Impact of conveyor belt systems. Site location related to already degraded noise condition. Wind mitigating factor. Cumulative effect of existing Matimba Power Station.

Site selection process undertaken 42 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Ancillary Infrastructure. Impact of ash dump on Marapong. Impact of ash dump on Lephalale (Onvewacht Township). Impact of ash dump on farmhouses/other rural residences. Impact of conveyor belt systems. Site location related to already degraded noise condition. Wind mitigating factor. Cumulative effect of existing Matimba Power Station. Traffic Employee transport. Ash transport. Coal supply. Infrastructure Changes. Conveyor crossings. Road re-alignment. Construction traffic. Social Impact Assessment Social problems arising from contact between local residents and newcomers (conflict and sexually transmitted diseases). Change in local infrastructure requirements (to supply construction camp and power station). Impact on development. Relocation of populations. Impacts on surrounding farm owners and residents.

4.3. Rating Criteria

The evaluation and nomination of the two preferred sites for the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure involved a highly interdisciplinary approach. The approach undertaken involved a wide range of specialist studies which examined a number of different issues. In order to evaluate the sites and nominate a preferred site, the studies needed to be comparative and therefore a site rating matrix was utilised. A site preference rating system was applied to each discipline, and the rating of each site was conducted according to the following system:

Site selection process undertaken 43 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

• 1 = Not suitable for development (impact of very high significance - negative) • 2 = not preferred (impact of high significance - negative) • 3 = acceptable (impact of moderate significance - negative) • 4 = preferred (impact of low or negligible significance - negative) • 5 = Ideal site for development, or positive impact

While each specialist study was required to have the Site Preference as an outcome, how they evaluated each site varied from discipline to discipline.

Table 4.2 includes the site preference ratings that were included in the Environmental Scoping Study.

Table 4.2: Site preference ratings included in the Environmental Scoping Study Farm name Site Preference Ratings Proposed Power Ancillary Station Infrastructure Water Resources Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 4 (preferred) Ecology (Fauna and Flora) Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 1 (not suitable) 1 (not suitable) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 5 (ideal) 5 (ideal) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 1 (not suitable) Geology, Soils and Agricultural Potential Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 4 (Preferred) 4 (Preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 3 (Acceptable) 3 (Acceptable) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 3 (Acceptable) 3 (Acceptable) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 4 (Preferred) 4 (Preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 4 (Preferred) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (Acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 3 (Acceptable)

Site selection process undertaken 44 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Farm name Site Preference Ratings Proposed Power Ancillary Station Infrastructure Land Use Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 3 (acceptable) Visual Impact Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 3 (acceptable) 2 (not preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 2 (not preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 2 (not preferred) Tourism Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 2 (not preferred) Heritage Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 1 (not suitable) 1 (not suitable) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 5 (ideal) 5 (ideal) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 5 (ideal) 5 (ideal) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 5 (ideal)

Site selection process undertaken 45 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Farm name Site Preference Ratings Proposed Power Ancillary Station Infrastructure Traffic and Transport Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 4 (preferred) 5 (ideal) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 5 (ideal) 5 (ideal) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 3 (acceptable) 4 (preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 4 (preferred) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 4 (preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 4 (preferred) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 3 (acceptable) Noise Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 4 (preferred) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 3 (acceptable) Social Impact Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 3 (acceptable) 4 (preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 3 (acceptable) 4 (preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 4 (preferred) 3 (acceptable) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 3 (acceptable) 3 (acceptable) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 2 (not preferred) Air Quality Farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Nelsonskop 464 LQ 2 (not preferred) 2 (not preferred) Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ 4 (preferred) 4 (preferred) Farm Droogeheuwel 447 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Zongezien 467 LQ 2 (not preferred) Farm Kuipersbult 511 LQ 3 (acceptable) Farm Kromdraai 690 LQ 3 (acceptable)

4.4. Site Rating Matrix

In order to confirm the result of the environmental evaluation, the identified alternative sites were weighted against one another using a comparative mathematical model, thus the impacts of each site were quantified and compared against each other. The objective of the model was to calculate a comparative percentage-based score, built on mathematical formulas reliant on a set of

Site selection process undertaken 46 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province environmental issues (characteristics) which have been identified for a hypothesis test. The mathematical formulas were set-up to ensure that the existence of more potential impacts for one alternative than the other is not biased in favour of the option which contains more variables. To ensure a uniform score between the alternative site models, the model assumed a defined set of environmental issues that apply to all options subjected to the model. These environmental issues were ranked in order of importance, relevant to the project. Potential impacts were defined for each of the environmental issues. However, in some instances, one alternative may have had more potential impacts than the other options for a particular environmental issue. It is in these situations that the model calculated a comparative percentage score as one site cannot be unfairly biased if it has less impact than another site. The end result produced a percentage score that was used to rank the various site alternatives. The option with the highest percentage score was considered to be the most favourable alternative. The score did not reflect the environmental acceptability of the development, i.e. there was no pass or fail percentage. The scores were required to be read in relation to one another.

The results of the site ranking matrix are included in Appendix K.

4.5. Conclusions

In terms of the studies undertaken by the specialists during the Environmental Scoping Study, the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamhied 687 LQ were considered to be the most suitable for the development of the power station and/or ancillary infrastructure.

The site ranking matrix confirmed the conclusion that the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamhied 687 LQ were considered to be the preferred sites for the development of the power station and/or ancillary infrastructure.

4.5.1. Evaluation in terms of Economic and Technical Criteria

In order to provide a balanced approach to the site selection process, economic and technical criteria which play a role in the selection of a site were included within the overall evaluation of the candidate sites during the Environmental Scoping Study. The issues raised for consideration were as follows:

• Wind effects – the suitability of a site in terms of the potential impacts of the dominant wind direction and the potential for elevated ambient temperatures. • Distance of coal conveyor system – from the coal supplier to the power station. • Distance of ash conveyor system – from the power station to the ash disposal site.

Site selection process undertaken 47 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

• The cost of relocating existing infrastructure on sites, the cost of moving infrastructure, for example the cost of constructing a road bypass on the Steenbokpan Road at Naauwontkomen. • Consideration of geotechnical conditions and the potential issues with regards to founding conditions.

The relative ratings for each of these issues were also included in the Site ranking Matrix (refer to Appendix K).

4.5.2. Overall Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the specialist studies no environmental fatal flaws were identified during the Environmental Scoping Study, although a number of potentially significant environmental impacts were identified for further in-depth study. Therefore, an EIA was required to be undertaken in order to provide an assessment of these potential impacts and to recommend appropriate mitigation measures, where required.

This EIR has been undertaken for the nominated preferred sites, namely, the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ.

Site selection process undertaken 48 23/03/2006 during the ESS Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Locality

The study area is located approximately 10 km east of Lephalale in the Limpopo Province. Within the study area eight farms were nominated, for investigation during the Environmental Scoping Study, for the establishment of a new power station and ancillary infrastructure. The location of these farms is shown in Figure 5.1. General GPS locations for the respective farms are as follows:

• Appelvlakte S23.63134° & E27.58245° • Nelsonskop S23.65201° & E27.59873° • Naauwontkomen S23.70193° & E27.56574° • Eenzaamheid S23.70941° & E27.52924° • Droogeheuvel S23.61485° & E27.62578° • Zongesien S23.63706° & E27.64183° • Kuipersbult S23.72414° & E27.56310° • Kromdraai S23.73624° & E27.52594°

Through the Environmental Scoping study’s site selection process, the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ were nominated as preferred for the development of the proposed new power station and the ancillary infrastructure respectively.

5.2. Climate

The climatic regime of the study area is characterised by hot, moist summers and mild, dry winters. The long-term annual average rainfall is 485 mm, of which 420 mm (86,5%) falls between October and March. The area experiences high temperatures, especially in the summer months, where daily maxima of >40oC are common. The annual evaporation in the area is approximately 2 281 mm. Frost is rare, but occurs occasionally in most years, though usually not severely.

General Description of the Study 49 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 5.1: Regional location of the farms studied during the Environmental Scoping Study.

General Description of the Study 50 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

5.3. Geology

Sediments and volcanics of the Waterberg Group and Karoo Supergroup underlie the study area. Figure 5.2, a portion of the 1:250 000 geological map 2326 Ellisras, indicates the study area geology.

Legend

Qs Sandy soil NORTH Jl Letaba basalt Ђ c Clarens sandstone Ђ l Lisbon mud stone Ђ g Greenwich red sandstone Ђ e Een dragtpan variegated shale

Pgr Grootegeluk mudstone, coal Pgo Goedgedacht gritty mudstone Ps Swartrant sandstone, coal C- Pwe W ellington mudstone Cwa W aterkloof diamictite

Mm M ogalakwena sandstone f I Faults

- Study area

Figure No: 2 Portion of the 1:250 000 Geological Map Scale: Not to 23 26 Ellisras P.O. Box 2597 Tel.: (011) 803 -5726 Rivonia Fax.: (011) 803 -5745

2128 jhb@gcs -sa.biz Project No: 2004.11 .5 3 5

Figure 5.2: A portion of the 1:250 000 geological map 2326 Ellisras, showing the study area geology

General Description of the Study 51 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

The Waterberg Coalfield comprises a graben structure with the Eenzaamheid fault forming the southern boundary and the northern boundary being delineated by the Zoetfontein fault. Archaean granite rocks outcrop to the north of the Zoetfontein fault and sediments of the Waterberg Group outcrop to the south of the Eenzaamheid fault.

The study area is further subdivided by the Daarby fault, a major northeast, then northwest, trending fault. The Daarby fault has a down throw of 360m to the north, at an angle of 50° to 60°. The down throw of 360 m to the north serves to bring the Grootegeluk Formation rocks to the south in contact with the younger Clarens Formation sandstone and Letaba Formation basalts in the north. Thus the fault divides the coalfield into a shallow (opencast) coal area to the south of the Daarby Fault, and a deep north coal area.

The Eenzaamheid fault has a throw of 250 m to the north and the fault is near vertical. The fault brings the upthrown Waterberg Group sediments on the south side of the fault in contact with shallow coal on the northern side of the fault.

5.4. Land Types

A Land type unit is a unique combination of soil pattern, terrain and macroclimate, the classification of which is used to determine the potential agricultural value of soils in an area. The land type units represented within the study area include Ae252, Ah85, Ah86, Bc46 and Bd44 (Land Type Survey Staff, 1987) (ENPAT, 2001) (Figure 5.3). The agriculture potential of soils in the general area are divided into two classes, namely ‘Soils highly suited to arable agriculture where climate permits’ and ‘Soils of poor suitability for arable agriculture’ (ENPAT, 2001) (Figure 5.4).

A- land type units refer to yellow and red soils without water tables and belonging in one or more of the following soil forms: Inanda, Kranskop, Magwa, Hutton, Griffin or Clovelly.

In Ae (red, high base status, >300 mm deep, no dunes) yellow soils occupy less than 10% of the area while dystrophic and/ or mesotrophic soils occupy a larger area than high base status red-yellow apedal soils. Slopes within the Ae252 land type varies from 0% to 2%. Only footslopes and valley bottoms are represented in this land type unit. Footslopes are dominated exclusively by the Hutton soil form with clay content of the A-horizon varying between 4% and 20%. The Oaklands soil formation is prevalent in the bottomlands (Hutton to a lower degree) and the clay content of the A-horizon varies between 6% and 12%. Soil depth in this land type is generally less than 1 200 mm.

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Midslopes and footslopes predominate within the Ah85 unit, with Hutton and Clovelly soil formations occurring predominantly. The clay content of the A- horizon varies between 2% and 7%. Slopes within this unit are typically low, varying between 0% and 3%. Soil depth in this land type is generally deeper than 1 200 mm.

Topography of the Ah86 unit is similarly dominated by footslopes and midslopes with the Hutton and Clovelly soil formations occurring exclusively. Clay content within these regions varies between 2 and 6%. Soil depth in this land type is generally deeper than 1 200 mm.

The B- group includes a large area of the South African interior that is occupied by a catena, which in its perfect form is represented by (in order from highest to lowest in the upland landscape) Hutton, Bainsvlei, Avalon and Longlands forms. The valley bottoms are occupied by one or other gley soil. Soils with hard plinthite are common over sandstones in the moist climate zones in the eastern part of the country. Depending on the extent to which water tables have been operative over a landscape, Longlands and Avalon and related grey and yellow soils may predominate, even to the exclusion of red soils. Where water tables have not extended beyond the valley bottoms, red soils may predominate with plintic soils restricted to narrow strips of land around valley bottoms or pans. In order for plinthic soils to be included into units Bc and Bd, they must cover more than 10% of the area. Unit Bc indicates land in which yellow and/ or red apedal soils are eutrophic and red soils are widespread, while red soils are not widespread in unit Bd.

Within unit Bc44 footslopes and valley bottoms predominate and Hutton, Avalon and Clovelly soil formations are found. Clay content of the A-horizon is typically below 10%. Soil depth in this land type is generally deeper than 1 200 mm. Footslopes predominate in the Bd46 unit with variations of Glencoe, Constantia, Westleigh, Valsrivier, Hutton and Longlands present. Clay content varies, but is generally low. Soil depth in this land type varies between 500 and 1 200 mm.

General Description of the Study 53 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 5.3: Distribution of land type units

Figure 5.4: Soil Potential Classes

General Description of the Study 54 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

5.5. Water Resources

5.5.1. Surface Water

The study area falls within the Mogol River Catchment, which drains into the Limpopo River to the north (Figure 5.5). The Mokolo River catchment covers an area of 8 387 km2. The catchment stretches from the Waterberg Mountains though the upper reaches of the Sand River, and includes the Mokolo Dam and a number of small tributaries that join the main Mokolo River up to its confluence with the Limpopo River. The topography of the area is flat, varying between 900 and 922 mamsl1. The general topographical drainage system is poorly developed and drains in an easterly direction towards the Mogol River (810 mamsl)

Figure 5.5: The Mokolo River Catchment (DWAF, 2005)

1 The Nelson’s kop is a prominent landmark at 922 mamsl; this hill is an inselberg (erosional relic) of the Clarens Formation sandstone.

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5.5.2. Groundwater

The groundwater potential of the formations located in the study area is limited in their pristine state due to low permeability, storage, and transmissivity. There are no artesian boreholes located within the study area. No large-scale groundwater abstraction occurs in the study area, even along the numerous faults.

The geological structures can enhance the groundwater potential in the area by increasing the permeability and transmissivity of the host rock. Secondary processes, such as faulting and fracturing, can create secondary fractured rock aquifers. Groundwater occurs within the joints, bedding planes, and along dolerite contacts within the Waterberg Group sediments.

The groundwater potential of the fractured transitional zones between weathered and unweathered crystalline Letaba basalt rocks is good. Deeper fractures within the basalt, associated with faulting, have good groundwater potential. Fractured fault zone, especially if related to tensional stresses, are potentially rich targets for groundwater development. The graben structures are associated with tensional stresses, thus the Eenzaamheid fault could be an area of increased groundwater potential. The Daarby thrust fault is impermeable.

5.5.3. Water Users

Currently, water use in the catchment broadly comprises:

• 87% for agricultural activities. • 13% for the industrial, mining, power generation and domestic water supply service sectors (municipalities).

According to the Internal Strategic Perspective (Report WMA 01/000/00/0304 available at www.dwaf.gov.za/documents) presently, water availability and water use in the catchment are in balance. However, within the provisions of the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) as stipulated in the National Water Resources Strategy, there is a need to meet the water requirements of the Reserve (Basic Human needs and Ecological requirements) in terms of both water quantity and quality. When this requirement is determined and imposed on the current water supply system, presently there would be insufficient water to maintain the required balance (see Appendix J). The area has been earmarked as a growth node by the provincial government and plans are in place to increase the water resource to assist with development in the area (Limpopo Province Development Blueprint Vision 2020). It is anticipated that water demand will increase with new developments proposed in the Mokolo Catchment, such as new or expanded mining activities, new power stations and other developments.

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5.6. Ecology and Biodiversity

Vegetation types that occur in the study area include (refer to Figure 5.6) (Low & Rebello, 1996):

• Mixed Bushveld, as is deduced from the name, represents a great variety of plant communities, with many variations and transitions. The vegetation varies from a dense, short bushveld to a rather open tree savanna. The structure of this vegetation type is determined by fire and grazing. • Sweet Bushveld occurs on fertile soils in the dry and hot valleys of the Limpopo River and the thorny, small-leaved vegetation is dominated by Acacia species that increase to dense, impenetrable thickets at the expense of the grass layer when over-utilised • Waterberg Moist Mountain Bushveld is a typical example of moist, infertile savanna. Due to the high proportion of unpalatable grasses, the area has become known as ‘sour bushveld’. This vegetation type occurs on the sandstone and quartzite of the Waterberg Mountains.

All three of the above vegetation types form part of the Savanna Biome.

The Savanna Biome is the largest biome in Southern Africa, occupying over one- third of the area of South Africa. It is characterised by a grassy ground layer and a distinct upper layer of woody plants. The environmental factors delimiting the biome are complex; altitude ranges from sea level to 2 000 m; rainfall varies from 235 mm to 1 000 mm per year; frost may occur and almost every major geological and soil type occurs within the biome. A major factor delimiting the biome is the lack of sufficient rainfall which prevents the upper layer from dominating, coupled with fires and grazing, which keep the grass layer dominant. The shrub layer may vary from 1 m to 20 m in height, but in Bushveld typically varies from 3 m to 7 m. The shrub-tree element may come to dominate the vegetation in areas which are being overgrazed. The interaction of vegetation, fire and animals play important roles in maintaining savanna ecosystems.

The savanna biome is populated by a greater diversity of bird species than any other biome in South Africa. Much of the area is used for game farming and big game hunting, illustrating that utilisation and conservation of an area are not mutually exclusive. The savanna biome is the core of the wildlife, ecotourism and meat-production industries. Threats include rapidly expanding development of settlements for impoverished human populations and the associated need for firewood and building materials, diminishing water supply, agriculture and over- grazing.

General Description of the Study 57 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

The savanna of South Africa includes numerous animal species; approximately 167 mammals (15% endemism), 532 birds (15% endemism), 161 reptiles (40% endemism), 57 amphibians (18% endemism) and an unknown number of invertebrates. Flagship species include the Starburst Horned Baboon Spider, ground Hornbill, Cape Griffon, Wild dog, Short-Eared Trident Bat and the White Rhinoceros (Knobel, 1999).

Figure 5.6: Vegetation types

5.7. Social Environment

The study area is situated approximately 20 km west of Lephalale in the Limpopo Province. The study area is situated in the area under the jurisdiction of Lephalale Local Municipality (NP362), which forms part of the Waterberg District Municipality (DC36). The Lephalale Local Municipality covers an area of 19 605 square kilometres (km2), and consists of 11 wards. The study area comprises three wards:

General Description of the Study 58 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

• Ward 2, which has an area of 77 km2, and includes Grootegeluk Mine and the township of Maropong; • Ward 3, a much larger ward directly to the south of Ward 2, with an area of 2 047 km2. Onverwacht, a residential area to the west of the town of Lephalale, lies in Ward 3; and • Ward 4, which has an area of 16 km2 metres and comprises the town of Lephalale (formerly Ellisras).

5.7.1. Land Use

Principle land uses in the study area include:

• Agricultural land devoted mainly to game and cattle farming. • Residential and industrial areas – i.e. Onverwacht, the town of Lephalale, and Maropong. Plans have been made to expand Maropong towards the east. • Grootegeluk Mine, which is owned by Kumba Resources Pty Ltd. • The existing Matimba Power Station. • Game farms and lodges including the Ferroland Private Game Reserve. • Sewage works on the farms Zongezien and Nelsonskop.

5.7.2. Population

The total population of Lephalale Local Municipality is in the order of 100 000. About 3% of this population (3000 people) live in the town of Lephalale. Ward 2 (Maropong), with a population of about 6000, accounts for 6% of the total population of the municipal area, while Ward 3 (with 10 000) people accounts for a further 10%.

The average population density of Ward 3 (at 5 people per km2) is similar to that of Lephalale Local Municipality as a whole. By contrast, Ward 2 is more densely populated at about 75 people per km2, while the town of Lephalale is still more densely populated (about 180 people per km2).

About 90% of the population of Lephalale Local Municipality is African, with the remainder made up almost exclusively of Whites. According to the 2001 Census results, the populations of the town of Lephalale and the larger Ward 3 consisted of roughly equal proportions Africans and Whites, although the balance has swung in the direction of Africans in the intervening years. Ward 2 (Maropong) is almost exclusively African.

5.7.3. Age and gender distribution

One-third of the population of Ward 2 (Maropong) is under 15 years of age. This is similar to the age distribution of Lephalale Local Municipality as a whole. By

General Description of the Study 59 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province contrast, the population of Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale is slightly older, with between one-quarter and one-fifth of the population being under 15 years of age.

In Maropong, as well as in the town of Lephalale, the population distribution displays a preponderance of males over 35 of age. In these areas, males between 35 and 64 years of age constitute 60% of the total population in this age group. This pattern is indicative of large numbers of migrant workers. These workers are attracted by the possibility of employment at the Grootegeluk Mine and the existing Matimba Power Station. They most probably originate from other parts of Limpopo Province, which is one of the poorest provinces in South Africa, and consequently has a high unemployment rate.

5.7.4. Education

In Wards 2, 3 and 4, about 10% of the population over 20 years of age report not having had any schooling. This figure is significantly lower than for Lephalale Local Municipality as a whole, where nearly one-quarter of over 20-year olds have not had any schooling. In Maropong, approximately a quarter of the adult population is functionally illiterate.

5.7.5. Employment

• Unemployment rates The unemployment rate in Lephalale Local Municipality is in the order of 20%. This figure is higher in Maropong, where roughly one-third of the workforce is unemployed. In Ward 3 the unemployment rate is about 10%, while in the town of Lephalale it is less than 5%. • Sectoral employment In Lephalale Local Municipality, agriculture is the largest source of employment, with one-third of the active labour force employed in this sector. In Maropong, mining is the largest source of employment (40%). In the town of Lephalale, the largest source of employment is the Community/Social/Personal Services sector (30%). Game farming constitutes an important economic activity on many of the farms surrounding the study area (including those in Ward 3).

5.7.6. Income

Limpopo Province is one of the poorest provinces in the Republic of South Africa. Poverty is also a widespread problem in Lephalale Local Municipality: roughly 20% of households report not earning any income, while an additional 45% of households earn less than R800 per month. The situation is slightly less severe in Ward 2 (Maropong), where 15% of households earn no income and 25% earn less than R800 per month. In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, by contrast,

General Description of the Study 60 23/03/2006 Area Environment Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province only 8% of households report not earning any income, while one-quarter of households earn less than R800 per month.

5.7.7. Housing

In Lephalale Local Municipality, 80% of households live in formal dwellings, while roughly equal proportions of the remainder live either in traditional or informal dwellings. In Ward 2, slightly less than 50% of households live in formal dwellings, while the remainder live in informal dwellings. The township of Maropong itself is a formal settlement to which infrastructure has been supplied. In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, the vast majority (more than 90%) of households live in formal dwellings.

The average household size in Lephalale Local Municipality is 3,5 persons per household. This figure is slightly larger in Maropong (4 persons per household) and smaller in Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale (2,6 persons per household). The average dwelling size in Maropong is 3,3 rooms per dwelling. Dwellings in Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale are somewhat larger (3,9 and 4,2 rooms per dwelling, respectively).

5.7.8. Services

• Transport The most common methods of travelling to work or school in Ward 2 (Maropong) is by foot (49% of people), followed by buses (36%). In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, 40% of people travel to work or school by foot, while 20% make use of buses and 30% of cars. The three main roads utilised within the study area include Nelson Mandela Drive, the Steenbokpan road and the Stockpoort Road. The greater Lephalale area is accessed via the Vaalwater (R33) and Thabazimbi (R510) roads. • Access to electricity Approximately 70% of households in Lephalale Local Municipality have electricity for household lighting, while the remainder use candles. In Ward 2 (Maropong), this figure is slightly higher (75%), and in Ward 3 it is still higher (85%). Virtually all households in the town of Lephalale have access to electricity. • Water and sanitation A very high percentage of communities in Limpopo Province are still below 50% of RDP standards in terms of water supply. In the Waterberg District Municipality, about 235 688 of people (i.e. 48 000 households) do not have access to water at least 98% of the time. On the other hand about 130 000 people still have to walk more than 200 m to fetch water from the nearby water sources.

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In Lephalale Local Municipality, one-third of households do not have access to water in the dwelling or yard, but are required to make use of community standpipes. In Maropong, this figure is somewhat lower (15% of households make use of community standpipes), more than half of households have a tap in the yard, and one-third of households have access to water inside their dwelling. In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, approximately 75% of households have access to water inside their dwelling, while 20% have a tap in the yard. The remainder make use of community standpipes.

A similar pattern emerges with regard to sanitation services. In Lephalale Local Municipality, 20% of households have no access to sanitation services, 50% make use of pit latrines, while 30% have flush toilets. In Maropong and the town of Lephalale, virtually all households have flush toilets. In Ward 3, 85% of households have flush toilets, 5% make use of pit latrines, and slightly less than 10% have no access to sanitation services.

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6. WATER RESOURCES

6.1. Scope of Work

The study aimed at assessing the surface and groundwater resources within the ± 245 km2 study area. The scope of work included:

• A status quo study, regarding quality and quantity of water resources. • A site suitability assessment from a groundwater and surface water perspective. • An evaluation of all monitoring data, hydro-chemical trend identification, and contamination assessment (coal stockyard, ash dams, etc.). • Consideration of stormwater controls. • Surface water availability and supply, • Groundwater resources.

Due to the nature of the potential impacts, it was considered imperative to conduct a risk assessment regarding groundwater and surface water resources on the preferred site/s during the EIA phase.

6.2. Methodology

A risk assessment regarding groundwater and surface water resources were conducted based on Skivington’s report (WRC report No. TT90/97) entitled “Risk Assessment for Water Quality Management” (1997).

The methodology followed is as follows: -

• A description of intention • Hazard identification • An estimation of the probability and magnitude of the consequences of the hazard • A risk estimate • A risk evaluation • An overall risk assessment • Risk management recommendations

The risk assessment is based on the existing Matimba power station, as the proposed new power station design has not yet been finalised. On this basis, it is deemed appropriate that the risks identified during this assessment and the proposed mitigation measures can be utilised for the proposed power station.

Water Resources 64 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

6.3. Overview of the Geology of the Area

Sediments and volcanics of the Waterberg Group and Karoo Supergroup underlie the study area. Table 6.1 presents the lithostratigraphy of the area.

Table 6.1: Lithostratigraphy Age Supergroup / Formation Alternative Lithology Group Name Jurassic Karoo Letaba Letaba Formation Basalt Triassic Clarens Clarens Fine-grained Formation cream-coloured sandstone Triassic Lisbon* Elliot Formation Red mudstone and siltstone Triassic Greenwich* Molteno Red sandstone Formation and conglomerate Triassic Eendragtpan* Beaufort Group Variegated shale

Permian Grootegeluk* Upper Ecca Group Mudstone, carbonaceous shale, coal Permian Goedgedacht* Middle Ecca Gritty mudstone, Group mudstone, sandstone, coal Permian Swartrant* Lower Ecca Group Sandstone, gritstone, mudstone, coal Permian / Karoo / Dwyka Wellington* Dwyka Group Mudstone, Carboniferous siltstone, minor grit Carboniferous Waterkloof* Dwyka Group Diamictite, mudstone Mokolian Waterberg Mogalakwena Mogalakwena Fm Coarse-grained purplish brown sandstone *Not yet approved by the South African Committee on Stratigraphy (SACS)

A veneer of quaternary (2 Ma) sandy soil covers the Waterberg Group sediments to the south of the study area.

Figure 6.1, a portion of the 1:250 000 geological map 2326 Ellisras, illustrates the study area geology. Figure 6.2 presents the structural geology within the study area, as provided by Mr. Leon Roux, Grootegeluk Coal Mine.

Water Resources 65 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Legend

Qs Sandy soil NORTH Jl Letaba basalt Ђ c Clarens sandstone Ђ l Lisbon mud stone Ђ g Greenwich red sandstone Ђ e Een dragtpan variegated shale

Pgr Grootegeluk mudstone, coal Pgo Goedgedacht g ritty mudstone Ps Swartrant sandstone, coal C- Pwe W ellington mudstone Cwa Waterkloof diamictite

Mm M ogalakwena sandstone

f I Faults

- Study area

Figure No: 2 Portion of the 1:250 000 Geological Map Scale: Not to 23 26 Ellisras P.O. Box 2597 Tel.: (011) 803 -5726 Rivonia Fax.: (011) 803 -5745

2128 jhb@gcs -sa.biz Project No: 2004.11 .5 3 5

Figure 6.1: A portion of the 1:250 000 geological map 2326 Ellisras, illustrating the study area geology

Water Resources 66 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 6.2 – Structural geology within the study area

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6.3.1. Structural Geology

The study area falls within the Waterberg Coalfield, which comprises of a graben structure with the Eenzaamheid fault forming the southern boundary and the northern boundary is delineated by the Zoetfontein fault. Archaean granite rocks outcrop to the north of the Zoetfontein fault and sediments of the Waterberg Group outcrop to the south of the Eenzaamheid fault.

The study area is further subdivided by the Daarby fault, a major northeast then northwest trending fault. The Daarby fault has a down throw of 360 m to the north, at an angle of 50° to 60°.

Figure 6.3 is a north-south cross-section across the study area, indicating the faults, throws, and lithological contacts.

Associated minor faulting within the graben structure has been interpreted. Figures 6.4 and 6.5 present the identified and interpreted macros structures within the study area (Roux, 2001).

Figure 6.4: Faults and macro structures within the study area.

The geological structures can enhance the groundwater potential in the area by increasing the permeability and transmissivity of the host rock. Secondary processes, such as faulting and fracturing, can create secondary fractured rock aquifers.

Water Resources 68 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 6.3: Cross Section

Water Resources 69 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 6.5: Macro structures and lineations interpreted from aerial magnetic data.

• The Daarby Fault The Daarby Fault is a major northeast then northwest trending fault, assumed to be a combination of two faults that have the same throw and throw directions.

The down throw of 360 m to the north serves to bring the Grootegeluk Formation rocks to the south in contact with the younger Clarens Formation sandstone and Letaba Formation basalts in the north. Thus the fault divides the coalfield into a shallow (opencast) coal area to the south of the Daarby Fault, and a deep north coal area.

Packer testing of a borehole drilled through the fault zone has shown the Daarby fault to be impermeable.

• The Eenzaamheid Fault The Eenzaamheid fault has a throw of 250 m to the north and the fault is near vertical (Figure 6.2). The fault brings the upthrown Waterberg Group sediments on the south side of the fault in contact with shallow coal on the northern side of the fault.

Water Resources 70 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

The permeability of the Eenzaamheid fault is not clearly understood, initial groundwater contours indicate that the fault was impermeable (Johnstone, 1989) and that dewatering at the mine did not impact on the Waterberg Group sediments to the south of the fault.

Subsequent groundwater modelling (Roux, 2003) indicates that plume migration will occur along the fault, indicating an increased transmissivity along the fault between the two geological units (Figure 6.6).

The groundwater model indicates that the Eenzaamheid fault has enhanced groundwater potential and could be targeted for groundwater resource development in the future. The fault can also act as a preferential flow path for groundwater and potential contamination. Any possible contaminant sources should not be constructed on the fault as the fault would facilitate the migration of contaminants off site, which could possibly impact on surrounding groundwater users.

Appelvlakte

Nelsonskop

Eenzaamheid fault

Naauw Ontkomen

Eenzaamheid

Figure 6.6: Plume migration along the Eenzaamheid Fault

• Minor faulting Associated step faults are identified within the area, especially where the Eenzaamheid and Daarby faults are in the closest proximity (± 2 km). The associated faults have varying strikes, throws, and throw direction (Figures

Water Resources 71 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

6.4 and 6.5). These faults have increased the in situ permeability of these rocks and influence the groundwater flow patterns.

Indications from exploration drilling are that the Daarby and Eenzaamheid faults are linked (on the farm Turfvlakte 463 LQ). This area also acts as a groundwater flow barrier as dewatering occurs within the Grootegeluk and Eendragtpan Formations, but not in the Swartrant Formation, as recognised from the groundwater modelling.

6.3.2. The Grootegeluk Coal Deposits

The Grootegeluk coal mine produces coking coal and middlings from the Grootegeluk and Goedgedacht Formations (Upper and Middle Ecca Group). The Grootegeluk Formation comprises intercalated shale and bright coal, with an average depth of 60 m. Coking and middlings grade coal are obtained from this formation. This coal is suitable for power generation, direct reduction, and formcoke.

Opencast mining occurs within the shallow coal, south of the Daarby Fault. Dewatering occurs which has led to the decline of the groundwater levels around the workings.

6.4. Regional Hydrogeology

The groundwater potential of the formations located in the study area are limited in their pristine state due to low permeability, storage, and transmissivity. Secondary processes, such as weathering, fracturing, etc., are required to enhance the groundwater potential.

Based on regional data, as compiled on the 1:500 000 hydrogeological map 2326 Polokwane, the following hydrogeological information is available for the formations on site:

Letaba Formation - Basic extrusive rocks (basalt) - Intergranular and fractured aquifers - Borehole yields 0,1 to 0,5 l/s

Clarens Formation - Argillaceous and arenaceous rocks - Intergranular and fractured aquifers - Borehole yields 0,1 to 0,5 l/s

Ecca Group - Upper and middle Ecca (Grootegeluk) - Fractured aquifers - Borehole yields 0,5 to 2,0 l/s

Water Resources 72 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Ecca Group - Lower Ecca (Swartrant) - Intergranular and fractured aquifers - Borehole yields 0,5 to 2,0 l/s

Dwyka Group - Predominately arenaceous rocks - Fractured aquifers - Borehole yields 0,5 to 2,0 l/s

Waterberg Group - Predominantly arenaceous rocks - Fractured aquifers - Borehole yields 0,5 to 2,0 l/s

There are no artesian boreholes located within the study area. No large-scale groundwater abstraction occurs in the study area, even along the numerous faults.

The majority of the study area has electrical conductivity concentrations of between 70 and 300 mS/m. Incidents of groundwater with elevated fluoride concentrations (> 1,5 mg/l F) have been recorded.

6.4.1. Regional groundwater occurrence and aquifers

Based on the geology within the study area, the structural geology, and the geomorphology the following conditions can arise to enhance aquifer development within the study area:

• The fractured transition zone between weathered and fresh bedrock • Fractures along contact zones between dykes and the host rocks due to heating and cooling of rocks involved with the intrusions • Contact zones between sedimentary rocks of different types • Contacts which may be open, enlarged, and loosened by weathering • Openings on discontinuities formed by fracturing • Faulting due to tectonic forces • Stratigraphic unconformities • Zones of deeper weathering • Fractures related to tensional and decompressional stresses due to off-loading of overlying material • Fault zones within the Karoo rocks

The sandstone of the Clarens Formation is characteristically massive and dense and has limited permeability and storage. It thus offers only moderate groundwater yield, especially in the absence of dolerite intrusions. 70% of boreholes drilled into the sandstone have yields < 3 l/s.

Water Resources 73 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

The groundwater potential of the fractured transitional zones between weathered and unweathered crystalline Letaba basalt rocks is good. Deeper fractures within the basalt, associated with faulting, have good groundwater potential.

Fractured fault zone, especially if related to tensional stresses, are potentially rich targets for groundwater development. The graben structures are associated with tensional stresses, thus the Eenzaamheid fault could be an area of increased groundwater potential. The Daarby thrust fault is impermeable.

Contacts between different rock lithologies and bedding planes within the sediments often yield groundwater. The contact zone between the basalt and the Clarens Formation sandstone can be high yielding.

Groundwater occurs within the joints, bedding planes, and along dolerite contacts within the Waterberg Group sediments. Groundwater potential is generally low in these rocks, with 87% of borehole yields < 3 l/s.

6.4.2 Hydrogeology of the Preferred Sites

Borehole information derived from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s (DWAF) national groundwater database (NGDB) and the monitoring data from the power station and Grootegeluk coal mine allowed for an assessment of the hydrogeology, aquifers, and water levels on each of the preferred sites and neighbouring sites.

Figure 6.7 shows the location of the boreholes. Unfortunately the NGDB borehole co-ordinates are not very accurate, and hence some of the boreholes plot in close proximity to one another. Each borehole record, however, provides individual geological and hydrogeological information.

The borehole information is presented in Table 6.2. Figures 6.8 and 6.9 present the borehole yields and static water level data, respectively.

A summary of the borehole (drilling) records is as follows: -

• The majority of boreholes drilled on the candidate sites have very low sustainable yields. • Only one borehole (41 records) has a yield > 1 l/s. This enhanced groundwater potential is as a result of secondary processes, possibly the faulting recognised on the farm Kuipersbult. • Borehole depths are very variable. Deep drilling has occurred due to exploration (for coal) rather than for groundwater.

Water Resources 74 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

• Groundwater levels are variable due to the different piezometeric pressures associated with the units intersected during drilling • Groundwater levels do not mimic the topography (which is very flat) as very shallow and very deep groundwater levels have been recorded on site. This is as a result of piezometeric differences, confined aquifers, artificial recharge, and geological structures. • The average depth to groundwater within the Mogalakwena Formation sandstone is 25,6 m. • The average depth to groundwater north of the Daarby fault (Clarens Fm) is 16,7 m.

Water Resources 75 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 6.7: All Boreholes

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Table 6.2: Borehole information for the preferred and neighbouring sites Borehole ID Farm Depth Yield Water level Comment 2327DA00120 Eenzaamheid 75 m 0.25 l/s - 2327DA00121 (Privately owned) 154 m 0.03 l/s 112.78 mbgl 2327DA00122 400 m 0.06 l/s 77.42 mbgl 2327DA00123 151 m Dry - 2327DA00042 Kromdraai 7 m Dry - 2327DA00043 (Privately owned) 82 m 0.02 l/s 35.05 mbgl 2327DA00045 400 m 0.85 l/s 1.83 mbgl Confined piezometeric level 2327DA00042 152 m 0.07 l/s 32.92 mbgl 2327DA00029 Kuipersbult 153 m 0.01 l/s 22.86 mbgl 2327DA00030 (Privately owned) 86 m 0.01 l/s 22.86 mbgl 2327DA00031 137 m 0.07 l/s 48.77 mbgl 2327DA00032 121 m 0.33 l/s 22.25 mbgl 2327DA00033 77 m 0.01 l/s 18.29 mbgl 2327DA00035 94 m 0.01 l/s 22.86 mbgl 2327DA00301 79 m 3.2 l/s - Fault? 2327DA00302 15 m 0.05 l/s 3.35 mbgl 2327DA00303 92 m 0.26 l/s 1.83 mbgl 2327DA00009 Naauwontkomen 7 m 0.06 l/s 1.16 mbgl 2327DA00010 (Ferroland / Kumba) 4 m 0.15 l/s 1.62 mbgl 2327DA00011 40 m 0.06 l/s 30.48 mbgl 2327DA00012 34 m 0.63 l/s 21.34 mbgl 2327DA00013 22 m 0.25 l/s 9.14 mbgl 2327DA00014 100 m 0.98 l/s 10.36 mbgl 2327DA00019 32 m 0.25 l/s 13.72 mbgl WBR37 - - 14.2 mbgl Grootegeluk monitoring hole WBR37A - - 13.37 mbgl Grootegeluk monitoring hole NN12 - - 49.96 mbgl Grootegeluk monitoring hole

Water Resources 77 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 6.8: Borehole Yields

Water Resources 78 22/05/2006 fy‚iryvi2‰sivhƒ

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Figure 6.9: Static Water Levels

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6.4.3. Groundwater use

Limited groundwater abstraction occurs within the study area due to:

• Land use (primarily stock or game watering) • Reticulated (piped) water is supplied to the area, either via the municipality, Eskom, or Grootegeluk Coal Mine • Low sustainable borehole yields • Variable hydrochemistry, high salinity areas • Little or no domestic groundwater usage due to Mokolo Dam supply to the area

6.4.4. Ambient hydrochemistry

Groundwater quality data from the DWAF’s national groundwater database provides an indication of the ambient groundwater quality in the study area. Only four boreholes have been sampled by the DWAF in the area, the sample points are on the farms:

• Nooitgedacht 403 LQ (15 km north of the power station, Clarens Fm sandstone) • Waterkloof 502 LQ (10 km east of the power station, Swartrant Fm sandstone) • Ehrenbreitstein 525 LQ (12,5 km southeast of the power station, Mogalakwena Fm sandstone)

Table 6.3 presents the ambient hydro-chemical data recorded in the study area, compared to the SANS:241 standards for drinking water quality.

Water Resources 80 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Table 6.3: Ambient hydrochemistry Tests Units SANS Nooitgedacht Waterkloof Waterkloof Ehrenbreitstein 2411 14/06/1970 21/08/1970 21/08/1970 26/08/1970 PH pH 4 – 7.4 7.9 7.4 7.8 units 10 Nitrate mg/l 20 6.77 < 0.04 < 0.04 < 0.04 N Fluoride mg/l 1.5 0.1 0.4 - - F Sodium mg/l 400 692* 7 7 7 Na Magnesium mg/l 100 86 5 5 2 Mg Sulphate mg/l 600 1 920* < 4 < 4 < 4

SO4 Chloride mg/l 600 37 630* 11 11 11 Cl Calcium mg/l 300 1 080* 14 14 6 Ca EC mS/m 370 1 112.2* 13.3 13.3 7.2 * exceeds maximum allowable limits

The limited data indicates that the borehole sampled on the Farm Nooitgedacht, within the Clarens Formation rocks, has elevated concentrations of electrical conductivity, Na, Cl, SO4, and Ca.

The hydrochemistry associated with the boreholes within the Swartrant and Mogalakwena Formations is good potable groundwater.

Fluoride was not recorded in the sample from the Farm Ehrenbreitstein, which is within the Mogalakwena Formation. These rocks contain elevated concentrations of fluorite (apatite and fluorspar), which can increase the fluoride concentrations within the groundwater.

6.4.5. Aquifer classification

Based on the available hydrogeological data the overall aquifer system within the study area can be classified as a Non-Aquifer System (Parsons, 19952), where: -

• Non-Aquifer System occurs where the formations have negligible permeability and are generally regarded as not containing groundwater in exploitable quantities. Water quality may also be such that it renders the aquifer as

1 South African Bureau of Standards specifications for drinking water, maximum allowable limits, SABS 241 5th Edition, 2001 2 WRC Report No. KV 77/95, A South African Aquifer System Management Classification, R. Parsons December 1995.

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unusable. However, groundwater flow through such rocks, although imperceptible, does take place, and needs to be considered when assessing the risks associated with persistent pollutants.

Groundwater potential is enhanced along areas of secondary processes, such as faulting, fracturing, etc. allowing for the development of discrete minor aquifer systems, where: -

• A Minor Aquifer System comprises fractured or potentially fractured rocks which do not have a high primary permeability, or other formations of variable permeability. Aquifer extent may be limited and water quality variable. Although these aquifers seldom produce large quantities of water, they are important both for local supplies and in supplying base flow for rivers.

Based on the aquifer types present on site and the variable (high salinity) hydrochemistry a rating of the aquifer vulnerability indicates that limited to low levels of groundwater protection are required for these aquifers.

6.5. Surface Water Hydrology

The study area falls within the Mogol River Catchment, which drains into the Limpopo River to the north (Figure 6.10). The catchment covers an area of 8 387 km2. The catchment stretches from the Waterberg Mountains though the upper reaches of the Sand River, and includes the Mokolo Dam and a number of small tributaries that join the main Mokolo River up to its confluence with the Limpopo River. The topography of the area is flat, varying between 900 and 922 m amsl3. The general topographical drainage system is poorly developed and drains in an easterly direction towards the Mogol River (810 m amsl), (Figure 6.11).

3 The Nelson’s kop is a prominent landmark at 922 m amsl; this hill is an inselberg (erosional relic) of the Clarens Formation sandstone.

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NORTH

Mokolo River

Lephalale Municipal area

Tambotie River

Mokolo River

Study area

Figure No: 11

The Mogol River Catchment Scale: As shown P.O. Box 2597 Tel.: (011) -5726 Rivonia Fax.: (011) 803-5745 803 2128 [email protected] Project No: 2004.11.535

Figure 6.10: The Mogol River Catchment

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Appelvlakte Zongezien Matimba Power Station

Sandloop

Kromdraai Kuipersbult

Figure 6.11: Surface drainage within the study area.

The drainage consists primarily of dry sandy gullies, such as the “Sandloop”, located to the south and east of the existing Matimba Power Station.

The only recognisable drainage channels in the study area occur along the northern boundary of the farm Appelvlakte 448 LQ, through the center of Kromdraai 513 LQ, through the south of Zongezien 467 LQ, and through the northeastern section of Kuipersbult 511 LQ (refer to Figure 6.7).

The surface water drainage system is poorly developed due to:

• The flat topography (Power Station 880 mamsl to Mogol River 810 mamsl is 70 m over 15 000 m, gradient = 1:214) • The sandy soil veneer, 1 m – 3 m of high permeable soil cover • Low annual rainfall, 435 mm per annum (Weather Bureau, 29 year record 1961 – 1990)

Due to the absence of any well-defined or perennial surface water drainage courses within the study area, it is anticipated that the proposed power station and infrastructure will not have a direct impact, in terms of quantity (run off) or quality, on the surface water.

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Currently, water use in the catchment broadly comprises (DWAF, 2005):

• 87% for agricultural activities. • 13% for the industrial, mining, power generation and domestic water supply service sectors (municipalities).

According to the Internal Strategic Perspective (Report WMA 01/000/00/0304 available at www.dwaf.gov.za) presently, water availability and water use in the catchment are in balance. However, within the provisions of the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) as stipulated in the National Water Resources Strategy, there is a need to meet the water requirements of the Reserve (Basic Human needs and Ecological requirements) in terms of both water quantity and quality. When this requirement is determined and imposed on the current water supply system, presently there would be insufficient water to maintain the required balance. The area has been earmarked as a growth node by the provincial government and plans are in place to increase the water resource to assist with development in the area (Limpopo Province Development Blueprint Vision 2020). It is anticipated that water demand will increase with new developments proposed in the Mokolo Catchment, such as new or expanded mining activities, new power stations and other developments. Refer to Appendix J for a graphical interpretation of the above paragraph.

The supply of additional water from the already stressed catchment is likely to have an impact on the downstream surface water users.

6.5.1. Current surface water supply

Matimba Power Station currently receives its water from the Mokolo dam on the Mogol River (Figure 6.10). Apart from supplying the Matimba Power Station, the Mokolo dam also supplies the Grootegeluk Coal Mine, Lephalale town, and various settlements and farmers in the area.

The Mokolo River drains the southwestern part of the Limpopo Water Management Area and has various tributaries. Of these tributaries, the Sand River and the Grootspruit, originate in the Waterberg mountain range and flow into the Mokolo River upstream of the Mokolo Dam. Other tributaries are the Tambotie River, Poer se Loop, and the Rietspruit River that join the Mokolo River downstream of the Mokolo Dam. The altitude varies from 1 700 m from the origin to 790 m at the confluence of the Mogol River with the Limpopo River.

The availability of the surface water resulted in extensive irrigation development. This development has been enhanced by the construction of Mokolo Dam, which was developed mainly to support mining and power generation development. The

Water Resources 85 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province associated infrastructure development was undertaken by Kumba Resources and Eskom.

• The Mokolo Dam forms part of a Regional Water Supply Scheme supplying drinking water to Lephalale and irrigation water along the Mokolo River. The Mokolo Regional Water Supply Scheme comprises of the Mokolo Dam (gross capacity 146 million m3, firm yield 27,1 million m3/a at 99,5% assurance level) located in the middle reaches of the Mokolo River. The storage capacity of the Mokolo Dam is significantly less than the mean annual run-off in the Mokolo River, 240,4 x 106 m3/year.

The dam was constructed to assure water supply to the Matimba Power Station (allocation 6.5 million m3/a), Grootegeluk coal mine (allocation 5.6 million m3/a), Lephalale and adjacent urban water users (allocation 3.9 million m3/a) and irrigation of an area of 2 000 ha (allocation 10,4 million m3/a, at a lower level of assurance).

Raw water is drawn from the dam and pumped through a 700 mm diameter steel pipeline to Lephalale via a balancing dam at Wolwefontein, some 40 km from Mokolo Dam. Part of the water is treated in a 17 Ml/d raw water treatment works before being delivered through a 450 mm diameter pipeline to Lephalale.

Raw water is drawn from the balancing dam and delivered to Grootegeluk mine and Matimba Power Station. Eskom treats water for own use and also delivers potable water to the adjacent village of Marapong.

Irrigation water is released from Mokolo Dam into the Mokolo River where it is abstracted by riparian irrigators as required.

Based on discussions with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, pers comm.) regarding the allocation of water from the Mokolo Dam, the current allocation is as follows:

• Mokolo Irrigation Board Allocation 10,4 million m3/annum • Kumba Resources Coal Mine Allocation 17,2 million m3/annum. From this allocation, Kumba supplies water to a number of users, including Lephalale Municipality, Marapong and 6.5 million m3/annum for Eskom Matimba

These volumes differ slightly from the Mokolo Regional Water Supply Scheme. Although the water system is in balance, DWAF indicated that the current system was already stressed due to the fact that there are no additional volumes of water from the Mokolo Dam that could be allocated for use.

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• Power station water use (based on current Matimba Power Station) Water consumption at the dry cooled power station is in the order of 0,1 to 0,2 l/kWh (litres per unit of electricity produced). The average water use is 0,12 l/kWh sent out. The power station is capable of generating 3 990 MWh with an Energy Availability Factor (EAF) of 94%4. The current water use at Matimba Power Station is 3,3 million m3/annum of a possible allocation of 6.5 million m3/annum. (pers comm Heine Hoffman Eskom, 2005). Although Matimba Power Station has not used the remainder of its allocation DWAF is currently unable to assure that is available. DWAF is currently undertaking a validation and verification study in conjunction with a hydrology study to ascertain the legal status of all water uses and the current yield of the water supply system.

The power station requires an assured reliable water source in order to generate sufficient energy to meet its demands. The DWAF provides the water at an assurance of 99,5% i.e. the probability of system failure occurring only once in 200 years. Eskom has made a provisional water use licence application to DWAF for the abstraction of 6 Mm3/annum for the first phase and the possible increase to 12 Mm3/annum for a six unit 4800 MW dry cooled power station.

• Current surface water demand and future capacity At present the only source of water to the existing power station is the Mokolo Dam. Should an additional power station be built, then the demand on the dam will be increased and DWAF will be required to provide an assured water supply. Figure 6.12 illustrates the percentage storage within the dam. Current levels within the dam (May 2005) are at 89%. The storage within the dam dropped to 60% of full storage capacity during March 2004. The Mokolo Dam forms part of the quotas from Government Water Schemes in accordance with Section 56 of the Water Act, 1956 and specific allocations have been made to household and stock watering (quota 0,057 x 106 m3/a) as well as the municipality (quota 0,465 x 106 m3/a). The potential surface water resources within this area are nearly fully developed (the scheme is stressed) with major dams and a host of smaller dams existing in the area. Only the upper Lephalala River and Mokolo River have significant potential for surface water development in terms of the physical requirements for surface water storage infrastructure.

4 The power station produces full capacity 94% of the time.

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Figure 6.12: Mokolo Dam storage volumes

Table 6.4: Mokolo Dam specifications and water use allocations

Mokolo Quaternary Gross MAR Required Firm Households Irrigation Matimba Kumba Dam catchment capacity yield yield 106m3 106m3/a Allocation A42F 146.0 240. 28.6 27.1 1.0 10.4 7.3 9.9 Quota 4 0.522 - - -

6.5.2. DWAF studies

• Background The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) initiated a stakeholder consultation process in the Lephalale area in December 2003 to discuss future developments that were anticipated and the concomitant water requirements. At this time, the inflow to the Mokolo Dam was low and fears developed that the dam would not be able to yield enough water in the event of moving into a period of prolonged low rainfall. This led to DWAF identifying a series of planning studies that would culminate in defining the water use and the availability of water. These studies are as follows:

Validation and Verification study: This is to verify the water use of each water user and then validate the information. Satellite images, aerial photographs and registered water use information will be used to determine actual water use. This study will validate how much water is currently being used by the different use sectors and verify the lawfulness of the water users and determine the existing lawful water use. This information will assist DWAF with the evaluation and issuing

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of licences as the current allocations that have been granted under the old Water Act are still valid. Progress: ∗ A rapid assessment model was used to look at the water registration. The results were made available for public comment in January 2006. ∗ The validation process will be completed at the end of March 2006. ∗ The verification process will follow the validation process and it will not affect the progress of other parallel studies because it is mostly a legal process. ∗ Focus group meetings have been held for different categories of water users (Irrigation farmers, Local Municipalities, etc). Two public meetings have taken place to promote access to information and transparency. This allows the project to be open to public scrutiny. ∗ This study is expected to be completed in May 2006.

Hydrology Study: This investigation is aimed at providing DWAF with an updated understanding of how much water (yield) is presently available in the catchment. This work will be based on the analysis of historical rainfall patterns, streamflow, ground and surface water resources. The study will also analyse the performance of the Mokolo Dam under different water abstraction scenarios. This study will provide valuable information to the validation and verification study on existing lawful water uses and the potential of the catchment to support new developments and new water uses. Progress: ∗ The collection and analysis of the rainfall data is complete. Where rainfall information was not available, patching was applied during the analysis of data. ∗ The stream flow data analysis is in progress and patching will also take place in the task. ∗ The WRSM2000 needs to be calibrated for both the rainfall and stream flow data. Simulation of flows and testing of scenarios will follow this process. ∗ Diagrams will be developed for the stream flow for each of the quaternary catchments. ∗ The study program is on schedule and will be completed by December 2006.

Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Study: Water conservation means “minimising water losses and/or wastage and the use of water in an efficient and effective way”. Water Demand Management is the adoption and implementation of action plans to influence the demand for,

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and use of water by consumers. While it is recognised that some sectors in the Mokolo River Catchment are already practicing Water Conservation and Water Demand Management, additional efforts are required to realise additional water conservation and efficient use of this valuable resource. The outcomes of this study will feed into the updated hydrology and systems models (reduced demand) as well as into validation and verification (via improved efficiencies). This is a study to assess the potential to implement further water conservation and water demand management initiatives in the area. This study will be completed by end of March 2006.

Pre-feasibility and Feasibility Studies: This study will determine the feasibility of raising the Mokolo Dam Wall and/or transfer of water from the Crocodile (West) catchments. The pre-feasibility for an augmentation option was identified prior to Eskom’s intent of developing the new power station due to the requirements of the catchment. (DWAF, 2005). As a pre-emptive measure DWAF motivated by Eskom’s future capacity expansion plan in the Mokolo catchment initiated a reconnaissance study to evaluate the options with regard to abstraction and pipeline routes for a water transfer scheme from the Crocodile West to Mokolo Catchment. The purpose of this study is to identify and estimate the cost for various options for transfer pipeline routes from the Crocodile West/Marico WMA to the balancing dams at the end of the existing rising main from Mokolo Dam (Limpopo WMA). The study has been undertaken at a reconnaissance level of detail and is expected to be completed in March 2006

A public participation process for these studies was held on 19, 20, 21 July 2005 and was well received (refer to Appendix Ma). This served as a pre-cursor for future Environmental Impact Assessments that may arise as a result of the outcome of these studies. DWAF will continue this public consultation as the studies progress.

Eskom was part of the initial stakeholder consultation process, and have submitted preliminary water use figures to DWAF, which included water use for a second dry cooled power station in the future. Following the completion of the pre-feasibility phase of proposed new power station in early 2005, Eskom engaged DWAF in bi-lateral discussions regarding future development and water requirements in the Lephalale region. The discussions have covered the following issues, and proceed on a monthly basis: ∗ Information sharing regarding the progress of each party – DWAF with regards to the water studies and future water supply development and Eskom in terms of future generation expansion and water requirements. ∗ Establishing a memorandum of agreement/understanding to enable future co-operation with regards to resource sharing and funding requirements

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∗ Undertakings required for achieving milestones in future planning e.g. fast-tracking completion dates for studies.

6.5.3. Possible water augmentation sources

The estimated water requirement for the proposed power station is 4 – 6 million cubic meter of water for the first 2400MW installed then ramping up to 8 to 12 million cubic metres of water for a 4800 MW power station.

The current water supply systems and possible future augmentation of this area is represented in Fig 5.6.4. In order to augment the current volumes of water available in the catchment, the following water supply schemes are being considered:

• Option 1: Augmentation from Crocodile West/Marico Catchment

This entails the supply of 45 million m3/annum from the Crocodile (West) and Marico catchment to the Lephalale area in the Limpopo Catchment. A detailed study has been conducted in the Crocodile (West) and Marico catchment, which makes provision for 45 million m3/annum of water to be made available to the Limpopo catchment via an inter-basin transfer. Both the Internal Strategic Perspective of the Crocodile West/Marico (ref: WMA03/ 000/00/0303; S5.4 available on www.dwaf.gov.za) (the executive summary is included in Appendix M b) and the National Water Resource Strategy (available on www.dwaf.gov.za) earmarks this 45 million m3/annum for the possible development of a new power station in the Limpopo Water Management Area. In addition to this, the Crocodile (West) River Return Flow Study (PWMA 03/000/00/0604) indicates that there was a return flow of 359 million m3/a estimated for the year 2001 from both the urban and irrigation sectors, to the catchment. (please refer to Appendix M c for an executive summary of this report).

In the event that the augmentation scheme from the Crocodile West and Marico Catchment area is implemented, the inter basin transfer would terminate at the Wolwefontein Balancing Reservoirs. This is however still subject to further DWAF feasibility studies, which could indicate an end-point of the new pipeline closer to the end-user sites. If necessary, existing water supply infrastructure would then need to be further upgraded.

• Option 2: Raising the Mokolo Dam Wall

DWAF have investigated the possible raising of the Mokolo Dam wall. The design and construction of the dam is such that it is possible to raise the wall

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to provide additional storage capacity. The dam wall may be raised by some 15 m to have an ultimate storage capacity of about 303 x 106 m3. The possibility of raising the dam wall will depend largely on the results obtained from the validation and verification and the hydrology and yield analysis studies. In order to supply additional water from the Mokolo Dam, the existing infrastructure would need to be upgraded.

The Mokolo River is a tributary of the Limpopo River, which is an international shared watercourse. In order to raise the dam wall, approval from the Limpopo co-basin states such as Botswana, Zimababwe and Mocambique is required. These international basin sharing agreements tend to be long and time consuming.

Depending on the outcome of the hydrology studies, raising the dam wall may not be the optimum solution to augment the water supply system for the future needs of the Lephalale area. For Eskom, this option is also not strategically optimal since it increases Eskom’s risk due to the resultant dependency of two power stations on a single water source (Mokolo Dam).

• Option 3: Development of Borehole fields

Borehole fields with a capacity of 30,7 x 106 m3/year could be developed in the Mokolo River catchment.

6.5.4. Water Supply to the Proposed Power Station from current water infrastructure

From the existing Matimba Power Station a water supply pipeline would need to be constructed to the proposed power station site. This pipeline could use the existing ash conveyor servitude southwards towards the ash dump on the farm Zwartwater. At the point where the Steenbokpan crosses the ash conveyor servitude, it is proposed that the pipeline turns westwards following the Steenbokpan road to the proposed new power station on the farm Naauwontkomen. A new servitude (approximately 2.5 kilometres long and 20 meters wide) would have to be obtained for this purpose. The proposed Eskom water Supply System is illustrated in Figure 6.13.

In light of the future water developmental needs for the Lephalale area, option one provides a practical solution as an augmentation option as this would provide access to water without the need for a lengthy international treaty and provide water from a different water management area thus reducing risk of non-supply. Consideration should be given to the various water uses at the proposed power station, and synergistic water uses between the mine(s) and the power stations could be considered.

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6.6. Existing Matimba Power Station

In order to determine the possible impacts the proposed new power station will have on the water resources, an assessment of the existing Matimba Power Station has been compiled.

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Figure 6.13: The proposed Eskom water Supply System

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6.6.1. Power station infrastructure

The possible sources of contamination or infrastructure that may impact on the groundwater or surface water are:

The coal stockpiles Potential acid generation area The raw water dam Source of artificial recharge to the groundwater The sewage plant and dams Irrigation of effluent may impact on groundwater Treated (de-ionized) water system Brine added to fly ash for deposition on ash dump Evaporation dams (x2) Source of “poor” quality artificial recharge Recovery (dirty water) dams (x4) Overflow and irrigation may impact on groundwater Bunker fuel oil Oil enters water and requires treatment Ash dump Source of “poor” quality artificial recharge Ash dump toe dam Source of artificial recharge Solid waste site Source of leachate or poor quality water

6.6.2. Power station geology and hydrogeology

Swartrant Formation sediments, comprising sandstone, gritstone, mudstone, and coal underlie the power station and all its facilities, except the ash dump. A thin layer of soil followed by weathered sediments overlies these rocks. Weathering occurs to a depth of 15 to 25 m and is permeable to water movement. Below the weathered zone is an impermeable layer of black shale.

Contaminants from surface will penetrate the weathered and fractured sediments. Lateral deflection of contaminant migration takes place along the top of the shale.

The ash dump is underlain by Waterberg Group sandstone, which has recrystallised and fully oxidised. Approximately 3 m of permeable sandy soil covers ± 4 m of weathered sandstone. Red hard competent sandstone is intersected below the shallow weathering.

The majority of the 26 monitoring boreholes (Figure 6.8 labeled P1 to P28) drilled and constructed at the power station and the ash dump were dry. Blow-out yields in the successful boreholes did not exceed 500 l/hr. Water strikes in the Karoo sediments ranged from 11 to 29 m, and the water strikes in the Waterberg Group ranged from 14 to 39 m.

These sediments are recognised to be poor aquifers with water moving through the rocks at very low rates. These rates are very low due to the low permeabilities of the rocks and the very low regional groundwater gradients. The groundwater gradients, which mimic the surface water gradients, are to the east at an average gradient of 1:250.

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6.6.3. Power station monitoring

Eleven monitoring boreholes have been monitored at Matimba Power Station since 1987. The monitoring shows some degree of groundwater quality deterioration with time. In 2004, an additional 15 new monitoring boreholes were drilled and constructed to further assess the pollution plumes.

• Water level monitoring Groundwater level depths, before the establishment of the power station, were in the range of 15 m to 20 m below surface.

The power station infrastructure, including run-off dams, dirty water dams, coal stockpile, the ash dump and toe dam, provided areas of artificial recharge. The water levels on site have risen by more than 10 m in certain areas due to the seepage into the ground. Groundwater contamination can occur as a result of poor quality water recharging the underlying aquifers.

An examination of water level monitoring data from the Grootegeluk Coal Mine indicates the same rise in groundwater levels to the north of the Daarby fault as a result of the slimes dams in the area (on the Farm Appelvlakte).

Examination of the rise in groundwater levels and the hydraulic response of the aquifer in areas away from the artificial recharge points, known as the equalisation reaction, provide an indication of the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer. The localised nature of the groundwater mounds around the recharge points and the limited zone of influence suggests low regional permeabilities within the Karoo and Waterberg sediments.

The groundwater level data indicates interconnectivity between the power station water infrastructure and the aquifers over a relatively small area, and that groundwater contamination could occur but would migrate at a very slow rate. Pollution plume modelling, conducted by the Institute for Groundwater Studies (IGS) from the University of the Free State, indicate that the rate of plume migration is retarded, due to indirect flow paths along fractures and cracks in the rock and because of chemical reactions and ionic bonding.

Groundwater level monitoring generally indicates that deeper water levels are recorded away from the power station and infrastructure. It is concluded that the hydraulic response due to artificial recharge is localised.

• Hydrochemistry After 17 years of groundwater monitoring by Eskom, most of the 11 original monitoring boreholes have shown some degree of groundwater quality

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deterioration. Based on these data pollution plume(s) modelling was conducted and predictions regarding migration were made.

Based on DWAF requirements, an additional 15 monitoring boreholes were drilled and constructed to further assess the pollution plumes.

The new monitoring boreholes were drilled to a depth of 40 m and geological records indicate that the strata at 40 m were impermeable.

Down-the-hole hydrochemical logs were recorded for each of the new boreholes. Variations in vertical hydrochemistry were recorded. The variations are as a result of the sediments naturally containing salts, which is a result of:

∗ The drilling has exposed the impermeable shale to water, which allows for the release of salts into the groundwater (natural pollution of the borehole) ∗ Natural salinities in the groundwater are high due to the dry climate. Long residence time of the groundwater would allow for high concentrations of almost all macro constituents to occur.

Based on the vertical stratification within the monitoring boreholes and the recognised protocol to stratified sampling (DWAF), all 26 monitoring boreholes were sampled in January 2004. The sampling and data analysis was undertaken by IGS.

Table 6.5 presents the current hydrochemistry within the monitoring boreholes at the power station.

The groundwater monitoring and pollution plume mapping conducted by IGS indicates the following:

* Borehole P1 located on the northeast edge of the ash dump is the only monitoring point to have low pH and elevated sulphate concentrations with time (possible AMD5). According to IGS, this is a local phenomenon that cannot currently be explained. * Groundwater within boreholes P2 to P11 indicates some degree of groundwater quality deterioration. The rise in the salt content of the groundwater is due to seepage from surface sources and also because of the dissolution of salt from the previously unsaturated impermeable zone. The increase in salinity is, therefore, a combination of artificial recharge of

5 Acid mine drainage – low pH and elevated sulphate concentrations in groundwater due to the oxidisation of sulphides

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poor quality (saline) surface water sources and the mobilisation of salts in the exposed impermeable zones in the boreholes. * A contaminant plume has been identified associated with the ash dump, boreholes P2, P3, P20, P21, P23, and P24. The plume is recognized to migrate to the northeast. P22 located down gradient of the ash dump and plume has not yet been impacted on. Plume migration predictions indicate it will take between 50 and 100 years to alter the hydrochemistry in borehole P22 (IGS, 2004). * P12 is lost as it was drilled into a fault and collapsed. * P13, P14, P15, and P25 have been drilled to cover the coal stockyard and associated dirty water dams. Water levels in these holes are shallower than 10 m, suggesting the hydraulic response from water in these areas has already resonated through these boreholes. Due to the naturally elevated salinity within the groundwater, there is insufficient information to determine whether or not pollution has migrated through any of these sites (IGS, 2004). * P16, P17, P18, and P19 were constructed down gradient of the surface water run-off dams6. Shallow groundwater in P16 indicates possible seepage or leaks from the dams. A contamination plume has been recognised and modelled migrating east / southeast from these dams. * Borehole P18 is down gradient of the surface water run-off dams. The groundwater within this borehole, drilled into a zone of deeper weathering (38 m), has elevated concentrations of most macros constituents. These concentrations are significantly higher than the regional background values. Additional information is required to determine the source of the salinity. * Boreholes P26, P27, and P28 were constructed within the power station security fence to monitor possible sources of surface contamination from the solid waste area and the coal stockyard. Borehole P26, located closest to these areas, has the highest salinity. Additional monitoring (quality) data is required to determine whether the salinity originates from pollution sources or it is natural.

The borehole positions, P1 to P28, are presented on Figure 6.7.

6 Clay and concrete lined recovery dams and canals, complete with oil traps and separators. Used as a source of irrigation water

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Table 6.5: Chemistry results for the Matimba power station monitoring holes (January 2004) Elements P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P9 P10 P11 P13 P13 P14 P14 Depth (m) 10 30 13 14 15 13 13 9 6 6 10 29 10 33 pH 3.56 6.77 6.96 6.24 7.18 7.61 7.21 7.83 6.84 6.63 7.25 7.42 7.17 7.32 EC (mS/m) 270 380 97 153 68 345 293 169 67 81 184 192 147 144 Al (mg/l) 33.941 0.035 0.053 0.178 0.111 0.039 0.049 0.055 0.04 0.086 0.039 0.03 0.048 0.135 B (mg/l) 12.197 2.806 0.233 0.247 0.193 0.511 0.303 0.192 0.115 0.126 0.285 0.293 0.2 0.186 Ba (mg/l) 0.065 0.163 0.072 0.086 0.538 0.138 0.174 0.107 0.141 0.175 0.188 0.115 0.132 0.132 Be (mg/l) 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Br (mg/l) 0.54 0.67 0.13 2.71 0.32 2.83 2.5 0.2 0.45 0.19 0.95 1.03 0.8 0.8 Ca (mg/l) 250 142 43 33 44 90 56 48 26 33 97 104 28 28 Cd (mg/l) 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 Cl (mg/l) 33 945 21 356 72 645 427 49 109 31 153 171 274 255 Co (mg/l) 0.059 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.009 <0.005 <0.005 0.015 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cr (mg/l) 0.026 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cu (mg/l) 0.091 0.115 0.121 0.112 0.107 0.108 0.106 0.101 0.099 0.104 0.107 0.106 0.1 0.098 F (mg/l) 1.21 1.44 0.73 0.26 0.28 1.97 1.44 5.56 0.16 0.67 0.28 0.15 0.86 0.87 Fe (mg/l) 0.224 0.084 4.532 5.664 1.576 0.136 1.446 1.097 0.638 10.933 2.427 1.75 0.098 0.778 K (mg/l) 60.6 41 11.4 4.1 0.5 3.1 12.5 1.6 1.7 2.7 12.4 13.6 1.6 1.7 Li (mg/l) 0.021 0.086 0.015 0.131 0.009 0.028 0.319 0.026 0.016 0.001 0.19 0.212 0.031 0.034 Mg (mg/l) 83 114 31 31 26 146 51 72 15 17 56 57 23 24 Mn (mg/l) 1.431 0.577 0.577 0.122 0.082 0.015 0.462 0.272 0.186 1.164 0.218 0.184 0.118 0.131 Mo (mg/l) <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.006 <0.003 0.020 0.012 0.01 0.007 <0.003 0.005 <0.003 0.012 0.012 Na (mg/l) 219 456 109 237 69 458 550 244 96 119 257 278 252 243 Ni (mg/l) 0.157 0.016 0.01 0.011 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.015 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.013

NO2 (as N) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

NO3 (as N) 7.52 26.25 0.04 0.09 11.84 28.65 <0.045 <0.045 0.22 0.15 0.06 <0.045 6.16 4.89 Pb (mg/l) 0.05 <0.015 <0.015 0.023 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.023

PO4 (mg/l) 0.21 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.7 0.68 Se (mg/l) 0.086 0.009 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 0.006 0.007 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

SO4 (mg/l) 1371 310 346 64 6 284 169 520 14 210 93 103 28 27 Sr (mg/l) 1.76 1.419 0.392 0.292 0.392 1.209 0.675 0.652 0.21 0.192 0.846 0.879 0.245 0.246 V (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.022 0.053 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.013 0.013 Zn (mg/l) 0.113 0.075 0.077 0.469 0.08 0.06 0.075 0.061 0.073 0.072 0.069 0.063 0.066 0.112 Red values exceed the SABS 241 maximum allowable limits for Drinking Water (SABS, 2001)

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Table 6.5 cont.: Chemistry results for the Matimba power station monitoring holes (January 2004) (Page 2) Elements P15 P15 P16 P16 P17 P17 P18 P18 P19 P20 P20 P21 P21 P22 Depth (m) 10 29 10 24 27.5 37 39 31 33 18 33 30 15 39.5 pH 6.76 6.94 7.14 7.3 7.53 7.66 6.76 6.67 7.43 7.12 7.83 6.34 6.41 6.39 EC (mS/m) 79 88 106 109 135 200 917 911 115 48 43 158 159 448 Al (mg/l) 0.062 0.055 0.052 0.063 0.071 0.072 0.302 0.046 0.042 0.077 0.061 0.12 0.174 0.048 B (mg/l) 0.152 0.177 0.211 0.227 0.301 0.348 0.384 0.38 0.223 0.199 0.169 6.428 6.399 0.504 Ba (mg/l) 0.194 0.22 0.211 0.416 0.152 0.098 0.085 0.115 0.247 0.059 0.068 0.062 0.067 0.436 Be (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Br (mg/l) 0.55 0.82 0.72 0.9 0.24 1.21 8.56 8.2 0.82 0.49 0.43 1.16 1.19 6.04 Ca (mg/l) 31 39 31 40 48 28 951 955 51 29 25 141 142 301 Cd (mg/l) 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.004 Cl (mg/l) 162 172 185 192 99 258 2234 2265 195 38 32 30 33 1305 Co (mg/l) <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.016 0.015 <0.005 0.006 0.006 0.023 0.030 0.006 Cr (mg/l) <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cu (mg/l) 0.088 0.077 0.104 0.094 0.111 0.099 0.091 0.101 0.077 0.047 0.047 0.068 0.057 0.077 F (mg/l) 0.18 0.42 0.95 0.89 1.55 1.51 <0.01 <0.01 0.71 1.68 1.82 2.84 2.94 0.17 Fe (mg/l) 2.692 4.845 0.077 0.746 0.069 0.104 10.341 4.734 4.721 4.614 4.55 39.24 42.001 0.116 K (mg/l) 2.7 3.6 1.8 2.9 28.7 20.7 62 60.3 3.4 10.2 10.3 30 31.1 46 Li (mg/l) 0.011 0.039 0.007 0.017 0.023 0.037 0.353 0.341 0.066 0.003 0.004 0.009 0.009 0.076 Mg (mg/l) 16 19 20 20 42 23 568 569 21 15 14 70 73 67 Mn (mg/l) 0.68 0.816 0.156 0.295 0.186 0.084 2.846 2.706 0.632 0.604 0.57 2.772 2.691 2.297 Mo (mg/l) 0.008 0.011 0.064 0.07 0.185 0.54 <0.003 <0.003 0.007 0.006 0.005 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Na (mg/l) 115 118 164 160 189 372 500 504 163 51 40 90 94 441 Ni (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.017 0.016 <0.01 0.016 0.01 0.036 0.044 0.017

NO2(as N) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

NO3(as N) 0.06 <0.045 4.61 1.77 6.19 0.09 0.83 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.045 0.03 0.16 16.93 Pb (mg/l) <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.057 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.039 0.043 <0.015

PO4 (mg/l) 0.51 1.62 0.4 0.63 3.99 1.25 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 4.06 0.82 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Se (mg/l) <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

SO4 (mg/l) 6 3 11 12 44 68 1888 1881 16 16 11 805 825 161 Sr (mg/l) 0.204 0.26 0.245 0.341 0.463 0.272 4.099 4.068 0.319 0.13 0.1 1.412 1.236 6.686 V (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.037 0.021 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zn (mg/l) 0.07 0.047 0.073 0.066 0.079 0.079 0.084 0.075 0.057 0.047 0.05 0.049 0.074 0.218 Red values exceed the SABS 241 maximum allowable limits for Drinking Water (SABS, 2001)

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Table 6.5 cont.: Chemistry results for the Matimba power station monitoring holes (January 2004) (Page 3) Elements P23 P24 P24 P25 P25 P26 P27 P27 P28 Depth (m) 34 11 30 19 27 8 8 16 19 pH 7.08 6.78 7.00 6.43 6.50 7.49 6.91 7.03 6.91 EC (mS/m) 314 35 39 128 130 326 96 94 137 Al (mg/l) 0.032 4.213 0.22 0.058 0.042 0.058 0.084 0.05 0.079 B (mg/l) 0.698 0.097 0.104 0.284 0.291 0.522 0.073 0.065 0.226 Ba (mg/l) 0.227 0.492 0.028 0.125 0.121 0.157 0.27 0.215 0.145 Be (mg/l) <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Br (mg/l) 2.45 0.43 0.53 0.74 0.82 2 0.48 0.55 1.58 Ca (mg/l) 133 4 6 38 37 47 19 16 33 Cd (mg/l) 0.002 0.004 <0.001 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.002 Cl (mg/l) 478 40 42 174 184 455 207 210 187 Co (mg/l) 0.008 0.008 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cr (mg/l) <0.005 0.014 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cu (mg/l) 0.061 0.102 0.024 0.112 0.077 0.091 0.073 0.019 0.083 F (mg/l) 0.41 2.84 0.75 0.63 0.65 1.52 0.48 0.86 1.1 Fe (mg/l) 2.229 10.427 0.23 2.298 3.695 0.128 0.442 0.052 3.609 K (mg/l) 38.8 11.3 11.7 2.9 2.6 26.2 2.5 2.2 4.9 Li (mg/l) 0.08 0.008 0.006 0.054 0.055 0.123 0.002 0.002 0.018 Mg (mg/l) 57 1 1 43 44 86 22 21 34 Mn (mg/l) 1.389 0.58 0.068 0.247 0.218 0.156 0.044 0.035 0.268 Mo (mg/l) 0.019 <0.003 0.021 0.004 0.007 0.029 <0.003 <0.003 0.006 Na (mg/l) 473 67 71 182 177 589 139 137 222 Ni (mg/l) 0.01 0.034 <0.01 <0.01 0.011 <0.01 0.011 0.01 <0.01

NO2 (as N) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.75 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

NO3 (as N) 0.06 <0.045 <0.045 0.18 0.23 1.49 8.35 11.46 0.2 Pb (mg/l) <0.015 0.124 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.022 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015

PO4 (mg/l) 2.12 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Se (mg/l) <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

SO4 (mg/l) 533 17 19 31 28 106 38 39 28 Sr (mg/l) 1.835 0.227 0.092 0.376 0.366 0.694 0.158 0.145 0.331 V (mg/l) <0.01 0.033 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.017 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zn (mg/l) 0.096 0.295 0.012 0.086 0.102 0.106 0.09 0.074 0.067 Red values exceed the SABS 241 maximum allowable limits for Drinking Water (SABS, 2001)

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6.6.4. Impact Assessment Regarding Existing Matimba Power Station

Based on the available data the following conclusions are made:

• Borehole yields and groundwater potential within the power station study area are very low. • Water levels in the boreholes adjacent to the power station and infrastructure are elevated by 5 – 10 m because of infiltration (artificial recharge from water use on site). • Artificial recharge from the power station infrastructure is impacting on the groundwater. • The hydraulic response in the aquifer is much faster than that of the spread of contaminants (water rise in the boreholes but there is no associated increase in salinity), the elevated water levels are thus not an indication of contamination rather recharge. • Groundwater quality is very variable and generally high in salinity. The source of salinity is difficult to establish as it can either be naturally occurring salt (released from impermeable shale exposed during drilling) or derived from pollution sources at the power station. • Modelled pollution plumes have only extended over small areas / distances due to the non-aquifer system, low groundwater gradients, and limited rainfall recharge. • Persistent sources of contaminants can alter the hydrochemistry, causing an increase in dissolved solids and metals.

6.7. Preferred Site Study

The site suitability, for the development of a power station and infrastructure, on the nominated preferred sites was assessed based on hydrogeological criteria7.

The existing power station, associated waste (ash, brine, water) infrastructure, coal stockpiles, and dams are recognised to have had an impact on the local hydrogeology, either by enhanced recharge and/or by altering the hydrochemistry within the aquifer(s).

In order to assess the preferred sites from a groundwater perspective an assessment of each site has been conducted based on the following criteria:

• The threat posed by the power station and infrastructure • The barrier between the power station and the groundwater resources • The groundwater resource

7 This methodology is a modification of the Waste – Aquifer Separation Principle approach, Jolly and Parsons WRC Report No. 485/1/94, June 1994

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Threat

Barrier

Resource

Figure 6.14: The assessment criteria to determine site suitability from a groundwater perspective.

The vulnerability of the groundwater and risk to the current groundwater users (or future use) is then examined. The site suitability assessments have been conducted using available data.

6.7.1. Threat factor

The threat to the groundwater resources posed by the proposed power station and associated infrastructure has been identified based on the existing Matimba Power Station, existing ancillary infrastructure, available groundwater monitoring data, and the recognition of potential sources of contamination.

These include:

• The coal stockpiles, a potential source of acid generation and sulphate. • Areas of artificial recharge, which include the raw water dam and the ash dump toe dam. • Areas of artificial recharge with poor quality water, which are recognised as the sewage plant and dams, the evaporation dams, and the ash dump (including brine deposits from the de-ionised water system). • Recharge and contamination from the recovery / surface water run-off dams, through seepage, spillage, and overflow. • Bunker fuel oil storage. Potential of oil entering the surface water run-off dams and the associated treatment required.

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• Potential surface water contamination from the solid waste site (if required at the proposed new power station).

Monitoring reports for Matimba Power Station indicate that the groundwater quality has deteriorated with time and pollution plumes have developed within the immediate areas surrounding the various infrastructures on site.

It is, therefore, recognised that the threat of the proposed power station and infrastructure will be the same for each site and will comprise of:

• Artificial recharge causing an increase in groundwater levels, change in groundwater flow patterns and gradients. • Artificial recharge of poor quality water causing an increase in salinity in the groundwater.

The threats can be managed and mitigated once the power station and infrastructure design has been finalised.

6.7.2. Barrier factor

The unsaturated zone represents the barrier between the proposed power station and infrastructure and the groundwater. It is within this zone that attenuation will occur. The attenuation processes can include chemical precipitation, adsorption, dilution, dispersion, and biodegradation.

Attenuation is a set of complex and often inter-related processes governed by a number of factors. The modelling of attenuation processes is hence extremely difficult. It is therefore necessary to assess the time taken for poor quality water to migrate through the unsaturated zone, from the surface contaminant source to the groundwater level.

The travel time through the unsaturated zone is dependent on the depth of the groundwater and the porosity and permeability of the unsaturated material. Preferential pathways, such as faults, fractures or weathering, can increase the travel time and reduce the attenuation.

The vulnerability of the groundwater is determined by assessing the unsaturated zone at each of the candidate sites. Farms with identified geological structures, which may act as preferential pathways for contaminant movement from surface to groundwater, are identified as less suitable.

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6.7.3. Resource factor

The groundwater resource at each farm was assessed to determine the significance of the groundwater in terms of current and potential use.

The resource assessment identifies both the current groundwater usage and hydrochemistry, and the groundwater potential for possible future use.

6.7.4. Site Suitability Assessment

As the threat to each of the farms is the same, an assessment of the barrier and resource factors was conducted for each of the two farms and their two neighbouring farms. Table 6.6 presents the suitability assessment.

Based on the assessment of the barriers and groundwater resources at each of the sites, it is established that the farms that are underlain by the Waterberg Group have the least vulnerable groundwater due to: -

• Deep groundwater levels, longer travel time and attenuation. • Limited geological structures, apart from the Eenzaamheid Fault, and limited development of secondary aquifers. • Low yielding boreholes with limited groundwater resource development potential.

The site suitability assessment confirmed that the farms Eenzaamheid (south of the Eenzaamheid Fault) and the farm Naauwontkomen are suitable for the construction of the power station and ancillary infrastructure. It is envisaged that the proposed power station and all other infrastructure including the ash dam can be constructed on these two farms. However, should additional area be required then a portion of the farm Kromdraai is proposed as being suitable for use.

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Table 6.6: Site suitability assessment

Farm Threat Barrier Resource Comments

Eenzaamheid 512 LQ Artificial recharge causing an Very deep groundwater (77 – Low borehole yields, dry to 0.25 No surface drainage increase in groundwater levels, 113 m) l/s change in groundwater flow Could be impacted on by plume patterns and gradients Waterberg Group sandstone, ± 3 Aquifer potential enhanced along migration from Turfvlakte8 along m of permeable soil covers ± Eenzaamheid fault the Eenzaamheid fault Poor quality recharge causing an 4 m weathered sandstone. Red increase in salinity hard competent sandstone Current abstraction for stock watering only Grootegeluk FM rocks north of Eenzaamheid fault Groundwater can contain No sills or dykes elevated concentrations of fluoride

Kromdraai 513 LQ Artificial recharge causing an Groundwater levels 32 – 35 Very low borehole yields, dry Non-perennial tributary increase in groundwater mbgl to 0.07 l/s draining through center of levels, change in farm groundwater flow patterns Shallow groundwater in deep Yield of deep hole enhanced and gradients (400m) hole as a result of to 0.85 l/s Wind pump at farm house, piezometeric pressure possible domestic use Poor quality recharge Fluorspar on site may impact causing an increase in Waterberg Group sandstone, on groundwater quality Linear features from API salinity with fault on eastern identified on site boundary

8 Irrigation with poor quality water was conducted by Grootegeluk on this farm, poor quality groundwater has resulted and is modelled to migrate south towards the Eenzaamheid fault

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Table 6.6 cont.: Site suitability assessment (Page 3) Farm Threat Barrier Resource Comments Kuipersbult 511 LQ Artificial recharge causing an Groundwater levels range The boreholes have typically Small drainage line along increase in groundwater levels, between 18 and 48 mbgl low yields, 0.01 to 0.33 l/s southwest boundary change in groundwater flow Shallow groundwater levels patterns and gradients were measured in two The highest borehole yield Linear features from API boreholes, < 4 mbgl recorded in the study, 3.2 l/s, identified on site Poor quality recharge causing These may be related to a fault was measured on Kuipersbult – an increase in salinity recognised in the sediments fault related Waterberg sandstone Stone aggregate mining is Fluorspar and mining on site recognised to occur on may impact on groundwater Kuipersbult quality Naauwontkomen 599 LQ Artificial recharge causing an Variable groundwater levels Borehole yields are low, No surface drainage increase in groundwater levels, due to complex geology however, faulting has enhanced change in groundwater flow the groundwater potential Old quarries / borrow pits on patterns and gradients Shallow groundwater site associated with Karoo rocks Yields range from 0.06 to 0.98 Poor quality recharge causing and faults l/s an increase in salinity Deep groundwater levels 30 – No groundwater abstraction on 50 m associated with farm Waterberg sediments Poor quality groundwater from Stone aggregate mining irrigation at Turfvlakte impacts occurred on the farm on farm and along fault

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6.8. Risk Assessment

6.8.1. Description of intention

It is the intention to construct an additional power station and infrastructure adjacent to the Matimba Power Station, outside of Lephalale. A risk assessment was compiled to determine the various threats posed by the proposed power station and infrastructure on the water resources. The risk assessment aimed at providing information regarding the management of recognised risks and allowing for the optimum management to mitigate these risks.

6.8.2. Hazard identification

The hazards identified with the existing power station and associated infrastructure are related to the use of water in the power generation process, the creation and storage of poor quality water and waste, and its impact on the groundwater and surface water environments.

These hazards include: -

• Poor quality water stored on site recharging the groundwater • Artificial recharge impacting on groundwater • Solid waste site (Eskom is most likely to use Municipal waste site) • Seepage below the ash dump • Poor quality surface water on site • Sewage facilities • Fuel (bunker) oil • Surface water supply • Coal stockyard

6.8.3. An estimation of the probability and magnitude of the consequences of the hazard(s)

The probability (P) and magnitude (M) of the consequences of any or all of the identified hazards occurring has been estimated.

This exercise allows for the development of the correct management plan to be developed to ensure that the operation or process failure at the proposed power station and infrastructure that can lead to the hazard occurring is addressed. The correct management plans can reduce the possible negative impacts on the water resources in the study area.

Table 6.7 provides a summary of the identified hazards, the consequences of the hazard becoming a reality, the probability of the hazard occurring, and the magnitude of these consequences.

Please note: The following values represent the various probabilities and magnitudes: -

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PROBABILITY SCORE MAGNITUDE High 5 Severe Medium 3 Moderate Low 1 Mild Negligible 0 Negligible

Table 6.7 – Hazards, consequences, probability and magnitude Hazard Consequences Probability (P) Magnitude (M) Hazard 1 An alteration in the Medium (3): Moderate (3) Poor quality water ambient groundwater Poor quality recharge The cost of entering the quality. will occur through groundwater clean up groundwater Contamination can permeable soil and is expensive. The move off site and weathered material plume migration is impact on other however localised users. Hazard 2 Groundwater mounds Medium (3): Negligible (0): Artificial recharge to created adjacent to Artificial recharge will Very limited zone of groundwater raw water dams, occur through impact, very localised alteration in permeable soil and changes to groundwater flow weathered material groundwater patterns

Mobilisation of salts with infiltration Hazard 3 Contaminated run off Low (1): Negligible (0): Poor quality run off water can recharge Limited rainfall run off Limited volumes of from solid waste site groundwater over small area. Area poor quality water managed to prevent ponding of poor quality water Hazard 4 Contaminated water High (5): Moderate (3): Seepage below ash can alter the Existing ash dump is The cost of dump groundwater quality. unlined and is groundwater clean up recognised to impact is expensive. The The contaminated on groundwater a new plume migration is groundwater can dump would have the however very slow impact on other same impact if users. unlined Attenuation and dilution will occur and Initial ash disposal the slow travel times will have high (attenuation) will seepage rates, ash reduce the threat. contains 10 –12 % moisture Hazard 5 Rainfall will form Low (1): Mild (1): Poor quality surface “dirty” runoff within Surface water Small volumes of poor water on site the site and can leave controls, separating quality surface water site clean and dirty water, generated and limited to be implemented drainage channels Ponding of poor quality can recharge Stormwater controls Flat topography can groundwater to be put in place allow ponding to occur

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Table 6.7 – Hazards, consequences, probability and magnitude (Page 2) Hazard Consequences Probability (P) Magnitude (M) Hazard 6 Seepage, spills or Low (1): Mild (1): Poor quality water overflow can enter Correctly designed The cost of associated with the the groundwater and and managed facility groundwater clean up sewage facilities alter the is expensive. hydrochemistry. Little or no groundwater use Hazard 7 Oil in the recovery / Medium (3): Mild (1): Fuel (bunker) oil in surface water run-off Oil is collected from Limited volumes of oil water migrating off dams, can overflow existing recovery in the water, overflow site and add hydrocarbons dams during rainfall events to soil and can occur groundwater Hazard 8 Insufficient water Low (1): Severe (5): Insufficient water supply will impact on Current DWAF Impacts on local and supply Eskom’s ability to allocation is assured regional economy produce power which will impact on the Plans to augment Negative impact on quality of life and the surface water supplies the economy economy Hazard 9 Seepage from the wet Medium (3): Moderate (3): Coal stockyard coal can recharge the Wet coal is stockpiled 1.2 million ton groundwater on bare ground, no stockpile, < 37 mm lining. A new coal size thus low Acid mine drainage stockpile will be permeability (AMD) can occur required for the associated with the proposed power coal station. If unlined will have the same impact

Temporary piles reduces constant contaminant source Hazard 10 Additional water Medium (3): Moderate (3): Reduction in supply to the An increase in the DWAF supply strategy catchment water proposed power Mokolo Dam capacity to the catchment (indirect impact) station can impact will influence the river includes negatively on flow augmentation of downstream users water from the due to reduced river Crocodile (west) and flow Marico catchment

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6.8.4. A risk estimate

An estimation of risk for each hazard can be calculated based on the combination of the probability of the hazard occurring and the magnitude of the consequences of such a hazard becoming a reality.

The risk (R) is the product of the probability (P) and magnitude (M) of the given consequence.

A risk value for each hazard is calculated for comparison in order to determine the most serious hazard or threat.

The water risk assessment has identified an unlined ash dump as having the most significant hazard on the water resources. Any proposed new ash dump will therefore have to be designed and managed to reduce this risk / threat.

6.8.6. Overall risk assessment

The risk estimate and risk evaluation for each of the ten (10) hazards is combined to obtain an overall risk assessment.

Please note: The risk estimate (R) is the product of the probability (P) and magnitude (M) of the given consequence, i.e R = P x M .

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Table 6.8 – Risk assessment summary Hazard Consequences Probability Risk Overall risk Management options Estimate (R) Hazard 1 An alteration in the Medium: Risk is reduced due to limited • Geological Poor quality ambient groundwater Poor quality groundwater use and potential, localised assessment for dam water entering quality recharge will occur 9 impacts and variable hydrochemistry site selection the groundwater through • Backfill existing Contamination can move permeable soil and The overall risk is TOLERABLE boreholes Ensure off site and impact on weathered sufficient capacity other users material • Construct lined dams • Monitor groundwater quality and water levels • Monitor neighbouring boreholes Hazard 2 Groundwater mounds Medium: Limited volumes of recharge with a • Ensure sufficient Artificial recharge created adjacent to raw Artificial recharge localised impact, quality may improve capacity and prevent to groundwater water dams, alteration in will occur if the 0 overflow / spillage groundwater flow patterns dam is unlined Overall risk is TOLERABLE • Clay base to minimise seepage Possible mobilisation of • Install a down salts with infiltration gradient monitoring borehole to monitor quality and water levels Hazard 3 Contaminated run off water Low: Limited volumes of poor quality water • Install clean and dirty Poor quality run can recharge groundwater Limited rainfall run are envisaged due to small area and low run-off separation off from solid off over small 0 rainfall controls waste site area. • Ensure gradients to Overall risk is TOLERABLE providing prevent ponding Area managed to water controls are installed • Poor quality water to prevent ponding of be diverted to lined poor quality water recovery dams

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Table 6.8 – Risk assessment summary (Page 2) Hazard Consequences Probability Risk Overall risk Management options Estimate Hazard 4 Contaminated water can High: The risk of a constant contamination • Assess backfilling at Seepage below alter the groundwater Existing ash dump source associated with an unlined Grootegeluk ash dump quality is unlined and is 15 ash dump is HIGH • Design a drainage recognised to system The contaminated impact on The overall risk is TOLERABLE if the • Drainage system groundwater can impact on groundwater ash dump is correctly designed below ash other users and future • Design optimum toe groundwater development Initial ash disposal dam will have high • Back fill existing holes seepage rates, ash and install monitoring contains 10 –12 % holes moisture • Surface water controls to be installed and maintained Hazard 5 Rainfall will form “dirty” Low: The volumes of poor quality water • Separate clean and Poor quality runoff within the site and Surface water 1 will be limited but topography if flat dirty runoff, surface water on can leave site controls, • Minimise disturbed site separating clean Overall risk is TOLERABLE providing areas Ponding of poor quality can and dirty water, to storm water and separation controls • Install and maintain recharge groundwater be implemented are installed controls, including berms and furrows Low rainfall area • Slope topography to prevent ponding • Monitor the water quality used for irrigation

Hazard 6 Seepage, spills or overflow Low: Poor quality water seepage or • Correctly sized, Sewage facility can enter the groundwater Correctly designed overflow may occur but the impact designed and and alter the and managed 1 will be constructed facility hydrochemistry. facility Very localised due to poor aquifers • Groundwater monitoring The overall risk assessment for this threat is TOLERABLE.

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Table 6.8 – Risk assessment summary (Page 3) Hazard Consequences Probability Risk Overall risk Management options Estimate Hazard 7 Oil in the recovery / surface Medium: Costly and difficult to clean up, • Contain oil in bunded Fuel (bunker) oil water run-off dams, can Oil is collected 3 however, only small amounts area in water overflow and add from existing envisaged • Ensure clean up migrating off site hydrocarbons to soil and recovery dams protocols in place and groundwater The overall risk is TOLERABLE if oil followed management measures are in place • Install oil traps and separators • Keep accurate oil records (purchased, disposal, and recycled)

Hazard 8 Insufficient water supply Low: The overall risk is HIGH, however, • Implement water use Insufficient water will impact on development Current DWAF once surface water augmentation or water wastage supply projects in the Lephalale allocation is 5 occurs then the risk will be minimisation area, Eskom’s power assured TOLERABLE. • Reduce water production which will demand impact on the quality of life Plans to augment • Investigate recycling, and the economy surface water new technology, supplies conjunctive use with Kumba Hazard 9 Seepage from the wet coal Medium: The overall risk associated with the • Construct clay base Coal stockyard can recharge the Wet coal is coal stockyard is TOLERABLE but will • Separate clean and groundwater stockpiled on bare require management to ensure limited dirty runoff ground, no lining 9 impacts on the groundwater. • Minimise coal stock AMD can occur associated piles and size of yard with the coal Temporary piles • Install and maintain reduces constant surface water controls contaminant • Slope topography to source prevent ponding • Monitor groundwater levels and quality

Hazard 10 Reduction in Mokolo River Medium: The overall risk is HIGH, water • Implement water use Downstream flow Reduction in flow 9 augmentation schemes initiated by or water wastage users occurs with dam DWAF will make risk TOLERABLE. minimisation size

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6.9. Emission Control Technologies

Should air quality predictions (modelling) indicate an incremental impact on the air quality then Eskom will consider the feasibility of including sulphate dioxide reduction in their power station design.

The objective of this section is to assess suitable flue gas emissions reduction technologies and to determine the possible impacts and management of utilising these technologies with respect to the water resources.

6.9.1. Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Technologies

Sulphate dioxide (SO2) is a result of coal combustion required for power generation. Mr.

Naushaad Haripersad of Eskom has conducted an extensive review of (SO2) emission removal technology. The emission removal techniques include the introduction of a sorbent to effectively remove SO2.

Eskom assessed the various technologies based on the following criteria: -

• Resource availability • Proven technology (the technology must have a proven technical and commercial track record)

• Must be able to mitigate stipulated SO2 removal limits ( used World Bank as a guideline,

however such high removals would not be required to meet SO2 ambient air quality standards.) • Associated risks of using the technology must be low and manageable

The most suitable flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technologies for the proposed Matimba B power stations includes the use of wet or dry (semi-wet) scrubbers. These technologies allow for the introduction of calcium (Ca), which removes the SO2 through the formation of calcium sulphite (CaSO3) or calcium sulphate (CaSO4).

The sources of the Ca include: -

• Lime (CaO) – unslaked lime

• Limestone (CaCO3 and MgCO3) • Calcrete (precipitated calcite)

• Dolomite (limestone with magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) greater than 8%)

• Wet process In the wet FGD process, flue gases are brought into contact with an absorber (scrubber).

The SO2 reacts with the Ca to form a CaSO3 or CaSO4 slurry.

Wet scrubbers are most widely used throughout the world and are proven to achieve up to

99% SO2 removal efficiency.

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The Ca slurry sorbent allows for the removal of SO2 through the reaction: -

CaCO3 + SO2 = CaSO3 + CO2

The calcium sulphite (CaSO3) waste product can be oxidised to form gypsum (hydrated

calcium sulphate (CaSO4 – 2(H2O)), which may have commercial value.

Alternatively the generated waste can be dewatered (for some water reclamation) and mixed with flyash for deposition on a waste site.

This process is water intensive.

• Semi-dry process In a semi-dry absorption system, only 60% of the water used in the wet process is required to dissolve or suspend the reacting chemical. This process does, however, have a higher chemical consumption and has lower efficiencies.

This technology is proven but not as popular as wet process FGD. The semi-dry process is

capable of 90% SO2 removal.

Typical semi-dry scrubber processes include dry-circulating fluid bed (CFB) or spray dry FGD. The CFB process is more beneficial as it has less moving parts and can remove 90%

SO2.

• Comparison of processes

Water consumption values for a typical 3 pack power station for effectively reducing SO2 emissions indicate that the dry FGD process uses 35 % less water than the wet process, with a wet FGD system consuming approximately 0.147 l/kWh and a dry FGD system consuming approximately 0.055 l/kWh, hence a water consumption differential of approximately 0.092 l/kWh between a wet and a dry FGD system.

The wet process is, however, cheaper due to the lower operational costs associated with the limestone sorbent and transportation..

6.9.2. Waste

Both processes produce waste, either calcium sulphite (CaSO3) or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), which can be processed to form gypsum. Gypsum has a commercial value if produced in a marketable environment.

The waste can be dewatered and the poor quality water reused until no longer suitable. This water will then have to be disposed on a waste site or evaporation dam.

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The slurry can be mixed with flyash and fixation lime (approximately 5%) and deposited on a landfill site.

The proposed method of disposal is to: -

• Dewater the slurry waste • Blend it with flyash or fixation lime • Deposit on the proposed new ash dump • Or used as backfill in the old existing Grootegeluk Colliery workings (still to be investigated)

Eskom have investigated the potential for treating the CaSO3 and CaSO4 slurry to generate gypsum. The production of gypsum is not considered due to: -

• No local demand for gypsum • The high cost of transportation of gypsum to a saleable market elswhere • Consistent high quality gypsum requires additional resources and processes which would only be considered if there was a market for the product.

In addition, the gypsum is classified as a treated waste and would require a hazardous waste rating / classification. Based on the results it is assumed that solid waste from the FGD process (and the power station ash) would have to be deposited on suitable licensed landfill sites, according to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s minimum requirements for waste disposal by landfill (DWAF, 1994).

The production of gypsum would therefore require an additional licensed landfill site, for temporary storage before being sold, if possible.

Ash and FGD waste could be co-disposed on a single suitable waste disposal facility, which would be more environmentally acceptable.

6.9.3. Surface Water

Surface water resources are poorly developed due to flat topography, permeable soil, and low mean annual rainfall. There are no well defined drainage courses within the study area, thus the proposed power station and infrastructure will not have a direct impact on the surface water.

The use of any SO2 emission removal technology will, however, increase the water consumption of the proposed power station.

Water consumption at a typical 4000 MW dry cooled power station is in the order of 0.1 to 0.2 l/kWh (litres per unit of electricity produced). The average water use is 0.12 l/kWh sent out from the power station.

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The current water use at Matimba Power Station is 3.3 million m3/annum (source Heine Hoffman Eskom, 2005). This water use volumes is based on the power station being capable of generating 3 990 MWh with an Energy Availability Factor (EAF) of 94.

To reduce SO2 emissions (Table 1), the water consumption at a dry cooled power station doubles to 0.26 l/kWh for dry process and 0.33 l/kWh for the wet FGD process.

At present the only source of water to the existing power station is the Mokolo Dam. Should an additional power station be built and SO2 emission removal is required then the water demand will be increased and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) will be required to provide an assured water supply. However, in its water license application, Eskom has applied for a water allocation based on worse-case scenario, i.e 4800 MW power plant, with wet FGD.

6.9.4. Groundwater

The use of FGD technology on site will increase the impact on the groundwater environment due to the additional wet waste that will be generated. The waste will require a hazard rating, once the waste has been hazard classified the waste disposal site will be required to conform to the DWAF minimum requirements for waste disposal by landfill.

The correctly designed waste disposal facility will reduce the impact of the slurry waste and water on the groundwater resources.

6.9.5. Risk Assessment (Fgd Impacts)

A risk assessment regarding the use of FGD technology on the groundwater and surface water resources was conducted based on Skivington’s report (WRC report No. TT90/97) entitled “Risk Assessment for Water Quality Management” (1997).

The methodology followed is as follows: -

• A description of intention • Hazard identification • An estimation of the probability and magnitude of the consequences of the hazard • A risk estimate • A risk evaluation • An overall risk assessment • Risk management recommendations

The risk assessment is based on the use of FGD technology at the proposed power station. The risks identified during this assessment and the proposed mitigation measures can be considered when finalising the proposed power station design.

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• Description of intention Eskom want to assess the risks associated with using FGD technology with regards to groundwater and surface water resources. The risk assessment will assist in making decisions and management plans.

• Hazard identification The hazards identified with the use of FGD technology at a power station are related to the use of water in the emissions reduction process, the creation and storage of poor quality water and waste, and its impact on the groundwater and surface water environments.

These hazards include:

• Increased water demand • Poor quality water stored on site recharging the groundwater • Wet waste disposal • Removal of surface water from catchment • Gypsum temporary stockpile

Please note that this preliminary risk assessment only assess possible impacts / threats to the water resources. No consideration for the hazards of sorbent mining at source, transport, material and waste handling, or economic impacts (increased power costs) have been included.

• An estimation of the probability and magnitude of the consequences of the identified hazards The probability and magnitude of the consequences of any or all of the identified hazards occurring has been estimated.

This exercise allows for the development of the correct management plan to be developed to ensure that the operation or process failure that can lead to the hazard occurring is addressed.

Table 6.9 provides a summary of the identified hazards, the consequences of the hazard becoming a reality, the probability of the hazard occurring, and the magnitude of these consequences.

Please note: The following values represent the various probabilities and magnitudes: -

PROBABILITY SCORE MAGNITUDE High 5 Severe Medium 3 Moderate Low 1 Mild Negligible 0 Negligible

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Table 6.9: Hazards, consequences, probability and magnitude relating to FGD impacts on water resources Hazard Consequences Probability (P) Magnitude (M) Hazard 1 Reduction of surface water for development in High (5): Moderate (3): Increased water demand the Limpopo Water Management Area Eskom is of a strategic importance The water augmentation schemes to RSA, hence the assumption that will ensure that the impact of Impact on downstream users within the Mokolo water will be made available for increased water use by Eskom is River power generation associated minimised emissions control technologies Hazard 2 Waste will be dewatered and the poor quality Medium (3): Negligible (0): Poor quality water stored on water stored on site for reuse in the FGD Artificial recharge will occur Very limited zone of impact, very site recharging the process through permeable soil and localised changes to poor groundwater weathered material groundwater resources

Hazard 3 Contaminated water associated with the waste High (5): Mild (1): Wet waste disposal can recharge groundwater and run off site and The wet waste will have the The poor quality leachate can contain impact on surface water potential for leachate generation heavy metals9 and high dissolved which could migrate into the solids content, which will impact on underlying aquifers or form run-off the ambient water qualities and migrate off site The waste must be deposited on a correctly designed waste disposal facility

9 Eskom’s research indicates heavy metals can be concentrated within the slurry

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Hazard Consequences Probability Magnitude Hazard 4 The water used in the FGD process will become High (5): Moderate (3): Removal of surface water of such poor quality that it has to be deposited The water used in the FGD The study area is located within a from catchment on a waste site, thus the water cannot be processes cannot be treated for water scarce area and any loss of treated and returned for use in the catchment discharged back into the river water impacts on other possible developments within the catchment. The augmentation of the surface water resource will reduce the impact Hazard 5 Gypsum manufacturing will require stockpiling Low (1): Mild (1): Gypsum temporary according to minimum requirements as it has Gypsum manufacture is not Any temporary stockpiling of gypsum stockpile the potential to impact negatively on the commercially viable for Eskom must take place on a correctly groundwater and surface water resources designed waste disposal facility

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Table 6.10 contains a summary of the risk assessment, including hazards, consequences, probabilities, overall risks, and management actions required.

Please note: The risk estimate (R) is the product of the probability (P) and magnitude (M) of the given consequence, i.e R = P x M .

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Table 6.10: Risk assessment summary Hazard Consequences Probability Overall risk Management options Risk Estimat e (R) Hazard 1 Reduction of surface High: It is recognised that the overall risk is • Select least water Increased water for Eskom is of a strategic TOLERABLE; however, the optimum FGD intensive FGD water development in the importance to RSA so 15 process must be selected. • Maximise water recycling demand Limpopo Water water will be made Management procedures and • Minimise water wastage Management Area available for power augmentation of water resources are • Monitor water use generation associated required to ensure the negative impacts Impact on emissions control are reduced. downstream users technologies within the Mokolo River Hazard 2 Waste will be Medium: The overall risk assessment for this hazard • Geological assessment for Poor quality dewatered and the Artificial recharge will 0 on the groundwater is TOLERABLE. dam site selection water stored poor quality water occur through permeable • Backfill existing boreholes on site stored on site for soil and weathered • Ensure sufficient capacity recharging reuse in the FGD material • Construct lined dams the process • Monitor groundwater groundwater quality and water levels • Monitor neighbouring boreholes Hazard 3 Contaminated water High: The overall risk assessment for this hazard • Select optimum waste Wet waste associated with the The wet waste will have on the water resources is TOLERABLE. dewatering scheme disposal waste can recharge the potential for leachate 5 • Evaluate water disposal groundwater and run generation which could technique to reduce water off site and impact on migrate into the in waste disposal surface water underlying aquifers or • Monitor water resources form run-off and migrate off site

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Hazard Consequences Probability Risk Overall risk Management options Estimat e (R) Hazard 4 The water used in the High: The overall risk assessment for the surface • Ensure minimum water Removal of FGD process will The water used in the FGD water loss is TOLERABLE; however, use in FGD surface become of such poor processes cannot be management of the water is required to • Ensure maximum recycling water from quality that it has to treated for discharged 15 ensure the recycling of water. throughout power plant catchment be deposited on a back into the river • Reuse of water, minimise waste site, thus the clean water use water cannot be • Implement less water treated and returned reliant processes for use in the catchment Hazard 5 Gypsum Low: The overall assessment of this hazard is • Stockpile on correctly Gypsum manufacturing will Gypsum manufacture is TOLERABLE as the gypsum would be designed disposal facility temporary require stockpiling not commercially viable 1 piled on a correctly designed waste • Must be managed stockpile according to for Eskom disposal facility. minimum requirements as it has the potential to impact negatively on the groundwater and surface water resources

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6.10. Conclusions

• Through the National Water Resource Strategy, 45 million m3/annum water has been reserved for the possible development of a new power station in the Limpopo Water Management Area. • The study area is underlain by complex faulted Karoo sediments and unaltered older Waterberg Group sandstone. • Large faults, aerial magnetic lineations, and minor faulting occur across the study area, these geological structures can enhance the groundwater potential in the area and act as preferential pathways for groundwater and contaminant migration. • The regional hydrogeology comprises a non-aquifer system, with very low yielding boreholes and incidents of very high salinity hydrochemistry. • Little or no groundwater use occurs within the area, however, persistent contamination can have an impact on the groundwater users with time. • Surface water resources are limited due to low rainfall, flat gradients, and permeable soil cover. • Groundwater has been impacted on by the existing power station and infrastructure; the impact on hydrochemistry is not quantified due to natural pollution. • A preliminary site suitability assessment indicates that the groundwater resources within the Waterberg Group sediments are the least vulnerable and that the farms within this area are more suitable for the development of a new power station. • An initial risk assessment identifies that unlined ash dump or dams could be sources of artificial recharge that require risk reduction measures. • The correct site selection, construction and management of the new power station and infrastructure will ensure that the overall risk to the groundwater and surface water resources is acceptable.

Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) is recognised as the most suitable (proven) technology to reduce SO2 emissions; however it is water and sorbent (Ca) intensive.

The dry (semi-wet) FGD process uses ± 35% less water than the wet FGD process, however, water use at the proposed power station would increase by a third if FGD is utilised.

The use of FGD technology has a negative impact on the environment due to increased mining (Ca source), increased water use for industrial purposes, and increased waste generation (CaSO3 and CaSO4 slurry).

The slurry waste can be converted to gypsum, which can have commercial value. There is currently not a market for Gypsum in South Africa.

Water augmentation is required to ensure that the additional water required for the power station and for other developments in the Lephalale area can be

Water Resources 125 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province assured. The use of FGD will increase Eskom’s water demand and will require larger volumes of water being set aside to ensure Eskom a reliable assured supply (99.5%).

The limited groundwater resources in the Lephalale area can be impacted on by the FGD process, due to the need to store poor quality (recycled) water and due to the large volumes of wet waste that will be generated.

The preliminary risk assessment indicates that any proposed FGD technology to be incorporated in the power station must aim at reducing the amount of water required and that recycling and treatment be utilised to ensure the impacts of additional clean water use minimal.

6.11. Recommendations

• All risk reduction recommendations must be considered during the planning of the new power station. • Eskom needs to make a integrated water use licence application to DWAF for the water uses the proposed new power station would undertake. • Eskom include the Main Report of the Crocodile West River Return flow Analysis study. • Details of the current DWAF studies and its associated public participation processes should be included in the EIA for the proposed power station.

Further to the EIA studies, through the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the following would be required:

• Monitoring boreholes are to be drilled and constructed on site. The groundwater monitoring points are to include a shallow (± 10 m) and a deep (± 30 m) pair of monitoring boreholes. The pair of monitoring boreholes is to be designed and constructed to allow sampling of the shallow weathered aquifer and the deeper fractured rock aquifers. The monitoring boreholes are to be located adjacent to the potential contaminant sources and approximately 30 to 50 m down gradient of the identified sources. • Groundwater water levels and hydrochemistry are to be monitored on a quarterly basis. The list of determinants for analysis is the same as presented in Table 6.5. • Groundwater modelling and potential plume migration is recommended to assess risk reduction measures and potential impacts.

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7. ECOLOGY

7.1. Introduction

Bathusi Environmental Consultants was appointed, by Bohlweki Environmental, to conduct an ecological impact assessment of the preferred farms identified during the scoping phase. This chapter deals with detailed descriptions of the biological environment that will be affected by the proposed development as well as providing descriptions and assessments of the potential impacts resulting from the proposed development and activities that it will entail.

7.2. Scope & Limitations

Aims of this ecological impact assessment are to present the client with descriptions of floristic and faunal attributes within the proposed areas and to highlight sensitive elements that might be affected adversely.

The Terms of Reference for the Ecological Impact Evaluation are to:

• conduct detailed and specific site investigation of floristic and faunal attributes of the selected sites and linear structures; • describe the areas in terms of floristic and faunal species composition, assemblages, communities, red data probabilities and general environmental attributes; • conduct a detailed Ecological Impact Assessment for the selected sites and linear structures; • identify and describe the effect of expected impacts on ecological attributes of the selected sites and linear structures; • compile sensitivity maps, highlighting areas of concern; • conduct a detailed Ecological Sensitivity Analysis for the selected sites and linear structures in order to verify results obtained from the Impact Assessment; • propose mitigation measures to minimise expected adverse impacts; and • present all results in a suitable format.

Rare and endemic flora and fauna species do not normally occur in great densities and because of customary limitations in the search and identification of red data species, the detailed investigation of the presence of these species within the study area was not perceived as within the scope of this investigation. Estimations provided in this document only provide an indication of the Probability of the Occurrence of these species as the low levels of biological and distributional information inherently associated with Red Data species create large gaps in such estimations. These gaps are only lessened by intense sampling conducted over long periods of time. However, all areas that were sampled during the site

Ecology 125 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province investigation were thoroughly investigated for the presence of these species and results obtained from these surveys were then extrapolated to present opinions for the remainder of the proposed areas.

This investigation, although based on proper scientific methods and performed to accepted standards and norms, was performed by means of stratified sampling of ecological attributes of the study areas and not on the detailed or long-term investigation of all environmental attributes and the varying degrees of biological diversity that may be present in the study area. Additional information may therefore come to light during a later stage of the process or development for which no allowance can be made at this stage of the investigation. No definite conclusions may therefore be drawn with regards to biological diversity or conservation strategies as far as the proposed areas are concerned.

7.3. Methodology

Site investigations were conducted during the 21st to 25th November 2005. Detailed site information was collected from 34 stratified random sample plots within the study area. This period of the year is considered suitable for the collection of biological data as a high percentage of the flora species that occur in the area are flowering (allowing for acuuracte identification) and faunal species are active.

All methods implemented during this investigation are based on accepted scientific investigative techniques and principles and was performed to acceptable standards and norms.

7.3.1. General Floristic Attributes

The baseline assessment of flora was achieved by means of basic investigation methods, as normally used in the delineation, survey, classification and description of vegetation communities.

Standard aerial techniques were implemented in delineation of physiognomic habitat types. Orthophotos 2327DA22, 2327DA21 and 2327DA17 (1:10 000 scale) were used in the delineation process. Other images also implemented include Google (2006) as well as a digital aerial photograph obtained from the GIS department of Matimba Power Station.

Because the study areas are remarkably homogeneous in physiognomic attributes, randomly stratified plots were sampled across the area, ensuring sure that all areas are sampled sufficiently. During the site investigation phase these plots were sampled and the following information collected:

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• all plant species and growth forms; • dominant plant species; • cover abundance values; • general environmental attributes, such as * soil colour and texture; * slope; * aspect; * topography; * rockiness; and • samples of unidentified plant species; • digital photographs of the site; • GPS reference point; and • notes and comments regarding potential impacts, red data suitability and presence and general status of the site.

Plant species that could not be identified during the site investigation were sampled and identified at a later stage from field guides or comparison to herbarium examples. During the desktop analysis phase the data was captured in a database and species lists were compiled. The preliminary vegetation units were compared in terms of species composition, dominant species and general environmental attributes and subsequently described.

7.3.2. Red Data Flora Investigation

Baseline PRECIS data presented by SANBI (Appendix N(a)) was compared to the Interim Red Data List of South African Plant Species (Threatened Species Programme, 2004) to compile a list of red data flora species that occur within the ¼ degree grid in which the study area is located (2327DA). All areas that were considered suitable for the potential presence of these species were investigated as part of the survey to verify the presence / absence of these red data flora species.

7.3.3. General Faunal Assessment

• Terrestrial Invertebrates Terrestrial Invertebrates were identified on site whenever encountered. Commonly occurring terrestrial invertebrates were sampled using a hand-net in order to attempt ecological comparisons of the various areas likely to be affected.

• Amphibians The species-specific calls of male frogs as well as visual sightings (capture and release) were used to assess the presence of amphibian species in the study area.

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• Reptiles Visual sightings were used to assess the presence of reptile species in the area.

• Birds Visual sightings and species-specific calls were used to compile lists of bird species.

• Mammals The presence of small mammals (mice, rats etc.) was investigated by using small mammal live traps (baited with peanut butter, oats and raisins). Visual sightings and ecological indications were used to identify the medium- and large mammal inhabitants of the study area.

• Aquatic Invertebrates No habitat for aquatic invertebrates was present on the site and this part of the investigation was therefore excluded.

7.3.4. Red Data Fauna Assessment

In order to assess the status of red data fauna species in the study area, the following sources were used:

• South African Red Data Book – Reptiles and Amphibians (Branch, 1998); • Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa (EWT, 2004); • South African Red Data Book – Butterflies (Henning, S.F. & Henning, G.A, 1989); • IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2001); • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2003); • Atlas and Red Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa (Minter, Burger, Harrison, Braack, Bishop & Loafer, 2004); and • South African Red Data Book – Terrestrial Mammals (Smithers, 1986).

• Probability of Occurrence This assessment is used to assess the probability that a red data species might occur in an area, based on the subjective assessment of certain criteria. Three criteria were used to estimate the Probability of Occurrence for each red data spcies. namely: ∗ Known distributional range; ∗ Habitat presence; and ∗ Presence of food.

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Each of these criteria was scored between 0 and 100 (i.e. %), the average of these scores was classed as the Probability of Occurrence for each species, namely: ∗ 0-24% = LOW; ∗ 25-49% = LOW-MEDIUM; ∗ 50-74% = MEDIUM-HIGH; and ∗ 75-100% = HIGH.

It should be noted that, in the case of some of the larger mammals the Probability of Occurrence was calculated based on the availability of preferred habitat of the species rather than the probability that the species currently exists within the study area’s boundaries.

• Red Data Sensitivity Index Score (RDSIS) This assessment is used to estimate the importance of the study area in terms of being suitable for the general requirements of red data fauna species that could potentially occur within the study area. Only species with a Probability of Occurrence of higher than 50% (Medium-High and High) are used in this analysis.

Factor (F) was calculated to weight the IUCN status of relevant species. This was done to ensure that Critically Endangered species that do have a significant Probability of Occurrence for the area carry significant weight in the process of calculating the RDSIS of the area. Weighting (F) for the five relevant IUCN categories are as follows: ∗ Data Deficient (DD) - 0.2 ∗ Near Threatened (NT) - 0.7 ∗ Vulnerable (VU) - 1.5 ∗ Endangered (EN) - 1.7; and ∗ Critically Endangered (CR) - 1.8.

∗ The Probability of Occurrence (Y) was used to calculate the Red Data Sensitivity Index Score (RDSIS) (X) for each species: ∗ The average Species’ Score for all the species was calculated: ∗ The average of all the Threatened taxa’s (VU, EN and CR) species scores was calculated, and the average of these two scores were calculated to add more weight to threatened taxa with a more than 50% Probability of Occurrence. ∗ The % of species with a Probability of Occurrence of 50% or more of the total number of Red Data species listed for the area was calculated and the average of these two scores gives the RDSIS for the area investigated.

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7.3.5. Ecological Sensitivity Analysis

• Structure A flow diagram is presented to indicate the process (Figure 7.1).

The aim of the Integrated Sensitivity Analysis is to determine the inherent ecological sensitivity of habitat units by means of the comparison of weighted floristic and faunal attributes. ∗ Sensitivity Criteria. These criteria represent floristic and faunal attributes of the area that contribute towards the inherent sensitivity/ degradation of the different vegetation types. ∗ A Criteria Weighting is applied to each of the Sensitivity Criterion and this is determined by means of ranking of each criterion against all other Sensitivity Criteria, placing the criteria on a scale of increasing importance from 1 to 10, where 10 represents the highest importance category and 1 the lowest. ∗ Each habitat unit is subjectively rated on a scale of 1 to 10 to obtain the Sensitivity Value in terms of the influence that the particular Sensitivity Criterion has on the floristic status of the particular habitat. ∗ Separate Values are multiplied with the respective Criteria Weighting, which emphasises the importance/ triviality that the individual Sensitivity Criteria have on the status of each habitat. ∗ Ranked Values are then added and expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible value (Ecological Sensitivity Value) and placed in a particular class, namely: - High 80 – 100% - Medium – high 60 – 80% - Medium 40 – 60% - Medium – low 20 – 40% - Low 0 – 20%

This method is considered effective in highlighting sensitive areas, based on observed floristic and faunal attributes rated across the spectrum of habitat units. Phytosociological attributes (species diversity, presence of exotic species, etc.) and physical characteristics, e.g. human impacts, size and fragmentation are important in assessing the status of the various communities.

• Identification of Sensitivity Criteria Criteria employed in assessing the ecological sensitivity of separate habitat may vary between different areas, depending on location, type of habitat, size, etc. As part of this analysis the following factors were assumed as important in determining the sensitivity of vegetation units of this particular site:

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∗ Habitat suitability for the potential presence of red data flora and fauna species; ∗ Landscape or habitat sensitivity; ∗ Natural/ ecological status; ∗ Floristic and faunal species diversity; and ∗ Ecological performance/fragmentation.

• Weighting of Sensitivity Criteria ∗ Presence of red data species/habitat suitability 10.00 ∗ Landscape sensitivity 7.00 ∗ Natural / ecological status 6.00 ∗ Species diversity (flora & fauna) 5.00 ∗ Ecological functionality fragmentation 1.00

Please note: This section is only included in order to verify results obtained from the Impact Evaluation and is presented in Appendix N(b).

ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY VALUES

A. Identification of Sensitivity Criteria

B. Determining Criteria Weighting (Criteria Ranking)

C. Rate status of habitat units on basis of Sensitivity Criteria

D. Multiply Sensitivity Values with Criteria Weighting

E. Calculate Ecological Sensitivity Values - expressed as percentages

Figure 7.1: Calculating the Ecological Sensitivity Values

7.3.6. Ecological Impact Evaluation

The structure of this evaluation is standard to the format applied by Bohlweki Environmental. The reader is referred to the relevant section for an explanation of the evaluation.

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7.4. Regional Overview

7.4.1. Regional Overview of the Flora

Vegetation types, according to descriptions presented by Van Rooyen and Bredenkamp in ‘The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland’ (Low and Rebelo, 1998) that comprises the eight farms include mostly Mixed Bushveld (18) with a small portion of Waterberg Moist Mountain Bushveld (12), forming part of the Savanna Biome (Figure 9.2).

The Savanna Biome is the largest biome in Southern Africa, occupying over one- third of the area of South Africa. It is characterized by a grassy ground layer and a distinct upper layer of woody plants. The environmental factors delimiting the biome are complex; altitude ranges from sea level to 2 000 m; rainfall varies from 235 mm to 1 000 mm per year; frost may occur and almost every major geological and soil type occurs within the biome. A major factor delimiting the biome is the lack of sufficient rainfall which prevents the upper layer from dominating, coupled with fires and grazing, which keep the grass layer dominant. The shrub layer may vary from 1 to 20 m in height, but in Bushveld typically varies from 3 to 7m. The shrub-tree element may come to dominate the vegetation in areas which are being overgrazed.

Waterberg Moist Mountain Bushveld occurs on sandstone and quartzite of the Waterberg Mountains, comprising an extremely small south eastern portion of the farm Naauwontkomen. The tree layer is dominant, consisting of a composition of Faurea saligna, Acacia caffra, Burkea africana, Terminalia sericea and Peltophorum africanum on deep, sandy areas, with Kirkia acuminata, Englerophytum magalismontanum, Protea caffra, Croton gratissimus, Combretum apiculatum, Alibizia tanganyikensis and Combretum molle characteristic of the rocky slopes. The shrub- and grass layer is moderately to well-developed, depending on the intensity of the grazing component, which, together with fire, is an important driving force behind vegetation development. Aspect and slope also play important roles in the distribution of plant species. Only a small portion of the study area constitutes this particular vegetation type.

Mixed Bushveld, as is deduced from the name, represents a great variety of plant communities, with many variations and transitions. The vegetation varies from a dense, short bushveld to a rather open tree savanna. On shallow soils Combretum apiculatum dominates, occurring together with Acacia caffra, Dichrostachys cinerea, Lannea discolour, Sclerocarya birrea and various Grewia species. The grazing is sweet and the herbaceous layer is dominated by the grasses Digitaria eriantha, Schmidtia pappophoroides, Anthephora pubescens, Stipagrostis uniplumis and various Aristida and Eragrotis species. On deeper and

Ecology 132 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province sandier soils Terminalia sericea becomes dominant, with Ochna pulchra, Grewia flava, Peltophorum africanum and Burkea africana often prominent species. The grass sward is scanty with Eragrostis pallens and Perotis patens characteristic. The structure of this vegetation type is determined by fire and grazing. The majority of the study area constitutes this vegetation type.

The vegetation that characterises this area has developed many survival strategies, including the ability to produce tannins that are triggered when the leaves are browsed, the production of toxic sap, the development of thorns or their adaptation to sourveld areas that are not generally favoured by grazers. The interaction of vegetation, fire and animals play important roles in maintaining savanna ecosystems (Knobel, 1999).

PRECIS data from SANBI indicate a total of 305 plant species within the ¼ degree grid (Appendix N(a)). The fact that only 47 (39.2%) of the species that were identified in the study area are listed on the PRECIS list clearly illustrate the low state of knowledge of the botanical diversity of this area in general, particularly when taking the relative small size of the study area in relation to the ¼ degree grid into consideration.

The Interim Red Data List of South African Plant Species (Threatened Species Programme, 2004) indicates a total of 319 potential red data species for the Limpopo Province. Comparison of this list of red data species with the PRECIS list revealed the presence of 4 Red Data flora species within the relevant ¼ degree grid (Refer to Figure 9.3).

A list of trees was produced by the South African National Botanical Institute that contain certain tree species that does not have any Red Data status, but are considered important in a South African perspective as a result of scarcity, high utilisation, common value, etc. (South African National Botanical Institute, 2004.

Ecology 133 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Figure 9.2: Low and Rebel vegetation types of the study area

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7.4.2. Regional Overview of the Fauna

Over thousands of years the savanna system and the antelope that inhabit them have developed side by side. Grasses, for example, have become well adapted to defoliation, as much a defensive response to constant pressure by grazers as to the regular veld fires that rage through the savanna in the dry seasons. The success of grasses has been a constantly renewed vast reservoir of food upon which large herds of grazers flourish. The woody component is also constantly exploited by many browsers, and with so many herbivores present, the carnivore component of the complex ecological system has also flourished.

The savanna biome is populated by a greater diversity of bird species than any other biome in South Africa. The presence of both woody plants and a well- developed herbaceous layer provides diverse sources of food and shelter for specialist and generalist bird species, including seed-eaters, insectivores and diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey abound.

Much of the area is used for game farming and big game hunting, illustrating that utilisation and conservation of an area are not mutually exclusive. The savanna biome is the core of the wildlife, ecotourism and meat-production industries. Threats include rapidly expanding development of settlements for impoverished human populations and the associated need for firewood and building materials, diminishing water supply, agriculture and over-grazing.

The savanna of South Africa includes numerous animal species; approximately 167 mammals (15% endemism), 532 birds (15% endemism), 161 reptiles (40% endemism), 57 amphibians (18% endemism) and an unknown number of invertebrates. Flagship species include the Starburst Horned Baboon Spider, ground Hornbill, Cape Griffon, Wild dog, Short-Eared Trident Bat and the White Rhinoceros (Knobel, 1999).

Photos 7 – 12 included in Appendix O show some of the fauna species noted on site. Table 9.1 shows the red data fauna species are listed for the region.

Table 9.1: Red data fauna species listed for the region Biological Name English Name Red Data Status Frogs Pyxicephalus adspersus Giant Bullfrog Near Threatened Snakes Xenocalamus transvaalensis Transvaal Quillsnout Snake Data Deficient Birds Alcedo semitorquata Half-collared Kingfisher Near Threatened Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle Vulnerable Ardeotis kori Kori Bustard Vulnerable Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern Ground-Hornbill Vulnerable

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Buphagus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Oxpecker Near Threatened Ciconia nigra Black Stork Near Threatened Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier Near Threatened Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Saddle-billed Stork Endangered Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon Near Threatened Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel Vulnerable Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Near Threatened Glareola nordmanni Black-winged Pratincole Near Threatened Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed Night-Heron Vulnerable Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture Vulnerable Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture Vulnerable Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres's Hawk-Eagle Near Threatened Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou Stork Near Threatened Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork Near Threatened Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican Vulnerable Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo Near Threatened Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo Near Threatened Podica senegalensis African Finfoot Vulnerable Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle Vulnerable Rostratula benghalensis Greater Painted-snipe Near Threatened Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird Near Threatened Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur Vulnerable Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture Vulnerable Trigonoceps occipitalis White-headed Vulture Vulnerable Vanellus albiceps White-crowned Lapwing Near Threatened Mammals Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable Atelerix frontalis South African Hedgehog Near Threatened Cloeotis percivali Short-eared Trident Bat Critically Endangered Crocidura cyanea Reddish-grey Musk Shrew Data Deficient Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew Data Deficient Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Near Threatened Damaliscus lunatus lunatus Tsessebe Endangered Dasymys incomtus Water Rat Near Threatened Diceros bicornis minor Black Rhinoceros Vulnerable Elephantulus brachyrhynchus Short-snouted Elephant-shrew Data Deficient Elephantulus intufi Bushveld Elephant-shrew Data Deficient Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse Data Deficient Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Vulnerable Hippotragus niger niger Sable Antelope Vulnerable Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena Near Threatened Lemniscomys rosalia Single-striped Mouse Data Deficient Leptailurus serval Serval Near Threatened Lycaon pictus African Wild Dog Endangered Manis temminckii Pangolin Vulnerable Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Near Threatened Miniopterus schreibersii Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat Near Threatened Myotis tricolor Temminck's Hairy Bat Near Threatened

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Panthera leo Lion Vulnerable Pipistrellus rusticus Rusty Bat Near Threatened Poecilogale albinucha African Weasel Data Deficient Rhinolophus blasii Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat Vulnerable Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat Near Threatened Rhinolophus darlingi Darling's Horseshoe Bat Near Threatened Rhinolophus hildebrantii Hildebrant's Horseshoe Bat Near Threatened Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil Data Deficient

7.5. Flora Of The Study Area

7.5.1. Floristic Species Diversity

The floristic species diversity of the study area is considered relative poor. A total of 120 species were identified during the site investigation (Table 9.2). This relative low diversity reflects the general absence of topographical and environmental diversity that cause changes to the land surface resulting in the formation of varying communities and hence diverse species composition. In addition to the plant species that are known to occur in the area (PRECIS Data), an additional 73 plant species were recorded.

The physiognomy of the area is displayed in the dominance of the tree component (37.6%) while the grass sward is considered poorly represented (16.7%) due to two main factors (Figure 9.3). While a pristine species composition would dictate a more diverse grass sward, this particular case is affected not only by the late season (the grass sward are not considered fully developed since the start of the raining season), but also as a result of the degraded status of the herbaceous layer. Over utilisation and vegetation manipulation has resulted in an increase in woody species in most areas, causing the woody structures to dominate the grass layer, resulting in the presence of only a few grass species that dominate herbaceous layer.

Forbs and other herbs are well represented (40.83%), but the dominance of certain species also indicates the degraded status of the vegetation.

It should be noted that over utilisation by means of grazing does not have a direct influence on the woody component, but depletion of the grass sward eventually causes a dominance of the woody layer due to higher germination success of seeds. This, in effect, lowers the competitive ability of the grass sward as the increased shade effect of the woody layer results in a lower germination success of grass seeds. This effect is particularly pronounced in areas where periodic burning is not utilised as part of a management plan.

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A total of 47 plant families were identified during the site investigation. Mimosaceae (9.2%) (Acacias) and Poaceae (15.8%) (grasses) dominate the composition.

Table 9.2: Plant species recorded in the study area Growth Species Name Family Form Abutilon austro-africanum Hochr. Forb Malvaceae Acacia erioloba Tree Mimosaceae Acacia erubescens Welw. ex Oliv. Tree Mimosaceae Acacia grandicornuta Gerstner Tree Mimosaceae Acacia karroo Hayne Tree Mimosaceae Acacia mellifera Tree Mimosaceae Acacia nigrescens Oliv. Tree Mimosaceae Acacia robusta Tree Mimosaceae Acacia senegal Tree Mimosaceae Acacia tortilis Tree Mimosaceae Adansoinia digitata Tree Bombacaceae Agathisanthemum bojeri Forb Rubiaceae Albizia harveyi E.Fourn. Tree Mimosaceae Ammocharis coranica (Ker Gawl.) Herb. Geophyte Amaryllidaceae Aptosimum albomarginatum Forb Scrophulariaceae Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. ssp. barbicollis Grass Poaceae Aristida species Grass Poaceae Aristida stipitata Grass Poaceae Asparagus laricinus Burch. Shrub Liliaceae Asparagus virgatus Baker Shrub Liliaceae Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br. Shrub Ceasalpiniaceae Blepharis subvolubilis Forb Acanthaceae Boscia albitrunca Tree Capparaceae Boscia foetida Tree Capparaceae Cenchrus ciliaris L. Grass Poaceae Chaetacanthus costatus Nees Forb Acanthaceae Chaetacanthus species Forb Acanthaceae Combretum apiculatum Tree Combretaceae Combretum hereroense Schinz Tree Combretaceae Combretum imberbe Wawra Tree Combretaceae Combretum zeyheri Sond. Tree Combretaceae Commelina africana Forb Commelinaceae Commelina species Forb Commelinaceae Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl. Tree Burseraceae Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl. Tree Burseraceae Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl. Tree Burseraceae Crotalaria spartioides Forb Fabaceae Croton gratissimus Tree Euphorbiaceae Cucumis hirsutus Sond. Forb Cucurbitaceae

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Growth Species Name Family Form Cucumis zeyheri Sond. Forb Cucurbitaceae Cyperus obtusiflorus Sedge Cyperaceae Cyphostemma species Succulent Vitaceae Dichrostachys cinerea Tree Mimosaceae Digitaria eriantha Steud. Grass Poaceae Dipcadi species Geophyte Liliaceae Dipcadi viride Geophyte Liliacea Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce Tree Ehretiaceae Enneapogon cenchroides (Roem. & Schult.) C.E.Hubb. Grass Poaceae Enneapogon scoparius Stapf Grass Poaceae Enteropogon macrostachyus (A.Rich.) Benth. Grass Poaceae Eragrostis lehmanniana Grass Poaceae Eragrostis pallens Hack. Grass Poaceae Eragrostis rigidior Pilg. Grass Poaceae Eragrostis superba Peyr. Grass Poaceae Euclea natalensis Tree Ebenaceae Euclea undulata Tree Ebenaceae Gardenia volkensii Tree Rubiaceae Grewia flava DC. Tree Tiliaceae Grewia flavescens Tree Tiliaceae Grewia monticola Sond. Tree Tiliaceae Grewia retinervis Burret Tree Tiliaceae Harpagophytum zeyheri Forb Pedaliaceae Helichrysum species Forb Asteraceae Heliotropium ciliatum Kaplan Forb Boraginaceae Heliotropium steudneri Vatke Forb Boraginaceae Hermbstaedtia odorata Forb Amaranthaceae Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. Grass Poaceae Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Forb Malvaceae Hibiscus species Forb Malvaceae Indigofera species Forb Fabaceae Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. Succulent Crassulaceae Kyllinga alba Nees Sedge Cyperaceae Kyphocarpa angustifolia (Moq.) Lopr. Forb Amaranthaceae Lantana rugosa Thunb. Forb Verbenaceae Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop Geophyte Liliaceae Lycium cinereum Tree Solanaceae Malva species Forb Malvaceae Maytenus tenuispina (Sond.) Marais Tree Celastraceae Melhania forbesii Planch. ex Mast. Forb Malvaceae Melhania species Forb Malvaceae Merremia palmata Hallier f. Forb Convolvulaceae Ochna natalitia Tree Ochnaceae Ornithogalum seineri (Engl. & K.Krause) Oberm. Geophyte Hyacinthaceae Ozoroa sphaerocarpa R.& A.Fern. Tree Anacardiaceae

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Growth Species Name Family Form Panicum maximum Jacq. Grass Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Grass Poaceae Peltophorum africanum Sond. Tree Ceasalpiniaceae Phyllanthus angolensis Müll.Arg. Forb Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Tree Euphorbiaceae Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg. Grass Poaceae Pollichia campestris Aiton Forb Illebracaceae Portulaca kermesina N.E.Br. Succulent Portulacaceae Raphionachme species Forb Peripoplacaceae Rhigozum brevispinosum Tree Bignoniaceae Rhus dentata Thunb. Tree Anacardiaceae Rhynchosia minima Forb Fabaceae Rhynchosia species Forb Fabaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce Forb Liliaceae Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. Climber Asclepidaceae Schmidtia pappophoroides Steud. Grass Poaceae Sclerocarya birrea Tree Anacardiaceae Sida dregei Burtt Davy Forb Malvaceae Solanum incanum L. Forb Solanaceae Solanum panduriforme E.Mey. Forb Solanaceae Solanum species Forb Solanaceae Spirostachys africana Sond. Tree Euphorbiaceae Sporobolus species Grass Poaceae Sterculia rogersii N.E.Br. Tree Sterculiaceae Stipagrostis uniplumis Grass Poacaea Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. Tree Loganiaceae Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. Forb Portulacaceae Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. Tree Combretaceae Trachyandra asperata Geophyte Liliaceae Tribulus terrestris L. Forb Zygophyllaceae Trochomeria macrocarpha Geophyte Cucurbitaceae Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy Grass Poaceae Waltheria indica L. Forb Sterculiaceae Ximenia caffra Tree Olacaceae Ziziphus mucronata Tree Rhamnaceae

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50 45 45

39 40

35 30 25 20 20

15

10 7

5 33 1 2

0

Trees Forbs Shrubs Sedges Grasses Climbers Geophytes Succulents

Figure 9.3: Growth forms of the study area.

7.5.2. Vegetation Communities

The uniformity of the vegetation is a characteristic feature and the only significant variation that is noted from aerial photographs is human influences. The uniformity in terms of topography, soils and regional vegetation is displayed in the similarity of natural woodlands. Variation in the geology is not transferred to the vegetation as human influences played a more dominant role as a driving force behind recent vegetation development.

Smaller variations do exist within the vegetation, but occur as mosaical patterns within the natural woodland, a characteristic of the regional vegetation (Mixed Bushveld). Although recognisable by means of species composition (woody component), these units are not recognisable from aerial photography and it is therefore not possible to map these variations. It is therefore described as a single vegetation community with smaller variations.

Vegetation units that were identified during the investigation include the following (see photos 1 – 6 in Appendix O):

• Primary woodland; • Secondary woodland; and • Non-perennial stream.

(PLEASE NOTE: Descriptions of the vegetation that will be affected by - (1) the alignments of the conveyor alternatives (east and west); (2) the alignment of the Steenbokpan road (north and south); and (3) the location of the construction

Ecology 141 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province camp on the farm Eenzaamheid - are included in the following descriptions. Any variations of note that do exist within these alignments or locations will be indicated and discussed separately.)

• Primary woodland This vegetation unit constitutes natural woodland that is representative of the regional vegetation. A dominant woody layer is characteristic, consisting of two variations, namely a broadleaf variation and an Acacia savanna. These variations form mosaical patterns across the area that is not discernable from aerial photographs.

The broadleaf variation prevails on deeper, sandy soils that are poor in nutrients as a result of leaching; resulting in sour veld conditions that are characterized by the profusion of tree species such as Combretum zeyheri, C. hereroense, Commiphora africana, C mollis, Terminalia sericea and Boscia albitrunca.

On shallower soils with slightly higher clay content, Acacia species predominate, including A. tortillus, A. erubescens, A. mellifera, together with Dichrostachys cinerea and several Grewia species. As a result of the slightly higher clay content, leaching of soil nutrients is not as severe as in sandy areas and the resulting vegetation is sweeter. Typically this vegetation is preferred by cattle and game, accounting for the effects of intensive grazing noted in some areas.

Woody species that are typically prominent throughout the entire area include Acacia nigrescens, Combretum apiculatum, Commiphora pyracanthoides, Grewia species and Sclerocarya birrea and Combretum imberbe to a lesser degree.

The herbaceous layer is relative poor in species, providing evidence of the over grazed state of the vegetation. Forb species that may dominate in some areas include Gossyphium herbaceum, Heliotropium steudnerii, Chaetacanthus costatus, Crotalaria spartioides, Cucumis zeyheri, Hibiscus micranthus, Merremia palmata, Ornithogalum seineri, Indigofera species, Rhynchosia species, Sida dregei and Talinum cafrum.

The grass sward is dominated by a few species, including Urochloa mosambicensis (particularly dominant), Cenchrus ciliaris, Digitaria eriantha, Enneapogon scoparius, Eragrostis lehmanniana, Panicum maximum, Pogonarthria squarossa, Schmidtia pappophoroides and Stipagrostis uniplumis.

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The over utilised status of the herbaceous layer is indicated by the uniformity of the lower stratum (in terms of species composition) across the two major variations, which would normally vary significantly in terms of the species composition and dominance. The dominance of the geophyte Ornithogalum seineri (a geophyte that characterises the overgrazed areas in the Limpopo Province) (Fabian) and the grass Urochloa mossambicensis, which is classified as an Increaser IIc (a species that increase under heavy utilisation) (Van Oudtshoorn, 1991) provide ample evidence of the degraded status of the herbaveous layer.

A slight difference is noted between the Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid farms. Woodlands on Naauwontkomen are denser as a result of the absence of fire, while density of the woody layer on Eenzaamheid was controlled to a degree by high grazing pressure. Also, due to lower grazing intensities on the Naauwontkomen farm, the herbaceous layer may be moribund in some places.

The floristic status of this vegetation is considered medium as a result of the over utilised state of the herbaceous layer and encroached state of the woody layer in some places.

Please note that, although not indicated on the vegetation map as such, the western conveyor alternative that will occupy natural woodland to the north of the farm Naauwontkomen, constitute woodland that conforms to this vegetation community in species composition and status.

• Secondary woodland This community represent woodland that has been subjected to severe disturbances in the recent past, resulting in a vegetation type that is dissimilar to the natural woodland of the general region. Changes to the species composition and physiognomy are particularly evident in the woody structure. The species diversity of these areas is particularly low. Two separate units are recognised.

Unit 1 – Located in the northwestern section of the farm Naauwontkomen, this unit is characterised by woodland that has been subjected to severe manipulation, to the extent that the entire woody layer has been altered in physiognomy and species composition. On the 1981 aerial image this area is entirely without trees and it is assumed that the area was cleared for agricultural purposes. Subsequent to the clearing, pioneer species has populated the area, including Dichrostachys cinerea (Sickle bush) and Acacia species. Dichrostahys has since become dominant in this area, but has recently been cleared selectively. An open savanna is the result of these

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efforts, characterised by a fairly equal dominance of Acacia and Dichrostachys.

The herbaceous layer has, similar to the woody layer, gone through successional stages to represent a semi-climax state. Grasses dominate the physiognomy, but many forb species are present. Grass species that are dominant include Schmidtia pappophoroides, Urochloa mossambicense, Eragrostis lehmanniana and Enneapogon scoparius. Forb species that are prominent include Sida dregei, Solanum panduriforme, Tribulus terrestris, Kyphocarpha angustifolia, Indigofera species and Pollichia campestris.

The dissimilarity of the forb composition, particularly the absence of many geophyte species provides evidence of the historic surface disturbances.

Unit 2 – Located in the central southern part of the farm Naauwontkomen, this unit represent an old borrow pit area. It is clearly visible on the 1981 aerial photos and it is assumed that the gravely soil that occur in the area was utilised for road construction purposes. In some instances it is evident that large trees were avoided during the excavation process, but shrubs and the lower stratums were completely decimated. The seral stage of the vegetation that characterises the area is thus representative of the regional vegetation in terms of the woody layer. The shrub and herbaceous layer in these areas are low in density and poor in species diversity, characteristic of areas where topsoil has been removed. Vegetation in other areas was completely destroyed, similar to areas where agricultural practices took place. The woody layer in these particular areas has recovered to a fairly natural state, but the herbaceous layer is indicative of the degraded status with bare areas.

The floristic status of this community is considered low as a result of the secondary vegetation that characterises this community. It should be noted that protected tree species do occur in this community. In particular a Baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) is present south of the Steebokpan road. Mitigation measures for this individual will be presented.

Due to the secondary nature of the vegetation, the floristic status of this community is considered low.

• Non-perennial stream This community is not particularly well defined and is barely noticeable on available aerial photographs. However, physiognomic differences as well as slight variations in the species composition can be noted in the area. Large trees, particularly Spirostachys africana, are well represented in this community. The remainder of the species composition is remarkably similar to surrounding woodland, providing an indication of the fact that this non-

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perennial stream contains a higher incidence of water only in events of exceptionally high rainfall.

Environmental attributes do not indicate any variation in driving forces behind vegetation development, but the presence of a high incidence of Spirostachys africana is considered a characteristic feature of this community. Similar species composition, particularly the presence of Spirostachys africana has been noted in other areas where seasonal pans and depressions are featured. The association of this species with moist soil conditions is marginal, indicated by the similarity of the species composition of surrounding woodland to these areas.

The Steenbokpan road crosses this community and as a result of the raised construction, has created a local topography that causes water to accumulate during the raining season. This semi-permanent stand of water results in a unique composition of faunal species that occupies this area. The surrounding vegetation creates atypical habitat that is considered suitable for a diverse faunal species composition.

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Figure 9.4: Vegetation communities of the study area

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7.5.3. Red Data Flora Species

Four red data flora species were listed within the relevant quarter degree square. None of these species were observed in the study area during the site investigation. The level of confidence attributed to results of this part of the investigation is considered medium-high. Furthermore, habitat conditions are such that the likelihood of encountering red data flora species in the study area is considered medium-low.

7.5.4. Protected Tree Species

Comparing results of the preliminary investigation and general information with the List of Protected Trees, the presence of the four (4) protected tree species within the proposed farms was confirmed (see Table 9.3).

Table 9.3: Protected tree species confirmed within the study area Botanical Name Family English Name Afrikaans name Acacia erioloba Mimosaceae Camel thorn Kameeldoring Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kremetart Boscia albitrunca Capparaceae Shepherd’s tree Witgat Combretum imberbe Combretaceae Leadwood Hardekool

These species, although not protected should not have a bearing on the outcome of the application, but should receive consideration during the process. In particular, Adansonia digitata (Photo 5 in Appendix O) was observed in the study area only once and is estimated to occur in the general region at extremely low percentages. The removal and relocation of this individual, which is of a size that would allow successful translocation, is recommended Several individuals were successfully translocated to the entrance of Matimba Power Station, providing evidence of the success rate of such an operation.

Other protected tree species occur widespread at relative high densities throughout the study area as well as surrounding areas. The proposed development is not expected to affect the status of these species in the regional setting while the relocation of the proposed development is not perceived as a viable alternative.

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7.6. Fauna Of The Study Area

7.6.1. Faunal Diversity

• Naauwontkomen A total of seventy-one animals were observed within the boundaries of Naauwontkomen (Table 9.4), including: ∗ 12 invertebrates; ∗ 5 reptiles ∗ 7 frogs ∗ 40 birds; and ∗ 7 mammals.

• Eenzaamheid A total of sixty-four animals were observed within the boundaries of Eenzaamheid (Table 9.5), including: ∗ 9 invertebrates; ∗ 3 reptiles; ∗ 4 frogs ∗ 42 birds; and ∗ 6 mammals.

• Conveyor belt section Forty-four animals were observed within the areas proposed for the conveyer belt (Table 9.6), including: ∗ 5 invertebrates; ∗ 29 birds; and ∗ 10 mammals.

• Road re-alignment Since both the options for the road re-alignment traverses the farms, no specific surveys were conducted in these options and the results obtained from the investigations on the respective farms is considered adequate detail to consider the proposed alternatives.

• Construction camp The species composition of the farm Eenzaamheid, on which this feature could potentially be located, is considered representative.

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Table 9.4: Fauna species observed on the farm Naauwontkomen Phylum Class Order Family Genus – species Common name Pedinorrhina plana Yellow-belted Fruit Chafer Plaesiorrhinella trivittata Fruit Chafer Phoxomeloides laticincta Fruit Chafer Scarabaeidae Rhabdotis albinigra Scarce Limpopo Fruit Chafer Dischista cincta Common Savanna Fruit Chafer Coleoptera Leucocelis vitticollis Fruit Chafer Arthropoda Insecta Leucocelis amethystina Amethyst Fruit Chafer Buprestidae Agelia peteli Meloid-mimicking Jewel Beetle Meloidae Decapotoma transvaalica Transvaal Blister Beetle Curculionidae Polyclaeis equestris Pink-banded Weevil Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus African Monarch Hymenoptera Formicidae Megaponera foetens Matabele Ant Vertebrata Testudinidae Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise Testudines Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa subrufa Marsh Terrapin Reptilia Elapidae Naja mossambica M'fezi Squamata Psammophidae Psammophis subtaeniatus Stripe-bellied Sand Snake Lacertidae Nucras intertexta Spotted Sandveld Lizard Hyperoliidae Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina Michrohylidae Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog Petropedetidae Cacosternum boettgeri Boettger's Caco Amphibia Anura Pipidae Xenopus laevis Common Platanna Ptychadena mossambica Broad-banded Grass Frog Ranidae Ptychadena porosissima Striped Grass Frog Rhacophoridae Chiromantis xerampelina Southern Foam Nest Frog Aves Phasianidae Pternistis natalensis Natal Francolin Galliformes Numididae Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl Anseriformes Anatidae Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose Piciformes Picidae Dendropicos namaquus Bearded Woodpecker Tockus nasutus African Grey Hornbill Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Tockus leucomelas Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill Coraciiformes Meropidae Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater Coliiformes Coliidae Urocolius indicus Red-faced Mousebird Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae Clamator jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas's Cuckoo

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Apodiformes Apodidae Apus affinis Little Swift Musophagiformes Musophagidae Corythaixoides concolor Grey Go-away-bird Streptopelia capicola Cape Turtle-Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove Oena capensis Namaqua Dove Gruiformes Otididae Eupodotis ruficrista Red-crested Korhaan Scolocapidae Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Charadriiformes Vanellus coronatus Crowned Lapwing Charadriidae Vanellus armatus Blacksmith Lapwing Oriolidae Oriolus larvatus Black-headed Oriole Monarchidae Terpsiphone viridis African Paradise-Flycatcher Malaconotidae Batis molitor Chinspot Batis Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike Laniidae Nilaus afer Brubru Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed Puffback Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundo semirufa Red-breasted Swallow Hirundinidae Hirundo cucullata Greater Striped Swallow Passeriformes Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow Sylvietta rufescens Long-billed Crombec Sylviidae Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler Cisticola chinianus Rattling Cisticola Cisticolidae Calamonastes fasciolatus Barred Wren-Warbler Camaroptera brevicaudata Grey-backed Camaroptera Bubalornis niger Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver Ploceidae Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver Ploceus velatus Southern Masked-Weaver Estrildidae Uraeginthus angolensis Blue Waxbill Primates Cercopithecidae Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Rodentia Muridae Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil Carnivora Canidae Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal Mammalia Tubulidentata Orycteropidae Orycteropus afer Aardvark Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu Artiodactyla Bovidae Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi Blesbok Aepyceros melampus Impala

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Table 9.5: Fauna species observed on the farm Eenzaamheid Phylum Class Order Family Genus - species Common name Carabidae Graphipterus limbatus Velvet Ground Beetle Dischista cincta Common Savanna Fruit Chafer Mausoleopis amabilis White-spotted Fruit Chafer Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Leucocelis vitticollis Fruit Chafer Arthropoda Insecta Leucocelis amethystina Amethyst Fruit Chafer Meloidae Mylabris oculata CMR Beetle Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus African Monarch Lepidoptera Pieridae Belenois aurota Brown-veined White Hymenoptera Formicidae Megaponera foetens Matabele Ant Vertebrata Varanidae Varanus albigularis Rock Monitor Reptilia Squamata Agamidae Acanthocercus atricollis Southern Tree Agama Lacertidae Nucras intertexta Spotted Sandveld Lizard Hyperoliidae Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina Michrohylidae Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog Amphibia Anura Ranidae Tomopterna krugerensis Knocking Sand Frog Rhacophoridae Chiromantis xerampelina Southern Foam Nest Frog Aves Dendroperdix sephaena Crested Francolin Phasianidae Galliformes Pternistis natalensis Natal Francolin Numididae Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl Anseriformes Anatidae Sarkidiornis melanotos Comb Duck Picidae Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed Woodpecker Piciformes Lybiidae Trachyphonus vaillantii Crested Barbet Tockus nasutus African Grey Hornbill Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Tockus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Hornbill Upupidae Upupa africana African Hoopoe Upupiformes Phoeniculidae Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood-Hoopoe Rhinopomastidae Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Common Scimitarbill Coraciidae Coracias naevia Purple Roller Coraciiformes Dacelonidae Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded Kingfisher

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Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo Cuculiformes Cuculidae Chrysococcyx caprius Diderick Cuckoo Apus apus Common Swift Apodiformes Apodidae Apus affinis Little Swift Musophagiformes Musophagidae Corythaixoides concolor Grey Go-away-bird Strigiformes Strigidae Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted Owlet Streptopelia capicola Cape Turtle-Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove Columbiformes Columbidae Oena capensis Namaqua Dove Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove Gruiformes Otididae Eupodotis ruficrista Red-crested Korhaan Dicruridae Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed Drongo Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed Bush-Shrike Malaconotidae Batis molitor Chinspot Batis Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike Laniidae Corvinella melanoleuca Magpie Shrike Laniarius atrococcineus Crimson-breasted Shrike Paridae Parus niger Southern Black Tit Sylvietta rufescens Long-billed Crombec Sylviidae Turdoides bicolor Southern Pied Babbler Passeriformes Cisticola chinianus Rattling Cisticola Cisticolidae Calamonastes fasciolatus Barred Wren-Warbler Sturnidae Lamprotornis australis Burchell's Starling Nectariniidae Cinnyris talatala White-bellied Sunbird Bubalornis niger Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver Ploceidae Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver Estrildidae Uraeginthus angolensis Blue Waxbill Viduidae Vidua regia Shaft-tailed Whydah Passeridae Passer melanurus Cape Sparrow Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey Rodentia Sciuridae Paraxerus cepapi Tree Squirrel

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Hystricidae Hystrix africaeaustralis Porcupine Suidae Phacochoerus africanus Warthog Artiodactyla Aepyceros melampus Impala Bovidae Raphicerus campestris Steenbok

Table 9.6: Fauna species observed on the conveyor belt section Phylum Class Order Family Genus - species Common name Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Polystalactica furfurosa Fruit Chafer Leucocelis vitticollis Fruit Chafer Leucocelis amethystina Amethyst Fruit Chafer Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus African Monarch Vanessa cardui Painted Lady Vertebrata Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Dendroperdix sephaena Crested Francolin Pternistis natalensis Natal Francolin Pternistis swainsonii Swainson's Spurfowl Numididae Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Tockus nasutus African Grey Hornbill Tockus leucomelas Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill Coraciiformes Meropidae Merops persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Cuculiformes Cuculidae Chrysococcyx caprius Diderick Cuckoo Apodiformes Apodidae Apus apus Common Swift Apus affinis Little Swift Musophagiformes Musophagidae Corythaixoides concolor Grey Go-away-bird Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove Oena capensis Namaqua Dove Gruiformes Otididae Eupodotis ruficrista Red-crested Korhaan Charadriiformes Charadriidae Vanellus coronatus Crowned Lapwing Vanellus armatus Blacksmith Lapwing Falconiformes Accipitripidae Buteo rufofuscus Jackal Buzzard Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron Passeriformes Dicruridae Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed Drongo

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Malaconotidae Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra Laniidae Nilaus afer Brubru Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed Puffback Paridae Parus niger Southern Black Tit Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundo cucullata Greater Striped Swallow Sylviidae Sylvietta rufescens Long-billed Crombec Cisticolidae Cisticola chinianus Rattling Cisticola Camaroptera brevicaudata Grey-backed Camaroptera Estrildidae Uraeginthus angolensis Blue Waxbill Mammalia Rodentia Hystricidae Hystrix africaeaustralis Porcupine Perrissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium simum White Rhinoceros Artiodactyla Suidae Phacochoerus africanus Warthog Bovidae Taurotragus oryx Eland Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope Alcelaphus buselaphus Red Hartebeest Damaliscus lunatus Tsessebe Aepyceros melampus Impala

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Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

7.6.2. Faunal Status

• Naauwontkomen The faunal diversity of this farm is considered representative of the region. The natural woodland habitat is uniform and adequately represented in the region. Dominant woody layers and degraded lower stratums provide extremely low diversity in habitat. Although the degraded habitat might provide some variation in terms of available habitat, the species composition that characterises these areas is considered less diverse as a result of the manipulated nature. Natural woodland and the seasonal moist conditions that are created in the central part of the farm is considered the only slight variation that would be occupied by a faunal species composition that is different to the rest of the farm. The species composition of this habitat type is likely to be similar to that of other, similar habitat in the general surrounds.

The migration to other regions that might satisfy the immediate or long-term habitat-, breeding- or territorial requirements is a direct result of the mobility of fauna. This, inevitably, results in a variation in the species that occupy an area at any given period and might vary on a daily, seasonal or longer period.

• Eenzaamheid The uniformity of the habitat on this property, as well as the similarity to available habitat in the region, will result in a species composition that is similar to surrounding areas and, on a smaller scale, across the entire property. Extremely little variation is noted and long-term monitoring results are expected to reveal a species compostion across the farm that does not vary significantly. Significant movement of fauna species between this and adjacent properties is expected with varying conditions (seasonal). Likely, impacts resulting from the proposed mining activity are expected to result in animal species migrating from this property to nearby areas that is suited to their breeding-, general habitat- or territorial requirements.

• Conveyor belt section Natural habitat that will be affected by the proposed alternative to the north of the farm Naauwonkomen is considered similar in faunal attributes to the relevant farm.

• Road re-alignment Results obtained from the relevant farms are considered adequate in highlighting the faunal status of the areas that this structure will cross.

• Construction camp Results obtained from assessment are considered adequate in highlighting the faunal status of the area on Eenzaamheid that this structure will occupy.

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7.6.3. Red Data Fauna Species

• General ∗ no Red Data invertebrates are listed for the study area; ∗ the Giant Bullfrog is the only Red Data amphibian listed for the study area; ∗ no Red Data reptiles are listed for the study area; ∗ twenty-nine Red Data birds are listed as potential inhabitants of the study area; and ∗ thirty Red Data mammal species are listed for the study area.

• Survey Results The Bushveld Gerbil, Tatera leucogaster, was trapped on Naauwontkomen and is listed as Data Deficient. The general habitat description for this species is sandy soils in a variety of habitat types.

No red data fauna species were observed on Eenzaamheid.

Two Red Data mammals were observed in the area proposed for the conveyer belt. The Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger) and the Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus) were observed. However, these species are introduced and managed in a breeding programme and are therefore not considered free-roaming species within the study area.

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Red Data Probabilities & RDSIS - Naauwontkomen Table 9.7: RD Probabilities for Naauwontkomen Biological Name English Name RD DISTR HAB FOOD TOT PROB Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork NT 40 1 1 14.00 L Vanellus albiceps White-crowned Lapwing NT 40 1 5 15.33 L Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern Ground-Hornbill VU 40 5 5 16.67 L Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel VU 45 1 5 17.00 L Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier NT 45 5 5 18.33 L Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon NT 45 5 5 18.33 L Dasymys incomtus Water Rat NT 40 5 10 18.33 L Glareola nordmanni Black-winged Pratincole NT 50 1 5 18.67 L Ephippiorhynchus Saddle-billed Stork EN 55 1 1 19.00 L senegalensis Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo NT 55 1 1 19.00 L Damaliscus lunatus Tsessebe EN 50 5 5 20.00 L lunatus Alcedo semitorquata Half-collared Kingfisher NT 55 1 5 20.33 L Ardeotis kori Kori Bustard VU 55 1 5 20.33 L Podica senegalensis African Finfoot VU 55 1 5 20.33 L Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed Night-Heron VU 60 1 1 20.67 L Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo NT 60 1 1 20.67 L Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope VU 55 5 5 21.67 L Hippotragus niger niger Sable Antelope VU 55 5 5 21.67 L Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican VU 65 1 1 22.33 L Leptoptilos Marabou Stork NT 60 5 5 23.33 L crumeniferus Trigonoceps occipitalis White-headed Vulture VU 35 15 20 23.33 L Rostratula benghalensis Greater Painted-snipe NT 65 1 5 23.67 L Ciconia nigra Black Stork NT 70 1 1 24.00 L Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle VU 45 20 15 26.67 LM Cloeotis percivali Short-eared Trident Bat CR 40 5 35 26.67 LM Rhinolophus blasii Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat VU 40 5 35 26.67 LM Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon NT 65 15 5 28.33 LM Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture VU 65 5 15 28.33 LM Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture VU 70 5 10 28.33 LM Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah VU 65 5 15 28.33 LM Myotis tricolor Temminck's Hairy Bat NT 45 5 35 28.33 LM Rhinolophus hildebrantii Hildebrant's Horseshoe Bat NT 45 5 35 28.33 LM Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres's Hawk-Eagle NT 40 35 15 30.00 LM Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture VU 75 5 10 30.00 LM Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena NT 60 15 15 30.00 LM Lemniscomys rosalia Single-striped Mouse DD 70 5 15 30.00 LM Leptailurus serval Serval NT 70 5 15 30.00 LM Lycaon pictus African Wild Dog EN 60 15 15 30.00 LM Panthera leo Lion VU 60 15 15 30.00 LM Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur VU 50 30 15 31.67 LM Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat NT 55 5 35 31.67 LM Rhinolophus darlingi Darling's Horseshoe Bat NT 55 5 35 31.67 LM Schreiber's Long-fingered Miniopterus schreibersii NT 60 5 35 33.33 LM Bat

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Buphagus Red-billed Oxpecker NT 60 15 30 35.00 LM erythrorhynchus Diceros bicornis minor Black Rhinoceros VU 55 15 35 35.00 LM Xenocalamus Transvaal Quillsnout Snake DD 35 40 40 38.33 LM transvaalensis Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird NT 80 10 25 38.33 LM Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse DD 50 15 50 38.33 LM Mellivora capensis Honey Badger NT 75 20 20 38.33 LM Manis temminckii Pangolin VU 60 30 30 40.00 LM Poecilogale albinucha African Weasel DD 75 20 25 40.00 LM Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle VU 75 35 15 41.67 LM Elephantulus Short-snouted Elephant- DD 70 35 20 41.67 LM brachyrhynchus shrew Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena NT 75 35 25 45.00 LM Elephantulus intufi Bushveld Elephant-shrew DD 70 45 25 46.67 LM Pyxicephalus adspersus Giant Bullfrog NT 45 50 50 48.33 LM Pipistrellus rusticus Rusty Bat NT 65 50 35 50.00 MH Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil DD 75 35 45 51.67 MH Atelerix frontalis South African Hedgehog NT 70 55 50 58.33 MH Crocidura cyanea Reddish-grey Musk Shrew DD 75 55 50 60.00 MH Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew DD 75 60 50 61.67 MH

Table 9.8: RDSIS for Naauwontkomen Biological Name English Name STATUS TOT F SP SCORE Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil DD 51.67 0.2 10.3 Crocidura cyanea Reddish-grey Musk Shrew DD 60.00 0.2 12.0 Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew DD 61.67 0.2 12.3 Pipistrellus rusticusb Rusty Bat NT 50.00 0.7 35.0 Atelerix frontalis South African Hedgehog NT 58.33 0.7 40.8 Species Score - Total 110.5 Species Score - Average 22.1 Threatened Taxa - Average 0.0 Average 11.1 % SPP >50% 8.2 RDSIS 9.6%

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Red Data Probabilities & RDSIS - Eenzaamheid Table 9.9: RD Probabilities for Eenzaamheid Biological Name English Name RD DISTR HAB FOOD TOT PROB Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork NT 40 5 5 16.67 L Vanellus albiceps White-crowned Lapwing NT 40 10 5 18.33 L Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo NT 55 1 1 19.00 L Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier NT 45 10 5 20.00 L Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel VU 45 10 5 20.00 L Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon NT 45 10 5 20.00 L Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo NT 60 1 1 20.67 L Alcedo semitorquata Half-collared Kingfisher NT 55 5 5 21.67 L Ephippiorhynchus Saddle-billed Stork EN 55 5 5 21.67 L senegalensis Glareola nordmanni Black-winged Pratincole NT 50 10 5 21.67 L Podica senegalensis African Finfoot VU 55 5 5 21.67 L Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican VU 65 1 1 22.33 L Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed Night-Heron VU 60 5 5 23.33 L Dasymys incomtus Water Rat NT 40 15 15 23.33 L Ciconia nigra Black Stork NT 70 5 5 26.67 LM Rostratula benghalensis Greater Painted-snipe NT 65 15 10 30.00 LM Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon NT 65 10 20 31.67 LM Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture VU 70 10 15 31.67 LM Cloeotis percivali Short-eared Trident Bat CR 40 15 50 35.00 LM Rhinolophus blasii Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat VU 40 15 50 35.00 LM Leptailurus serval Serval NT 70 20 20 36.67 LM Myotis tricolor Temminck's Hairy Bat NT 45 15 50 36.67 LM Rhinolophus hildebrantii Hildebrant's Horseshoe Bat NT 45 15 50 36.67 LM Xenocalamus transvaalensis Transvaal Quillsnout Snake DD 35 35 50 40.00 LM Ardeotis kori Kori Bustard VU 55 30 35 40.00 LM Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture VU 65 25 30 40.00 LM Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres's Hawk-Eagle NT 40 40 40 40.00 LM Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou Stork NT 60 30 30 40.00 LM Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat NT 55 15 50 40.00 LM Rhinolophus darlingi Darling's Horseshoe Bat NT 55 15 50 40.00 LM Trigonoceps occipitalis White-headed Vulture VU 35 40 50 41.67 LM Schreiber's Long-fingered Miniopterus schreibersii NT 60 15 50 41.67 LM Bat Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern Ground-Hornbill VU 40 40 50 43.33 LM Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur VU 50 40 40 43.33 LM Pyxicephalus adspersus Giant Bullfrog NT 45 45 45 45.00 LM Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle VU 45 40 50 45.00 LM Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah VU 65 35 40 46.67 LM Damaliscus lunatus lunatus Tsessebe EN 50 45 50 48.33 LM Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope VU 55 45 45 48.33 LM Hippotragus niger niger Sable Antelope VU 55 45 45 48.33 LM Buphagus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Oxpecker NT 60 40 50 50.00 MH Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse DD 50 50 50 50.00 MH Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture VU 75 40 40 51.67 MH Diceros bicornis minor Black Rhinoceros VU 55 50 50 51.67 MH

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Lycaon pictus African Wild Dog EN 60 45 50 51.67 MH Panthera leo Lion VU 60 45 50 51.67 MH Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena NT 60 50 50 53.33 MH Manis temminckii Pangolin VU 60 50 50 53.33 MH Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle VU 75 45 45 55.00 MH Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird NT 80 40 45 55.00 MH Pipistrellus rusticus Rusty Bat NT 65 50 50 55.00 MH Atelerix frontalis South African Hedgehog NT 70 50 50 56.67 MH Elephantulus intufi Bushveld Elephant-shrew DD 70 50 50 56.67 MH Lemniscomys rosalia Single-striped Mouse DD 70 50 50 56.67 MH Poecilogale albinucha African Weasel DD 75 50 50 58.33 MH Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil DD 75 50 50 58.33 MH Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena NT 75 55 50 60.00 MH Mellivora capensis Honey Badger NT 75 55 55 61.67 MH Crocidura cyanea Reddish-grey Musk Shrew DD 75 50 65 63.33 MH Short-snouted Elephant- Elephantulus brachyrhynchus DD 70 55 65 63.33 MH shrew Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew DD 75 70 65 70.00 MH

Table 9.10: RDSIS for Eenzaamheid Biological Name English Name STATUS TOT F SP SCORE Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse DD 50.00 0.2 10.0 Elephantulus intufi Bushveld Elephant-shrew DD 56.67 0.2 11.3 Lemniscomys rosalia Single-striped Mouse DD 56.67 0.2 11.3 Poecilogale albinucha African Weasel DD 58.33 0.2 11.7 Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil DD 58.33 0.2 11.7 Crocidura cyanea Reddish-grey Musk Shrew DD 63.33 0.2 12.7 Elephantulus brachyrhynchus Short-snouted Elephant-shrew DD 63.33 0.2 12.7 Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew DD 70.00 0.2 14.0 Buphagus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Oxpecker NT 50.00 0.7 35.0 Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena NT 53.33 0.7 37.3 Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird NT 55.00 0.7 38.5 Pipistrellus rusticus Rusty Bat NT 55.00 0.7 38.5 Atelerix frontalis South African Hedgehog NT 56.67 0.7 39.7 Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena NT 60.00 0.7 42.0 Mellivora capensis Honey Badger NT 61.67 0.7 43.2 Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture VU 51.67 1.5 77.5 Diceros bicornis minor Black Rhinoceros VU 51.67 1.5 77.5 Panthera leo Lion VU 51.67 1.5 77.5 Manis temminckii Pangolin VU 53.33 1.5 80.0 Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle VU 55.00 1.5 82.5 Lycaon pictus African Wild Dog EN 51.67 1.7 87.8 Species Score - Average 852.3 Threatened Taxa - Average 40.6 Average 80.5 % SPP >50% 60.5 RDSIS 34.4 Species Score - Average 47.5%

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• Discussion Aspects that will affect the ecological sensitivity status of the habitat units in a positive manner include the confirmed presence of protected tree species of the medium floristic and faunal status of the study area and adequate connectivity to areas of adjacent natural habitat (low fragmentation factor).

The suitability of Eenzaamheid, in terms of general red data fauna requirements, is considered MEDIUM-LOW due to available habitat being considered moderately suited to the general habitat requirements of red data fauna species that could potentially occupy the area.

It should be noted that this assessment is only an assessment of the suitability of the habitat in terms of the general requirements of red data fauna species. The confirmed presence of a red data fauna species on the Naauwontkomen farm provides evidence that these species might be more adaptable, and even more widespread, than anticipated. The variability in distribution and difficulty in observing / locating these species within a relative short period is also evident from the results obtained from Eenzaamheid, which is considered more suitable (medium-low) for the presence of red data fauna species, although no red data species were observed on this property.

7.7. Sensitive Habitat Types

Unless a vegetation type is considered under severe threat from impacts on a regional or national scale, such as the Rocky Highveld Grassland or Egoli Granite Grassland in the Grassland Biome are threatened by development and large-scale agriculture, the regional vegetation is generally not considered as particularly sensitive. However, even within areas that are not considered particularly sensitive, atypical and localised variations exist that are considered sensitive as the species composition within these areas is atypical to the surrounding vegetation. In addition, the association of these areas with Red Data flora species has been indicated in various scientific reports. Such habitat types include rocky outcrops, riparian areas and any habitat type that is topographically or environmentally distinctly dissimilar to the general surrounds.

The rationale behind sensitivity associated with these areas and the contributing environmental features is a result of micro-habitats that are created, which are not abundantly represented in the general area. Changes in vegetation characteristics over short distances (ecotonal areas), will cause variation in the species composition and vegetation structure, resulting in an increase in the diversity of species (faunal and floral) that occupies an area. These areas thus represent areas of high biodiversity and because of the restricted distribution, any adverse impact on these areas is considered significant.

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The topographical similarity of the two farms is noticeable characteristic. No distinct riparian areas are present and the general vegetation conforms largely to the regional vegetation types, albeit relatively degraded. Small, localised pans were observed on the Eenzaamheid property and represent areas of surface water. These pans, presumably, were created by large game during periods when they still roamed the area freely. Associated vegetation indicates the well- established status of these features. The floristic status of these features however conforms to the surrounding vegetation, mostly as a result of the extremely small size and does not represent areas of particular sensitivity.

Sensitive habitats are considered as important topographical and ecological features on the basis of the following criteria: (A) association with riverine or wetland regimes (B) prime examples of natural vegetation types, particularly those that are under pressure from urbanization, agriculture or development (C) habitat associated with red data plant or animal species (D) topographical features and habitat that occur naturally, but infrequently, in a given area (E) habitat or areas that are considered biodiversity or conservation ‘hotspots’ (F) areas classified as hills or ridges

Table 9.11: Landscape sensitivity aspects Ecological Unit Attribute Primary woodland None Secondary woodland None Non-perennial stream None

7.8. Ecological Impact Assessment

To ensure a direct comparison between various specialist studies, six standard rating scales were identified and used to assess and quantify the identified impacts. The rating scale used for assessing impacts is based on three criteria, namely:

• the relationship of the impact / issue to temporal scales; • the relationship of the impact / issue to spatial scales; and • the severity of the impact.

These three criteria are combined to describe the overall importance rating, namely the significance. In addition, the following parameters are used to describe the impact / issues:

• the risk or likelihood of the impact occurring; and • the degree of confidence placed in the assessment of the impact/ issue.

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Impacts on the following areas will be discussed separately:

• available natural habitat of the farm Naauwontkomen; • available natural habitat of the farm Eenzaamheid; • the two alternatives of the proposed conveyor belt section; and • the two alternatives of the Steenbokpan road re-alignment.

7.8.1. Identification of Potential Impacts

The following impacts / issues were identified that could potentially have an adverse effect on the biological environment:

• destruction of natural habitat, including vegetation communities that represent regional vegetation types and faunal assemblages that contain common fauna species; • destruction of Red Data flora and fauna species and habitat suitable for these flora and fauna species; • destruction of protected tree species and associated habitat; • destruction of sensitive ecological habitat types (outcrops, riparian fringes, non-perennial streams, etc.); and • impacts on surrounding habitat and species resulting during the construction or operational phase.

In order to assume the worst case scenario, the following assumptions are made:

• The proposed project implies 100% removal of natural vegetation and destruction of ecosystem attributes. • The proposed areas will be affected similarly and entirely; • The duration of the impact will be permanent; and • No impacts are anticipated to have a neutral or positive influence on the ecological habitats.

The Precautionary Principal has been applied throughout this assessment.

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Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

7.8.2. Results

• Preferred Sites

Mitigation IMPACT - Naauwontkomen Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Moderate Definite Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High Definite Definite Low and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Permanent Localised Moderately severe Low May occur Unsure Medium species Mitigation IMPACT - Eenzaamheid Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Moderate Definite Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High Definite Definite Low and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Permanent Localised Moderately severe Low May occur Unsure Medium species

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• Steenbokpan road alignment alternatives

IMPACT - Road alternative Mitigation Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence (northern alternative) Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Moderate Definite Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High May occur Definite Low and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Permanent Localised Slight Low May occur Unsure Medium species IMPACT - Road alternative Mitigation Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence (southern alternative) Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Moderate Definite Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High May occur Definite Low and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Permanent Localised Slight Low May occur Unsure Medium species

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• Conveyor belt alternatives

IMPACT - Conveyor section Mitigation Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence (eastern alternative) Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Low Unlikely Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Very unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Permanent Localised No effect Low May occur Unsure Medium species IMPACT - Conveyor section Mitigation Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence (western alternative) Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Moderate Definite Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High May occur Definite Low and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Permanent Localised Slight Low May occur Unsure Medium species

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• Construction camp

Mitigation IMPACT – Construction camp Duration Extent Severity Significance Probability Confidence Potential Destruction of natural habitat Permanent Localised Very severe Moderate Definite Definite Low Destruction of areas that is high in Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low biodiversity Destruction of red data flora or Permanent Localised Very severe Very high Unlikely Probable Low fauna species & habitat Destruction of protected tree species Permanent Localised Very severe High May occur Unsure Medium and habitat Destruction of ecologically sensitive Permanent Localised Very severe High Very unlikely Definite Low habitat types Impacts on surrounding habitat and Long term Localised Moderately severe High May occur Possible3 Medium species

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7.8.3. Discussion

• Naauwontkomen Impacts of some significance that should be taken into consideration include: ∗ destruction of natural habitat; and ∗ destruction of protected tree species and associated habitat.

Natural habitat are considered to be of medium sensitivity and adequately represented in the surrounding environment. This impact should therefore not have a bearing on the proposed development.

Protected tree species are abundantly represented in the surrounding areas and the impact will not have a direct influence on surrounding areas. Limited mitigation measures will suffice in limiting the effect of this impact.

• Eenzaamheid Impacts of some significance that should be taken into consideration include:

∗ destruction of natural habitat; and ∗ destruction of protected tree species and associated habitat.

Natural habitat are considered to be of medium sensitivity and adequately represented in the surrounding environment. This impact should therefore not have a bearing on the proposed development.

Protected tree species are abundantly represented in the surrounding areas and the impact will not have a direct influence on surrounding areas. Limited mitigation measures will suffice in limiting the effect of this impact.

• Steenbokpan road alignment alternatives No significant impacts were identified that should be taken into consideration. The northern alternative is recommended as it is considered to have less influence on surrounding biological attributes.

• Conveyor belt alternatives No significant impacts were identified that should be taken into consideration. The eastern alternative is recommended as it is will be constructed along an existing line of degradation and will therefore have less influence on surrounding biological attributes.

• Construction camp Impacts of some significance that should be taken into consideration include: ∗ impacts on surrounding habitat and species.

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The presence of a huge number of humans in a natural setting is always detrimental to the environment. Activities that will lead to degradation of surrounding areas include: ∗ collection of firewood; ∗ trapping and snaring of animals; ∗ collection of plants of medicinal value; and ∗ hygienic aspects.

These effects can however be mitigated and the potential impacts should not have a bearing on the proposed development.

7.9. Conclusions And Recommendations

Since the entire area will be destroyed there is extremely few mitigation measures that could be recommended that will ameliorate potential impacts. Fauna species generally move away from areas of high activity by themselves and repopulate surrounding areas of suitable habitat.

General recommendations include:

• remove and relocate the single Adansonia digitata individual present on Naawontkomen (S23.70484° and E27.56224°) (could be utilised in landscaping); • remove, relocate, protect and utilize as many of the other protected tree species as possible, preserving existing integrity of natural vegetation; • contain all construction and operational activities within the boundaries of the specified areas; • utilise trees that normally grow to extensive heights for screening effects; • implement a collection and re-establishment programme of bulbs and geophytes for rehabilitation purposes; • allow for free movement of small and medium size mammals through fences; • relocate large mammals that are unable to utilise available movement corridors; and • contain human movement and activities within the construction camp in order to prevent peripheral impacts on surrounding natural habitat.

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8. GEOLOGY, SOILS AND AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL

8.1. Geology

8.1.1. Preferred Site Geology

• Naauwontkomen 509 LQ The geology on Naauwontkomen is similar to that of the neighbouring farm, Eenzaamheid 512 LQ. Sandstone of the Mogalakwena Formation underlies the majority of this farm. Limited sandy soil cover occurs along the western boundary of the farm. The Eenzaamheid Fault strikes east - west across the site, some 250 m south of the northwest border to 1.25 km south of the northeast border (refer to Figure 6.1). Grootegeluk Formation (minor outcrop) and Swartrant Formation outcrops to the north of the fault. A north-south striking fault, joining the Daarby and Eenzaamheid faults, extends onto the farm. Fluorspar, associated with the Eenzaamheid fault and Waterberg Group, and stone aggregate occurs on the farm. • Eenzaamheid 512 LQ Waterberg Group sediments underlie the majority of this site. The Mogalakwena Formation sandstone is covered with a ± 2 m thick sand veneer. The sand is derived from weathering of the Waterberg Group. The sand has angular grains and is poorly sorted. The Eenzaamheid fault strikes east - west across the farm, ± 250 m south of the farm’s northern boundary. Grootegeluk Formation (shallow coal) and Swartrant Formation (sandstone) outcrops to the north of the fault. The Waterberg Group contains moderate percentages of apatite (fluoride bearing), which gives rise to the presence of fluorspar mineralisation along the Eenzaamheid fault.

8.1.2. The Grootegeluk Coal Deposits

The Grootegeluk coal mine produces coking coal and middlings from the Grootegeluk and Goedgedacht Formations (Upper and Middle Ecca Group).

The Grootegeluk Formation comprises intercalated shale and bright coal, with an average depth of 60 m. Coking and middlings grade coal are obtained from this formation.

The Goedgedacht Formation consists of 5 predominantly dull coal seams interbedded with carbonaceous shale, siltstone, and sandstone (± 60 m thickness). This coal is suitable for power generation, direct reduction, and formcoke.

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Coal deposits occur on: -

• Eenzaamheid (north of the Eenzaamheid fault) • Naauwontkomen (north of the Eenzaamheid fault) • Appelvlakte (at depth ) • Nelsonskop (at depth) • Droogeheuvel (at depth) • Zongezien (at depth)

The construction of a power station and infrastructure on these coal deposits may have economic implications, as these coal deposits will become sterilised.

8.2. Geotechnical studies

Investigations with regards to geotechnical conditions were undertaken on the four alternative sites proposed for the establishment of a proposed new power station in order to determine geotechnical constraints and founding conditions. The geotechnical conditions on the farms Eenzaamheid and Naauwontkomen are described below:

• Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ On this farm the Eenzaamheid Fault is also present close to the northern boundary, but it swings further south towards the eastern limit of the farm. Ecca sediments (mostly soft mudstones and shales) are present to the north of the fault, whereas hard Waterberg sandstones and conglomerates occur to the south of it. Fairly widely spaced lineaments (probably dykes) are again present. Sand, overlying gravel, is widely present over the bedrock, but within an area near the centre of the farm 0 m – 2 m of gravel directly overlies soft to hard rock conglomerate and rock outcrops are exposed in places. This area has been identified as being particularly favourable from a geotechnical viewpoint. Elsewhere the soil/gravel cover is generally less that 3 m thick on the evidence of several road quarries and a railway cutting near the eastern end of the farm. However, boreholes drilled close to two of the lineaments showed that the cover thickness can increase locally to 7 m – 10 m in proximity to these features. The central area on this farm, in which shallow bedrock with a discontinuous thin gravel cover is present, seems to offer the most favourable founding conditions of any on the four farms that were inspected.

• Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ The Eezaamheid Fault lies a short distance to the south of the northern boundary of this farm. The remaining area to the south is underlain by sandstone and

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conglomerate of the Waterberg Group. Fairly widely spaced lineaments (probably dykes) cross the farm. All of these rocks are, however, overlain by sand and gravel. A number of quarries used previously for road construction show that the sand cover is mostly less than 3 m thick; beneath it gravels, sometimes in a ferruginous or calcareous matrix and usually up to 1 m thick, overlie bedrock, which is usually of soft to hard rock consistency. Greater depths of cover are likely to be present in proximity to the lineaments. Founding depths over much of the farm are thus likely to be moderate. The Waterberg bedrock is likely to be able to support high foundation pressures.

8.3. Soils and Agricultural Potential

The ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water (ARC-ISCW) was contracted by Bohlweki Environmental (Pty) Ltd to undertake a soil investigation of the farms Eenzaamheid 687 LQ and Naauwontkomen 509 LQ, near Lephalale in the west of Limpopo Province. The purpose of the investigation is to give an agricultural potential assessment for the above-mentioned properties. The objectives of the study are;

• To classify the soils and to produce a soil map of the specified area as well as • To classify the agricultural soil potential and soil characteristics.

8.3.1. Site Characteristics

• Location

Figure 8.1: Locality map with the surveyed area in red.

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The area that was investigated covers ± 1200 ha on the piece of land as mentioned above, lying west of Onverwacht and Lephalale. The location of the surveyed area can be seen in Figure 8.1, with the coordinates lying between 23°41’43”S to 23°43’42”S and 27°29’47”E to 27°33’36”E. The area covered includes the farm of Eenzaamheid 987LQ and Naauwontkomen 509LQ, where the planned infrastructure for the proposed power station is to be located.

• Terrain The terrain morphological class of the area can described as plains with low relief, lying at an altitude of around 910 meters above sea level (Kruger, 1983). The area is virtually flat, with very gentle slopes (<2%).

• Parent Material The geology of the area comprises sandstone and mudstone sediments of the Matlabas Subgroup, Waterberg Group, undifferentiated shale, sandstone and coal of the Karoo Sequence and also alluvium (Geological Survey, 1986).

• Climate The climatic regime of the study area is characterized by hot, moist summers and mild, dry winters. The main climatic indicators are given in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1. Climate Data Month Average Average Average Average frost dates Rainfall Min. Temp Max. Temp (mm) (oC) (oC) Jan 95.5 18.2 31.7 Start date: 21/6 Feb 81.4 17.9 30.2 End date: 12/7 Mar 56.9 17.3 30.2 Days with frost: + 2 Apr 36.3 13.2 26.7 Years with frost: 43% May 10.3 9.2 25.4 Jun 5.0 6.0 23.1 Jul 2.2 6.0 23.2 Heat units (hrs > 10oC) Aug 2.2 8.9 25.9 Summer Sep 9.7 12.6 29.0 (Oct-Mar): 2 600 Oct 32.5 15.7 30.5 Nov 67.0 17.2 31.0 Winter Dec 86.4 18.3 31.5 (Apr-Sept): 1 385 Year 485.4 mm 20.8 oC (Average)

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The long-term annual average rainfall is 485.4 mm, of which 420 mm, or 86.5%, falls between October and March. Temperatures vary from an average monthly maximum and minimum of 37.2ºC and 13.9ºC for January to 27.8ºC and 1.5oC for July respectively. The extreme high temperature that has been recorded is 44.5oC and the extreme low –4.3ºC. Frost is rare, but occurs occasionally in most years, though not severely.

8.3.2. Methodology

The survey was done freestyle but efforts were made to keep the observations to a grid of close to 200 x 200 m. A hand-held auger was used to conduct the survey to a depth of 1.2 m (or shallower, if a restricting layer such as rock was encountered). The position of the observation and sampling points was determined by GPS.

Three hundred soil observations were made and classified according to the Taxonomic System for South Africa (Soil Classification Working Group, 1991) and areas of different soil types were noted and mapped. Samples of topsoil and subsoil were taken at ten localities and the soils analyzed (Non-Affiliated Soil Analysis Work Committee, 1991) for sand, silt and clay percentage, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH (H2O) and P (Bray 1). The analysis results are given in Table 3.

The sampling sites are marked S1 to S10 on the soil map.

The agricultural potential of each soil mapping unit was then assessed. This information is given on the associated soil map (Appendix).

8.3.3. Soils

The surveyed area is very homogeneous in terms of texture, structure and soil depth. Two map units were identified within the surveyed area, with the only difference between the two being colour. The larger part of the area consists of deep soils, comprising dark reddish brown, apedal, sandy topsoil on reddish brown to yellowish red, apedal loamy sand subsoil. The soils in this unit cover approximately 58% of the area, belong to the Hutton soil form and the unit is marked dHu on the map.

The other portion of the area has soils with a dark brown, apedal, sandy topsoil on brown to dark brown, apedal loamy sand subsoil, belonging to the Clovelly form. This unit is marked dCv and comprises approximately 42% of the surveyed area.

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The map units are shown on the soil map in figure 8.2 according to the following example: dHu (m) 620.7 ha where dHu represents the soil unit (in this case deep Hutton soils), m represents the agricultural potential (in this case moderate) and 620.7 ha represents the area of the unit.

A summary of the main soil characteristics is given in Table 8.2 below.

The analysis results show the sandy nature of most of the soils, with generally only a slight increase in clay content from the topsoil to subsoil. The CEC values are low, as would be anticipated from the clay content, and the soils are generally slightly acidic. The P values are low, as would be expected from an area that has not been cultivated, and therefore not fertilized.

No abnormal or unexpected values or limitations could be observed from the analyses values.

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Figure 8.2: Soil Map

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Table 8.2: Soil mapping units DOMINANT EFFECTIVE MAP SUBDOMINANT AGRIC. AREA SOIL FORM/ DEPTH DESCRIPTION OF MAPPING UNIT UNIT SOIL FORM/FAMILY POTENTIAL (ha) FAMILY (mm) Structureless (apedal) soils Hu Hu3100 Hu3200 800 - 1 200+ Dark reddish brown, apedal, sandy topsoil on reddish brown to Moderate 712.1 Cv2100 yellowish red, apedal loamy sand subsoil. Cv Cv3100 Cv2100 600 – 1200+ Dark brown, apedal, sandy topsoil on brown to dark brown, Moderate 515.1 Hu3100 apedal loamy sand subsoil. Total 1 227.2

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Table 8.3a: Soil analysis results Sample site S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Co-ordinates 23o 43’ 06.1” S 23o 42’ 58.2” S 23o 42’ 36.5” S 23o 42’ 50.5” S 23o 42’ 08.1” S (Lat/Long) 27o 30’ 56.7” E 27o 30’ 32.6” E 27o 31’ 10.0” E 27o 31’ 35.9” E 27o 31’ 46.1” E Soil Form Hu3100 Cv2100 Hu3200 Cv3100 Hu3100 Horizon A B A B A B A B A B Depth (mm) 250 1200+ 250 500 250 900 250 1200+ 250 1200+

Sa 84.5 80.9 85.8 80.3 79.8 69.4 89.0 85.8 84.7 78.0 Si % 5.5 5.1 6.2 7.7 8.2 8.6 3.0 6.2 5.3 8.0 Cl 10.0 14.0 8.0 12.0 12.0 22.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 Na 0.120 0.122 0.111 0.106 0.088 0.115 0.104 0.115 0.123 0.108 K 0.182 0.307 0.244 0.342 0.308 0.474 0.128 0.177 0.191 0.361 Ca cmol 0.971 1.357 0.679 0.438 1.562 1.847 0.617 0.507 1.181 1.544 -1 Mg kg 0.576 1.014 0.552 0.894 0.723 1.350 0.378 0.444 0.536 0.901 CEC 3.508 3.919 5.945 4.653 5.090 6.216 2.580 1.244 4.069 3.709 P (ppm) 1.13 0.84 2.15 1.41 1.90 0.50 10.35 3.35 4.71 1.66

pH (H2O) 5.70 5.84 5.56 5.16 5.86 6.06 5.38 5.24 5.68 6.03

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Table 8.3b: Soil analysis results Sample site S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Co-ordinates 23o 43’ 03.0” S 23o 42’ 42.6” S 23o 42’ 01.9” S 23o 42’ 19.2” S 23o 42’ 00.3” S (Lat/Long) 27o 32’ 08.5” E 27o 32’ 39.3” E 27o 32’ 42.7” E 27o 32’ 54.7” E 27o 32’ 49.6” E Soil Form Cv3100 Cv3100 Hu2100 Hu3200 Hu3100 Horizon A B A B A B A B A B Depth (mm) 250 750 250 900 250 1200 250 1200+ 250 1200+

Sa 84.9 76.5 82.2 74.3 86.2 79.7 81.9 62.4 84.7 78.7 Si % 5.1 9.5 5.8 9.7 3.8 6.3 6.1 13.6 5.3 7.3 Cl 10.0 14.0 12.0 16.0 10.0 14.0 12.0 24.0 10.0 14.0 Na 0.104 0.154 0.120 0.121 0.122 0.100 0.111 0.269 0.105 0.114 K 0.168 0.394 0.297 0.351 0.243 0.263 0.281 1.183 0.214 0.300 Ca cmol 0.814 0.643 1.205 1.438 0.616 0.979 1.547 9.152 0.840 1.206 -1 Mg kg 0.536 1.186 0.590 1.149 0.346 0.703 0.776 2.405 0.424 0.662 CEC 2.241 3.625 3.873 3.972 3.002 2.998 3.880 10.720 2.080 3.852 P (ppm) 6.20 1.86 5.13 1.67 2.85 1.04 3.61 2.11 2.71 1.24

pH (H2O) 5.39 5.64 5.81 5.60 5.49 5.21 6.14 7.82 5.69 5.74

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8.3.4. Agricultural Potential

• Dryland The soils of the area are sandy and generally deep (> 1 200 mm). They will therefore drain rapidly. Due to this tendency, along with the lack of fertility as shown by the low CEC values, they have a moderate agricultural potential.

Coupled with the hot, dry nature of the climatic regime (Section 2.4), it can be seen that this area is not suited to dryland arable agriculture, and most of the farming enterprises in the vicinity are either game farms or cattle ranches. This is the optimum land use option given the environment.

• Irrigation The soils would have a moderate to high potential for irrigation, due to the lack of any restricting layer, but the sandy nature of the soils would necessitate very careful scheduling. The soils would require a substantial and reliable supply of water to ensure optimum soil moisture at all times.

8.3.5. Conclusions and Recommendations

After more detailed evaluation, the potential impact on the agricultural potential is considered to be of low significance, as a result of the moderate to low agricultural potential of the soils due to their sandy nature, increased susceptibility to wind erosion and excessively free drainage. The potential impact on areas with a high agricultural potential is also anticipated to be of a low significance due to the fact that while the soils may have a high potential, the climatic conditions in the area are not suited to rain-fed arable cultivation.

Due to the fact the establishment of an ash dump and power station will involve permanent loss of the soil resource, it is recommended that the topsoil (approximately 300-400 mm) be removed and stored prior to construction. In this way, the soil will be available elsewhere at a later date for rehabilitation purposes. There is not a significant difference between the topsoil and subsoil, so if some mixing occurs, it should not be significant.

Erodibility is not a problem in flat areas, such as the existing terrain, but if the stored topsoil were to be used for rehabilitation in sloping areas (for example on the sides of the ash dump), great care should be taken to ensure that erosion does not occur.

Such mitigation measures would include:

• Immediate re-vegetation of any exposed areas • Seeding of indigenous grass species

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• Water supply for irrigation to aid the re-vegetation process • Placement of along-slope measures (berms, logs, geotextiles, etc) to aid the process • Regular monitoring to ensure the continued success of the process

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9. AIR QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

9.1. Introduction

Airshed Planning Professionals (Pty) Limited was appointed by Bohlweki Environmental to undertake the air quality impact assessment for a proposed new coal-fired power station in the Lephalale Local Municipality (previously Ellisras) of the Limpopo Province in the vicinity of the existing Matimba Power Station (Figure 9.1).

Figure 9.1: Location of the existing Matimba Power Station near Lephalale (previously Ellisras). The new power station is proposed for development in the vicinity of the existing Matimba Power Station.

Specialist investigations conducted as part of an air quality assessment typically comprise two components, viz. a baseline study and an air quality impact and compliance assessment study.

The baseline study includes the review of the site-specific atmospheric dispersion potential, relevant air quality guidelines and limits and existing ambient air quality in the region. In this investigation, use was made of readily available meteorological and air quality data recorded in the study area in the

Air Quality 184 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province characterisation of the baseline condition. The baseline study was also extended to include the consideration and qualitative evaluation of the candidate sites from an air quality impact assessment perspective. The initial baseline characterisation and evaluation of siting options was documented in a previous report (Scorgie and Thomas, October 2005). Further baseline information was subsequently received and an updated baseline characterisation is presented in this report. A preferred site for the proposed power station was also selected and formed the focus of the air quality impact study.

The ambient air quality impact assessment comprised the establishment of an emissions inventory for the proposed development, the simulation of ambient air pollutant concentrations and dustfall rates occurring due to project development and operation, and the evaluation of the resultant potential for impacts and non- compliance.

9.1.1. Terms of Reference

The terms of reference of the baseline study component are as follows:

• Description of the synoptic climatology and meso-scale atmospheric dispersion potential based on available literature and meteorological data; • Review of legislative and regulatory requirements pertaining to air pollution control and air quality management, specifically local and international ‘ good practice’ emission limits and air quality limits; • Characterisation of the existing air quality including the identification of existing sources and the analysis of existing air quality monitoring data; and • Identification of sensitive receptors in the vicinity of the proposed development sites.

The terms of reference of the air quality impact assessment component include the following:

• Compilation of an emissions inventory for the proposed development including the identification and quantification of all potentially significant source of atmospheric emission including stack and fugitive emissions (e.g. power station stack emissions; fugitive dust from ashing and coal handling operations);

• Application of an atmospheric dispersion model and prediction of incremental air pollutant concentrations and dustfall rates occurring as a result of proposed operations; • Air quality impact assessment including: - compliance evaluation of emissions and air pollutant concentrations based on both local and international ‘good practice’ limits,

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- analysis of the potential for local air quality impacts given sensitive receptor locations, and - review of the projects in terms of its contribution to national greenhouse gas emissions.

9.1.2. Project Description

• Proposed Technology The proposed power station is coal-fired and will source coal from local coalfields. The planned power station is given as having a maximum installed capacity of up to 4800 MW, with the capacity being approximately half the installed capacity during the first phase. The project comprises a power plant and associated plant (terrace area) of about 700 h and associated ashing facilities (covering 500 – 1000 ha). It is estimated that approximately 7 million tpa of coal would be needed to supply the power station, and it is proposed that this coal be conveyed in from the Grootgeluk Colliery located to the west of Matimba Power Station.

The proposed power station would be similar to the existing Matimba Power Station in terms of operation, design and dimensions. The dimensions of the power station structure will be approximately 130 m high and 500 m wide with stacks of approximately 200 m in height. Other infrastructures related to the power station include a coal stockpile, conveyor belts, an ash dump and transmission lines.

The two technology alternatives, in terms of combustion, being considered for the proposed power station are:

- Pulverized Fuel Combustion (PF), and - Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)

With PF technology, the coal is pulverised and then blown into a furnace to be combusted at high temperatures. The heat is used to generate the steam that drives the steam turbine and generator. FBC technology is the option under consideration for the second phase of proposed power station. In this process coal is burnt in a furnace comprising of a bed through which gas is fed to keep the fuel in a turbulent state. This technology allows the use of a lower grade coal in greater volumes to achieve the same calorific value. With

FBC SOx emissions are reduced but CO2 emissions are higher.

In terms of cooling technology the new power station is proposed to be dry cooled, as opposed to the conventional wet-cooling systems, due to the limited water supply in the area. Dry cooled systems use less than 0.2 l/kWh compared to the 1.5 l/kWh used by wet-cooling systems.

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The proposed power station is thus a dry-cooled, pulverised fuel (PF) supercritical station with a thermal efficiency of up to 40%.

• Preferred Site The sites identified for the construction of the proposed power station and the ashing operations are the Farms Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid respectively (Figure 9.2).

Farm Eenzaamheid, 687 LQ, is privately owned currently used for cattle farming, and is bisected by a road (Steenbokpan Road) dividing the property into two smaller portions. The farm is about 930 ha in size. The southern boundary is bordered by a railway line. This farm lies 11 km from the existing Matimba Power Station, 12 km from the Marapong Township and 15km from Lephalale. A total of 9 dwellings were found within 6 km of the site.

Figure 9.2: Location of the proposed sites for power station and ancillary infrastructure development (as obtained from Bohlweki Environmental).

Farm Naauwontkomen, 509 LQ, owned by Kumba Resources, is currently utilised in a breeding programme but is bisected by a road (Steenbokpan Road) dividing the property in two portions. The site is 807 ha in extent and a railway line runs along the eastern and southern boundaries of the farm. The farm lies 4 km from the existing Matimba Power Station, 5.2 km from the Marapong Township and 8.5 km from Lephalale.

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9.1.3. Sensitive Receptors

Given that the project will be associated with low level emissions (e.g. from mining and ashing operations) and elevated emissions (power station stacks), the proposed project has the potential of impacting on receptors in the near and medium fields. Ward numbers 2, 3 and 4 of the Lephalale Local Municipality are the most sensitive to impacts related to atmospheric emissions. Wards 1 and 5 may also be affected depending on the spatial extent of impacts.

Residential areas in the vicinity of the proposed operations include Marapong (Ward 2) located just south of the Farm Zongezien and northeast of the existing Matimba Power Station and Onverwacht (Ward 4) and Lephalale (Ward 5) situated to the southeast and east of the existing power station respectively. Farm households are scattered through the area, with livestock farming (primarily cattle and game) representing the main agricultural landuse in the area. The closest schools and clinics include: Ellisras School, Clinic and Hospital (Ward 4), the Lekhureng Primary School (Ward 1) and Weltevrede Montoma School (Ward 5).

9.1.4. Limitations and Assumptions

In interpreting the study findings it is important to note the limitation and assumptions on which the assessment was based. The most important limitations of the air quality impact assessment are as follows:

• Emissions emanating from all existing sources in the area were not quantified nor were resultant ambient air pollutant concentrations due to such sources simulated, with the exception of the existing Matimba Power Station and its associated ashing and materials handling operations. • Given that Matimba Power Station is the most significant source of ambient

SO2 concentrations in the region and that predicted concentrations due to this source approximated measured levels, this study limitation is not significant

for assessing compliance and health risk potentials due to SO2. Matimba Power Station is however not the major contributor to ambient fine particulate concentrations. In order to project cumulative particulate concentrations other significant sources, particularly local mining operation emissions, would need to be quantified. An air quality impact study is currently underway to quantify emissions and resultant ambient air pollutant concentrations associated with existing Grootgeluk mining operations and proposed mine expansion. This study will quantify cumulative airborne particulate concentrations occurring due to both current and proposed Grootgeluk Mine and Matimba Power Station operations. • The health risk screening study was restricted to the quantification of risks due to inhalation exposures. Although inhalation represents the main

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pathway for airborne particulates, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and various of the metals considered, ingestion is important for certain of the metals such as mercury and lead. • Routine emissions from power station operations were estimated and modelled. Atmospheric releases occurring as a result of accidents were not accounted for. • The quantification of trace metal releases was restricted to those studied and documented previously. Furthermore, data were unavailable to quantify gaseous trace metal releases from stacks. Although studies have been undertaken in this regard previously, the methods of monitoring are still being scrutinized and reliable data are not yet available (personal communication, Gerhard Gericke, Chief Consultant, Water and Applied Chemistry, Eskom Research & Development, 10 March 2006). Mercury represents the constituent most likely to be emitted in the gas phase. The total emissions of mercury, and hence the associate risk, could not therefore be ascertained. (subsequent to the compilation of the draft Air Quality Assessment further work has been conducted in order to more accurately assess the potential for mercury emissions and associated impacts with reference being made to the mercury content of the coal and emission factors published internationally for power generation. These findings are summarised and attached as Appendix AF) • The trace metal composition of the proposed power station’s fly and bottom ash was assumed to be the same as that generated by the current Matimba Power Station. The validity of this assumption depends on the combustion technology, operating conditions and trace metal coal composition to be used in comparison to that used by the existing power station. • Three years of meteorological data were used in the atmospheric dispersion modelling. A minimum of 1 year, and typically 3 to 5 years of meteorological data are generally recommended for use in atmospheric dispersion modelling for air quality impact assessment purposes. • It is proposed that a contractor camp, comprising ~2000 residents, be established and occupied during the construction and commissioning phases of the power station. The impact of existing and proposed power station emissions on such residents was not included in the current study due to the location of this camp not having been decided during the period of study.

The most important assumptions made during the air quality impact assessment are as follows:

• The Calpuff dispersion model was found to significantly overpredict, by a factor of two, actual monitored near ground level concentrations. It was therefore necessary to use a correction factor of 0.5 for predicted ambient air pollutant concentrations. • Source parameters and emission rates for these emission scenarios required for input to the dispersion modelling study were provided by Eskom personnel. For the scenarios comprising the control of sulphur dioxide emissions, source parameters and emission rates of other pollutants were

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assumed to remain the same as for the zero control scenarios. This is a simplistic assumption given that the implementation of abatement technology able to achieve such reductions is likely to alter the stack parameters (e.g. reduction in gas exit temperatures) and possibly increase the emissions of certain other pollutants should the overall combustion efficiency be reduced. In the event that sulphur dioxide abatement is required, a more detailed review of the implications of such abatement for stack configuration and emissions will need to be undertaken. • In the assessment of human health risk potentials arising due to sulphur dioxide exposures the assumption is made that no residential settlements will be developed within the main impact areas of the power station(s) during their operational phases. Should this not be the case the exposure potential, and hence the health risk potential, would need to be reassessed. (The health risk potential plots presented could aid decision making regarding the siting of residential settlements.) • In the calculation of cancer risks persons were assumed to be exposed for 24 hours a day over a 70-year lifetime at all locations. Maximum possible exposures were also assumed in the estimation of cancer risks. These are highly conservative assumptions but were used to undertake a first order assessment of the potential which exists for elevated cancer risks due to existing and proposed power station operations.

9.1.5. Outline of Report

Emission limits and ambient air quality criteria applicable to power station operations and their ancillary infrastructure are presented in Section 2. The synoptic climatology and atmospheric dispersion potential of the area are discussed in Section 3 and information on existing sources and baseline air quality given in Section 4. Section 5 presents the emissions inventory for the proposed Matimba B operations. Dispersion model results are presented and the main findings of the air quality compliance and impact assessments documented in Section 6. Recommendations and conclusions are presented in Section 7.

9.2. Atmospheric Emission Limits And Ambient Air Quality Criteria

Legislative, regulatory and ‘good practice’ requirements pertaining to power station and related ashing operations are outlined in this section. Such requirements include source and operational requirements including emission limits and permissible ambient air quality limits. Source and operational requirements and permissible emission concentrations for Scheduled Processes are given in the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism’s Guidelines for Schedule Processes, as discussed in Section 9.2.1. Local and international ‘good practice’ ambient air quality guidelines and standards are presented in Section 9.2.2. Inhalation human health risk evaluation criteria applicable to substances of interest in the current study are discussed in Section 9.2.3.

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9.2.1. DEAT Permit Requirements for Scheduled Processes

Power generation processes, including the combustion of fuel for the generation of electricity for distribution to the public, are classified as Scheduled Processes (Process number 29) in the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, Act 45 of 1965 (as amended)(1). Such processes are required to obtain a registration certificate from the Chief Air Pollution Control Officer (CAPCO), who operates from the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), in order to operate.

Terms and conditions related to the operation of Scheduled Processes, the extent of emissions and the control efficiency and availability of abatement technology are typically included in the registration certificates. DEAT requirements pertaining to power generation processes, as extracted from DEAT’s Guidelines for Scheduled Processes, are given in Appendix A. It is recognised that these requirements represent primarily an indication of the pollutants controlled and the likely extent of emissions limits, with specific registration certificate conditions having historically been the result of discussions on individual operations between the CAPCO and project proponent.

Pollutants which are controlled for include:

• fly-ash (particulates) with an emission concentration limit of 100 mg/Sm³ indicated, • sulphur dioxide - it being required that at least 70% of the sulphur in the coal be removed or captured, and • oxides of nitrogen – required that provision be made for the use of low-NOx burners by new plants.

The air quality impact assessment will inform the recommendation of plant- specific emission limits for the proposed power station, with the potential for impacts reflecting the prevailing meteorology, the proximity of sensitive receptors and the extent of existing air pollution.

9.2.2. Local and International Ambient Air Quality Guidelines and Standards

1 The APPA is scheduled to be replaced by the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 39 of 2004. The new Act was signed by the President and gazetted in February 2005 but has not yet come into force. In terms of this Act power generation processes will be classified as a ‘listed activity’ and as such will require an ‘atmospheric emissions license’ in order to operate. During the transitional phase an application for a registration certificate under the APPA will be taken as an application for an atmospheric emission license under the Air Quality Act. Holders of registration certificates will be responsible for proving compliance with the requirements of such permits and for applying for atmospheric emissions licenses.

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Air quality guidelines and standards are fundamental to effective air quality management, providing the link between the source of atmospheric emissions and the user of that air at the downstream receptor site. The ambient air quality limits are intended to indicate safe daily exposure levels for the majority of the population, including the very young and the elderly, throughout an individual’s lifetime. Such limits are given for one or more specific averaging periods, typically 10 minutes, 1-hour average, 24-hour average, 1-month average, and/or annual average.

The ambient air quality guidelines and standards for pollutants relevant to the current study are presented in subsequent subsections. Air quality limits issued nationally by the DEAT and SABS(2) are reflected together with limits published by the WHO, EC, World Bank, UK, Australia and US-EPA.

• Suspended Particulate Matter The impact of particles on human health is largely depended on (i) particle characteristics, particularly particle size and chemical composition, and (ii) the duration, frequency and magnitude of exposure. The potential of particles to be inhaled and deposited in the lung is a function of the aerodynamic characteristics of particles in flow streams. The aerodynamic properties of particles are related to their size, shape and density. The deposition of particles in different regions of the respiratory system depends on their size.

The nasal openings permit very large dust particles to enter the nasal region, along with much finer airborne particulates. Larger particles are deposited in the nasal region by impaction on the hairs of the nose or at the bends of the nasal passages. Smaller particles (PM10) pass through the nasal region and are deposited in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions. Particles are removed by impacting with the wall of the bronchi when they are unable to follow the gaseous streamline flow through subsequent bifurcations of the bronchial tree. As the airflow decreases near the terminal bronchi, the smallest particles are removed by Brownian motion, which pushes them to the alveolar membrane (CEPA/FPAC Working Group, 1998; Dockery and Pope, 1994).

2 The SABS was initially engaged to assist DEAT in the facilitation of the development of ambient air quality standards. This process resulted in the publication of: (a) SANS 69 - South African National Standard - Framework for setting & implementing national ambient air quality standards, and (b) SANS 1929 - South African National Standard - Ambient Air Quality - Limits for common pollutants. The latter document includes air quality limits for particulate matter less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), dustfall, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, lead and benzene. The SANS documents were approved by the technical committee for gazetting for public comment, were made available for public comment during the May/June 2004 period and were finalized and published during the last quarter of 2004. Although the SANS documents have been finalised, it was decided by the DEAT not to adopt these limits but rather to include the previous CAPCO guidelines as standards in the second schedule of the new Air Quality Act with a view of replacing these with alternative thresholds in the future. Although the threshold levels to be selected for future air quality standards are not currently known it is expected that such thresholds will be more stringent than the initial standards included in the Act and more in line with the SANS limits.

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Air quality guidelines for particulates are given for various particle size fractions, including total suspended particulates (TSP), inhalable particulates or PM10 (i.e. particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm), and respirable particulates of PM2.5 (i.e. particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm). Although TSP is defined as all particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 100 µm, and effective upper limit of 30 µm aerodynamic diameter is frequently assigned. PM10 and PM2.5 are of concern due to their health impact potentials. As indicated previously, such fine particles are able to be deposited in, and damaging to, the lower airways and gas-exchanging portions of the lung.

PM10 limits and standards issued nationally and abroad are documented in Table 9.1. In addition to the PM10 standards published in schedule 2 of the Air Quality Act, the Act also includes standards for total suspended particulates (TSP), viz. a 24-hour average maximum concentration of 300 µg/m³ not to be exceeded more than three times in one year and an annual average of 100 µg/m³.

Table 9.1: Air quality standard for inhalable particulates (PM10) Maximum 24-hour Annual Average Authority Concentration (µg/m³) Concentration (µg/m³) SA standards (Air Quality Act) 180(a) 60 RSA SANS limits 75(b) 40(d) (SANS:1929,2004) 50(c) 30(e) Australian standards 50(f) - European Community (EC) 30(h) 50(g) 20(i) World Bank (General 70(j) 50(j) Environmental Guidelines) World Bank (Thermal Power 150(k) 50(k) Guidelines) United Kingdom 50(l) 40(m) United States EPA 150(n) 50(o) World Health Organisation (p) (p) Notes: (a) Not to be exceeded more than three times in one year. (b) Limit value. Permissible frequencies of exceedance, margin of tolerance and date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (c) Target value. Permissible frequencies of exceedance and date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (d) Limit value. Margin of tolerance and date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (e) Target value. Date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (f) Australian ambient air quality standards. (http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/standards.html). Not to be exceeded more than 5 days per year. Compliance by 2008.

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(g) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Compliance by 1 January 2005. Not to be exceeded more than 25 times per calendar year. (By 1 January 2010, no violations of more than 7 times per year will be permitted.) (h) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Compliance by 1 January 2005 (i) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Compliance by 1 January 2010 (j) World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. (www.worldbank.org). Ambient air conditions at property boundary. (k) World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. (www.worldbank.org). Ambient air quality in Thermal Power Plants. (l) UK Air Quality Objectives. www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php. Not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year. Compliance by 31 December 2004 (m) UK Air Quality Objectives. www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php. Compliance by 31 December 2004 (n) US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html). Not to be exceeded more than once per year. (o) US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html). To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10 concentration at each monitor within an area must not exceed 50 µg/m³. (p) WHO (2000) issues linear dose-response relationships for PM10 concentrations and various health endpoints. No specific guideline given.

• Sulphur Dioxide

SO2 is an irritating gas that is absorbed in the nose and aqueous surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and is associated with reduced lung function

and increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Adverse health effects of SO2 include coughing, phlegm, chest discomfort and bronchitis. Ambient air quality guidelines and standards issued for various countries and organisations for sulphur dioxide are given in Table 9.2.

Table 9.2: Ambient air quality guidelines and standards for sulphur dioxide for various countries and organisations Maximum Maximum Maximum Annual 10-minute 1-hourly 24-hour Average Authority Average Average Average Concentration (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) SA standards (Air 500(a) - 125(a) 50 Quality Act) RSA SANS limits 500(b) - 125(b) 50 (SANS:1929,2004) Australian standards - 524(c) 209 (c) 52 European Community - 350(d) 125(e) 20(f) (EC) World Bank (General - - Environmental 125(g) 50(g) Guidelines) World Bank (Thermal 150(h) 80(h)

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Power Guidelines) United Kingdom 266(i) 350(j) 125(k) 20(l) United States EPA - - 365(m) 80 World Health 500(n) 350(n) 50(n) 125(n) Organisation 10-30(o)

Notes: (a) No permissible frequencies of exceedance specified (b) Limit value. Permissible frequencies of exceedance, margin of tolerance and date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (c) Australian ambient air quality standards. (http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/standards.html). Not to be exceeded more than 1 day per year. Compliance by 2008. (d) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Limit to protect health, to be complied with by 1 January 2005 (not to be exceeded more than 4 times per calendar year). (e) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Limit to protect health, to be complied with by 1 January 2005 (not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year). (f) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Limited value to protect ecosystems. Applicable two years from entry into force of the Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC. (g) World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. (www.worldbank.org). Ambient air conditions at property boundary. (h) World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. (www.worldbank.org). Ambient air quality in Thermal Power Plants. (i) UK Air Quality Objective for 15-minute averaging period (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year. Compliance by 31 December 2005. (j) UK Air Quality Objective (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Not to be exceeded more than 24 times per year. Compliance by 31 December 2004. (k) UK Air Quality Objective (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Not to be exceeded more than 3 times per year. Compliance by 31 December 2004. (l) UK Air Quality Objective (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Compliance by 31 December 2000. (m) US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html). Not to be exceeded more than once per year. (n) WHO Guidelines for the protection of human health (WHO, 2000). (o) Represents the critical level of ecotoxic effects (issued by WHO for Europe); a range is given to account for different sensitivities of vegetation types (WHO, 2000).

• Oxides of Nitrogen

NOx, primarily in the form of NO, is one of the primary pollutants emitted

during combustion. NO2 is formed through oxidation of these oxides once

released in the air. NO2 is an irritating gas that is absorbed into the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. The most adverse health effect occurs at the junction of the conducting airway and the gas exchange region of the

lungs. The upper airways are less affected because NO2 is not very soluble

in aqueous surfaces. Exposure to NO2 is linked with increased susceptibility to respiratory infection, increased airway resistance in asthmatics and decreased pulmonary function.

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The standards and guidelines of most countries and organisations are given

exclusively for NO2 concentrations. South Africa's NO2 standards are compared to various widely referenced foreign standards and guidelines in Table 9.3. In addition, South Africa also publishes standards for oxides of

nitrogen (NOx).

Table 9.3: Ambient air quality guidelines and standards for nitrogen dioxide for various countries and organisations Instantan Maximum Maximu Maximum Annual eous 1-hourly m 24- 1-month Average Authority Peak Average hour Average Concentrati (µg/m³) (µg/m³) Average (µg/m³) on (µg/m³) (µg/m³) SA standards (Air 940(a) 376(a) 188(a) 150(a) 94 Quality Act) RSA SANS limits - 200(b) - - 40(b) (SANS:1929,2004) Australian standards 226(c) 56 European - 200(d) - - 40(e) Community (EC) World Bank (General 150 (as Environmental - - - - NOx)(f) Guidelines) World Bank (Thermal Power 150(g) 100(g) Guidelines) United Kingdom 40(i) - 200(h) - - 30(j) United States EPA - - - - 100(k) World Health - 200(l) 150(l) - 40(l) Organisation Notes: (a) No permissible frequencies of exceedance specified (b) Limit value. Permissible frequencies of exceedance, margin of tolerance and date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (c) Australian ambient air quality standards. (http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/standards.html). Not to be exceeded more than 1 day per year. Compliance by 2008. (d) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Averaging times represent the 98th percentile of averaging periods; calculated from mean values per hour or per period of less than an hour taken throughout the year; not to be exceeded more than 8 times per year. This limit is to be complied with by 1 January 2010. (e) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Annual limit value for the protection of human health, to be complied with by 1 January 2010. (f) World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. (www.worldbank.org). Ambient air conditions at property boundary.

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(g) World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. (www.worldbank.org). Ambient air quality in Thermal Power Plants.

(h) UK Air Quality Provisional Objective for NO2 (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year. Compliance by 31 December 2005.

(i) UK Air Quality Provisional Objective for NO2 (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Compliance by 31 December 2005. (j) UK Air Quality Objective for NOx for protection of vegetation (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Compliance by 31 December 2000. (k) US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html). (l) WHO Guidelines for the protection of human health (WHO, 2000).

• Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide absorbed through the lungs reduces the blood’s capacity to transport available oxygen to the tissues. Approximately 80-90 % of the absorbed CO binds with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb), which lowers the oxygen level in blood. Since more blood is needed to supply the same amount of oxygen, the heart needs to work harder. These are the main causes of tissue hypoxia produced by CO at low exposure levels. At higher concentrations, the rest of the absorbed CO binds with other heme proteins such as myoglobin and with cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome P-450. CO uptake impairs perception and thinking, slows reflexes, and may cause drowsiness, angina, unconsciousness, or death. The ambient air quality guidelines and other standards issued for various countries and organisations for carbon monoxide are given in Table 9.4.

Table 9.4: Ambient air quality guidelines and standards for carbon monoxide for various countries and organisations Maximum 1-hourly Maximum 8-hour Average Authority Average (µg/m³) (µg/m³) SA Guidelines(a) 40 000(a) 10 000(a) RSA SANS limits 30 000(b) 10 000(b) (SANS:1929,2004) Australian standards - 10 000 (c) European Community (EC) - 10 000(d) World Bank - - United Kingdom - 10 000(e) United States EPA 40 000(f) 10 000(f) World Health Organisation 30 000(g) 10 000(g) Notes: (a) Issued in 1990s by CAPCO. No air quality standards for CO were included in the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act. (b) Limit value. Permissible frequencies of exceedance, margin of tolerance and date by which limit value should be complied with not yet set. (c) Australian ambient air quality standards. (http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/standards.html). Not to be exceeded more than 1 day per year. Compliance by 2008.

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(d) EC Second Daughter Directive, 2000/69/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Annual limit value to be complied with by 1 January 2005. (e) UK Air Quality Objective (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Maximum daily running 8-hourly mean. Compliance by 31 December 2003. (f) US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html). Not to be exceeded more than one per year. (g) WHO Guidelines for the protection of human health (WHO, 2000).

• Air Quality Standards for Metals Air quality guidelines and standards are issued by various countries, including South Africa, for lead (Table 9.5). There is also an increasing trend towards the specification of air quality limits for certain other metals. The limits published by the EC for arsenic, nickel and cadmium are summarised in Table 9.6. No air quality limits have been set for such metals in South Africa to date.

Table 9.5 Ambient air quality guidelines and standards for lead Maximum 1- Annual Average Authority month/Quarterly Average (µg/m³) (µg/m³) SA Standard (Air Quality Act) 2.5 (1-month) RSA SANS limits 0.5(a) - (SANS:1929,2004) 0.25(b) European Community (EC) - 0.5(d) World Bank - - United Kingdom 0.5(e) - 0.25(f) United States EPA 1.5 (quarterly)(g) - World Health Organisation - 0.5(h) Notes: (a) Limit value. Compliance date not yet set. (b) Target value. Compliance date not yet set. (d) EC First Daughter Directive, 1999/30/EC (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ambient.htm). Annual limit value to be complied with by 1 January 2010. (e) UK Air Quality Objective (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Compliance by 31 December 2004. (f) UK Air Quality Objective (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards/php). Compliance by 31 December 2008. (g) US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html). (h) WHO Guidelines for the protection of human health (WHO, 2000).

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Table 9.6 Ambient air quality target values issued by the EC for metals (EC Fourth Daughter Directive, 2004/107/EC. Target Value (for the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged Pollutant over a calendar year) (ng/m³) Arsenic 6 Cadmium 5 Nickel 20

• Dust Deposition Foreign dust deposition standards issued by various countries are given in Table 9.7. It is important to note that the limits given by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Spain and the USA are based on annual average dustfall. The standards given for Germany are given for maximum monthly dustfall and therefore comparable to the dustfall categories issued locally. Based on a comparison of the annual average dustfall standards it is evident that in many cases a threshold of ~200 mg/m2/day to ~300 mg/m2/day is given for residential areas.

Table 9.7: Dust deposition standards issued by various countries Country Annual Average Dust Deposition Maximum Monthly Dust Standards (based on monthly Deposition Standards monitoring) (based on 30 day average) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) Argentina 133 Australia 133 (onset of loss of amenity) 333 (unacceptable in New South Wales) Canada 179 (acceptable) Alberta: 226 (maximum acceptable) Manitoba: 200 (maximum desirable) Germany 350 (maximum permissible in general areas) 650 (maximum permissible in industrial areas) Spain 200 (acceptable) USA: Hawaii 200

Kentucky 175

New York 200 (urban, 50 percentile of monthly value) 300 (urban, 84 percentile of monthly value)

Pennsylvania 267

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Country Annual Average Dust Deposition Maximum Monthly Dust Standards (based on monthly Deposition Standards monitoring) (based on 30 day average) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) Washington 183 (residential areas) 366 (industrial areas)

Wyoming 167 (residential areas) 333 (industrial areas)

Locally dust deposition is evaluated according to the criteria published by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). In terms of these criteria dust deposition is classified as follows:

SLIGHT - less than 250 mg/m2/day MODERATE - 250 to 500 mg/m2/day HEAVY - 500 to 1200 mg/m2/day VERY HEAVY - more than 1200 mg/m2/day

The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) uses the uses the 1 200 mg/m2/day threshold level as an action level. In the event that on-site dustfall exceeds this threshold, the specific causes of high dustfall should be investigated and remedial steps taken.

"Slight" dustfall is barely visible to the naked eye. "Heavy" dustfall indicates a fine layer of dust on a surface, with "very heavy" dustfall being easily visible should a surface not be cleaned for a few days. Dustfall levels of > 2000 mg/m2/day constitute a layer of dust thick enough to allow a person to "write" words in the dust with their fingers.

A perceived weakness of the current dustfall guidelines is that they are purely descriptive, without giving any guidance for action or remediation (SLIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY, VERY HEAVY). It has recently been proposed (as part of the SANS air quality standard setting processes) that dustfall rates be evaluated against a four-band scale, as presented in Table 9.8. Proposed target, action and alert thresholds for ambient dust deposition are given in Table 9.9.

According to the proposed dustfall limits an enterprise may submit a request to the authorities to operate within the Band 3 ACTION band for a limited period, providing that this is essential in terms of the practical operation of the enterprise (for example the final removal of a tailings deposit) and provided that the best available control technology is applied for the duration. No margin of tolerance will be granted for operations that result in dustfall rates in the Band 4 ALERT.

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Table 9.8: Bands of dustfall rates proposed for adoption BAND BAND DUST-FALL RATE COMMENT NUMBER DESCRIPTION (D) (mg m-2 day-1, LABEL 30-day average) 1 RESIDENTIAL D < 600 Permissible for residential and light commercial 2 INDUSTRIAL 600 < D < 1 200 Permissible for heavy commercial and industrial 3 ACTION 1 200 < D < 2 400 Requires investigation and remediation if two sequential months lie in this band, or more than three occur in a year. 4 ALERT 2 400 < D Immediate action and remediation required following the first exceedance. Incident report to be submitted to relevant authority.

Table 9.9: Target, action and alert thresholds for ambient dustfall LEVEL DUST-FALL RATE AVERAGING PERMITTED FREQUENCY OF (D) (mg m-2 day-1, PERIOD EXCEEDANCES 30-day average) TARGET 300 Annual ACTION 600 30 days Three within any year, no two RESIDENTIAL sequential months. ACTION 1 200 30 days Three within any year, not INDUSTRIAL sequential months. ALERT 2 400 30 days None. First exceedance requires THRESHOLD remediation and compulsory report to authorities.

9.2.3. Inhalation Health Risk Evaluation Criteria for Metals (and Sulphur Dioxide)

Air quality criteria for non-criteria pollutants are published by various sources. Such criteria include: (i) World Health Organization guideline values for non-carcinogens and unit risk factor guidelines for carcinogens, (ii) Chronic and sub-chronic inhalation reference concentrations and cancer unit risk factors published by the US-EPA in its Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), (iii) Acute, sub-acute and chronic effect screening levels published by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission Toxicology and Risk Assessment Division (TARA) and (iv) Reference exposure levels (RELs) published by the Californian Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA).

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(v) Minimal risk levels issued by the US Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

Various non-carcinogenic exposure thresholds for pollutants of interest in the current study are given in Table 9.10.

TARA ESLs are based on data concerning health effects, odour nuisance potential, vegetation effects, or corrosion effects. ESLs are not ambient air quality standards! If predicted or measured airborne levels of a constituent do not exceed the screening level, it is not expected that any adverse health or welfare effects would results. If ambient levels of constituents in air exceed the screening levels it does not, however, necessarily indicate a problem, but should be viewed as a trigger for a more in-depth review.

WHO guideline values are based on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). Although most guideline values are based on NOAELs and/or LOAELs related to human health endpoints, certain of the guidelines given for 30 minute averaging periods are related to odour thresholds. The short term ESLs issued by TARA for certain odourous compounds are similarly intended to be used for a screening for potential nuisance impacts related to malodour.

Inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs) related to inhalation exposures are published in the US-EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database. RfCs are used to estimate non-carcinogenic effects representing a level of environmental exposure at or below which no adverse effect is expected to occur. The RfC is defined as "an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime" (IRIS, 1998). Non-carcinogenic effects are evaluated by calculating the ratio, or hazard index, between a dose (in this case the dosage) and the pollutant-specific inhalation RfC. In the current study reference will be made to the chronic inhalation toxicity values published by US-EPA (IRIS, 1998)(3).

RfCs are based on an assumption of lifetime exposure and thus provide a very conservative estimate when applied to less-than-lifetime exposure situations. The RfC is also not a direct or absolute estimator of risk, but rather a reference point to gauge potential effects. Doses at or below the RfC are not likely to be

3 The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), prepared and maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), is an electronic data base containing information on human health effects that may result from exposure to various chemicals in the environment. IRIS was initially developed for EPA staff in response to a growing demand for consistent information on chemical substances for use in risk assessments, decision-making and regulatory activities. The information in IRIS is intended for those without extensive training in toxicology, but with some knowledge of health sciences.

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The US Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) uses the no-observed-adverse-effect-level/uncertainty factor (NOAEL/UF) approach to derive maximum risk levels (MRLs) for hazardous substances. They are set below levels that, based on current information, might cause adverse health effects in the people most sensitive to such substance-induced effects. MRLs are derived for acute (1-14 days), intermediate (>14-364 days), and chronic (365 days and longer) exposure durations, and for the oral and inhalation routes of exposure. MRLs are generally based on the most sensitive substance-induced end point considered to be of relevance to humans. ATSDR does not use serious health effects (such as irreparable damage to the liver or kidneys, or birth defects) as a basis for establishing MRLs. Exposure to a level above the MRL does not mean that adverse health effects will occur.

MRLs are intended to serve as a screening tool to help public health professionals decide where to look more closely. They may also be viewed as a mechanism to identify those hazardous waste sites that are not expected to cause adverse health effects. Most MRLs contain some degree of uncertainty because of the lack of precise toxicological information on the people who might be most sensitive (e.g., infants, elderly, and nutritionally or immunologically compromised) to effects of hazardous substances. ATSDR uses a conservative (i.e., protective) approach to address these uncertainties consistent with the public health principle of prevention. Although human data are preferred, MRLs often must be based on animal studies because relevant human studies are lacking. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, ATSDR assumes that humans are more sensitive than animals to the effects of hazardous substances that certain persons may be particularly sensitive. Thus the resulting MRL may be as much as a hundredfold below levels shown to be nontoxic in laboratory animals. When adequate information is available, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and benchmark dose (BMD) modeling have also been used as an adjunct to the NOAEL/UF approach in deriving MRLs.

Proposed MRLs undergo a rigorous review process. They are reviewed by the Health Effects/MRL Workgroup within the Division of Toxicology; and expert panel of external peer reviewers; the agency wide MRL Workgroup, with participation from other federal agencies, including EPA; and are submitted for public comment through the toxicological profile public comment period. Each MRL is subject to change as new information becomes available concomitant with updating the

Air Quality 203 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province toxicological profile of the substance. MRLs in the most recent toxicological profiles supersede previously published levels.

In the assessment of the potential for health risks use will generally be made of the lowest threshold published for a particular pollutant and averaging period (as given in Table 9.10), with the exception that TARA ESLs will only be used where other criteria such as WHO guidelines, IRIS RfCs or OEHHA RELs are not available .

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Table 9.10 Health risk criteria for non-carcinogenic exposures via the inhalation pathway US-EPA IRIS Inhalation Reference US ATSDR Maximum Risk Levels TARA ESLs WHO Guidelines (2000) Concentrations California OEHHA (MRLs) (2003) Acute & Sub- acute Guidelines Chronic Sub-chronic Chronic Acute RELs Intermediate Chronic Short- Long- (ave period Guidelines inhalation inhalation (ave period Chronic Acute (1- (>14 – 365 (365+ term ESL term ESL given) (year +) RfCs RfCs given) RELs 14 days) days) days) (1 hr) (year+) Constituent µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 Arsenic 0.19 (4 hrs)0.03 0.1 0.0 Barium 50 Bismuth Cadmium 0.005 (GV) 0.02 0.1 0.0 chromium (II) and (III) compounds 1 0. chromium (VI) compounds 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.0 Cobalt 0.1 0.2 0.0 Copper 100 (1 hr) 10 Gallium Germanium Lead 0.5(GV) Manganese 0.15 (GV) 0.05 0.2 0.04 2 0. Mercury 1(GV) 0.3 1.8 (1 hr) 0.09 0.2 0.25 0.02 Nickel & compounds 6 (1 hr) 0.05 0.2 0.09 0.15 0.01 Niobium See Table See Table 470 (1 Nitrogen dioxide 2.11 2.11 hr)(a)

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US-EPA IRIS Inhalation Reference US ATSDR Maximum Risk Levels TARA ESLs WHO Guidelines (2000) Concentrations California OEHHA (MRLs) (2003) Acute & Sub- acute Guidelines Chronic Sub-chronic Chronic Acute RELs Intermediate Chronic Short- Long- (ave period Guidelines inhalation inhalation (ave period Chronic Acute (1- (>14 – 365 (365+ term ESL term ESL given) (year +) RfCs RfCs given) RELs 14 days) days) days) (1 hr) (year+) Constituent µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 Rhiobium Selenium 20 2 0.2 Strontium 20 2 See Table See Table 660 (1 Sulphur dioxide 2.11 2.11 hr)(a) 26.2 Thorium Tin 20 2 50(b) 5(b Tungsten 10(c) 1(c 8(b) 2(b) 0.2(b Uranium 0.4(c) 0.3(c) 0.5(c) 0.05(c Vanadium 1(GV, 24hrs) 0.2 Yiddium Zinc 50 Zirconium 50 Abbreviations: WHO – World Health Organisation IRIS – Integrated Risk Information System OEHHA – Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment ATSDR – US Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry TARA - Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission Toxicology and Risk Assessment Division

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GV – guideline value RfC – inhalation reference concentration MRL – maximum risk level ESL – effect screening level REL – reference exposure level Notes: (a) Threshold for mild respiratory irritation (b) Insoluble compounds (c) Highly soluble

Table 9.11 WHO guidelines for nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide including health endpoints, observed effect levels and uncertainty factors (WHO, 2000) Compound Health Endpoint Observed Effect Uncertainty Factor Guideline Value Averaging Period Level (µg/m³) (µg/m³) Nitrogen dioxide Slight changes in lung 365-565 0.5 200 1 hour function in asthmatics Sulphur dioxide Changes in lung 1000 2 500 10 minutes functions in asthmatics 250 2 125 24 hours Exacerbations of 100 2 50 1 year respiratory symptoms in sensitive individuals

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• Cancer Risk Factors Unit risk factors are applied in the calculation of carcinogenic risks. These factors are defined as the estimated probability of a person (60-70 kg) contracting cancer as a result of constant exposure to an ambient concentration of 1 µg/m3 over a 70-year lifetime. In the generic health risk assessment undertaken as part of the current study, maximum possible exposures (24-hours a day over a 70-year lifetime) are assumed for all areas beyond the boundary of the proposed development site. Unit risk factors were obtained from the WHO (2000) and from the US-EPA IRIS database. Unit Risk Factors for compounds of interest in the current study are given in Table 9.12.

Table 9.12 Unit risk factors from the California EPA, US-EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (as at February 2006) and WHO risk factors (2000) US-EPA IARC California WHO IRIS Cancer US-EPA EPA Unit Inhalation Chemical Unit Risk Class Cancer Risk Factor Unit Risk Factor Class(a) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Arsenic, Inorganic(a) 3.3 x 10-3 1.5 x 10-3 4.3 x 10-3 1 A Cadmium 4.2 x 10-3 - 1.8 x 10-3 2A B1 Chromium VI 1.5 x 10-1 1.1 x 10-2 to 1.2 x 10-2 1 A (particulates) 13 x 10-2 Lead 1.2 x 10-5 - - 2B B2 Nickel & nickel 2.6 x 10-4 3.8 x 10-4 2.4 x 10-4(b) 1 A compounds Nickel sulphide 4.9 x 10-4 - 4.8 x 10-4(c) 1 A (a)EPA cancer classifications: A--human carcinogen. B--probable human carcinogen. There are two sub-classifications: B1--agents for which there is limited human data from epidemiological studies. B2--agents for which there is sufficient evidence from animal studies and for which there is inadequate or no evidence from human epidemiological studies. C--possible human carcinogen. D--not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. E--evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans. (b)Refinery dust (c)Nickel subsulfide

• Evaluation of Cancer Risk Acceptability The definition of what is deemed to be an acceptable risk remains one of the most controversial aspects of risk characterisation studies. An important point to be borne in mind is the crucial distinction between voluntary and involuntary risks. The risk to which a member of the public is exposed from an industrial activity is an involuntary one. In general, people are prepared to tolerate higher levels of risk for hazards to which they exposure themselves voluntarily.

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There appears to be a measure of uncertainty as to what level of risk would be acceptable to the public. Pollutants are often excluded from further assessment when they contribute an individual risk of less than 1 x 10-7. (A carcinogenic risk of 1 x 10-7 corresponds to a one-in-ten-million chance of an individual developing cancer during their lifetime.) The US-EPA adopts a 1 in a million chance for cancer risks (i.e. 1 x 10-6), applied to a person being in contact with the chemical for 70 years, 24-hours per day. Although a risk of 10-7 (1 in 10 million) would be desirable, and a risk of less than 10-6 (1 in 1 million) acceptable in terms of US regulations, some authors (Kletz, 1976; Lees, 1980; Travis et al., 1987) suggest that a risk level of between 10-5 and 10-6 per year (i.e. 1:100 000 and 1: 1000 000) could still be acceptable. Further work by Travis et al. (1987) indicated that for small populations, risks of less than 10-4 (1 in 10 000) may also potentially be acceptable, whereas risks greater than 10-4 are likely to prompt action.

Nationally the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) has only been noted to give an indication of cancer risk acceptability in the case of dioxin and furan exposures. According to the DEAT, emissions of dioxins and furans from a hazardous waste incinerator may not result in an excess cancer risk of greater than 1: 100 000 on the basis of annual average exposure (DEAT, 1994). Excess cancer risks of less than 1:100 000 appear therefore to be viewed as acceptable to the DEAT.

9.2.4. UK Banding Approach and Dose-response Thresholds for Sulphur Dioxide

• UK Banding Approach to Classification of Air Pollutants The United Kingdom Department of Environment uses "banding" to make air quality information more meaningful. In banding, a set of criteria are used to classify air pollution levels into bands with a description associated with each band. The UK air quality bands for various pollutants and the definitions of such bands are given in Tables 9.13 and 9.14.

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Table 9.13 UK bands for the classification of air pollution concentrations (after http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/).

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Table 9.14 Definition of UK bands for the classification of air pollution concentrations (after http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/).

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• Health-related Dose-Response Thresholds for Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur dioxide is damaging to the human respiratory function, increasing both the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease, and the risk of acute

respiratory disease. Being highly soluble, SO2 is more likely to be absorbed in the upper airways rather than penetrate to pulmonary region. The impact of

SO2 on human health related to various dosages is given in Table 9.15 (Ferris, 1978; Godish, 1990; .Harrison, 1990; Quint et al., 1996; WHO, 2000).

The lowest concentration of sulphur dioxide at which adverse health effects were noted in community exposure was 70 ppb (24-hour exposure). The World Health Organisation selected the 24-hour mean concentration of 180 ppb as the level at which excess mortality might be expected among elderly people or those with pulmonary diseases, and 90 ppb (24-hour exposure) as the level at which the conditions of people with respiratory disease might become worse (WHO, 1979). For long-term exposure at 35 ppm (annual mean), increased respiratory symptoms can be expected in adults and children, and increased frequencies of respiratory illnesses among children (WHO, 1979). Current South African guidelines for sulphur dioxide exposures have been set close to these ambient air pollutant threshold levels. During a more recent publication, the WHO stipulates 95 ppb and 38 ppb as the lowest sulphur dioxide concentration levels at which observed health effects have occurred based on daily and annual exposures, respectively (WHO, 2000).

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Table 9.15 Symptoms in humans related to various dosages of sulphur dioxide(1) Symptoms Concentr Concentr Duration ations ations of (mg/m³) (ppm) Exposure Lung edema; bronchial inflammation 1047 400 - Eye irritation; coughing in healthy adults 52 20 - Decreased mucociliary activity 37 14 1 hr Bronchospasm 26 10 10 min Throat irritation in healthy adults 21 8 - Increased airway resistance in healthy adults at 13 5 10 min rest Increased airway resistance in asthmatics at rest 2.6 1 10 min and in healthy adults at exercise Increased airway resistance in asthmatics at 1.3 0.5 10 min exercise Odour threshold 1.3 0.5 - Aggravation of chronic respiratory disease in adults 0.50 0.19 24 hr(2) Excess mortality may be expected among the 0.47 0.18 24 hr elderly and people suffering from respiratory illnesses Aggravation of chronic respiratory disease in 0.18 0.07 annual(2) children Lowest levels at which adverse health effects noted 0.18 0.07 24 hr Notes: (1) References: Harrison, 1990; Godish, 1991; Ferris, 1978; Quintet al., 1996; WHO, 2000. (2) Occurs in the presence of high concentrations of particulate matter.

9.2.5. Potential for Damage to Metals

Concerns have been raised in the region regarding the potential for elevated atmospheric pollutants concentrations resulting in the accelerated rusting of farm fences. For this reason, the relationship between air pollutant concentrations and damage to metals is explored.

The atmospheric corrosion of metals is a complex process, with both the extent of deterioration and the mechanisms varying considerably depending on the metal. Depending on the way pollutants are transported from the atmosphere to the corroding surface, two types of deposition processes are recognized in atmospheric corrosion – dry deposition and wet deposition. Wet deposition refers to precipitation whereas dry deposition refers to the remaining processes, including gas phase deposition and particle deposition. The most important pollutants acting as corrosive agents are sulphur and nitrogen compounds, including secondary pollutants and particulates. Pollutants can contribute to corrosivity individually; however there may be a synergistic effect when more than one of these pollutants is present in the environment being affected. In the field of atmospheric corrosion, sulphur dioxide is the single most investigated

Air Quality 213 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province gaseous pollutant and the quantification of the direct contribution of sulphur dioxide to the corrosion process of metallic materials is comparatively well understood (Tidblad and Kucera, 2003).

It is important to recognise that atmospheric corrosion is a process that occurs even in the absence of pollutants and that the interplay between natural and anthropogenic factors determine the extent to which elevated air pollutant concentrations accelerates the “natural” or background atmospheric corrosion.

This section focuses on the effects of acidifying air pollutants, specifically sulphur dioxide, on metallic materials and provides a methodology for assessing excess rates of corrosion associated with sulphur dioxide concentrations occurring due to power station emissions. In the absence of readily available measurements on the corrosion action of air pollutants on metals (e.g. fences) locally, European studies (Tidblad and Kucera, 2003) were consulted to determine the corrosion potential for the current study.

The natural corrosivity over South Africa without the influence of pollutants is illustrated in Figure 9.3. The natural background corrosivity in the Lephalale area is “low”. The corrosion rate (rcorr) is specified in the International Standard ISO 9226, given in Table 9.16 with the corrosivity classes given in Table 9.17. Using this data it is evident that the natural “low” corrosivity of the area is between 1.3 µm/yr to 25 µm/yr (average corrosivity is 13.15 µm/yr).

Figure 9.3 Corrosivity map of South Africa.

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Table 9.16 Corrosivity categories from first year exposure data (ISO 9226)

Corrosivity Corrosion rate (rcorr) of metals Category Units Carbon Steel Zinc Copper Aluminium g/(m².yr) 0-10 0-0.7 0-0.9 C1 Negligible µm/yr 0-1.3 0-0.1 0-0.1 g/(m².yr) 10-200 0.7-5 0.9-5 C2 0-0.6 µm/yr 1.3-25 0.1-0.7 0.1-0.6 g/(m².yr) 200-400 5-15 5-12 C3 0.6-2 µm/yr 25-50 0.7-2.1 0.6-1.3 g/(m².yr) 400-650 15-30 12-25 C4 2-5 µm/yr 40-80 2.1-4.2 1.3-2.8 g/(m².yr) 650-1500 30-60 25-50 C5 5-10 µm/yr 80-200 4.2-8.4 2.8-5.6

Table 9.17 Categories of corrosivity (ISO 9226) Category Corrosivity C1 Very Low C2 Low C3 Medium C4 High C5 Very High

The amount of annual corrosion due to dry deposition that can be expected due to various SO2 concentration levels is illustrated in Figure 2.2 based on information from various European cities. From this information, ground level concentrations for various corrosion categories can be assumed. Table 9.18 provides calculated corrosion rates occurring due to SO2 exposures without natural corrosivity action and associated ground level concentration levels.

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Figure 9.4 Corrosion attack of unsheltered carbon steel exposed in various

European cities to SO2 concentration, as analysed in the UN ECE exposure program during the period September 1987 to August 1988 (Tidblad and Kucera, 2003).

Table 9.18 Corrosion potential of SO2 at various ground level concentrations. Corrosivity SO2 Low Medium High Very High Corrosion Rate (µm/yr) 11.85 36.85 66.85 186.85 Ground Level Concentration (µg/m³) 1.1 20 657 745,078,396

9.2.6. Vegetation Exposures to Air Pollution

• Sulphur Dioxide

High concentrations of SO2 over short periods may result in acute visible injury symptoms. Such symptoms are usually observed on broad-leaved plants as relatively large bleached areas between the larger veins which remain green. On grasses acute injury, usually caused by exposures to sub- lethal long-term intermittent episodes of relatively low concentrations, may be observed as general chlorosis of the leaves (Lacasse and Treshow, 1976). This visible injury may decrease the market value of certain crops and lower the productivity of the plants. Sulphur dioxide impairs stomatal functioning resulting in a decline in photosynthetic rates, which in turn causes a decrease in plant growth. Reduction in plant yields can occur, even in the absence of visible foliar symptoms (Mudd, 1975). Relationships between plant injury and

SO2 dosages are given in Table 9.19.

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Species that are sensitive to SO2 include spinach, cucumber and oats. These species may show decreases in growth at concentrations of 0.01 to 0.5 ppm

(26 to 1309 µg/m³) (Mudd, 1975). Visible SO2 injury can occur at dosages ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm (131 to 1309 µg/m³) for 8 hours or more (Manning and Feder, 1976). Maize, celery and citrus show much less damage at these low concentrations (Mudd, 1975).

Table 9.19 Injury to plants due to various doses of sulphur dioxide(1) Symptoms Concentrati Concentratio Duration ons ns (ppm) of (µg/m³) Exposure visible foliar injury to vegetation in arid 26179 10 2 hr regions Coverage of 5% of leaf area of sensitive 1309 – 2749 0.5 - 1.05 1 hr species with visible necrosis(2) visible injury to sensitive vegetation in humid 2618 1 5 min regions Coverage of 5% of leaf area of sensitive 785 – 1571 0.3 - 0.6 3 hr species with visible necrosis(2) visible injury to sensitive vegetation in humid 1309 0.5 1 hr regions visible injury to sensitive vegetation in humid 524 0.2 3 hr regions Visible injury to sensitive species 131 – 1309 0.05 - 0.5 8 hrs Decreased growth in sensitive species 26 – 1309 0.01 - 0.5 - Coverage of 5% of leaf area of sensitive 524 – 680 0.2 - 0.26 6 - 8 hrs species with visible necrosis(2) Yield reductions may occur 524 0.2 monthly mean Growth of conifers and yield of fruit trees may 262 0.1 monthly be reduced mean Yield reductions may occur 209 0.08 annual mean Growth of conifers and yield of fruit trees may 131 0.05 annual be reduced mean Critical level for agricultural crops, forest 79 0.03 24-hrs trees and natural vegetation(3) Critical level for agricultural crops(3) 26 0.01 annual mean Critical level for forest trees and natural 21 0.008 annual vegetation (3) mean Notes: (1)References: Laccasse and Treshow, 1976; Mudd, 1975; Manning and Feder, 1976; Harrison, 1990; Godish, 1991; Ferris, 1978 (2)Resistant species found to have threshold levels at three times these concentrations.

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(3)Refer to critical levels used by the United National Economic Commission for Europe to map exceedence areas. These represent levels at which negative responses have been noted for sensitive receptors.

Air quality criteria issued by the EC, UK and WHO for the protection of ecosystems against sulphur dioxide exposures are summarised in Table 9.20.

Table 9.20. Thresholds specified by certain countries and organisations for vegetation and ecosystems Pollutant Averaging Threshold Threshold Period (ppb/ppm) (µg/m3 or mg/m3) Sulphur dioxide annual average 3.7 - 11.1 ppb(a) 10 - 30 µg/m3(a) 7.4 ppb(b) 20 µg/m3 (b) (a) Represents the critical level for ecotoxic effects issued by the WHO for Europe; a range is given to account for different sensitivities of vegetation types (b) EC and UK limit value to protect ecosystems

• Oxides of Nitrogen

Direct exposure to NOx may cause growth inhibitions in some plants (Table

9.21). Higher concentrations of NOx are usually needed to cause injury than for other pollutants such as ozone and sulphur dioxide. Chronic injury, such as chlorosis, may be caused by long-term exposures to relatively low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide but are reversible on young leaves. Acute injury is observed as irregularly shaped lesions that become white to tan,

similar to those produced by SO2. Sensitive plants to NOx include beans and lettuce, whereas citrus and peach trees are rated as having an intermediary

sensitivity. NOx may also impact indirectly on plants since the oxidation of

NO2 to nitric acid contributes to acid rain problems. Acid rain serves to increasing the leaching of base cations from most soils in affected areas, resulting in the change in the acidity of the soils.

Table 9.21 Injury to plants caused by various dosages of NO2. Symptoms Concentrati Concentrati Duration on (µg/m³) on (ppm) of Exposure foliar injury to vegetation 3774 2 4 hr slight spotting of pinto bean, endive, and 1887 1 48 hr cotton subtle growth suppression in some plant 943 0.5 10-20 days species without visible foliar markings decreased growth and yield of tomatoes 472 0.25 growing and oranges season reduction in growth of Kentucky bluegrass 189 0.1 20 weeks References: (Ferris, 1978; Godish, 1990; Harrison, 1990; Quint et al., 1996).

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Critical levels for NOx, used by the United National Economic Commission for Europe to map exceedence areas, are given as 30 µg/m3 for annual means and 95 µg/m3 for a 4-hour mean for agricultural crops, forest trees and natural and semi-natural vegetation.

Air quality criteria issued by the EC and UK for the protection of vegetation against nitrogen oxide exposures are summarised in Table 9.22.

Table 9.22. Thresholds specified by certain countries and organisations for vegetation and ecosystems Pollutant Averaging Threshold Threshold Period (ppb/ppm (µg/m3 or ) mg/m3) nitrogen oxides (NOx) annual average 20 ppb(a) 30 µg/m3 (a) (a) EU limit value specifically designed for the protection of vegetation

9.3. Climatology And Atmospheric Dispersion Potential

Meteorological mechanisms govern the dispersion, transformation and eventual removal of pollutants from the atmosphere (Pasquill and Smith, 1983; Godish, 1990). The extent to which pollution will accumulate or disperse in the atmosphere is dependent on the degree of thermal and mechanical turbulence within the earth’s boundary layer. Dispersion comprises vertical and horizontal components of motion. The vertical component is defined by the stability of the atmosphere and the depth of the surface mixing layer. The horizontal dispersion of pollution in the boundary layer is primarily a function of the wind field. The wind speed determines both the distance of downwind transport and the rate of dilution as a result of plume ‘stretching’. The generation of mechanical turbulence is similarly a function of the wind speed, in combination with the surface roughness. The wind direction, and the variability in wind direction, determine the general path pollutants will follow, and the extent of cross-wind spreading (Shaw and Munn, 1971; Pasquill and Smith, 1983; Oke, 1990).

Pollution concentration levels therefore fluctuate in response to changes in atmospheric stability, to concurrent variations in the mixing depth, and to shifts in the wind field. Spatial variations, and diurnal and seasonal changes, in the wind field and stability regime are functions of atmospheric processes operating at various temporal and spatial scales (Goldreich and Tyson, 1988). Atmospheric processes at macro- and meso-scales need therefore be taken into account in order to accurately parameterise the atmospheric dispersion potential of a particular area.

A qualitative description of the synoptic systems determining the macro- ventilation potential of the proposed development site is provided in Section 3.1

Air Quality 219 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province based on the review of pertinent literature and on the analysis of meteorological data observed for the region. The meso-scale wind field and ventilation potential is characterised (Section 3.2) based on the analysis of surface meteorological data from stations located in the area including:

• South African Weather Services (SAWS) station at Ellisras • Eskom’s monitoring sites, viz. Zwartwater, Grootstryd and Waterberg

Upper air meteorological data generated by the SAWS using the ETA model were also purchased for a point in the region to provide the required input data for the atmospheric dispersion modelling to be conducted during the air quality impact assessment component of the project. The data availability for the surface and upper are data used / to be used in the current study is given in Table 9.23.

Windfield data were also obtained for the Waterberg station which was operated by Eskom during the 1984 to 1989 period at a site located ~18 km south of Matimba Power Station. These data were primarily used in the analysis of the air pollutant concentrations recorded at this station and will not be input into the dispersion model. Windfield data availability for this station was in the order of 70%.

Table 9.23: Data availability for surface and upper air meteorological data for the period 2001 to 2003.

Period Data Station 2001 2002 2003

Ellisras 100% 100 % 100 %

Surface data Zwartwater(1) 64% 90 % 69%

Grootstryd(2) 0 % 0 % 100 %

Upper air data ETA 100 % 42 % 76%

Notes:

The Zwartwater monitoring station was decommissioned in October 2003.

The Grootstryd monitoring station was started in October 2003.

9.3.1. Synoptic Climatology and Regional Atmospheric Dispersion Potential

• Synoptic Climatology Situated in the subtropical high pressure belt, southern Africa is influenced by several high pressure cells, in addition to various circulation systems prevailing in the adjacent tropical and temperature latitudes. The mean circulation of the atmosphere over southern Africa is anticyclonic throughout the year (except near the surface) due to the dominance of three high pressure cells, viz. the South Atlantic HP off the west coast, the South Indian HP off the east coast, and the continental HP over the interior.

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The five major synoptic circulation types affecting southern Africa are: continental anticyclone, ridging anticyclone, topical easterly disturbances, westerly waves and troughs and cut-off lows (Vowinckel, 1956; Schulze, 1965; Taljaard, 1972; Preston-Whyte and Tyson, 1988). The most important of these is the semi-permanent, subtropical continental anticyclones which are shown by both Vowinckel (1956) and Tyson (1986) to dominate 70 % of the time during winter and 20 % of the time in summer. This leads to the establishment of extremely stable atmospheric conditions which can persist at various levels in the atmosphere for long periods.

Seasonal variations in the position and intensity of the HP cells determine the extent to which the tropical easterlies and the circumpolar westerlies impact on the atmosphere over the subcontinent. The tropical easterlies, and the occurrence of easterly waves and lows, affect most of southern Africa throughout the year. In winter, the high pressure belt intensifies and moves northward, the upper level circumpolar westerlies expand and displace the upper tropical easterlies equatorward. The winter weather of South Africa is, therefore, largely dominated by perturbations in the westerly circulation. Such perturbations take the form of a succession of cyclones or anticyclones moving eastwards around the coast or across the country. During summer months, the anticyclonic belt weakens and shifts southwards, allowing the tropical easterly flow to resume its influence over South Africa. A weak heat low characterises the near surface summer circulation over the interior, replacing the strongly anticyclonic winter-time circulation (Schulze, 1986; Preston-Whyte and Tyson, 1988).

Anticyclones situated over the subcontinent are associated with convergence in the upper levels of the troposphere, strong subsidence throughout the troposphere, and divergence in the near-surface wind field. Subsidence inversions, fine conditions with little or no rainfall, and light variable winds occur as a result of such widespread anticyclonic subsidence. Anticyclones occur most frequently over the interior during winter months, with a maximum frequency of occurrence of 79 percent in June and July. During December such anticyclones only occur 11 percent of the time. Although widespread subsidence dominates the winter months, weather occurs as a result of uplift produced by localized systems.

Tropical easterly waves give rise to surface convergence and upper air (500 hPa) divergence to the east of the wave resulting in strong uplift, instability and the potential for precipitation. To the west of the wave, surface divergence and upper-level convergence produces subsidence, and consequently fine clear conditions with no precipitation. Easterly lows are usually deeper systems than are easterly waves, with upper-level divergence to the east of the low occurring at higher levels resulting in strong uplift

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through the 500 hPa level and the occurrence of copious rains. Easterly waves and lows occur almost exclusively during summer months, and are largely responsible for the summer rainfall pattern and the northerly wind component which occurs over the interior.

Westerly waves are characterised by concomitant surface convergence and upper-level divergence which produce sustained uplift, cloud and the potential for precipitation to the rear of the trough. Cold fronts are associated with westerly waves and occur predominantly during winter when the amplitude of such disturbances is greatest. Low-level convergence in the southerly airflow occurs to the rear of the front producing favourable conditions for convection. Airflow ahead of the front has a distinct northerly component, and stable and generally cloud-free conditions prevail as a result of subsidence and low-level divergence. The passage of a cold front is therefore characterised by distinctive cloud bands and pronounced variations in wind direction, wind speeds, temperature, humidity, and surface pressure. Following the passage of the cold front the northerly wind is replaced by winds with a distinct southerly component. Temperature decrease immediately after the passage of the front, with minimum temperatures being experienced on the first morning after the cloud associated with the front clears. Strong radiational cooling due to the absence of cloud cover, and the advection of cold southerly air combining to produce the lowest temperatures.

• Regional Atmospheric Dispersion Potential The impact of various synoptic systems and weather disturbances on the dispersion potential of the atmosphere largely depends on the effect of such systems on the height and persistence of elevated inversions. Elevated inversions suppress the diffusion and vertical dispersion of pollutants by reducing the height to which such pollutants are able to mix, and consequently result in the concentration of pollutants below their bases. Such inversions therefore play an important role in controlling the long-range transport, and recirculation of pollution.

Subsidence inversions, which represent the predominant type of elevated inversion occurring over South Africa, result from the large-scale anticyclonic activity which dominates the synoptic circulation of the subcontinent. Subsiding air warms adiabatically to temperatures in excess of those in the mixed boundary layer. The interface between the subsiding air and the mixed boundary layer is thus characterised by a marked elevated inversion. Protracted periods of anticyclonic weather, such as characterize the plateau during winter, result in subsidence inversions which are persistent in time, and continuous over considerable distances. The fairly constant afternoon mixing depths, with little diurnal variation, associated with the persistence of subsidence inversions, are believed to greatly reduce the dispersion potential

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of the atmosphere over the plateau, resulting in the accumulation of pollutants over the region.

Multiple elevated inversions occur in the middle to upper troposphere as a result of large-scale anticyclonic subsidence. The mean annual height and depth of such absolutely stable layers are illustrated in Figure 9.5. Three distinct elevated inversions, situated at altitudes of approximately 700 hPa (~3 km), 500 hPa (~5 km) and 300 hPa (~7 km), were identified over southern Africa. The height and persistence of such elevated inversions vary with latitudinal and longitudinal position. During winter months the first elevated inversion is located at an altitude of around 3 km over the plateau. In summer this inversion is known to increase in to 4 to 5 km over the plateau (Diab, 1975; Cosijn, 1996).

Figure 9.5: Mean annual stable layers (shaded) over Pietersburg (PI), Pretoria (PR), Bethlehem (BE), Bloemfontein (BL), Upington (UP), Springbok (SP), Cape Town (CT), Port Elizabeth (PE) and Durban DB). Upper and lower 95% confidence limits for the base heights of the layers are shown in each case (after Cosijn, 1996).

In contrast to anticyclonic circulation, convective activity associated with westerly and easterly wave disturbances hinders the formation of inversions. Cyclonic disturbances, which are associated with strong winds and upward vertical air motion, either destroy, weaken, or increase the altitude of,

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elevated inversions. Although cyclonic disturbances are generally associated with the dissipation of inversions, pre-frontal conditions tend to lower the base of the elevated inversion, so reducing the mixing depth. Pre-frontal conditions are also characterised by relatively calm winds. Over the interior due to the passage of a cold front, there is a tendency for the lowest mixing depths to coincide with the coldest air temperatures and rising pressure. Following the passage of the front, a gradual rise in the mixing depth occurs over the interior (Cosijn, 1996; Preston-Whyte and Tyson, 1988).

9.3.2. Meso-scale Atmospheric Dispersion Potential

• Meso-Scale Wind Field Annual and seasonal wind roses generated based on measured data from the Ellisras Weather Service Station are illustrated in Figure 9.6 and Figure 9.7 respectively.

Figure 9.6: Annual average wind roses for the Ellisras Weather Service Station.

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Wind roses represent wind frequencies for the 16 cardinal wind directions. Wind frequencies are indicated by the length of the shaft when compared to the circles drawn to represent a 5% frequency of occurrence. Wind speed classes are assigned to illustrate the frequencies of high and low wind for each wind vector. The frequency of calm periods, defined as periods for which wind speeds are below 1 m/s, are indicated in the centre of the wind rose.

The wind regime of the study area largely reflects the synoptic scale circulation. The flow field is dominated by northeasterly winds as may be expected due to the continental high pressure, which persists over the region, in combination with the tropical easterly systems which influence the flow field during much of the year. Winds are infrequently experienced from the westerly and southeasterly sector for all three periods analysed. The wind speeds are generally low throughout the period (1-3 m/s).

Figure 9.7: Seasonal-average wind roses for the Ellisras Weather Service Station for the period 2001 to 2003.

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Although the northeasterly winds dominate for all four seasons the frequency of occurrence of these winds vary. During winter, the percentage of northeasterly winds decreases due to the northward shift of the high-pressure belt. East-northeasterly and northeasterly winds increase in frequency during summer months, with the continental high pressure and tropical easterlies having resumed their influence over the region.

Period average and day- and night-time wind roses for the Waterberg station are illustrated in Figure 9.8. This station is located within a WSW – ENE orientated valley. The influence of slope and valley flows is clearly evident with the easterly component being stronger than is typical of the regional windfield. The west-southwesterly airflow recorded at this site similarly represents a deviation from the regional wind regime. This flow component is predominantly associated with katabatic airflow down the valley during the night-time. A higher incidence of calm conditions was measured to occur at Waterberg when compared to Ellisras.

Figure 9.8: Period-average and daytime and night-time wind roses for the Waterberg Station for the period 1985 to 1989.

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• Atmospheric Stability and Mixing Depth The atmospheric boundary layer constitutes the first few hundred metres of the atmosphere. This layer is directly affected by the earth’s surface, either through the retardation of flow due to the frictional drag of the earth’s surface, or as result of the heat and moisture exchanges that take place at the surface. During the daytime, the atmospheric boundary layer is characterised by thermal turbulence due to the heating of the earth’s surface and the extension of the mixing layer to the lowest elevated inversion. Radiative flux divergence during the night usually results in the establishment of ground-based inversions and the erosion of the mixing layer. Nighttimes are characterised by weak vertical mixing and the predominance of a stable layer. These conditions are normally associated with low wind speeds, hence less dilution potential.

The mixed layer ranges in depth from a few metres (i.e. stable or neutral layers) during nighttimes to the base of the lowest-level elevated inversion during unstable, daytime conditions. Elevated inversions may occur for a variety of reasons, and on some occasions as many as five may occur in the first 1000 m above the surface. The lowest-level elevated inversion is located at a mean height above ground of 1 550 m during winter months with a 78 % frequency of occurrence. By contrast, the mean summer subsidence inversion occurs at 2 600 m with a 40% frequency.

Atmospheric stability is frequently categorised into one of six stability classes. These are briefly described in Table 9.24.

Table 9.24: Atmospheric stability classes A very unstable calm wind, clear skies, hot daytime conditions B moderately unstable clear skies, daytime conditions C Unstable moderate wind, slightly overcast daytime conditions D Neutral high winds or cloudy days and nights E Stable moderate wind, slightly overcast night-time conditions F very stable low winds, clear skies, cold night-time conditions

The atmospheric boundary layer is normally unstable during the day as a result of the turbulence due to the sun's heating effect on the earth's surface. The thickness of this mixing layer depends predominantly on the extent of solar radiation, growing gradually from sunrise to reach a maximum at about 5-6 hours after sunrise. This situation is more pronounced during the winter months due to strong night-time inversions and a slower developing mixing layer. During the night a stable layer, with limited vertical mixing, exists. During windy and/or cloudy conditions, the atmosphere is normally neutral.

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For elevated releases, the highest ground level concentrations would occur during unstable, daytime conditions. In contrast, the highest concentrations for ground level non-wind dependent releases would occur during weak wind speeds and stable (night-time) atmospheric conditions.

9.4. Existing Sources Of Emission And Baseline Air Quality

The identification of existing sources of emission in the region and the characterisation of existing ambient pollutant concentrations is fundamental to the assessment of the potential for cumulative impacts and synergistic effects. Existing sources of emissions are briefly discussed in Section 9.4.1. Air pollution monitoring measurements undertaken in the region are primarily limited to the measurement of key criteria pollutants by Eskom (Section 9.4.2).

9.4.1. Existing Sources of Atmospheric Emission

A comprehensive emissions inventory has not been completed for the region to date. The establishment of such an inventory is not within the scope of the current study. Instead source types present in the area and the pollutants associated with such source types are noted with the aim of identifying pollutants that may be of importance in terms of cumulative impact potentials.

Existing sources of atmospheric emission which occur in the vicinity of the proposed development sites include:

- existing Matimba Power Station and its associated ash dump, - Grootgeluk coal mining operations - brickworks operating at Hanglip - household fuel combustion - potential veld fires (very infrequent) - sewage works (Farm Nelsonskop) - wind blown dust from open areas and agricultural activities - vehicle exhaust releases and road dust entrainment along paved and unpaved roads in the area

During the air quality impact assessment stack emissions from the existing Matimba Power Station are simulated together with the proposed power station in order to determine resultant cumulative concentrations of key pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.

• Existing Matimba Power Station The existing Matimba Power Station is a dry-cooled, coal-fired pulverised fuel power station comprising six 665 MW units, representing a total nominal capacity of 3990 MW and a total net maximum capacity of 3690 MW.

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Air pollutants released by coal-fired power stations primarily include

particulates, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) – primarily as nitric

oxide (NO) with smaller quantities of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and trace amounts of

mercury. CO2 and N2O represent greenhouse gases (i.e. gases associated with global warming) and are therefore of concern despite not resulting in

direct health effects. Air pollutants associated with health effects include SO2,

NOx (primarily as NO2) and particulates. South African coals have relatively high ash contents and therefore hold the potential for releasing significant particulate emissions. Eskom however currently implements highly effective particulate abatement technology which reduces its particulate emission

concentrations substantially (> 99%). No SO2 or NO2 abatement measures are currently in place at the existing Matimba Power Station.

- Current Matimba Power Station Stack Emissions The main source of emissions from the Matimba Power Station comprises two stacks (Figure 9.9). Source parameters for these sources, required for input to the dispersion modelling study, include stack height and diameter, gas exit velocity and gas exit temperature. Such information, provided by Eskom personnel, is given in Table 9.25.

Table 9.25 Parameters for the current pulverised fuel (PF) power station at Matimba Height Diameter Temperature Number of Stacks Exit Velocity (m/s) (m) (m) (°K) 2 250 12.82 24.84 405

Estimated emission rates for SO2, NOx, and PM10, calculated for each source on the basis of the existing data, are presented in Table 9.26. Monthly emission variations were calculated based on the energy outputs per month for Jan 2001 to October 2005 from the current pulverised fuel (PF) power station at Matimba. Eskom personnel provided the energy outputs as well as the total emissions per year. Although emissions were provided as total particulates released such emissions were assumed to comprise primarily of PM10 given the abatement measures in place (coarser particles readily removed).

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Table 9.26: Annual emissions (in tonnes) for current Matimba Power Station operating conditions for the years Jan 2001 to October 2005 (as received from John Keir, Eskom Holdings) Jan - Sep Compound 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

CO2 19,601,372 20,735,661 23,936,050 22,857,852 18,141,074

SO2 247,475 248,393 294,186 262,980 218,281

NOx 90,725 94,216 100,514 100,389 49,588 NO(b) 57,985 60,216 64,241 64,161 31,693

NO2(c) 1,814 1,884 2,010 2,008 992 PM 5,177 4,957 6,194 8,372 5,178 Notes:

(a) NOx emissions reported as NO2 (pers com. John Keir, 2 June 05).

(b) NOx emissions (reported as NO2) were converted to NO and 98% taken as being emitted from the stacks (pers com. John Keir, 2 June 05).

(c) 2% of the NOx emissions (reported as NO2) were taken as representing the NO2 emissions from the stacks (pers com. John Keir, 2 June 05).

In order to determine seasonal and diurnal variations in emission rates reference was made to data from stack monitoring conducted on one of the six flues during the December 2004 to December 2005 period. No seasonal variations in emission rates were apparent. Diurnal variations in emission rates were however noted to occur (Figure 9.10). Typical diurnal variations for each month were identified and used during the dispersion simulations.

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Figure 9.9: Existing Matimba Power Station showing the two 250 m stacks. Due to the particulate abatement measures implemented no visible plumes occur during routine operations.

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Typical Diurnal Profile Based on Sulphur Dioxide Stack Concentrations

2200

2150

2100

2050 summer winter average 2000

1950 Sulphur Dioxide Concentration in Flue Gas (mg/m³, Actual)

1900

1850 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Hour of Day

Figure 9.10: Diurnal variations in sulphur dioxide concentrations measured to occur during summer and winter months at Matimba Power Station

- Current Matimba Power Station Fugitive Emissions (a) Wind Blown dust from Ash dump (Zwartwater) Significant emissions arise due to the mechanical disturbance of granular material from open areas. Parameters which have the potential to impact on the rate of emission of fugitive dust include the extent of surface compaction, moisture content, ground cover, the shape of the storage pile, particle size distribution, wind speed and precipitation. Any factor that binds the erodible material, or otherwise reduces the availability of erodible material on the surface, decreases the erosion potential of the fugitive source. High moisture contents, whether due to precipitation or deliberate wetting, promote the aggregation and cementation of fines to the surfaces of larger particles, thus decreasing the potential for dust emissions. Surface compaction and ground cover similarly reduces the potential for dust generation. The shape of a disposal dump influences the potential for dust emissions through the alteration of the airflow field. The particle size distribution of the material on the disposal site is important since it determines the rate of entrainment of material from the surface, the nature of dispersion of the dust plume, and the rate of deposition, which may be anticipated (Burger, 1994; Burger et al., 1995).

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An hourly emissions file was created for each source group, i.e. the topsoil and ash sections of the ash dump. The calculation of an emission rate for every hour of the simulation period was carried out using the ADDAS model. This model is based on the dust emission model proposed by Marticorena and Bergametti (1995). The model attempts to account for the variability in source erodibility through the parameterisation of the erosion threshold (based on the particle size distribution of the source) and the roughness length of the surface.

In the quantification of wind erosion emissions, the model incorporates the calculation of two important parameters, viz. the threshold friction velocity of each particle size, and the vertically integrated horizontal dust flux, in the quantification of the vertical dust flux (i.e. the emission rate).

Source specific information regarding the nature of the source, the percentage of exposed surface area and the type of material was provided by Eskom personnel. Where no source specific information was available use was made of information from similar operations. A site layout map provided by Eskom was used to determine the location, dimensions and orientations of the ash dump.

The source parameters used in the simulations for the ash dump can be found in Table 9.27. Table 9.28 show the particle size distribution used in the simulations.

Table 9.27: Source parameters pertaining to the ash dump

X Height Y length Moisture Clay Bulk density Source length (m) (m) (%) (%) (g/cm³) (m)

Ash section 1 40 2000 165 13.45 1 0.771 Ash section 2 52 1800 150 13.45 1 0.771 Topsoil section 1 40 2000 165 3.4 15 1.2 Topsoil section 2 52 2000 900 3.4 15 1.2

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Table 9.28: Particle size distribution for the materials found on the ash dump Ash Topsoil µm fraction µm fraction 600 0.0472 75 0.12 404.21 0.0269 45 0.14 331.77 0.0296 30 0.21 272.31 0.0336 15 0.09 223.51 0.0404 10 0.14 183.44 0.0503 5 0.1 150.57 0.0609 2.5 0.13 123.59 0.0687 1 0.07 101.44 0.0728 83.26 0.0739 68.33 0.072 56.09 0.0669 46.03 0.0607 37.79 0.0537 31.01 0.0471 25.46 0.0407 17.15 0.0628 14.08 0.0528 7.78 0.0285 3.53 0.0105

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Figure 9.11: Southern side of the ash dump at Zwartwater, with the topsoil covering of the ash and the use of wet suppression evident.

Figure 9.12: Borrow area located to the south of the existing ash dump at Zwartwater from where soil is removed for placement on the surface of the ash dump. The ash dump will expand into this area.

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Figure 9.13: Stacking of ash by stacker at the Zwartwater ash dump. The relatively high moisture content of the ash reduces the potential for fugitive emissions during this process.

(b) Materials handling Materials handling operations associated with the activities at the power station includes the transfer of coal and topsoil by means of tipping, loading and off-loading of trucks. The quantity of dust that will be generated from such loading and off-loading operations will depend on various climatic parameters, such as wind speed and precipitation, in addition to non-climatic parameters such as the nature (i.e. moisture content) and volume of the material handled. Fine particulates are most readily disaggregated and released to the atmosphere during the material transfer process, as a result of exposure to strong winds. Increases in the moisture content of the material being transferred would decrease the potential for dust emissions, since moisture promotes the aggregation and cementation of fines to the surfaces of larger particles.

The amount of material handled per day will differ for various steps in the process. Significant materials handling operations conditions include: - Topsoil tipped at ash dump; and - Coal tipped at power station.

The quantity of dust generated from the operations identified was based on the average amount of material stored and retrieved monthly (24 000 tpa of topsoil was assumed to be removed for the ash dump, and 1 570 tph of coal was assumed to be handled at the power station) and on the

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particle size distribution. No particle size breakdown was available and use was made of information obtained from similar operations. Where no site-specific information was available on parameters required by the equations use was made of the US.EPA AP42 documentation on similar processes.

The PM10 fraction of the TSP was assumed to be 35%. Hourly emission rates, varying according to the prevailing wind speed, were used as input in the dispersion simulations. A moisture content of 3.4% was assumed for the topsoil and 2.3% for the coal.

- Heavy Metal Releases from Matimba Power Station – Stacks and Ash Dump Operations The trace metal composition of fly ash and coarse ash generated at Matimba Power Station was obtained from a study undertaken previously by Eskom Holding’s Chemical Technologies Division (Delport, Novemer 2003). These data, given as follows, were used to quantify trace metal emissions within fugitive ash dam dust and within the fly ash emitted by the power station stacks:

Trace Element Raw Coal Coarse Ash Fly Ash Arsenic (As) 3.72 4.86 19.74 Barium (Ba) 353.69 771.12 862.85 Bismuth (Bi) 1.52 4.32 3.79 Cobalt (Co) 8.19 16.47 17.33 Chromium (Cr) 49.38 379.80 255.07 Copper (Cu) 18.05 21.30 28.06 Gallium (Ga) 16.74 16.21 27.12 Germanium (Ge) 1.82 1.55 6.11 Lead (Pb) 23.19 42.79 71.19 Mercury (Hg) 0.45 0.02 0.17 Nickel (Ni) 25.69 114.71 80.76 Niobium (Nb) 16.97 7.12 7.17 Rhiobium (Rb) 21.06 48.27 48.40 Selenium (Se) 192.04 298.44 451.56 Thorium (Th) 8.75 39.74 49.89 Tin (Sn) 3.63 9.46 4.89 Tungsten (W) 2.76 9.45 12.38 Uranium (U) 4.47 14.35 10.68 Vanadium (V) 57.54 94.36 116.91 Yiddium (Y) 25.98 45.48 45.64 Zinc (Zn) 46.33 236.20 100.09 Zirconium (Zr) 163.69 181.43 191.55

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Coarse ash and fly ash are both sent to the ash dam for disposal, with it being estimated that the coarse ash represents approximately 80% of the total ash and fly ash the remaining 20%. These ratios were used in estimating the trace metal composition of the ash dam ash.

The quantification of trace metal releases was restricted to those studied and documented in the November 2003 study. Furthermore, data were unavailable to quantify gaseous trace metal releases from stacks. Although studies have been undertaken in this regard previously, the methods of monitoring are still being scrutinized and reliable data not yet available (personal communication, Gerhard Gericke, Chief Consultant, Water and Applied Chemistry, Eskom Research & Development, 10 March 2006). Mercury represents the constituent most likely to be emitted in the gas phase. The total emissions of mercury, and hence the associate risk, could not therefore be ascertained. (subsequent to the compilation of the draft Air Quality Assessment further work has been conducted in order to more accurately assess the potential for mercury emissions and associated impacts with reference being made to the mercury content of the coal and emission factors published internationally for power generation. These findings are summarised and attached as Appendix AF)

• Coal Mining Operations Open-cast coal mining operations, such as that undertaken at Grootgeluk, are frequently significant sources of fugitive dust emissions, particularly if poorly controlled. Sources of fugitive dust include operations such as drilling, blasting, dragline and/or truck and shovel activities, in addition to vehicle entrainment and materials handling operations. Depending on the type of explosives used, blasting operations are also associated with gaseous emissions, e.g. nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and smaller quantities of sulphur dioxide. Gaseous and particulate emissions may also occur as a result of spontaneous combustion of coal discards and dumps.

An air quality study was undertaken for Grootgeluk Mine by ANMAR Environmental Group (February 2004). Fugitive dust emissions from certain mine operations, specifically wind entrainment from dumps and vehicle entrainment from unpaved roads were quantified and resultant total suspended dust concentrations predicted. Sulphur dioxide emissions from the discard dumps were similarly quantified and ambient sulphur dioxide concentrations due to such emissions simulated. Maximum sulphur dioxide concentrations predicted to occur due to the Grootgeluk Mine’s operations were as follows:

Maximum hourly sulphur dioxide concentration – 74 µg/m³

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Maximum daily sulphur dioxide concentration – 21 µg/m³ Maximum annual sulphur dioxide concentration – 6.8 µg/m³

An updated air quality study is currently underway by Airshed Planning Professionals for the proposed expansion of the Grootgeluk Mining operation aimed at providing the coal requirements of the proposed new power station. This study will build on the previously conducted study by ANMAR, and will aim to quantify emissions of PM10, sulphur dioxide and other pollutants from the current and proposed future mining operations. This study is due for completion in May 2006 and will quantitatively assess the potential for cumulative impacts arising due to the existing Matimba Power Station and the proposed power station.

• Sewage Works Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions are associated with wastewater treatment works. Species measured at local works have included: hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, ammonia, formaldehyde, acetone, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes, perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene), butyric acid, propionic acid, valeric acid and acetic acid. Species that represent the most important odorants included: hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, ammonia, and various fatty acids (butyric, propionic, valeric and acetic).

• Household Fuel Burning It is likely that certain households within local communities, specifically Marapong residential area are likely to use coal, wood and paraffin for space heating and/or cooking purposes. According to the 2001 census information, Marapong (Ward 2) comprises about 5600 people living in ~1200 households (55% of which are classified as not being “formal” households, despite 80% of households using electricity for lighting purposes). Despite the high percentage of electrification it is feasible that fuel burning may take place within a portion of electrified households at certain times of the year due to it being potentially more cost-effective for space heating purposes.

Domestic coal burning emits a large amount of gaseous and particulate pollutants including sulphur dioxide, heavy metals, total and respirable particulates including heavy metals and inorganic ash, carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and benzo(a)pyrene. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are recognised as carcinogens. Pollutants arising due to the combustion of wood include respirable particulates, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate benzo(a)pyrene and formaldehyde. Particulate emissions from wood burning within South Africa have been found to contain about 50% elemental carbon and about 50% condensed hydrocarbons (Terblanche et al., 1992). The main pollutants

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emitted from the combustion of paraffin are NO2, particulates, carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Veld Burning Biomass burning is an incomplete combustion process with carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen dioxide being emitted during the process. About 40% of the nitrogen in biomass is emitted as nitrogen, 10% remains in the ashes and it is assumed that 20% of the nitrogen is emitted as higher molecular weight nitrogen compounds. Unlike N species, only small amount of sulphur dioxide and sulphate aerosols are emitted. The visibility of smoke plumes from vegetation fires is due to their aerosol content (Helas and Pienaar, 1996).

The extent of emissions from veld burning is dependent on the quantity of material (biomass) available for combustion. The quantity of dry, combustible matter per unit area is on average 4.5 ton per hectare for savanna areas.

Crop-residue burning and general wild fires (veld fires) represent significant sources of combustion-related emissions associated with agricultural areas. Given that livestock agriculture prevails in the Lephalale area, it is anticipated that general wild fires are likely to be more important than controlled burning related to agricultural activities. Fires are however reported to occur relatively infrequently in the area.

• Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Air pollution from vehicle emissions may be grouped into primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are those emitted directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, those pollutants formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, or photochemical reactions. The significant primary pollutants emitted by motor vehicles

include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HCs),

sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulates and lead.

Secondary pollutants include: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), photochemical oxidants (e.g. ozone), HCs, sulphur acid, sulphates, nitric acid, sulphates, nitric acid and nitrate aerosols. Toxic hydrocarbons emitted include benzene, 1.2- butadiene, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Benzene represents an aromatic HC present in petrol, with 85% to 90% of benzene emissions emanating from the exhaust and the remainder from evaporative losses.

Given the low population number living in the region it is anticipated that vehicle exhaust emissions will be relatively limited and its contribution to ambient air pollutant concentrations dispersed and relatively insignificant.

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• Fugitive Dust Emissions Fugitive dust emissions may occur as a result of vehicle entrainment of dust from local paved and unpaved roads, wind erosion from open areas and dust generated by agricultural activities (e.g. tilling). The extent, nature and duration of agricultural activities, the moisture and silt content of soils and the extent of open areas is required to be know in order to quantify fugitive emissions from this source. The quantity of wind blown dust is similarly a function of the wind speed, the extent of exposed areas and the moisture and silt content of such areas.

• Brickworks operating at Hanglip Hendrik Pieterse, the owner of the farm Hanglip, runs the existing brickworks

located approximately 500 m from the Grootgeluk SO2 monitoring station (Figures 9.14 to 9.16). The brickworks manufactures approximately 2 million bricks per month, fired by using veld ovens (clamp kilns). Firing by clamp is one of the oldest methods of brickmaking. Despite no longer being used in most parts of the world – having being replace by coal- and gas-fired kiln operations – firing by clamp is still fairly widely used in South Africa.

The manufacturing of bricks involve quarry operations, crushing, screening, blending of raw materials, and the forming of, cutting or shaping, drying or curing, and firing of the final product. Emissions from brick manufacturing facilities (EPA 1997) include particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur

dioxide (SO2), sulphur trioxide (SO3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide

(CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), total organic compounds (TOC) (including methane, ethane, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and some hazardous air pollutants (HAP), hydrochloric acid and fluoride compounds. Other factors that may influence emissions are raw material composition and moisture content as well as firing parameters and fuel type.

The primary sources of particulate matter are material handling (grinding, drying, screening and storing), fuel handling and fugitive dust sources such as paved roads, unpaved roads and storage piles. The combustion products

(SO2, NOx, CO, CO2) are emitted from fuel combustion during firing. The main

source of SO2 emissions is the raw materials that sometimes contain sulphur compounds. The organic compounds (methane, ethane, VOC and HAP) are emitted from the firing and drying processes. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is emitted as a result of the fluorine compounds contained in the raw materials (where applicable).

Emission factors are unavailable for the estimation of atmospheric emissions from clamp firing of bricks. In order to provide an approximation of the

combustion related PM10 and SO2 emissions from the brickmaking operations at Hanglip reference was made to US-EPA AP42 emission factors given for

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uncontrolled coal-fired kilns. It was assumed that each brick weighs approximately 3 kg. PM10 emissions were estimated at 50.4 tpa and the sulphur dioxide emissions at 43.1 tpa for this operation. Insufficient information was however available on which to estimate the fugitive dust emissions from materials handling, crushing and screening and blending operations. Due to the low level of the releases and the proximity of the operation to the Grootstryd monitoring station, emissions from the brickmaking operation are anticipated to contribute to the air pollutant concentrations recorded at this station.

Figure 9.14: Operations at the brickworks at Hanglip located in close proximity to the Matimba Power Station (evident in background).

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Figure 9.15: Firing by clamp at the brickmaking operations at Hanglip.

Figure 9.16: Fugitive emissions due to materials handling and raw material preparation at the brickmaking operations at Hanglip

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9.4.2. Measured Baseline Air Quality

• Continuous Air Quality Monitoring

Eskom has undertaken recent continuous monitoring of ambient SO2 and PM10 concentrations in the vicinity of the Matimba Power Station. This monitoring was conducted at Zwartwater for the period 2001 to September 2003. In September 2003 the Zwartwater monitoring station was relocated to Grootstryd (Figure 9.17). Various other historical monitoring campaigns were undertaken including: • Sampling at five sites (M1-M5) during the August 1991 to January 1992 period; and • Sampling at Waterberg station during the 1984 to 1989 period; and • Sampling at the Wits caravan from 16 June to 10 July 2005.

The data availability for the Zwartwater and Grootstryd monitoring stations is given in Table 9.29. Data availability for the monitoring campaigns undertaken is given in Table 9.30. The locations of the various stations are illustrated in Figure 9.18. Maximum hourly, daily and period average air pollutant concentrations recorded at the Zwartwater and Grootstryd stations for the period 2001 to 2004 are given in Table 9.31. Maximum measured concentrations for the five-station monitoring campaign conducted between August 1991 and January 1992 are given in Table 9.32, concentrations recorded at Waterberg station during the 1980s presented in Table 9.33, and the Wits caravan results are given in Table 9.34.

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Figure 9.17 Grootstryd ambient air quality monitoring station located downwind of the Matimba Power Station.

Table 9.29: Data availability for the Zwartwater and Grootstryd monitoring stations. Monitoring Data Availability Pollutant Station 2001 2002 2003 2004 PM 16 % 0 % 0 % - Zwartwater SO2 71 % 37 % 55 % - PM - - 61 % 86 % Grootstryd SO2 - - 83 %(a) 74 % (a) Data availability from September to December 2003

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Table 9.30: Data availability for the monitoring campaigns undertaken at stations M1-M5, Wits caravan and at Waterberg Monitoring Period Monitoring Station - Pollutant Data Availability

Aug 1991 to Jan 1992 Matimba 1 (M1) – SO2 89 %

Matimba 2 (M2) – SO2 93 %

Matimba 3 (M3) – SO2 70 %

Matimba 4 (M4) – SO2 73 %

Matimba 5 (M5) – SO2 64 %

16 June to 10 July 2005 Wits caravan – SO2 83 % 16 June to 10 July 2005 Wits caravan – PM10 70 %

Jan 1985 – Dec 1989 Waterberg – SO2 69%

Jan – Dec 1989 Waterberg – NOx 75% Jan – Dec 1989 Waterberg – NO 37%

Jan – Dec 1989 Waterberg – NO2 42%

Jan – Dec 1989 Waterberg – O3 47%

M3 M2M1 M5 Grootstryd Zwartwater

M4

Waterberg

Figure 9.18: Location of the Eskom monitoring stations in the vicinity of the Matimba Power Station.

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Table 9.31: Monitored ground level concentrations (µg/m³) at the Eskom monitoring stations of Zwartwater and Grootstryd(a).

Highest Hourly Averages Highest Daily Averages Period Averages Monitoring Station Pollutant 2001 2002 2003 2004 2001 2002 2003 2004 2001 2002 2003 2004

PM10 153 - - - 73 - - - 9 (b) - - - Zwartwater (ZW) (b) (b) SO2 563 825 387 - 68 98 6 - 10 14 - -

PM10 - - 325 624 - - 86 130 - - - 35 Grootstryd (GS)

SO2 - - 620 529 - - 103 100 - - - 14

(a) Air quality limit value exceedances indicated in bold print, with reference made to the EC hourly SO2 limit of 350 µg/m³, the DEAT, SANS, EC, WHO daily SO2 limit of 125 µg/m³ and the SANS and EC daily PM10 limits of 75 µg/m³ and 50 µg/m³ respectively. (b) Period averages do not actually represent annual averages due to poor data availability.

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Table 9.32 Monitored SO2 ground level concentrations (µg/m³) for the monitoring campaign undertaken from August 1991 to January 1992 Highest Hourly Highest Daily Monitoring Station Period Averages Averages Averages Matimba 1 (M1) 398 72 10.6 Matimba 2 (M2) 560 69 14.8 Matimba 3 (M3) 806 176 19.0 Matimba 4 (M4) 487 87 13.4 Matimba 5 (M5) 662 112 13.5 (a) Air quality limit value exceedances indicated in bold print, with reference made to the EC hourly SO2

limit of 350 µg/m³, the DEAT, SANS, EC, WHO daily SO2 limit of 125 µg/m³ and the SANS and EC daily PM10 limits of 75 µg/m³ and 50 µg/m³ respectively.

Table 9.33: Monitored ground level concentrations (µg/m³) at the Eskom monitoring stations of Waterberg(a).

(b) (b) SO2 NOx NO NO2 O3 Annua highe highe l/peri highe highe period highe highe period highe highe period highe highe period st st od st st avera st st avera st st avera st st avera Year hourly daily avera hourly daily ge hourly daily ge hourly daily ge hourly daily ge (µg/ (µg/ ge (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ (µg/ m³) m³) (µg/ m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) m³) 1985 86 31 7 ------1986 35 22 6 ------1987 232 27 10 ------1988 330 56 6 ------1989 565 99 16 103 40 10 69 18 4 66 31 12 147 99 33

(a) Air quality limit value exceedances indicated in bold, with reference made to EC hourly SO2 limit of 350 µg/m³. (b) The validity of the NOX data was found to be questionable given that NO2 concentrations were

frequently recorded as being greater than the measured NOx levels.

Table 9.34: Monitored ground level concentrations (µg/m³) for the monitoring campaign undertaken from 16 June 2005 to 10 July 2005 at the Wits caravan. Sulphur Dioxide PM10 Monitoring Highest Hourly Highest Daily Highest Hourly Highest Daily Station Averages Averages Averages Averages Wits caravan 172 33 1062 202

(a) Air quality limit value exceedances indicated in bold print, with reference made to the EC hourly SO2

limit of 350 µg/m³, the DEAT, SANS, EC, WHO daily SO2 limit of 125 µg/m³ and the SANS and EC daily PM10 limits of 75 µg/m³ and 50 µg/m³ respectively.

Air quality limit exceedances have been measured to occur for the following pollutants-stations-averaging periods: • Sulphur dioxide – EC hourly limit – Zwartwater, Grootstryd, M1-M5 and Waterberg; • Sulphur dioxide – SANS daily limit – M3; • PM10 – daily limit – Zwartwater, Wits caravan and Grootstryd (no measurements of PM10 at the M1-M5 and Waterberg stations).

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In assessing recorded hourly sulphur dioxide concentrations reference was made to the EC hourly limit given that no SANS limit is issued for this averaging period. The EC limit is classified as an equivalent limit, i.e. hourly average sulphur dioxide concentrations of 350 µg/m³ are estimated to be associated with 10 minute peak sulphur dioxide concentrations of 500 µg/m³. An exceedance of the EC hourly limit of 350 µg/m³ is therefore likely to signal and exceedance of the SANS 10-minute limit of 500 µg/m³. The frequencies of exceedance of the EC hourly limit and SANS daily limit is summarised in Table 9.35. It is evident that the exceedances occur relatively infrequently, with the greatest frequency of occurrence having been recorded to occur at the M3 station.

Table 9.35: Frequencies of exceedance of sulphur dioxide limits recorded to occur at the various monitoring stations Frequencie No. of Frequencie s of Hours No. of Days s of Exceedanc Exceeding Exceeding Exceedanc Total Hours Total Days e (%) of the EC the SANS e (%) of Station of Data of Data the EC Hourly Daily Limit the SANS Available Available Hourly Limit Value of 125 Daily Limit Limit Value of 350 µg/m³ Value of of 350 µg/m³ 125 µg/m³ µg/m³ Grootstryd (Sep – Dec 2003) 4 2365 0.17 Grootstryd (2004) 3 6494 0.05 Wits caravan Zwartwater 11 14995 0.07 Waterberg (1989 only) 1 3714 0.03 M1 1 3936 0.03 M2 1 4113 0.02 M3 7 3 3072 137 0.23 2.19 M4 1 3216 0.03 M5 2 2810 0.07

NOx and ozone was only measured at Waterberg during 1989. NOx concentrations were recorded at

Waterberg during this year to represent up to 9% of the SA guideline for NOx and up to 17% of the guideline for NO2. The measured NO2 concentrations constitute ~30% of the more stringent SANS

NO2 annual and hourly limits. It should be noted that the validity of the NOX data is questionable given that NO2 concentrations were frequently recorded as being greater than the measured NOx levels. Measured ozone concentrations were observed to comprise up to 74% of the SANS limit and 63% of the SA standard.

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Although no obvious seasonal variations in sulphur dioxide concentrations were apparent, diurnal trends were evident in measured sulphur dioxide levels (Figure 9.19). Generally higher ground level sulphur dioxide concentrations were recorded to occur during the daytime (08h00 to 19h00) at most monitoring stations (with the exception of M5 as may be expected due to the distance of this station). Primary peaks in ground level sulphur dioxide concentrations were observed to occur during the morning (10h00 to 12h00) at Zwartwater and M4, whereas M1 and M2 recorded peaks at 13h00. The lower concentrations at M1 are to be expected given the stack height and the proximity of this station to the power station. It is interesting to note that the M3 station, located to the west of the Matimba Power Station, recorded higher ground level concentrations during the afternoon (14h00 – 15h00).

Figure 9.19: Diurnal variations in hourly average sulphur dioxide concentrations recorded at various Eskom monitoring stations located in the vicinity of Matimba Power Station

Ground level concentrations recorded at the distant M5 station were observed to be higher during the night-time hours with lower day-time concentrations coinciding with periods when the power station plume is more likely to be mixed down to ground within the vicinity of the power station.

Despite the Waterberg station also being situated at a more distant site it is notable that the diurnal variations in ground level sulphur dioxide concentrations were distinctly different from that measured at M5. The lower ground level sulphur dioxide concentrations recorded during the night-time at

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Waterberg are anticipated to be due to the increased frequency of occurrence of southwestern airflow at this site, associated with the onset of katabatic

down-valley airflow. Generally higher ground level SO2 concentrations were recorded at Waterberg during the daytime when airflow from the east to northeasterly sectors prevailed. Marginally higher concentrations occurred in the afternoon during which time the extent of downmixing in the immediate vicinity of the power station was likely to be reduced.

Diurnal Variations in Hourly Average Sulphur Dioxide Concentrations recorded at the Grootstryd Monitoring Station

30

25

20

Grootstryd (Sep 03 - Dec 04) 15 Grootstryd (Summer) Grootstryd (Winter)

10 Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (µg/m³)

5

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of Day

Figure 9.20: Diurnal variations in hourly average sulphur dioxide concentrations recorded at Grootstryd monitoring station

Similarly, for Grootstryd a diurnal trend can be seen, as well as a seasonal trend (Figure 9.20). The winter season has higher sulphur dioxide concentrations than the summer season. This is either due to additional sources of pollution or a change in meteorological conditions. Due to the fact that there are limited variations in sources of pollution, this seasonal variation is most likely due to different meteorological conditions present in the winter months.

Air pollution roses depict the prevailing wind direction coincident with the occurrences of elevated air pollutant concentrations at a particular monitoring station. Such roses are therefore useful in identifying the location of the contribution source in relation to the monitoring station.

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Air pollution roses generated for the Grootstryd and Wits caravan stations are

illustrated in Figures 9.21 to 9.24. The highest SO2 concentrations recorded at Grootstryd and the Wits caravan tend to coincide with airflow from the ENE and NE sector. This is to be expected given the location of the monitoring stations in relation to the power station (Figure 9.18). It is however evident that elevated sulphur dioxide concentrations do coincide with wind from other sectors. This may be due either to the recirculation of emissions from the power station or due to the contribution of other sources (e.g. combustion of coal discards or firing at Hanglip brickworks). Elevated PM10 concentrations tended to coincide with westerly, west-northwesterly and southeasterly airflow. Sources which could contribute to PM10 concentrations recorded at Grootstryd monitoring station include fugitive emissions from mining operations, ash dump operations and brickmaking.

Figure 9.21: Pollution roses for sulphur dioxide measurements at the Grootstryd monitoring station.

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Figure 9.22: Pollution roses for PM10 measurements at the Grootstryd monitoring station.

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Figure 9.23: Pollution roses for various pollutants at the Wits caravan monitoring station.

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Figure 9.24: Pollution roses for various pollutants at the Wits caravan monitoring station.

• Passive Diffusive Sampling of Sulphur Dioxide

SO2 passive sampling was undertaken at 10 locations surrounding the power station from December 2004 to Oct 2005. The location of these passive diffusive sampling stations is shown in Figure 9.25. The monthly results from the passive diffusive sampling campaign are depicted in Figure 9.26, with the period average recorded given in Table 9.36. (Values are expressed in µg/m³

- the volume of SO2 is standardized at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa).

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Figure 9.25: Location of SO2 passive diffusive sampling sites in relation to Matimba Power Station.

Table 9.36: Period (December 2004 – October 2005) average sulphur dioxide concentrations recorded at the passive diffusive sampling stations. Station Period Average (µg/m³) RON 1 7 RON 2 8 RON 3 11 RON 4 2 RON 5 7 RON 6 11 RON 7 6 RON 8 6 RON 9 6 RON 10 3

Period average sulphur dioxide concentrations were recorded to be well within the SA standard for annual averages given as 50 µg/m³. They were also noted to be within the limits stipulated by the EC and the WHO for the protection of ecosystems (20 µg/m³ and 10-30 µg/m³ respectively).

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Passive monthly sulphur dioxide concentrations recorded at various sites in the vicinty of Matimba Power Station

30

25

20 RON 1 RON 2

15 RON 3 RON 4 RON 5 10 RON 6 RON 7 RON 8 5 RON 9 RON 10 Monthly sulphur dioxide concentration (µg/m³) concentration dioxide sulphur Monthly

0 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 5 Apr 05 - 5 May 5 Apr 11 Feb 05 - 5 Apr 1 Dec 04 - 14 Jan 1 Dec 5 Aug 05 - 26 Aug 5 Aug 26 Sep 05 - 3 Nov 26 Sep 7 Jul 05 - 5 Aug 05 7 Jul 05 - 5 Aug 13 Jan 05 - 11 Feb 5 May 05 - 7 Jul 25 Aug 05 - 27 Sep 25 Aug Passive samplers

Figure 9.26: Monthly sulphur dioxide concentrations recorded at the passive diffusive sampling sites

Passive sampler RON1 is situated close to the Grootstryd continuous monitoring station. Data for Grootstryd was available for 2004 whereas the passive monitoring campaign only commenced in 2005 making it impossible to compare the concentrations recorded for a coincident period. For illustrative purposes a comparison was made between the passive diffusive results recorded during 2005 and the Grootstryd data for 2004 (Table 9.37). The passive diffusive monitoring undertaken during 2005 recorded significantly lower levels when compared with the continuous monitoring at Grootstryd. It is uncertain whether this is due to the monitoring methods or whether lower concentrations did occur during the 2005 period. This should be ascertained when the 2005 Grootstryd ambient data becomes available (not available as at 10 March 2006).

Table 9.37: Comparison between the continuous monitoring and the passive monitoring

Grootstryd monthly mean SO2 RON 1 passive sample SO2 concentration concentration for 2004 (µg/m³) for 2005 (µg/m³) Jan 9.4 13 Jan 05 - 11 Feb 05 7.39 Feb 12.7 11 Feb 05 - 5 Apr 05 3.87 Mar 20.1 11 Feb 05 - 5 Apr 05 3.87 Apr 9.2 5 Apr 05 - 5 May 05 12.28 May 16.3 5 May 05 - 7 Jul 05 6.69 Jun 19.5 5 May 05 - 7 Jul 05 6.69 Jul 16.5 7 Jul 05 - 5 Aug 05 7.93 Aug 13.6 5 Aug 05 - 26 Aug 05 4.67

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Sep 16.3 25 Aug 05 - 27 Sep 05 7.33 Oct 12.7 26 Sep 05 - 3 Nov 05 5.97 Nov 4.0 Dec 11.1

• Passive Corrosion Monitoring The Mechanical and Materials Technology Department at the Environmental Department of Technology Services International determined the relative corrosivity indices at 10 different sites around the Matimba Power Station in the Lephalale area from December 2003 to the end of March 2004 (K. Northcott, 2004). This was done to determine the impact of the Power Station and the Grootgeluk Coal Mine emissions on the corrosivity indices and

to determine the role of hydrogen sulphide and SOx in the corrosion of mild steel and galvanizing.

The ten units shown in Figure 9.27, placed in roughly a triangle, 28 km in length and 24 km in height, detected sulphur based pollutants by the following means:

- As a measured increase in ICI (industrial corrosivity index) - As a visible blackening of the copper bolt of the ICI fixture in the corrosion unit - By a semi-quantitative measurement of sulphur present on a copper wire sample, using EDX - By increases in the corrosion rates of zinc and of iron wire coils exposed on the units

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Figure 9.27: Positioning of corrosivity sampling units in relation to the Matimba Power Station and Grootgeluk mine (Northcott, 2004).

Considering the prevailing wind directions (NE, NNE and ENE), it is expected that pollution from the power station be detected at E04, E03 and E05 and that pollution from the mine dump be detected at E01, E02 and 04. A synopsis of the main findings is given in Table 9.38.

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Table 9.38: Passive Corrosion monitoring results (reproduced from Northcott, 2004) Visual evidence EDAX EDAX No: ICI Zn rate* Steel rate* Comments of sulphur on (% S) (% Cl) copper bolt High S measured on EDAX, could imply high Zn. However E01 2.60 0.20 0.07 6.01 24.4 Highest no indication from the ICI or steel rate. Very high S and some Cl, high E02 3.04 0.32 0.12 5.76 32.7 Zn rate, but little increase in ICI Little or steel. Some corrosivity on the ICI. Zn E03 0.49 0.14 0.26 4.60 33.7 and steel rates above normal, Medium but no EDAX evidence. Little EDAX evidence – S. ICI E04 0.73 0.21 0.15 3.74 37.7 and Zn fairly low, but steel Fairly high highest! Some S on EDAX, ICI fairly low E05 0.87 0.15 0.15 4.61 31.7 but Zn and steel rates above Medium normal. No EDAX data for S. ICI and No No E06 0.10 4.52 10.3 steel very low, but Zn above None analysis analysis normal. No S on EDAX, and ICI E07 0.57 0.12 0.09 7.42 33.2 negligible, but Zn high! And Fairly high steel fairly high. EDAX detects both Cl and S. E08 0.89 0.87 0.09 2.80 19.8 However ICI, Zn and steel all None low! Fairly high S and Cl reflected in E09 0.74 0.31 0.43 3.60 24.7 substantial ICI. However Zn Medium and steel only moderate! Some corrosivity on the ICI. Zn No No E10 0.28 3.06 17.3 and steel rates low. No EDAX Medium analysis analysis analysis. Note: ICI is indicator of chemical contamination including S and Cl Zinc rate in microns per annum with an *estimated correction for the period < 1 year Steel rate as for the zinc, * corrected, using low carbon steel

The main conclusions drawn by Northcott (2004) were as follows: - The area was measured, according to a modified ISO 9223 methodology, to be “medium” in corrosivity. - A slight increase in corrosivity was measured to the south to southwest of the coal mine. The reason for this small increase is not proven but may be due to mine and/or power station emissions.

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- The specific industrial corrosivity – as measured using the sensitive galvanic couple of an aluminium wire on a copper bolt – is very low at all tend sites and rates “negligible”. - With regard to the E01 sampling site at Zaagput farm, Northcott stated that there was no evidence, at all that the site E01 (Zaagput farm) was

subject to SO2 corrosion, although some of the measured evidence

implicates H2S pollution there, with possible effects on zinc. It was given as being highly unlikely that this pollution originated from the power station, both in terms of its composition and the distance it would have travelled.

9.4.3. Modelled Air Pollutant Concentration and Deposition due to Existing Power Station Operations

• Dispersion Modelling Methodology Atmospheric dispersion modelling was undertaken for the existing Matimba Power Station using the CALPUFF modelling suite recommended for regulatory use by the US-EPA for complex terrain environments and regional-scale modelling domains (typically 50 to 250 km). A detailed description of the modelling methodology and data inputs is given in Appendix B. Prior to the use of the dispersion model in assessing incremental and cumulative air pollutant concentrations due to the proposed power station, model results were validated. The validation process and rational for implementing a correction factor of 0.5 is also outlined in Appendix B.

• Calculation of 10-minute Averages The CALPUFF model only facilitates the estimation of hourly or longer period

averages. In order to facilitate comparisons with the SA and SANS SO2 10-

minute averages limit, 10-minute SO2 predicted concentrations were extrapolated from the hourly average predictions using the equation:

n C x C p = ()t p t x (1)

where,

Cx , Cp = concentrations for averaging times tx and tp respectively

tx , tp = any two averaging times

Some have suggested a single-value n in the range of 0.16 to 0.25:

Stewart, Gale, Crooks (Slade, 1968) n = 0.2 Hilst (Slade, 1968) n = 0.25 Wipperman (Slade, 1968) n = 0.18 Turner (1970) n = 0.17 – 0.20

Meade (Nonhebel, 1960) n = 0.16

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Beychok (1979) studied this range summarising the values of n as follows: • A single-value n of about 0.2 • Values of n ranging from 0.2 to 0.68.

In this study a single-value of 0.2 for n was assumed in the estimation of 10-

minute average SO2 concentrations occurring due to Matimba Power Station emissions.

• Dispersion Model Results - Results for Criteria Pollutants Isopleth plots illustrating predicted sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations and dust deposition rates occurring due to Matimba Power Station related emissions are presented in Appendix C. A synopsis of the maximum hourly, daily and annual sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations occurring due to Matimba Power Station operations is given in Table 9.39.

Predicted NO and NO2 concentrations were predicted to be well within local and international air quality limits. Predicted PM10 concentrations were within the SA daily and annual standards but exceeded the SANS and EC limit values in the immediate vicinity of the ash dump at Zwartwater. Public exposure within this area is not expected to be significant. Maximum monthly dustfall rates were typically “moderate” (i.e. 250 - 500 mg/m²/day) immediately downwind of the Zwartwater ash dump and materials handling section of the power station, with “slight” dustfalls (i.e. < 250 mg/m²/day) occurring beyond these areas.

Exceedances of local and international air quality limits given for sulphur dioxide were predicted to be exceeded for hourly and daily averaging periods within the zone of maximum impact (i.e. southwest of the Matimba Power Station). The hourly limit value was also predicted to be exceeded infrequently within the residential area of Marapong and along the western boundaries of Onverwacht (with no exceedances predicted for central Onverwacht) (Table 9.39).

In order to determine the significance of exceedances of air quality limits, health and vegetation thresholds and material damage thresholds, reference is made to: - distance of exceedance of limits and thresholds – with specific attention paid to the likelihood of public/vegetation/property exposures within the exceedance area; and - frequencies of exceedance of limits and thresholds. Countries with stringent limit values such as EC member states frequently specifying a

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number of exceedances permissible prior to listing an area as being in

non-compliance. (It should be noted that the SA standard for SO2 currently makes no provision for permissible frequencies and is therefore considered more stringent that limits passed by the EC, UK, Australia and the US-EPA amongst other countries. Given that permissible frequencies are likely to be added to the SA standards in coming years, reference is made to the permissible frequencies of other countries for information and decision making purposes.)

The distances of exceedance of various air quality limits and health risk, vegetation damage and corrosion potential thresholds are illustrated in Figure 9.28. A synopsis is given in Table 9.40 of the frequencies of exceedance of air quality limits and thresholds for selected receptor points and therefore the potential which exists for non-compliance and impacts.

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Figure 9.28: Areas over which various air quality limits and health, vegetation injury and material damage thresholds are exceeded due to existing Matimba Power Station emissions.

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All local and international air quality limit values for sulphur dioxide considered are exceeded for hourly and daily averaging periods within the maximum impact zone of the power station. This impact zone is however located to the southwest of the power station where residential settlement is currently restricted to scattered farmsteads. Within the residential areas of Marapong and Onverwacht predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations comply with UK and World Bank limits, despite exceeding EC, SA and Australian limits. SA limits are more stringent that UK limits given that no permissible frequencies have been set by DEAT, with the SA

standards for SO2 therefore being more stringent than the UK and EC.

Taking into account the likelihood of exceeding SO2 thresholds and the potential for exposure given the number of persons residing in the area, it may be concluded that little potential exists for vegetation damage, significant corrosion and health effects due to sulphur dioxide levels. The potential for infrequent mild respiratory effects occurring in the Marapong area was classified as “moderate” given that the threshold associated with the potential for such effects was exceeded four times per year in this area which has a population of ~17000 people.

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Table 9.39 Predicted SO2, NO, NO2 and PM10 concentrations occurring due to Matimba Power Station emissions – given at the point of maximum ground level concentration (glc) and at nearby sensitive receptor locations. (Exceedance of air quality limit values indicated in bold.) Sulphur Dioxide Concentrations Nitric Oxide Concentrations Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations PM10 Concentrations Highest Highest Annual Highest Highest Annual Highest Highest Annual Highest Annual Location Hourly Daily Average Hourly Daily Average Hourly Daily Average Daily Average (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) GLC Maximum 1521.1 171.6 19.6 285.4 33.9 3.8 96.1 19.5 1.4 5.5 0.5 Marapong 993.2 90.7 3.3 204.5 19.5 0.6 35.4 3.2 0.2 4.9 0.2 Onverwacht (maximum) 660.5 47.4 3.9 86.7 7.2 0.6 78.8 7.7 0.4 2.8 0.2 Onverwacht (central) 297.7 35.8 2.7 34.9 6.0 0.4 47.5 5.0 0.3 2.5 0.2

Air Quality Limit Value 350 125 50 750 375 188 200 188 40 75 40 SA, WHO, EC, UK Limit – EC SA, WHO, & UK SA, WHO, EC, UK permit 8 EC, UK Limit – EC SA and 18 Limit – EC & UK standard exceedance & UK permit 3 for s permit 3 EC & UK exceedance protection respectively exceedance limit, EC s; no of human ; no s; no SANS limit permits 4 permissible health (EC permissible permissible value (no exceedance frequencies limit for frequencies frequencies permissible SANS limit s; UK 24 stipulated ecosystem stipulated stipulated frequencies (also EC Details of Limit Value exceedance by SA & given as 20 SA SA SA by SA & SA by SA & stipulated and UK Used s WHO µg/m³) standard standard standard WHO standard WHO to date) limit)

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Predicted Sulphur Dioxide Predicted Nitric Oxice Predicted Nitrogen Dioxide Predicted PM10 Levels Concentrations as a Fraction of the Concentrations as a Fraction of the Concentrations as a Fraction of the as a Fraction of Selected Limit Selected Limit Selected Limit Selected Limit Highest Highest Annual Highest Highest Annual Highest Highest Annual Highest Annual Hourly Daily Average Hourly Daily Average Hourly Daily Average Daily Average GLC Maximum 4.35 1.37 0.39 0.38 0.09 0.02 0.48 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.01 Marapong 2.84 0.73 0.07 0.27 0.05 0.00 0.18 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.00 Onverwacht (maximum) 1.89 0.38 0.08 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.39 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 Onverwacht (central) 0.85 0.29 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.24 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.00

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Table 9.40: Potential for non-compliance, health effects, vegetation damage and corrosion occurring due to sulphur dioxide concentrations occurring as a result of existing Matimba Power Station emissions

Predicted SO2 Potential for Vegetation Corrosion Potential for Health Concentration Injury and Ecosystem Compliance Potential Potential Effects (µg/m³) Damage

Receptor Receptor Name Percentile)

Category th (20 µg/m³) Highest Daily Annual Average (EC & UK permit 3) 3) (EC & UK permit Potential for Corrosion Highest Hourly Average Ecosystems (20 µg/m³) (20 Ecosystems Threshold of 1300 µg/m³ Annual Limit for Protection of µg/m³ (EC permits 4, UK 24) Annual Average as Fraction of 660 µg/m³ - indicative of mild Compliance with Standards SA Compliance with UK Standards Highest Hourly (99 respiratory effects (hours/year) Freq Exc EC Hourly Limit of 350 Potential for Vegetation Damage Annual Average as Fraction of EC Threshold for "Medium" Corrosivity Freq Exc SA 10-minute Limit of 500 Health Risk Categorisation based on Highest Hourly as Fraction of Hourly Freq Exc California EPA Acute REL of µg/m³ (no permissible frequencies) / frequencies) µg/m³ (no permissible Freq Exc SA Daily Limit of 125 µg/m³

Maximum GLC Maximum 1323 172 19.6 1.0 low 1.0 1.0 low low(a) 17 99 7 FALSE FALSE moderat Residential areas Marapong 864 91 3.3 0.2 low 0.70.2 low e 4 19 1 FALSE TRUE

Onverwacht (maximum) 575 47 3.9 0.2 low 0.4 0.2 low low 3 5 0 FALSE TRUE

Onverwacht (central) 259 36 2.7 0.1 low 0.2 0.1 low low 0 1 0 FALSE TRUE Farms (centre point) Eendracht 384 48 3.9 0.2 low 0.30.2 low low(a) 0 6 0 FALSE TRUE

Altoostyd 505 51 5.4 0.3 low 0.40.3 low low(a) 1 11 0 FALSE TRUE

Worcester 482 65 5.8 0.3 low 0.40.3 low low(a) 1 6 0 FALSE TRUE

Paarl 391 34 3.6 0.2 low 0.30.2 low low(a) 0 2 0 FALSE TRUE

Turfvlakte 628 167 13.6 0.7 low 0.50.7 low low(a) 6 61 5 FALSE FALSE

Hieromtrent 398 107 8.8 0.4 low 0.30.4 low low(a) 0 15 0 FALSE TRUE

Leeuwdrift 322 50 6.6 0.3 low 0.20.3 low low(a) 0 7 0 FALSE TRUE

Hanglip 750 93 13.4 0.7 low 0.60.7 low low(a) 7 73 1 FALSE FALSE

Wellington 262 60 7.0 0.3 low 0.20.3 low low(a) 1 2 0 FALSE TRUE

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Kromdraai 210 48 5.5 0.3 low 0.20.3 low low(a) 0 0 0 TRUE TRUE

Kuipersbult 396 76 11.0 0.5 low 0.30.5 low low(a) 1 10 0 FALSE TRUE

Grootvallei 575 53 8.3 0.4 low 0.40.4 low low(a) 3 4 0 FALSE TRUE

Nooitgedacht 274 42 7.1 0.4 low 0.20.4 low low(a) 1 3 0 FALSE TRUE

Peerboom 341 35 3.2 0.2 low 0.30.2 low low(a) 0 7 0 FALSE TRUE

Nelsonskop 408 38 3.2 0.2 low 0.30.2 low low(a) 2 8 0 FALSE TRUE

Appelvlakte 329 33 2.6 0.1 low 0.30.1 low low(a) 0 2 0 FALSE TRUE

Zongezien 482 60 2.6 0.1 low 0.40.1 low low(a) 0 9 0 FALSE TRUE

Droogeheuvel 423 41 2.1 0.1 low 0.30.1 low low(a) 1 5 0 FALSE TRUE

Vooruit 259 21 2.0 0.1 low 0.20.1 low low(a) 0 1 0 FALSE TRUE

Ganzepan 309 28 1.6 0.1 low 0.20.1 low low(a) 0 2 0 FALSE TRUE

Goedehoop (mine, dump) 401 52 3.9 0.2 low 0.3 0.2 low low(a) 0 5 0 FALSE TRUE

Enkelbult (mine, pit) 480 95 9.1 0.5 low 0.4 0.5 low low(a) 0 36 1 FALSE FALSE

Grootgeluk (mine, pit) 439 80 8.3 0.4 low 0.3 0.4 low low(a) 0 14 1 FALSE TRUE

Vaalpensloop 439 68 7.5 0.4 low 0.30.4 low low(a) 0 7 1 FALSE TRUE

McCabesvley 384 63 5.1 0.3 low 0.30.3 low low(a) 0 9 0 FALSE TRUE

Graaffwater 253 28 2.5 0.1 low 0.20.1 low low(a) 1 3 0 FALSE TRUE

Verguldehelm 411 72 7.9 0.4 low 0.30.4 low low(a) 1 7 0 FALSE TRUE

Daarby (mine, dump) 484 98 5.6 0.3 low 0.4 0.3 low low(a) 2 14 1 FALSE TRUE Notes: (a) In assessing potential reference is made to the frequencies of exceedance of the threshold for mild respiratory effects in addition to the likelihood of exposure – based on the number of persons residing in the area.

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- Results for Heavy Metals Cancer risks associated with inhalation exposures to predicted lead, arsenic and nickel were calculated based on predicted maximum annual average concentrations. Given the range of unit risk factors published by the California OEHHA, the WHO and the US-EPA it was decided to calculate cancer risks based on the maximum and minimum unit risk factors available (Table 9.41). Cancer risks were calculated to be very low, with total incremental cancer risks across all carcinogens quantified to be in the range of 1: 20.5 million to 1: 48 million.

Table 9.41: Cancer risks calculated due to inhalation exposures to individual carcinogens predicted to be emitted from existing Matimba Power Station emissions (stack and ash dam) Calculated Cancer Risk (expressed as a 1: xxx chance of contracting cancer) Carcinogens / Based on Lowest Risk Based on Highest Unit Suspected US-EPA IRIS Factor (least Risk Factor (most Carcinogens Classification conservative) conservative) Arsenic A 80,865,724 28,208,974 Nickel A 123,271,418 77,855,632 Lead B2 2,800,934,002 2,800,934,002

Total incremental cancer risk across all carcinogens quantified 47,995,278 20,554,553

Maximum hourly, daily, monthly and annual average heavy metal concentrations occurring due to power station fly ash emissions and fugitive emissions from the ash dump at Zwartwater. These predicted ambient metal concentrations were compared to relevant health thresholds in order to determine the potential for health impacts. Such health thresholds and the predicted concentrations as a fraction of such thresholds are given in Table 9.42. Fractions of greater than 1 indicate an exceedance of the threshold. No inhalation-related, non-carcinogenic health thresholds were predicted to be exceeded.

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Table 9.42: Predicted ambient trace metal concentrations (in the PM10 range) due to existing Matimba Power Station emissions, with concentrations given as a fraction of the relevant health thresholds. Fractions of > 1 indicate threshold exceedances. Predicted Ambient Air Concentrations Predicted Concentrations as a Fraction of Relevant Health Thresholds (µg/m³) (µg/m³) the Relevant Health Threshold Highest Highest Annual Highest Daily Monthly Average Intermedi Hourly Concentra Concentra Concentra Compound Acute Sub-acute ate (Sub- Chronic Concentra Highest Highest Highest Annual tion as a tion as a tion as a Health Health chronic) Health tion as a Hourly Daily Monthly Average Fraction of Fraction of Fraction of Threshold Threshold Health Threshold Fraction of the Sub- the Sub- the Threshold the Acute acute chronic Chronic Threshold Threshold Threshold Threshold As 1.38E-03 8.97E-05 1.69E-05 8.24E-06 0.19 0.03 0.73 0.03 Ba 1.23E-01 7.31E-03 7.41E-04 3.61E-04 50 5 0.25 0.01 Bi 6.43E-04 3.78E-05 3.28E-06 1.58E-06 Co 2.57E-03 1.53E-04 1.49E-05 7.25E-06 0.1 0.01 Cr 5.32E-02 3.08E-03 2.26E-04 1.07E-04 1 0.1 0.02 0.11 Cu 3.57E-03 2.15E-04 2.40E-05 1.17E-05 100 1 0.00 0.00 Ga 2.96E-03 1.81E-04 2.32E-05 1.13E-05 Ge 4.32E-04 2.80E-05 5.22E-06 2.55E-06 Pb 7.80E-03 4.77E-04 6.08E-05 2.98E-05 0.5 0.01 Hg 9.20E-06 6.24E-07 1.42E-07 6.96E-08 1.8 0.09 0.00 0.00 Ni 1.62E-02 9.43E-04 7.05E-05 3.38E-05 6 0.2 0.05 0.27 0.04 0.07 Nb 1.10E-03 6.51E-05 6.18E-06 3.00E-06 Rb 7.44E-03 4.41E-04 4.17E-05 2.02E-05 Se 5.25E-02 3.19E-03 3.86E-04 1.89E-04 20 0.00 Th 6.55E-03 3.93E-04 4.27E-05 2.09E-05 Sn 1.26E-03 7.24E-05 4.78E-06 2.05E-06 20 2 0.01 0.00 W 1.58E-03 9.51E-05 1.06E-05 5.18E-06 10 1 0.02 0.00 U 2.06E-03 1.20E-04 9.30E-06 4.47E-06 0.4 0.3 0.00 0.00

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Predicted Ambient Air Concentrations Predicted Concentrations as a Fraction of Relevant Health Thresholds (µg/m³) (µg/m³) the Relevant Health Threshold Highest Highest Annual Highest Daily Monthly Average Intermedi Hourly Concentra Concentra Concentra Compound Acute Sub-acute ate (Sub- Chronic Concentra Highest Highest Highest Annual tion as a tion as a tion as a Health Health chronic) Health tion as a Hourly Daily Monthly Average Fraction of Fraction of Fraction of Threshold Threshold Health Threshold Fraction of the Sub- the Sub- the Threshold the Acute acute chronic Chronic Threshold Threshold Threshold Threshold V 1.55E-02 9.29E-04 1.00E-04 4.89E-05 0.2 0.46 Y 7.01E-03 4.15E-04 3.93E-05 1.91E-05 Zn 3.06E-02 1.74E-03 1.07E-04 4.20E-05 50 5 0.06 0.00 Zr 2.84E-02 1.69E-03 1.65E-04 8.01E-05 50 5 0.06 0.00

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9.4.4. Conclusions regarding Baseline Air Quality

The following conclusions were drawn based on the monitored and modelled baseline air quality levels in the study region:

- Sulphur dioxide concentrations have been measured to infrequently exceed short-term air quality limits at several of the monitoring stations (Zwartwater, Grootstryd, Waterberg, M2, M3 and M5) within infrequent exceedance of such limits modelled to occur at the nearby residential areas of Marapong and Onverwacht.

The Matimba Power Station is likely to be the main contributing source to

the ambient SO2 ground level concentrations in the study area due to the magnitude of its emissions. This has being confirmed through atmospheric dispersion modelling of the power station’s stack emissions. Other sources which may contribute significantly due to their low release level include: spontaneous combustion of coal discards associated with Grootgeluk mining operations, clamp firing emissions during brickmaking at Hanglip and potentially household fuel burning within Marapong. The highest ground level concentrations due to the Matimba Power Station stack emissions are expected to occur during the day when unstable atmospheric conditions prevail and when the plume is brought to ground in relatively close proximity to the power station.

The comparison of measured and predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations to thresholds indicative of the potential for health, corrosion and vegetation impacts resulted in the following observations:

- The health threshold given as being associated with mild

respiratory effects (660 µg/m³ as an hourly threshold for SO2) was measured to be exceeded at Zwartwater and at the M3 and M5 monitoring sites. This threshold was predicted to be exceeded a maximum of 3 to 4 hours at Marapong.

- Measured and predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations were within limits indicative of low corrosion potentials. This is substantiated by the corrosivity monitoring documented by Northcott (2004).

- Measured and predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations were within the EC annual sulphur dioxide limit of 20 µg/m³ which aims to protect ecosystems. The WHO guideline to protect ecosystems is given as a range of 10 to 30 µg/m³, depending on ecosystem sensitivity. The lower end of the WHO guideline range (viz. 10

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µg/m³ intended for protection of highly sensitive vegetation types) was predicted and measured to be exceeded only on the southwestern side of the Matimba Power Station to a maximum distance of ~10 km (i.e. covering Turfvlakte, Hanglip, Zwartwater, Naauwontkomen and Kuipersbult farms). Given the nature of the vegetation on these farms it is unlikely that injury to the annual averages measured/predicted is likely to occur.

- Although the Matimba Power Station contributes to ambient nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the region, local and international air quality limit exceedances are not predicted, nor

measured, to occur. Other low level sources of NOx anticipated to occur in the region include combustion within coal discard dumps, brick firing operations and possibly also household fuel burning and infrequent veld burning and motor vehicles.

- Although ambient PM10 concentrations were measured to be within the current lenient SA Standards (as given in the second schedule of the Air Quality Act), exceedances of the more stringent SANS and EC limit values were observed to occur. (The highest PM10 concentrations recorded to date were measured on-site within the Grootgeluk Mine. Due however to these being on-site measurements, the should not be evaluated based on ambient air quality limits which are intended for use beyond the fenceline of industrial and mining operations.)

The contribution of Matimba Power Station to primary and secondary particulates was simulated, with the SANS and EC limits only predicted to be exceeded immediately downwind of Zwartwater ash dump operations. (Secondary particulates form in the atmosphere through the conversion of

SOx and NOx emissions to sulphate and nitrate.)

Various local and far-field sources are expected to contribute to the suspended fine particulate concentrations in the region. Local dust sources include wind erosion from exposed areas, fugitive dust from mining and brickmaking operations, vehicle entrainment from roadways and veld burning. Household fuel burning may also constitute a local source of low-level emissions. Long-range transport of particulates emitted from remote tall stacks and from large-scale biomass burning in countries to the north of RSA and the accumulation and recirculation of such regional air masses over the interior is well documented (Andreae et al., 1996; Garstang et al., 1996; Piketh, 1996).

- Based on the screening of the potential for health risks occurring due to inhalation exposures to trace metals released from existing Matimba Power

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Station it was concluded that predicted concentrations were within acute and chronic health thresholds and that total incremental cancer risks were very low. This is due to the high control efficiency of fly ash abatement systems in place on stacks and the dust abatement measures being implemented at the ash dam. The study was however restricted to the trace metals included in the fly ash and bottom ash composition studies (e.g. excluded metals like cadmium, beryllium and others which are likely to occur). Furthermore, the gaseous trace metals released could not be quantified. Given the volatility of the various trace elements, and the ratio between the trace metal composition of the coal and the composition of the fly and coarse ash, mercury is expected to occur primarily in the gaseous phase.

Given the elevated levels of sulphur dioxide and fine particulate concentrations measured/predicted to occur within parts of the study region it is imperative that the potential for cumulative concentrations due to any proposed developments be minimized and carefully evaluated.

9.5. EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR MATIMBA B OPERATIONS

Sources associated with the construction phase of the proposed power station project are discussed and their emissions quantified in Section 9.5.1. Various possible power station configurations were evaluated for the operational phases. These configurations are presented in Section 9.5.2 and the source and emissions data for such scenarios presented.

9.5.1. Construction Phase

The construction phase will comprise land clearing and site development operations at the power station site and the associated infrastructure, specifically the ash dump. In order to determine the significance of the potential for impacts it is necessary to quantify atmospheric emissions and predicted airborne pollutant concentrations and dustfall rates occurring as a result of such emissions.

The construction phase will comprise a series of different operations including land clearing, topsoil removal, material loading and hauling, stockpiling, grading, bulldozing, compaction, (etc.). Each of these operations has its own duration and potential for dust generation. It is anticipated therefore that the extent of dust emissions would vary substantially from day to day depending on the level of activity, the specific operations, and the prevailing meteorological conditions. This is in contrast to most other fugitive dust sources where emissions are either relatively steady or follow a discernible annual cycle. It is therefore often necessary to estimate area wide construction emissions, without regard to the actual plans of any individual construction process. Should detailed information

Air Quality 275 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province regarding the construction phase be available, the construction process would have been broken down into component operations for emissions quantification and dispersion simulations. Due to the lack of detailed information (e.g. number of dozers to be used, size and locations of raw materials stockpiles and temporary roads, rate of on-site vehicle activity), emissions were instead estimated on an area wide basis. The quantity of dust emissions is assumed to be proportional to the area of land being worked and the level of construction activity.

The US-EPA documents emissions factors which aim to provide a general rule-of- thumb as to the magnitude of emissions which may be anticipated from construction operations. Based on field measurements of total suspended particulate, the approximate emission factors for construction activity operations are given as:

E = 2.69 Mg/hectare/month of activity (269 g/m2/month)

These emission factors are most applicable to construction operations with (i) medium activity levels, (ii) moderate silt contents, and (iii) semiarid climates. Estimated emissions during the surface infrastructure phase were calculated to be as follows:

Development TSP Emissions (t/month) PM10 Emissions (t/month) Power station 172 60

PM10 was assumed to represent ~35% of the TSP emissions given that this is the approximate PM10 component of vehicle-entrainment releases and such releases are anticipated to represent the most significant source of dust during construction operations.

9.5.2. Operational Phase

As at the existing Matimba Power Station, sources of atmospheric emission associated with the proposed power station will include stack emissions in addition to fugitive dust releases arising as a result of coal and ash handling, wind entrainment from the ash dump, and recovery and use of topsoil material.

• Power Stack Emissions (Criteria Pollutants) Power station configuration options which were requested for inclusion in the study by Eskom personnel are as follows:

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Scenario No. of Units Technology Stack Height (m) SO2 Control Efficiency A.1 3 x 800 MW PF 220 0% B.1 3 x 800 MW PF 250 0% C.1 6 x 800 MW PF 220 0% D.1 6 x 800 MW PF 250 0% E.1 3 x 800 MW PF 220 0% 3 x 800 MW FBC F.1 3 x 800 MW PF 250 0% 3 x 800 MW FBC A.2 3 x 800 MW PF 220 60% A.3 3 x 800 MW PF 220 80% A.4 3 x 800 MW PF 220 90% C.2 6 x 800 MW PF 220 60% C.3 6 x 800 MW PF 220 80% C.4 6 x 800 MW PF 220 90%

Source parameters and emission rates for these emission scenarios required for input to the dispersion modelling study were provided by Eskom personnel (see Tables 9.43 and 9.44). For the scenarios comprising the control of sulphur dioxide emissions, source parameters and emission rates of other pollutants were assumed to remain the same as for the zero control scenarios. This is a simplistic assumption given that the implementation of abatement technology able to achieve such reductions is likely to alter the stack parameters (e.g. reduction in gas exit temperatures) and possibly increase the emissions of certain other pollutants should the overall combustion efficiency be reduced. In the event that sulphur dioxide abatement is required, a more detailed review of the implications of such abatement for stack configuration and emissions will need to be undertaken.

Table 9.43: Stack parameters for proposed Matimba B Power Station operations Power Station Exit Number Height Diameter Temperature Configuration Velocity of Stacks (m) (m) (°K) (m/s) 3 x 800 MW 220 or 1 12.82 26.00 403 (2400 MWe) 250(a) 6 x 800 MW 220 or 2 12.82 26.00 403 (4800 MWe) 250(a) (a) Stack height dependent on scenario.

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Table 9.44: Emission rates for power station configurations, assuming 0% control efficiency for sulphur dioxide (received from Yokesh Singh, Eskom Holdings, 28 February 2006)

Annual Emission Rates Capacity Technology (a) (b) (c) SO2 PM NOx NO NO2 Units 2400 MWe PF 206 885 2 167 35 603 22 755 712 tpa 4800 MWe PF 413 769 4 333 71 206 45 510 1 424 tpa 2400 MWe FBC 190 314 5 117 36 002 23 010 720 tpa 4800 MWe FBC 496 523 5 200 85 447 54 612 1 709 tpa

(a) NOx as NO2.

(b) Provided NOx (as NO2) emissions were converted to NO and 98% taken as being emitted from the stacks (pers com. John Keir, 2 June 05).

(c) Provided NOx (as NO2) emissions were taken at 2% as NO2 being emitted from the stacks (pers com. John Keir, 2 June 05).

No seasonal variations in emission rates were assumed for the proposed power station configurations. Use was however made of the diurnal trends characterised on a monthly basis for the existing power station based on stack monitoring data.

In order to quantify greenhouse gas emissions, nitrous oxide (N2O) and

carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were calculated based on information sourced from Eskom’s annual emission reporting. The emission factors and resultant tonnages estimated was as follows:

Eskom Emission Factors Pollutant g/KWh kg/ton

CO2 850 1 746.48

N2O 0.011 0.02 Coal Annual Emissions

Capacity Consumption CO2 N2O (tpa) kT/ann kT/ann 4800 MWe 17,117,436 29,895 0.342 2400 MWe 8,558,718 14,948 0.171

• Fugitive Dust Emissions Materials handling and fugitive dust from the proposed ash dump were assumed to be similar to current operations with the methodological approach outlined in Section 9.4.1 having been applied. Only the locations at which the emissions occur are different, as will be reflected in the atmospheric dispersion simulation results.

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• Heavy Metal Releases from Proposed Power Station – Stack and Ash Dump Operations The trace metal composition of the proposed power station’s fly and bottom ash was assumed to be the same as that generated by the current Matimba Power Station (see subsection 9.4.1). The validity of this assumption depends on the combustion technology, operating conditions and trace metal coal composition to be used in comparison to that used by the existing power station.

9.6. Compliance And Air Quality Impact Assessment

9.6.1. Dispersion Model Results

Atmospheric dispersion modelling was undertaken for the proposed Matimba Power Station using the CALPUFF modelling suite recommended for regulatory use by the US-EPA for complex terrain environments and regional-scale modelling domains. A detailed description of the modelling methodology and data inputs is given in Appendix B. Prior to the use of the dispersion model in assessing incremental and cumulative air pollutant concentrations due to the proposed power station, model results were validated based on the performance of the model in simulating existing Matimba Power Station emissions. The validation process and rational for implementing a correction factor of 0.5 is also outlined in Appendix B.

The CALPUFF model only facilitates the estimation of hourly or longer period averages. In order to facilitate comparisons with the SA and SANS SO2 10- minute averages limit, 10-minute SO2 predicted concentrations were extrapolated from the hourly average predictions using the equation documented in Section 9.4.3.

In order to establish the potential for cumulative air quality impacts the proposed power station configurations were simulated together with the existing emissions from the operational Matimba Power Station.

The maximum hourly, daily and annual sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations occurring as a result of proposed power station configurations (taking cumulative concentrations due to existing Matimba Power Station operations into account) are presented in tables in Appendix D. The potential for compliance with local and international (UK) limits, and for health risks, vegetation injury and damage to property through corrosion is summarised in tables in Appendix E for all scenarios and various selected receptor points.

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9.6.2. Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Limits

In assessing “compliance” with air quality limits it is important to note the following:

- Variations in where air quality limits are applicable. The EC (and UK) stipulate that air quality limits are applicable in areas where there is a reasonable expectation that public exposures will occur over the averaging period of the limit. In the US, the approach is frequently adopted of applying air quality limits within all areas to which the public has access (i.e. everywhere not fenced off or otherwise controlled for public access). In South Africa there is still considerable debate regarding the practical implementation of the air quality standards included in the schedule to the Air Quality Act. The Act does however define “ambient air” as excluding air regulated by the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993. This implies that air quality limits may be required to be met beyond the fencelines of industries.

- The SA standards included in the schedule to the Air Quality Act are incomplete when compared to legal limits issued by other countries. Air quality standards typically comprise: thresholds, averaging periods, monitoring protocols, timeframes for achieving compliance and typically also permissible frequencies of exceedance. (Thresholds are generally set based on health risk criteria, with permissible frequencies and timeframes taking into account the existing air pollutant concentrations and controls required for reducing air pollution to within the defined thresholds. The practice adopted in Europe is to allow increasingly more limited permissible frequencies of exceedance, thus encouraging the progressive reduction of air pollution levels to meeting limit values.)

NOTE: Given the above uncertainties a conservative approach was adopted in assessing compliance with SA air quality standards, with single exceedances of thresholds beyond the “fenceline” of the power station being taken as constituting “non-compliance”. In order however to demonstrate areas of “non-compliance” should permissible frequencies be issued at a latter date reference is made to the UK air quality limits. The UK and SA primarily support similar short-term thresholds for sulphur dioxide. The UK however permits a number of annual exceedances of these short-term thresholds to account for meteorological extremes and to support progressive air quality improvement.

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• Nitrogen Oxides

Predicted NO and NO2 concentrations were within local and international air quality limits for all proposed power station configuration scenarios (including cumulative concentrations due to existing Matimba Power Station emissions) (Appendix D).

• Airborne Fine Particulates and Dust Deposition Predicted total PM10 concentrations arising due to primary and secondary emissions from current and proposed power station operations (i.e. including stack emissions and fugitive dust from coal and ash handling, borrow pit activity and wind erosion from the ash dams) are illustrated in Appendix F. Projected dustfall rates are also depicted in this appendix.

Predicted PM10 concentrations were within the SA daily and annual standards but exceeded the SANS and EC limit values in the vicinity (within 4 km) of the ash dump at Zwartwater and the proposed ash dump on Eenzamheid. Farms downwind of these dams include Wellington and Grootvallei (existing Zwartwater ash dam) and Kromdraai, Veguldeheim and Nooitgedacht (proposed ash dam). Public exposure within this area is restricted to scattered farmsteads with an average residential density of ~5 persons/km².

Maximum monthly dustfall rates were typically “moderate” (i.e. 250 - 500 mg/m²/day) immediately downwind of the Zwartwater ash dump and materials handling section of the power station, with “slight” dustfalls (i.e. < 250 mg/m²/day) occurring beyond these areas.

• Sulphur Dioxide Emissions - Uncontrolled Emissions from the existing Matimba Power Station are predicted to be responsible for exceedances of SA standards particularly downwind of the facility. Given this baseline it is evident that no future development resulting in sulphur dioxide emissions within the same area can be in compliance with the SA standard. It is due to this cumulative impact that all proposed power station configurations are indicated to be in non-compliance with SA standards in Appendix E. The magnitude, frequency of occurrence and area of exceedance of air quality limits varies significantly however between configurations. A synopsis of the maximum sulphur dioxide concentrations and frequencies of exceedance of the short-term air quality limits is given in Table 9.45 for all emission scenarios. The areas of exceedance of the SA 10- minute standard, the SA daily standard and the UK hourly limit are illustrated in Figures 9.29, 9.30 and 9.31 respectively for current operations and emission scenarios A, C and E. Emission scenarios B, D and F gave very similar results to scenarios A, C and E respectively and were therefore not depicted in the spatial plot. Ground level maximum concentrations and

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frequencies of exceedance are given in the zone of maximum impact and at Marapong.

Table 9.45: Maximum sulphur dioxide concentrations and frequencies of exceedances or air quality limits predicted to occur due to basecase operations and cumulatively as a result of uncontrolled emissions from various proposed power station configurations

Predicted SO2 Compliance Potential Concentration (µg/m³) Freq Exc SA 10-minute Freq Exc Emission Scenario Limit of 500 SA Daily (cumulative for µg/m³ (no Limit of Receptor proposed PS, permissible 125 Complianc Complianc Highest Highest Annual Point includes existing frequencies) µg/m³ e with SA e with UK Hourly Daily Average Matimba PS / Freq Exc EC (EC & Standards Standards emissions) Hourly Limit UK of 350 µg/m³ permit (EC permits 3) 4, UK 24) Maximum Existing Matimba PS 1521 172 19.6 99 7 FALSE FALSE Impact Zone Scenario A - uncontrolled 1994 177 26.8 157 10 FALSE FALSE Scenario B - uncontrolled 1994 172 25.3 139 7 FALSE FALSE Scenario C - uncontrolled 3585 303 42.7 419 33 FALSE FALSE Scenario D - uncontrolled 2819 294 37.7 352 21 FALSE FALSE Scenario E - uncontrolled 3442 293 41.2 400 29 FALSE FALSE Scenario F - uncontrolled 2708 276 36.5 330 20 FALSE FALSE Marapong Existing Matimba PS 993 91 3.3 19 1 FALSE TRUE Scenario A - uncontrolled 1232 111 5.1 27 2 FALSE FALSE Scenario B - uncontrolled 1232 115 4.9 27 2 FALSE FALSE Scenario C - uncontrolled 1481 153 6.8 35 4 FALSE FALSE Scenario D - uncontrolled 1361 163 6.3 34 3 FALSE FALSE Scenario E - uncontrolled 1471 150 6.6 35 3 FALSE FALSE Scenario F - uncontrolled 1363 155 6.1 34 3 FALSE FALSE

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Figure 9.29 Predicted area of a single exceedance of the SA 10-minute SO2 standard due to existing Matimba PS emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions together with uncontrolled emissions from various of the proposed power station configurations. (Scenarios B, D and F produced similar results to A, C and E respectively and were omitted to improve clarity.)

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Figure 9.30: Predicted area of a single exceedance of the SA daily SO2 standard due to existing Matimba PS emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions together with uncontrolled emissions from various of the proposed power station configurations. (Scenarios B, D and F produced similar results to A, C and E respectively and were omitted to improve clarity.)

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Figure 9.31: Predicted area of exceedance of the UK hourly SO2 standard (permits a maximum of 24 exceedances per year) due to existing Matimba PS emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions together with uncontrolled emissions from various of the proposed power station configurations. (Scenarios B, D and F produced similar results to A, C and E respectively and were omitted to improve clarity.)

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Observations made regarding compliance implications of various power station configurations given uncontrolled emissions:

- SA short-term standards (10-minute and daily) are exceeded within the zone of maximum impact occurring to the SW of the power station(s) due to basecase and all proposed configurations. At Marapong the SA 10- minute standard is exceeded for basecase and all proposed configurations, whereas the SA daily standard is only predicted to be exceeded when an additional six 800 MW units are in operation. - Under current Matimba PS operations there is predicted to be compliance with the UK hourly sulphur dioxide standard at Marapong. This standard is however exceeded at Marapong with the addition of three or more 800 MW units. - Under current Matimba PS operations, the exceedance of the SA 10- minute standard is predicted to extend to include western parts of Onverwacht. Given the addition of three new units, this standard will be exceeded over the entire Onverwacht and broader Lephalale area. The exceedance zone is projected to extend beyond the modelling domain with the addition of six new units. - The increase of the stack height from 220 m to 250 m is predicted to result in relatively small reductions in ground level maximum, with only marginal changes in the areas of non-compliance.

It may be concluded that the addition of 3 new 800 MW PF units with no sulphur dioxide abatement in place would result in significant increases in the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance with SA standards. A further 3 units would more than double the magnitude and spatial extent of non-compliance, whilst resulting in a 3 to 4 fold increase in the frequency of exceedance of air quality limits. The extension of the height of the stack by 30 m, from 220 m to 250 m, is not sufficient to negate the need for considering abatement measures.

• Sulphur Dioxide Emissions - Controlled Changes in projected ground level sulphur dioxide concentrations and limit value exceedances were simulated for various control efficiencies (60%, 80% and 90%) for two proposed power station configurations, viz. Scenario A (3 x 800 MW PF with 220 m stack) and Scenario C (6 x 800 MW PF with 220 m stack). A synopsis of the maximum sulphur dioxide concentrations and frequencies of exceedance of the short-term air quality limits is given in Table 9.46. The areas of exceedance of the SA 10-minute standard, the SA daily standard and the UK hourly limit are illustrated in Figures 9.32 to 9.37 for Scenarios A and C given control efficiencies in the 60% to 90% range. (Basecase and uncontrolled Scenario A and C results are also depicted in the plots for comparative purposes.)

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Table 9.46: Maximum sulphur dioxide concentrations and frequencies of exceedances or air quality limits predicted to occur due to basecase operations and cumulatively as a result of controlled emissions from various proposed power station configurations

Predicted SO2 Concentration Compliance Potential (µg/m³) Freq Exc SA 10-minute Freq Exc Emission Scenario Limit of 500 SA Daily

(cumulative, µg/m³ (no Limit of Receptor Annua includes existing Highe permissible 125 Complianc Complianc Point Highest l Matimba PS st frequencies) µg/m³ e with SA e with UK Hourly Avera emissions) Daily / Freq Exc EC (EC & Standards Standards ge Hourly Limit UK of 350 µg/m³ permit (EC permits 3) 4, UK 24) Maximum Scenario A - 60% CE 1521 171.6 20.6 99 7 FALSE FALSE Impact Scenario A - 80% CE 1521 171.6 19.9 99 7 FALSE FALSE Zone Scenario A - 90% CE 1521 171.6 19.7 99 7 FALSE FALSE Scenario C - 60% CE 1994 171.6 23.8 117 7 FALSE FALSE Scenario C - 80% CE 1994 171.6 20.1 100 7 FALSE FALSE Scenario C - 90% CE 1994 171.6 20.6 99 7 FALSE FALSE Marapong Scenario A - 60% CE 1083 97.7 4.0 21 1 FALSE TRUE Scenario A - 80% CE 1056 92.5 3.5 20 1 FALSE TRUE Scenario A - 90% CE 1042 91.1 3.4 19 1 FALSE TRUE Scenario C - 60% CE 1282 104.5 4.7 24 2 FALSE TRUE Scenario C - 80% CE 1244 94.2 3.7 21 1 FALSE TRUE Scenario C - 90% CE 1257 97.6 4.0 21 1 FALSE TRUE

Observations made regarding compliance implications of various power station configurations given controlled emissions: - Even given a 90% control efficiency for Scenario A (3 x 800 MW units, PF, 220 m stack), cumulative sulphur dioxide concentrations would exceed the SA 10-minute standard at the maximum impact zone and at Marapong and the SA daily standard in the maximum impact zone – primarily due to emissions from the existing Matimba Power Station. - The implementation of abatement measures with a 60%+ control efficiency for Scenario A (3 x 800 MW units) would be sufficient to reduce the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance to levels comparable to those projected for current operations. With a 90% control efficiency, the magnitude of maximum daily and annual average concentrations, the spatial extent of non-compliance with the daily limit and the frequency of exceedance of both short-term limits closely reflects

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the current situation. (The magnitude of the highest hourly concentration and the spatial extent of non-compliance with the 10-minute limit are marginally higher than for current.) - Given Scenario C (6 x 800 MW units) an 80%+ control efficiency would be required to bring the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non- compliance within levels comparable to those projected for current operations. Even given a 90% control efficiency the maximum predicted concentrations and the frequencies of exceedance at Marapong would be higher – albeit relatively marginally higher – than for current operations.

It may be concluded that a 60%+ control efficiency would suffice to ensure that the proposed 3 units could operate coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station without substantial changes in the magnitude, frequency or spatial extent of non-compliance. This is however assuming that no further units are installed at a latter date, or that more stringent air quality limits are not introduced.

With the addition of six new units (whether commissioned together or phased in) operating coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station, at least a 90% control efficiency would be required to ensure that the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance was within levels comparable to those projected for the basecase. Even given 90% control efficiencies on all six units, the maximum predicted hourly concentrations, the spatial extent of non-compliance with the 10-minute limit and the frequencies of exceedance at Marapong would be marginally higher than for current operations.

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Figure 9.32: Predicted area of a single exceedance of the SA 10-minute SO2 standard due to Scenario A (3 x 800 MW PF, 220 m stack) emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions, given various sulphur dioxide abatement efficiencies.

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Figure 9.33: Predicted area of a single exceedance of the SA daily SO2 standard due to Scenario A (3 x 800 MW PF, 220 m stack) emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions, given various sulphur dioxide abatement efficiencies.

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Figure 9.34: Predicted area of exceedance of the UK hourly SO2 standard (permits a maximum of 24 exceedances per year) due to Scenario A (3 x 800 MW PF, 220 m stack) emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions, given various sulphur dioxide abatement efficiencies.

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Figure 9.35: Predicted area of a single exceedance of the SA 10-minute SO2 standard due to Scenario C (6 x 800 MW PF, 220 m stack) emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions, given various sulphur dioxide abatement efficiencies.

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Figure 9.36: Predicted area of a single exceedance of the SA daily SO2 standard due to Scenario C (6 x 800 MW PF, 220 m stack) emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions, given various sulphur dioxide abatement efficiencies.

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Figure 9.37: Predicted area of exceedance of the UK hourly SO2 standard (permits a maximum of 24 exceedances per year) due to Scenario C (6 x 800 MW PF, 220 m stack) emissions and existing Matimba PS emissions, given various sulphur dioxide abatement efficiencies.

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9.6.3. Potential for Health Effects

• Exposures to Sulphur Dioxide Concentrations Based on the health-related dose-response thresholds for sulphur dioxide outlined in Section 9.2.4 and the classification of risks due to various sulphur dioxide concentrations by the UK (Section 9.2.4) it was decided to categorize

risks to SO2 exposures in the following manner for the purpose of the current study:

Category Maximum Hourly Basis

of Risk(a) Average SO2 Concentration (µg/m³) (99th percentile) Low <660 California Acute Reference Level for Mild Moderate 660 – 930 Respiratory Effects given as 660 µg/m³ High 930 – 1400 Upper range of UK’s “high” band (i.e. 708 µg/m³ for 15 minute average – projected as 934 µg/m³ for a 1-hourly averaging period)(b). Coincides closely with the dose-response threshold at 916 µg/m³ given for increased airway resistance in asthmatics at exercise Very high >1400 UK’s “very high” band (i.e. 1064 µg/m³ for 15 minute average – projected as 1404 µg/m³ for a 1-hourly averaging period)(b) (a) Low risks were assigned to all areas with very low exposure potentials, e.g. neighbouring farms where the average population density is ~5 persons/km². (b) “High” band expressed by UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) as “significant effects may be noticed by sensitive individuals and action to avoid or reduce these effects may be needed (e.g. reducing exposure by spending less time in polluted areas outdoors). Asthmatics will find that their 'reliever' inhaler is likely to reverse the effects on the lung” (c) “Very high” band expressed by UK DEFRA as follows: “the effects on sensitive individuals described for 'High' levels of pollution may worsen”.

Health risk potentials are depicted in Figures 9.30 to 9.42 for basecase and proposed uncontrolled power station configurations, and in Figures 9.43 to 9.47 for emission scenarios incorporating various control efficiencies. These health risk potential plots do not take into account actual exposure, with the likelihood of risk therefore depended on the actual exposures. The residential areas of Marapong and Onverwacht are indicated in the plots to illustrate areas of concentrated settlement and hence high exposure potentials.

A synopsis of the health risks deemed likely to occur, taking predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations in the vicinity of dense settlement into account, is given in Table 6.3. Risks were categorised as “low” in areas with low exposure potentials, such as on neighbouring farms where the average population density is given based on the Census data as being ~5

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persons/km². Significant exposure potentials were assumed to occur within Marapong (population of 17000; 75 persons for km²) and Onverwacht/Lephalale residential area (population of 3000; 180 persons per km²).

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Figure 9.38 Projected health risk potential zones for current Figure 9.39 Projected health risk potential zones for Matimba Power Station Operations Scenario A1 Operations(i.e. 3 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, uncontrolled)

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Figure 9.40 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario Figure 9.41 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario C1 Operations (i.e. 6 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, E1 Operations (i.e. 6 x 800 MW units – 3 PF, 3 FBC - 220 m uncontrolled) stack, uncontrolled)

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Figure 9.42 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario Figure 9.43 Projected health risk potential zones for A2 Operations(i.e. 3 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, 60% Scenario A3 Operations(i.e. 3 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m CE) stack, 80% CE)

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Figure 9.44 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario Figure 9.45 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario A4 Operations(i.e. 3 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, 90% C2 Operations(i.e. 6 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, 60% CE) CE)

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Figure 9.46 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario Figure 9.47 Projected health risk potential zones for Scenario C3 Operations(i.e. 6 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, 80% C4 Operations(i.e. 6 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, 90% CE) CE)

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Table 9.47: Synopsis of health risk categories assigned on the basis of projected sulphur dioxide concentrations arising due to various control and uncontrolled emission scenarios Health Risk Categories basis of projected sulphur dioxide concentrations (µg/m³) Emission Scenarios(a) Marapong Onverwacht Existing Matima Power Station (Base case) moderate low Scenario A1 – 3 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 0% CE moderate - high low - moderate Scenario B1 – 3 x 800 MW PF Units, 250 m stack - 0% CE moderate - high low - moderate Scenario C1 – 6 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 0% CE high moderate - high Scenario D1 – 6 x 800 MW PF Units, 250 m stack - 0% CE high moderate - high Scenario E1 – 6 x 800 MW PF/FBC Units, 220 m stack – 0% CE high moderate - high Scenario F1 – 6 x 800 MW PF/FBC Units, 250 m stack – 0% CE high moderate - high Scenario A2 – 3 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 60% CE moderate - high low - moderate Scenario A3 – 3 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 80% CE moderate low Scenario A4 – 3 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 90% CE moderate low Scenario C2 – 6 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 60% CE moderate - high low-moderate Scenario C3 – 6 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 80% CE moderate - high low-moderate Scenario C4 – 6 x 800 MW PF Units, 220 m stack - 90% CE moderate - high low-moderate (a) All proposed power station configurations simulated together with the existing Matimba Power Station to determine potential for cumulative sulphur dioxide concentrations.

Sulphur dioxide concentrations occurring due to existing Matimba Power Station emissions are predicted to be associated with “low” and “moderate” health risks within the Marapong and Onverwacht residential areas respectively. The California EPA Acute Reference Exposure Level for sulphur dioxide (above which mild respiratory effects may occur) is predicted to be exceeded ~4 times per year in the vicinity of Marapong. Cumulative sulphur dioxide concentrations given the operation of an additional three 800 MW units at the site proposed is projected to increase this frequency to 7-8 times per year. The frequency of exceedance of this health threshold would be ~14

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times/year given the operation of a six 800 MW units in addition to the existing Matimba Power Station’s operations. The implementation of sulphur dioxide abatement measures comprising a 60% or greater control efficiency for a 2400 MWe station, or 80% plus for a 4800 MWe station would not increase the frequency of exceedance of this health threshold above baseline levels.

Significant increments in health risk potentials associated with the proposed power station may therefore be avoided by ensuring a >60% reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions should only three 800 MW be installed. In the event that six units were to be installed - regardless of whether or not these units are to be phased in or not – a control efficiency in excess of 80% would be required for all six units to prevent increments in health risk potentials above baseline conditions.

Important points of note:

- The assumption is made that no residential settlements will be developed within the main impact areas of the power station(s) during their operational phases. Should this not be the case the exposure potential, and hence the health risk potential, would need to be reassessed. (The health risk potential plots presented could aid decision making regarding the siting of residential settlements.) - It is proposed that a contractor camp, comprising ~2000 residents, be established and occupied during the construction and commissioning phases of the power station. The impact of existing and proposed power station emissions on such residents was not included in the current study due to the location of this camp not having been decided during the period of study.

• Results for Heavy Metals Cancer risks associated with inhalation exposures to predicted lead, arsenic and nickel were calculated based on predicted maximum annual average concentrations occurring due to existing Matimba Power Station operations in addition to a proposed 4800 MWe power station. Given the range of unit risk factors published by the California OEHHA, the WHO and the US-EPA it was decided to calculate cancer risks based on the maximum and minimum unit risk factors available (Table 9.48). Cancer risks were calculated to be very low, with total incremental cancer risks across all carcinogens quantified to be in the range of 1: 10.6 million to 1: 24.8 million.

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Table 9.48 Cancer risks calculated due to inhalation exposures to individual carcinogens predicted to be emitted from the existing and proposed (4800 MWe) Matimba Power Stations (stack and ash dam) Calculated Cancer Risk (expressed as a 1: xxx chance of contracting cancer) Carcinogens / Based on Lowest Risk Based on Highest Unit Suspected US-EPA IRIS Factor (least Risk Factor (most Carcinogens Classification conservative) conservative) Arsenic A 41,765,481 14,569,354 Nickel A 63,644,047 40,196,240 Lead B2 1,446,465,793 1,446,465,793

Total incremental cancer risk across all carcinogens quantified 24,785,023 10,614,977

Maximum hourly, daily, monthly and annual average heavy metal concentrations occurring due to existing and projected power station fly ash emissions and fugitive emissions from the existing and planned ash dams. These predicted ambient metal concentrations were compared to relevant health thresholds in order to determine the potential for health impacts. Such health thresholds and the predicted concentrations as a fraction of such thresholds are given in Table 9.49. Fractions of greater than 1 indicate an exceedance of the threshold. No inhalation-related, non-carcinogenic health thresholds were predicted to be exceeded.

Annual average arsenic and nickel concentrations were also predicted to be well within the recently promulgated EC limits given as 0.006 µg/m³ and 0.02 µg/m³ respectively.

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Table 9.49 Predicted ambient trace metal concentrations (in the PM10 range) due to existing and proposed Matimba Power Station emissions, with concentrations given as a fraction of the relevant health thresholds. Fractions of > 1 indicate threshold exceedances. Predicted Ambient Air Concentrations Predicted Concentrations as a Fraction Relevant Health Thresholds (µg/m³) (µg/m³) of the Relevant Health Threshold Highest Highest Highest Annual Daily Monthly Hourly Average Intermed Concentr Concentr Concentr Concentr Sub- iate ation as ation as Acute Chronic ation as ation as Compound acute (Sub- a a Highest Highest Highest Annual Health Health a a Health chronic) Fraction Fraction Hourly Daily Monthly Average Threshol Threshol Fraction Fraction Threshol Health of the of the d d of the of the d Threshol Sub- Sub- Acute Chronic d acute chronic Threshol Threshol Threshol Threshol d d d d As 1.38E-03 8.97E-05 1.69E-05 8.24E-06 0.19 0.03 0.73 0.03 Ba 1.23E-01 7.31E-03 7.41E-04 3.61E-04 50 5 0.25 0.01 Bi 6.43E-04 3.78E-05 3.28E-06 1.58E-06 Co 2.57E-03 1.53E-04 1.49E-05 7.25E-06 0.1 0.01 Cr 5.32E-02 3.08E-03 2.26E-04 1.07E-04 1 0.1 0.02 0.11 Cu 3.57E-03 2.15E-04 2.40E-05 1.17E-05 100 1 0.00 0.00 Ga 2.96E-03 1.81E-04 2.32E-05 1.13E-05 Ge 4.32E-04 2.80E-05 5.22E-06 2.55E-06 Pb 7.80E-03 4.77E-04 6.08E-05 2.98E-05 0.5 0.01 Hg 9.20E-06 6.24E-07 1.42E-07 6.96E-08 1.8 0.09 0.00 0.00 Ni 1.62E-02 9.43E-04 7.05E-05 3.38E-05 6 0.2 0.05 0.27 0.04 0.07 Nb 1.10E-03 6.51E-05 6.18E-06 3.00E-06 Rb 7.44E-03 4.41E-04 4.17E-05 2.02E-05

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Predicted Ambient Air Concentrations Predicted Concentrations as a Fraction Relevant Health Thresholds (µg/m³) (µg/m³) of the Relevant Health Threshold Highest Highest Highest Annual Daily Monthly Hourly Average Intermed Concentr Concentr Concentr Concentr Sub- iate ation as ation as Acute Chronic ation as ation as Compound acute (Sub- a a Highest Highest Highest Annual Health Health a a Health chronic) Fraction Fraction Hourly Daily Monthly Average Threshol Threshol Fraction Fraction Threshol Health of the of the d d of the of the d Threshol Sub- Sub- Acute Chronic d acute chronic Threshol Threshol Threshol Threshol d d d d Se 5.25E-02 3.19E-03 3.86E-04 1.89E-04 20 0.00 Th 6.55E-03 3.93E-04 4.27E-05 2.09E-05 Sn 1.26E-03 7.24E-05 4.78E-06 2.05E-06 20 2 0.01 0.00 W 1.58E-03 9.51E-05 1.06E-05 5.18E-06 10 1 0.02 0.00 U 2.06E-03 1.20E-04 9.30E-06 4.47E-06 0.4 0.3 0.00 0.00 V 1.55E-02 9.29E-04 1.00E-04 4.89E-05 0.2 0.46 Y 7.01E-03 4.15E-04 3.93E-05 1.91E-05 Zn 3.06E-02 1.74E-03 1.07E-04 4.20E-05 50 5 0.06 0.00 Zr 2.84E-02 1.69E-03 1.65E-04 8.01E-05 50 5 0.06 0.00

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9.6.4. Potential for Vegetation Injury and Corrosion

Based on the dose-response thresholds the exposure of vegetation and ecosystems to ambient sulphur dioxide concentrations outlined previously and the ambient air quality limits issued by the EC and WHO for protection of ecosystems, the potential for vegetation injury was characterised as follows:

Category of Maximum Hourly Maximum Annual Basis

Risk for Average SO2 Average SO2 Vegetation Concentration Concentration Injury(a) (µg/m³) (99th (µg/m³) percentile)

Low < 1 300 µg/m³ AND < 20 µg/m³ EC annual SO2 limit given Moderate > 1 300 µg/m³ OR 20 – 30 µg/m³ as 20 µg/m³ for the High > 1 300 µg/m³ AND > 30 µg/m³ protection of ecosystems WHO guideline for annual

SO2 given as in range of 10 – 30 µg/m³ depending on sensitivity of receiving environment Hourly average of 1300 µg/m³ given as being associated with visible effects on the leaves of sensitive plant species (~5% of leaf area affected) (a) Assumption of availability of vegetation at all sites – comprises a conservative assumption in certain instances, e.g. where mining activity prevails.

The methodological approach outlined in Section 9.2 was applied in the assessment or the potential for corrosion given exposures to ambient sulphur dioxide concentrations arising due emissions from existing operations and from proposed power station operations. Corrosion was categorised as follows:

Corrosion Potential Maximum Annual Average SO2 Concentration (µg/m³) Low < 20 µg/m³ Medium 20 – 657 µg/m³ High > 657 µg/m³

In order to facilitate the tabulation of data for easy reference, the centrepoints of neighbouring farms were simulated as discrete receptors with air pollutant concentrations being predicted for each of these points. A synopsis of vegetation injury and corrosion potential characterisation for each farm (based on predictions for its centre point) is given in Tables 9.50 and 9.51 respectively. More detailed information is provided in Appendix E.

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Table 9.50 Potential for vegetation damage due to SO2 concentrations from existing and proposed power station operations Proposed Power Station Configurations - Uncontrolled Proposed Power Station Configurations - Controlled

Existing Receptor Receptor Name A2 A3 A4 C2 C3 C4 Matimba Category A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 (60% (80% (90% (60% (80% (90% CE) CE) CE) CE) CE) CE) Maximum Maximum Impact Zone Low moderate moderate high high high high moderate low low moderate moderate moderate Residential areas Marapong low low low low low low low low low low low low low Onverwacht (maximum) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Onverwacht (central) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Farms (centre point) Eendracht low low low low low low low low low low low low low Altoostyd low low low moderate low moderate low low low low low low low Worcester low low low low low low low low low low low low low Paarl low low low low low low low low low low low low low Turfvlakte low low low low low low low low low low low low low Hieromtrent low low low moderate moderate moderate moderate low low low low low low Leeuwdrift low low low low low low low low low low low low low Hanglip low low low low low low low low low low low low low Wellington low low low low low low low low low low low low low Kromdraai low low low low low low low low low low low low low Kuipersbult low moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate low low low low low low Grootvallei low low low moderate low moderate low low low low low low low Nooitgedacht low low low moderate low moderate low low low low low low low Peerboom low low low low low low low low low low low low low Nelsonskop low low low low low low low low low low low low low Appelvlakte low low low low low low low low low low low low low Zongezien low low low low low low low low low low low low low Droogeheuvel low low low low low low low low low low low low low Vooruit low low low low low low low low low low low low low Ganzepan low low low low low low low low low low low low low Goedehoop (mine, dump) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Enkelbult (mine, pit) low low low low low low low low low low low low low

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Grootgeluk (mine, pit) low low low moderate low moderate low low low low low low low Vaalpensloop low low low low low low low low low low low low low McCabesvley low low low low low low low low low low low low low Graaffwater low low low low low low low low low low low low low Verguldehelm low low low moderate moderate moderate moderate low low low low low low Daarby (mine, dump) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Table 9.51 Potential for corrosion due to sulphur dioxide concentrations from existing and proposed power station operations Proposed Power Station Configurations - Uncontrolled Proposed Power Station Configurations - Controlled

Existing Receptor Receptor Name A2 A3 A4 C2 C3 C4 Matimba A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 (60% (80% (90% (60% (80% (90% Category CE) CE) CE) CE) CE) CE) Maximum Maximum Impact Zone low medium medium medium medium medium medium medium low low medium medium medium Residential areas Marapong low low low low low low low low low low low low low Onverwacht (maximum) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Onverwacht (central) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Farms (centre point) Eendracht low low low low low low low low low low low low low Altoostyd low low low low low low low low low low low low low Worcester low low low low low low low low low low low low low Paarl low low low low low low low low low low low low low Turfvlakte low low low low low low low low low low low low low Hieromtrent low low low medium medium medium medium low low low low low low Leeuwdrift low low low low low low low low low low low low low Hanglip low low low low low low low low low low low low low Wellington low low low low low low low low low low low low low Kromdraai low low low low low low low low low low low low low Kuipersbult low medium medium medium medium medium medium low low low low low low Grootvallei low low low medium low medium low low low low low low low Nooitgedacht low low low medium low medium low low low low low low low Peerboom low low low low low low low low low low low low low Nelsonskop low low low low low low low low low low low low low

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Appelvlakte low low low low low low low low low low low low low Zongezien low low low low low low low low low low low low low Droogeheuvel low low low low low low low low low low low low low Vooruit low low low low low low low low low low low low low Ganzepan low low low low low low low low low low low low low Goedehoop (mine, dump) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Enkelbult (mine, pit) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Grootgeluk (mine, pit) low low low low low low low low low low low low low Vaalpensloop low low low low low low low low low low low low low McCabesvley low low low low low low low low low low low low low Graaffwater low low low low low low low low low low low low low Verguldehelm low low low medium medium medium medium low low low low low low Daarby (mine, dump) low low low low low low low low low low low low low

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The potential for vegetation damage and corrosion due to current monitored and predicted ambient sulphur dioxide concentrations is classifiable as “low”. The operation of a 2400 MWe power station at the proposed site is predicted to result in “moderate” risks for vegetation damage and “medium” risks for corrosion at Kuipersbult farm and parts of Hanglip and Kromdraai should no sulphur dioxide abatement measures be implemented (Figure 9.48). Sulphur dioxide abatement with a 60% control efficiency would result in the potential for corrosion and vegetation damages for these farms being classified as “low” (Figure 9.49).

The operation of a 4800 MWe power station without SO2 abatement in place is predicted to result in “high” corrosion and vegetation potentials within the ‘zone of maximum impact’ and “medium” corrosion and “moderate” vegetation damage potentials for the farms of Altoostyd, Hieromtrent, Kuipersbult, Grootvallei, Nooitegedacht and Verguldehelm (Figure 9.50). The ‘maximum impact zone’ refers to the area where the plume “loops” to ground level as a result of enhanced atmospheric convective mixing. By increasing the stack height from 220 m to 250 m, the corrosion and vegetation damage potentials for Altoostyd, Grootvallei and Nooitgedacht would be reduced to “low”. Sulphur dioxide abatement with a 60% control efficiency would result in the potential for corrosion and vegetation damages being primarily classified as “low” (Figure 9.51).

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Figure 9.49 Projected vegetation damage and corrosion Figure 9.48 Projected vegetation damage and corrosion potential zones for Scenario A2 Operations( i.e. 3 x 800 MW potential zones for Scenario A1 Operations (i.e. 3 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, 60% control efficiency) PF units, 220 m stack, uncontrolled)

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Figure 9.50 Projected vegetation damage and corrosion Figure 9.51 Projected vegetation damage and corrosion potential zones for Scenario C1 Operations (i.e. 6 x 800 MW potential zones for Scenario C2 Operations (i.e. 6 x 800 MW PF units, 220 m stack, uncontrolled) PF units, 220 m stack, 60% control efficiency)

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9.5.6. Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions

In order to facilitate the estimation of contribution of the proposed power station

to global warming potentials, nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions were estimated with nitrous oxide releases being calculated as CO2 equivalent emissions(4) (Table 9.52). Total greenhouse gas emissions reported to

be emitted within South Africa for the year 1994, expressed as CO2 equivalents, are given in Table 9.53. No more recent data are available.

Table 9.52 Calculated CO2 equivalent emissions from proposed power station operations Annual Emissions Annual Emissions

Power Station Coal Consumption CO2 N2O CO2 Equivalent Capacity (tpa) kT/ann kT/ann kT/ann 4800 MWe 17,117,436 29,895 0.342 30,001 2400 MWe 8,558,718 14,948 0.171 15,001

Table 9.53 Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O in South Africa in 1990 and 1994

Gg CO2 Equivalent Greenhouse CO CH N O Aggregated Gas Source 2 4 2 1990 1994 1990 1994 1990 1994 1990 1994 Energy 252 287 7 286 7 890 1 581 1 823 260 297 019 851 886 564 Industrial 28 913 28 106 69 26 1 810 2 254 30 792 30 386 Processes Agriculture 21 304 19 686 19 170 15 776 40 474 35 462 Waste 14 456 15 605 738 825 15 194 16 430 Total 347 379 346 842 Source: South African: Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, November 2003.

The emissions from the proposed 4800 MWe power station would increase the energy sectors emissions by 9.2% and would increase the country’s contribution to global warming by 7.3%

4 Nitrous oxide emissions are converted to carbon dioxide equivalents using global warming potentials (GWPs). GWPs are conversion factors that are used to express the relative warming effects of the various greenhouse gases in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalents. The values for a 100 year timeframe have been used, which are equivalent to 310 for nitrous oxide as are recommended by the IPCC (South Africa Initial National Communication under the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change, November 2003).

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9.6.6. Significance Rating of Proposed Power Station Configurations

The significance of impacts associated with atmospheric emissions from the proposed power station options were rated based on the methodology provided by Bohlweki Environmental. This method makes provision for the assessment of impacts based on their temporal and spatial scales, severity and likelihood, in addition to the degree of confidence placed in the assessment of the impact. Results from the significance rating are provided in Table 9.54.

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Table 9.54: Significance rating of proposed power station options, including and excluding mitigation, based on significance rating criteria provided by Bohlweki Environmental Power Impact Temporal Spatial Severity Significance Risk Degree Station Scale Scale Likeliho of Configura od Confide tion nce 2400 MWe Health Long term Localised Moderately Moderate May Probable PF PS, no risk severe occur

SO2 Vegetation Long term Localised Slight Low Unlikely Possible abatement damage to occur Corrosion Long term Localised Slight Low Unlikely Possible to occur Global Permanent International Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Unsure warming 4800 MWe Health Long term Localised Sever Moderate to Likely to Probable PF or risk High occur PF/FBC PS, Vegetation Long term Localised Slight Low to May Possible

no SO2 damage Moderate occur abatement Corrosion Long term Localised Slight Low to May Possible Moderate occur Global Permanent International Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Unsure warming 2400 MWe Health Long term Localised Slight Low May Probable

PF PS, SO2 risk occur abatement Vegetation Long term Localised Slight Low Unlikely Possible in place damage to occur

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(>60% CE) Corrosion Long term Localised Slight Low Unlikely Possible to occur Global Permanent International Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Unsure warming 4800 MWe Health Long term Localised Slight to Moderate May Probable PF or risk moderate occur PF/FBC PS, Vegetation Long term Localised Slight Low May Possible

SO2 damage occur abatement Corrosion Long term Localised Slight Low May Possible in place occur (>90% CE) Global Permanent International Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Unsure warming

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9.7. Recommendations And Conclusions

9.7.1. Baseline Air Quality Study Findings

The main findings from the baseline air quality characterisation study, which was based on information from both monitoring and modelling studies, are as follows:

- Sulphur dioxide concentrations have been measured to infrequently exceed short-term air quality limits at several of the monitoring stations (Zwartwater, Grootstryd, Waterberg, M2, M3 and M5) within infrequent exceedance of such limits modelled to occur at the nearby residential areas of Marapong and Onverwacht.

The Matimba Power Station is likely to be the main contributing source to

the ambient SO2 ground level concentrations in the study area due to the magnitude of its emissions. This has being confirmed through atmospheric dispersion modelling of the power station’s stack emissions. Other sources which may contribute significantly due to their low release level include: spontaneous combustion of coal discards associated with Grootgeluk mining operations, clamp firing emissions during brickmaking at Hanglip and potentially household fuel burning within Marapong. The highest ground level concentrations due to the Matimba Power Station stack emissions are expected to occur during unstable conditions when the plume is brought to ground in relatively close proximity to the power station.

The comparison of measured and predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations to thresholds indicative of the potential for health, corrosion and vegetation impacts resulted in the following observations:

- The health threshold given as being associated with mild

respiratory effects (660 µg/m³ as an hourly threshold for SO2) was measured to be exceeded at Zwartwater and at the M3 and M5 monitoring sites. This threshold was predicted to be exceeded a maximum of 3 to 4 hours at Marapong. - Measured and predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations were within limits indicative of low corrosion potentials. This is substantiated by the corrosivity monitoring documented by Northcott (2004). - Measured and predicted sulphur dioxide concentrations were within the EC annual sulphur dioxide limit of 20 µg/m³ which aims to protect ecosystems. The WHO guideline to protect ecosystems is given as a range of 10 to 30 µg/m³, depending on ecosystem sensitivity. The lower end of the WHO guideline range (viz. 10

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µg/m³ intended for protection of highly sensitive vegetation types) was predicted and measured to be exceeded only on the southwestern side of the Matimba Power Station to a maximum distance of ~10 km (i.e. covering Turfvlakte, Hanglip, Zwartwater, Naauwontkomen and Kuipersbult farms). Given the nature of the vegetation on these farms it is unlikely that injury to the annual averages measured/predicted is likely to occur.

- Although the Matimba Power Station contributes to ambient nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the region, local and international air quality limit exceedances are not predicted, nor

measured, to occur. Other low level sources of NOx anticipated to occur in the region include combustion within coal discard dumps, brick firing operations and possibly also household fuel burning and infrequent veld burning.

- Although ambient PM10 concentrations were measured to be within the current lenient SA Standards (as given in the second schedule of the Air Quality Act), exceedances of the more stringent SANS and EC limit values were observed to occur. (The highest PM10 concentrations recorded to date were measured on-site within the Grootgeluk Mine. Due however to these being on-site measurements, the should not be evaluated based on ambient air quality limits which are intended for use beyond the fenceline of industrial and mining operations.)

The contribution of Matimba Power Station to primary and secondary particulates was simulated, with the SANS and EC limits only predicted to be exceeded immediately downwind of Zwartwater ash dump operations. (Secondary particulates form in the atmosphere through the conversion of

SOx and NOx emissions to sulphate and nitrate.)

Various local and far-field sources are expected to contribute to the suspended fine particulate concentrations in the region. Local dust sources include wind erosion from exposed areas, fugitive dust from mining and brickmaking operations, vehicle entrainment from roadways and veld burning. Household fuel burning may also constitute a local source of low-level emissions. Long-range transport of particulates emitted from remote tall stacks and from large-scale biomass burning in countries to the north of RSA and the accumulation and recirculation of such regional air masses over the interior is well documented (Andreae et al., 1996; Garstang et al., 1996; Piketh, 1996).

- Based on the screening of the potential for health risks occurring due to inhalation exposures to trace metals released from existing Matimba Power

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Station it was concluded that predicted concentrations were within acute and chronic health thresholds and that total incremental cancer risks were very low. This is due to the high control efficiency of fly ash abatement systems in place on stacks and the dust abatement measures being implemented at the ash dam. The study was however restricted to the trace metals included in the fly ash and bottom ash composition studies (e.g. excluded metals like cadmium, beryllium and others which are likely to occur). Furthermore, the gaseous trace metals released could not be quantified. Given the volatility of the various trace elements, and the ratio between the trace metal composition of the coal and the composition of the fly and coarse ash, mercury is expected to occur primarily in the gaseous phase (subsequent to the compilation of the draft Air Quality Assessment further work has been conducted in order to more accurately assess the potential for mercury emissions and associated impacts with reference being made to the mercury content of the coal and emission factors published internationally for power generation. These findings are summarised and attached as Appendix AF).

Given the elevated levels of sulphur dioxide and fine particulate concentrations measured/predicted to occur within parts of the study region it is imperative that the potential for cumulative concentrations due to any proposed developments be minimized and carefully evaluated.

9.7.2. Compliance and Air Quality Impact Assessment for Proposed Power Station

Atmospheric emissions released during the construction phase are primarily restricted to fugitive dust from land clearing and site development operations. Such emissions can be significantly reduced, and their impact rendered negligible, through the selection and implementation of effective dust mitigation measures.

Sources of emission associated with the operational stage include particulate and gaseous emissions from the power station stacks, in addition to low-level, fugitive releases from materials handling and ash disposal. Pollutants releases include particulates, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, various trace metals, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. (The latter two are important due to their global warming potential.)

Stack emissions were estimated and quantified for the following power station configurations as requested by Eskom:

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SO2 Control Scenario No. of Units Technology Stack Height (m) Efficiency A.1 3 x 800 MW PF 220 0% B.1 3 x 800 MW PF 250 0% C.1 6 x 800 MW PF 220 0% D.1 6 x 800 MW PF 250 0% E.1 3 x 800 MW PF 220 0% 3 x 800 MW FBC F.1 3 x 800 MW PF 250 0% 3 x 800 MW FBC A.2 3 x 800 MW PF 220 60% A.3 3 x 800 MW PF 220 80% A.4 3 x 800 MW PF 220 90% C.2 6 x 800 MW PF 220 60% C.3 6 x 800 MW PF 220 80% C.4 6 x 800 MW PF 220 90%

• Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Limits In assessing “compliance” with air quality limits it is important to note the following: - Variations in where air quality limits are applicable. The EC (and UK) stipulate that air quality limits are applicable in areas where there is a reasonable expectation that public exposures will occur over the averaging period of the limit. In the US, the approach is frequently adopted of applying air quality limits within all areas to which the public has access (i.e. everywhere not fenced off or otherwise controlled for public access). In South Africa there is still considerable debate regarding the practical implementation of the air quality standards included in the schedule to the Air Quality Act. The Act does however define “ambient air” as excluding air regulated by the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993. This implies that air quality limits may be required to be met beyond the fencelines of industries. - The SA standards included in the schedule to the Air Quality Act are incomplete when compared to legal limits issued by other countries. Air quality standards typically comprise: thresholds, averaging periods, monitoring protocols, timeframes for achieving compliance and typically also permissible frequencies of exceedance. (Thresholds are generally set based on health risk criteria, with permissible frequencies and timeframes taking into account the existing air pollutant concentrations and controls required for reducing air pollution to within the defined thresholds. The practice adopted in Europe is to allow increasingly more limited permissible frequencies of exceedance, thus encouraging the progressive reduction of air pollution levels to meeting limit values.)

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NOTE: Given the above uncertainties a conservative approach was adopted in assessing compliance with SA air quality standards, with single exceedances of thresholds beyond the “fenceline” of the power station being taken as constituting “non-compliance”. In order however to demonstrate areas of “non-compliance” should permissible frequencies be issued at a latter date reference was made to the UK air quality limits. (The UK and SA primarily support similar short-term thresholds for sulphur dioxide. The UK however permits a number of annual exceedances of these short-term thresholds to account for meteorological extremes and to support progressive air quality improvement.)

- Nitrogen Oxides

Predicted NO and NO2 concentrations were predicted to be within local and international air quality limits for all proposed power station configuration scenarios (including cumulative concentrations due to existing Matimba Power Station emissions) (Appendix D).

- Airborne Fine Particulates and Dust Deposition Predicted PM10 concentrations were within the SA daily and annual standards but exceeded the SANS and EC limit values in the vicinity (within 4 km) of the ash dump at Zwartwater and the proposed ash dump on Eenzamheid. Farms downwind of these dams include Wellington and Grootvallei (existing Zwartwater ash dam) and Kromdraai, Veguldeheim and Nooitgedacht (proposed ash dam). Public exposure within this area is restricted to scattered farmsteads with an average residential density of ~5 persons/km².

Maximum monthly dustfall rates were typically “moderate” (i.e. 250 - 500 mg/m²/day) immediately downwind of the Zwartwater ash dump and materials handling section of the power station, with “slight” dustfalls (i.e. < 250 mg/m²/day) occurring beyond these areas.

- Sulphur Dioxide Emissions - Uncontrolled Emissions from the existing Matimba Power Station are predicted to be responsible for exceedances of SA standards particularly downwind of the facility. Given this baseline it is evident that no future development resulting in sulphur dioxide emissions within the same area can be in compliance with the SA standard. It is due to this cumulative impact that all proposed power station configurations are considered to be in non- compliance with SA standards. The magnitude, frequency of occurrence and area of exceedance of air quality limits varies significantly however between configurations.

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The main observations made regarding compliance implications of various power station configurations given uncontrolled emissions were as follows:

- SA short-term standards (10-minute and daily) are exceeded within the zone of maximum impact occurring to the SW of the power station(s) due to basecase and all proposed configurations. At Marapong the SA 10-minute standard is exceeded for basecase and all proposed configurations, whereas the SA daily standard is only predicted to be exceeded when an additional six 800 MW units are in operation. - Under current Matimba PS operations there is predicted to be compliance with the UK hourly sulphur dioxide standard at Marapong. This standard is however exceeded at Marapong with the addition of three or more 800 MW units. - Under current Matimba PS operations, the exceedance of the SA 10-minute standard is predicted to extend to include western parts of Onverwacht. Given the addition of three new units, this standard will be exceeded over the entire Onverwacht and broader Lephalale area. The exceedance zone is projected to extend beyond the modelling domain with the addition of six new units. - The increase of the stack height from 220 m to 250 m is predicted to result in relatively small reductions in ground level maximum, with only marginal changes in the areas of non-compliance.

It may be concluded that the addition of 3 new 800 MW PF units with no sulphur dioxide abatement in place would result in significant increases in the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance with SA standards. A further 3 units would more than double the magnitude and spatial extent of non-compliance, whilst resulting in a 3 to 4 fold increase in the frequency of exceedance of air quality limits. The extension of the height of the stack by 30 m, from 220 m to 250 m, is not sufficient to negate the need for considering abatement measures.

- Sulphur Dioxide Emissions - Controlled Changes in projected ground level sulphur dioxide concentrations and limit value exceedances were simulated for various control efficiencies (60%, 80% and 90%) for two proposed power station configurations, viz. Scenario A (3 x 800 MW PF with 220 m stack) and Scenario C (6 x 800 MW PF with 220 m stack). Observations made regarding compliance implications of various power station configurations given controlled emissions were as follows: - Even given a 90% control efficiency for Scenario A (3 x 800 MW units, PF, 220 m stack), cumulative sulphur dioxide concentrations would exceed the SA 10-minute standard at the maximum impact zone and

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at Marapong and the SA daily standard in the maximum impact zone – primarily due to emissions from the existing Matimba Power Station. - The implementation of abatement measures with a 60%+ control efficiency for Scenario A (3 x 800 MW units) would be sufficient to reduce the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance to levels comparable to those projected for current operations. With a 90% control efficiency, the magnitude of maximum daily and annual average concentrations, the spatial extent of non-compliance with the daily limit and the frequency of exceedance of both short-term limits closely reflects the current situation. (The magnitude of the highest hourly concentration and the spatial extent of non-compliance with the 10-minute limit are marginally higher than for current.) - Given Scenario C (6 x 800 MW units) an 80%+ control efficiency would be required to bring the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance within levels comparable to those projected for current operations. Even given a 90% control efficiency the maximum predicted concentrations and the frequencies of exceedance at Marapong would be higher – albeit relatively marginally higher – than for current operations.

It may be concluded that a 60%+ control efficiency would suffice to ensure that the proposed 3 units could operate coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station without substantial changes in the magnitude, frequency or spatial extent of non-compliance. This is however assuming that no further units are installed at a latter date, or that more stringent air quality limits are not introduced.

With the addition of six new units (whether commissioned together or phased in) operating coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station, at least a 90% control efficiency would be required to ensure that the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance was within levels comparable to those projected for the basecase. Even given 90% control efficiencies on all six units, the maximum predicted hourly concentrations, the spatial extent of non-compliance with the 10-minute limit and the frequencies of exceedance at Marapong would be marginally higher than for current operations.

• Potential for Health Effects due to Proposed Power Station Operations Sulphur dioxide concentrations occurring due to existing Matimba Power Station emissions are predicted to be associated with “low” and “moderate” health risks within the Marapong and Onverwacht residential areas

respectively. The proposed 2400 MWe power station option, without SO2 abatement in place, is predicted to increase health risk potentials to “moderate to high” for Marapong and “low to moderate” for Onverwacht.

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Health risk potentials associated with the proposed 4800 MWe power station configurations (without abatement) were classified as “high” for Marapong and “moderate to high” for Onverwacht.

Significant increments in health risk potentials associated with the proposed power station could be avoided by ensuring at least a 60% reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions should only three 800 MW be installed. In the event that eight units were to be installed - regardless of whether or not these units are to be phased in or not – a control efficiency in excess of 80% would be required for all six units to prevent significant increments in health risk potentials above baseline conditions.

Cancer risks associated with maximum possible exposures to trace metals released were calculated to be very low, with total incremental cancer risks across all carcinogens quantified to be in the range of 1: 10.6 million to 1: 24.8 million. Maximum hourly, daily, monthly and annual average metal concentrations were predicted to be within non-carcinogenic health thresholds. Annual average arsenic and nickel concentrations were also predicted to be well within the recently promulgated EC limits given as 0.006 µg/m³ and 0.02 µg/m³ respectively.

• Potential for Vegetation Injury and Corrosion The potential for vegetation damage and corrosion due to current monitored and predicted ambient sulphur dioxide concentrations is classifiable as “low”. The operation of a 2400 MWe power station at the proposed site is predicted to result in “moderate” risks for vegetation damage and “medium” risks for corrosion at Kuipersbult farm and parts of Hanglip and Kromdraai should no sulphur dioxide abatement measures be implemented. Sulphur dioxide abatement with a 60% control efficiency would result in the potential for corrosion and vegetation damages for these farms being classified as “low”.

The operation of a 4800 MWe power station without SO2 abatement in place is predicted to result in “high” corrosion and vegetation potentials within the ‘zone of maximum impact’ and “medium” corrosion and “moderate” vegetation damage potentials for the farms of Altoostyd, Hieromtrent, Kuipersbult, Grootvallei, Nooitegedacht and Verguldehelm. The ‘maximum impact zone’ refers to the area where the plume “loops” to ground level as a result of enhanced atmospheric convective mixing. By increasing the stack height from 220 m to 250 m, the corrosion and vegetation damage potentials for Altoostyd, Grootvallei and Nooitgedacht would be reduced to “low”. Sulphur dioxide abatement with a 60% control efficiency would result in the potential for corrosion and vegetation damages being primarily classified as “low”).

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• Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions The emissions from the proposed 4800 MWe power station would increase the energy sectors emissions by 0.01% and would increase the country’s contribution to global warming by 0.008%

9.7.3. Mitigation Recommendations

Compliance with ambient air quality standards given for sulphur dioxide cannot be achieved due to the implementation of SO2 abatement measures for the proposed power station given that non-compliance already occurs due to existing operations.

The need for and required control efficiency of abatement measures was assessed on the basis of avoiding any significant increment in non-compliance or health risks. The aim being to identify SO2 control efficiencies at which there will be:

- no substantial changes in the magnitude, frequency or spatial extent of non- compliance; and - no significant increment in the health risk within dense neighbouring settlement areas.

From the study it was concluded that a >60%+ control efficiency would be required for the proposed 2400 MWe PF power station to ensure that it could operate coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station without substantial changes in the magnitude, frequency or spatial extent of non-compliance, nor significant increment in health risks. This is however assuming that no further units are installed at a latter date. It also assumes that more stringent air quality limits are not introduced prior to the decommissioning of the existing Matimba Power Station.

With the addition of six new units (whether commissioned together or phased in) operating coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station, at least a 90% control efficiency would be required to ensure that the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance was within levels comparable to those projected for the baseline. Even given 90% control efficiencies on all six units, the maximum predicted hourly concentrations, the spatial extent of non-compliance with the 10-minute limit and the frequencies of exceedance at Marapong would be marginally higher than for current operations.

Various abatement technologies may be implemented to achieve the required control efficiencies. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD), which includes wet, spray dry and dry scrubbing options, are capable of reduction efficiencies in the range of 50% to 98%. The highest removal efficiencies are achieved by wet scrubbers,

Air Quality 326 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province grater than 90%, and historically the lowest by dry scrubbers. New dry scrubber designs are however capable of higher control efficiencies, in the order of 90%.

Although the implementation of technologies such as wet or dry FGD would be required to reduce the potential for sulphur dioxide emissions, care should be taken in assessing the environmental implications of the use of such control technologies. Atmospheric emissions are associated with the production, transportation and handling of the reagents used in the process (e.g. limestone, lime) and with the waste produced. FGD may also be associated with a visible plume which could impact on aesthetics. Furthermore, the use of FGD will lower stack gas temperatures and hence reduce plume rise, resulting in potential increases in ground level concentrations of other pollutants not removed by the abatement measures. The use of FGD or any other abatement technology is also likely to impact on the combustion efficiency which would result in increased coal consumption to meet the required energy output requirements. It is recommended that the impacts associated with likely control operations be quantitatively assessed.

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10. VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The visual impact assessment was undertaken and compiled by Lourens du Plessis from MetroGIS (Pty) Ltd in his capacity as a visual assessment and Geographic Information Systems specialist.

10.1. Introduction

The farms Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid were identified as the preferred alternatives for the construction and operation of the proposed coal-fired power station in the Lephalale area. The former farm will host the core power station, coal stockpile and immediately related facilities, whilst the latter farm will be utilised for the ash dump and its related infrastructure. This farm could potentially also be used for the construction of a temporary (2-3 years) construction camp that will house approximately 2000 workers. Other associated infrastructure or issues related to the power station includes the construction of conveyor belts from the Grootegeluk coal mine to the power station, conveyor belts from the power station to the ash dump, the re-alignment of the Steenbokpan road and the erection of transmission lines from the power station to the existing Matimba transmission lines.

The proposed power station would be similar to the existing Matimba power station in terms of operations, design and dimensions. The structure's dimensions, in this case, are quite considerable: two smoke stacks (a maximum of 250 m high but more likely 220m high. For the purposes of this assessment 250 m was used) and a core power station building that is 130 m high and approximately 500 m wide. The ash dump will, for the purpose of this study, be approximately 45m - 50m high, about 2000m long and 600m wide. It is clear from the dimensions mentioned above that the proposed power station could have a certain degree of visual impact on the region in general and potentially have a more localised effect on residents surrounding the facility (See Figure 10.1).

This report sets out to identify, quantify and offer potential mitigation of these visual impact related issues.

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Figure 10.1: Matimba power station as seen from Nelson's Kop.

10.2. Scope and Limitations

The scope of work and the determination of the study area for the proposed power station, were to a large degree determined by the visual experience of the existing Matimba power station. The dimensions of the core facility dictated that a relatively large geographical area could potentially be influenced by the construction and operation of another power station in the region. The study area includes a minimum 12 km radius from the core power station in order to cover the potential long distance visual impacts within the region.

The issues related to the visual impact assessment as identified during the scoping phase of the project further dictated the scope of work. These are:

• A: The potential visual exposure of the proposed power station within the region. • B: The visual exposure and proximity of the proposed power station to major roads and tourist routes (i.e. the R510 and the R33). • C: The visual exposure and proximity of the proposed power station to secondary roads (i.e. the Steenbokpan and Stockpoort roads). • D: The visual exposure and proximity of the facility from areas with high viewer incidence (i.e. residential areas: Lephalale, Onverwacht and Marapong).

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• E: The visual exposure and proximity of the proposed facility to game farms and lodges in the vicinity, especially farms from which complaints have been received about the existing power station and mining activities. • F: The compound visual impact of the proposed facility, the existing power station and the mining activities on the bushveld character and sense of place of the region. This issue relates to the proximity of the proposed facility to the existing power station and the Grootegeluk Mine. In other words: would the selection of a specific farm facilitate the containment of the visual impact or would it spread the visual impact. • G: The effect of lighting of the facility in terms of light glare, light trespass and sky glow.

The issues identified for the placement of the power station's ancillary infrastructure are:

• A: The visual exposure and proximity of the ancillary infrastructure to secondary roads. • B: The visual exposure and proximity of the ancillary infrastructure to residential areas (areas with high viewer incidence). • C: The visual exposure of the ancillary infrastructure from game farms and lodges in the vicinity, especially farms from which complaints have been received about the existing power station and mining activities. • D: The effect of lighting in terms of light glare, light trespass and sky glow. • E: The strategic placement of ancillary infrastructure in terms of future mine expansion. This issue relates to the containment of the ancillary infrastructure to areas where there are already similar activities, as opposed to spreading it to relatively remote areas with potential conflicting land-uses.

Two more issues arose since the completion of the scoping phase. These are the re- alignment of the Steenbokpan Road and the selection of the preferred alignment for the coal supply conveyor belt. In both instances Eskom Holdings Limited identified two alternatives and this report will address the merits of each alternative in order to mitigate additional visual impacts.

The constraints, or limitations, placed on the assessment of the visual impact of the proposed power station, is largely restricted to the modelling of the visual absorption capacity (VAC) of the natural vegetation in the area. The topography, as will be mentioned under the description of the affected environment, does not lend itself to the effective shielding of a facility of these dimensions, but the vegetation proved to be quite effective. The only absolute accurate way of incorporating the VAC of natural vegetation into the viewshed analysis would be to map each and every tree,

Visual Impact Assessment 329 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province shrub or bush and enter their heights into the terrain model. This approach would theoretically not be possible due to time and budgetary constraints. A relative generalisation had to be made and this will be addressed under the description of the methodology for the assessment of the visual impact.

10.3. Methodology for the Assessment of the Visual Impact

10.3.1. General

The study was undertaken using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software as a tool to generate viewshed analyses and to apply relevant spatial criteria to the proposed facility. A detailed Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for the study area was created from a combination of the 20 m and 5 m interval contours, supplied by the Surveyor General, Eskom Holdings Limited and Kumba Resources.

Site visits were undertaken to source information regarding land use, vegetation cover, topography and general visual quality of the affected environment. It further served the purpose of verifying the results of the spatial analyses and to identify other possible mitigating/aggravating circumstances related to the potential visual impact.

The results of the spatial analysis and other relevant orientation data are displayed on a number of supplementary maps, which will be referred to in the text.

10.3.2. Potential Visual Exposure

The visibility or visual exposure of any structure or activity is the point of departure for the visual impact assessment. It stands to reason that if the proposed power station and associated infrastructure weren't visible, no impact would occur.

Viewshed analyses of the proposed power station and the related infrastructure, based on a combined 20 m and 5 m contour interval digital terrain model of the study area, indicate the potential visibility.

The visual exposure of the proposed power station is indicated on Map 3 included in Appendix V. The result of the viewshed analysis, based on the dimensions of the facility, indicates the extensive potential visual exposure of the proposed power station within the study area. The greatest topographical influence on the exposure of the power station is the current man-made features (the Grootegeluk mine dumps, the Matimba power station, the Matimba ash dump, and ironically its own proposed ash dump) in the close proximity of the facility. It must be borne in mind

Visual Impact Assessment 330 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province that the effect of vegetation cover as a potential to absorb the visual exposure has not yet been calculated into the model.

Map 4 in Appendix V shows the potential visual exposure of the proposed new ash dump situated on the farm Eenzaamheid. The viewshed analysis was calculated at an average offset of 5 m above the ash dump's maximum elevation above ground level (45 m) for the purpose of this study. This was done in order to allow for the appearance of infrastructure such as the ash-depositing device on top of the dump.

It is clear that the topography alone would once again fail to shield the ash dump from large areas of visual exposure.

10.3.3. Visual Distance/Observer Proximity to the facility

The principle of reduced impact over distance is applied in order to determine the core area of visual influence for this type of structure. It is envisaged that the nature of the structure and the relatively natural state of the environment would create a significant contrast that would make the facility visible and recognisable from a great distance. This would be especially true where the observer has an elevated vantage point.

The proximity radii for the proposed power station are indicated on Map 5 in Appendix V in order to indicate the scale and viewing distance of the facility and to determine the prominence of the structure in relation to its environment.

The proximity radii chosen for the power station, based on the dimensions of the existing facility, are:

• 0 - 3 km. Short distance view where the power station would dominate the frame of vision and constitute a very high visual prominence. • 3 - 6 km. Medium distance view where the power station would be easily and comfortably visible and constitute a high visual prominence. • 6 - 12 km. Medium to longer distance view where the power station would become part of the visual environment, but would still be visible and recognisable. This zone constitutes a high to medium visual prominence. • Greater than 12 km. Long distance view of the facility where the power station would still be visible thought not as easily recognisable. This zone constitutes a medium visual prominence for the power station.

The proximity radii (see Map 6 included in Appendix V) chosen for the ancillary infrastructure (mainly the ash dump) are:

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• 0 - 2 km (short distance). This buffer zone includes the ash dump and its immediate surroundings. The ash dump fills and dominates the frame of vision and constitutes a high visual prominence. • 2 - 4 km (short to medium distance). At a distance of twice its combined width and height, the ash dump is easily and comfortably visible and constitutes a high to medium visual prominence. • 4 - 6 km (medium to long distance). At a distance of three times the combined width and height, the ash dump is seen as being framed by its surroundings and becomes part of the visual environment. This zone constitutes a medium to low visual prominence. • Greater than 6 km (long distance). At a distance of more than three times its combined width and height, the ash dump begins to blend into the surroundings and ceases to be seen as an individual element. This zone constitutes a low visual prominence.

The visual distance theory and the observer's proximity to the facility are closely related, and especially relevant, when considered from areas with a high viewer incidence and a predominantly negative visual perception of the proposed facility.

10.3.4. Viewer Incidence/Viewer Perception

The number of observers and their perception of a structure determine the concept of visual impact. If there are no observers or if the visual perception of the structure is favourable to all the observers, there would be no visual impact.

It is necessary to identify areas of high viewer incidence and to classify certain areas according to the observer's visual sensitivity towards the proposed power station and it's related infrastructure. It would be impossible not to generalise the viewer incidence and sensitivity to some degree, as there are many variables when trying to determine the perception of the observer; regularity of sighting, cultural background, state of mind, purpose of sighting, etc. which would create a myriad of options.

For the purpose of this study five areas were classified as having differing observer incidences and/or perceptions. These are indicated on Map 7 in Appendix V.

The first is a 500 m buffer zone from the R510 main road that extends along the eastern boundary of the study area. This road has a high incidence of potential observers, especially since it functions as a main tourist route between Gauteng and Grobler's Bridge (the South Africa/Botswana border post). The envisaged perception of these observers would be predominantly negative, as the purpose of their journey is generally nature and wildlife orientated.

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The second zone of observer incidence and perception is a 500 m buffer zone along the secondary roads in the area, more specifically Nelson Mandela Drive (connecting Lephalale, Onverwacht, the Matimba power station and the Grootegeluk mine), the Stockpoort road and the Steenbokpan road. The secondary roads in the study area are predominantly frequented by employees of the mine and the power station and by landowners whose farms are situated west and north-west of the mine. These roads are also utilised, to a lesser degree (in terms of traffic volume), by hunters and tourists visiting these farms. It is envisaged that the perception of the observers in this zone will range between negative and neutral.

A third zone of high viewer incidence and predominantly negative viewer perception is the residential areas of Onverwacht, Marapong and, to a lesser degree (due to its relatively long distance from the proposed facility), Lephalale town. The observers in these areas would generally not welcome the sight of either the construction or the operation of a coal fired power station near their places of residence.

The fourth zone addresses the specific farms from which complaints had been received regarding the existing Matimba power station and the Grootegeluk mining activities. This area has, due to the complaints, a negative viewer perception, but a low viewer incidence.

The fifth zone comprises the rest of the study area. This zone is characterised by relatively large and sparsely populated farms that predominantly function as cattle and game farming areas. This zone has, due to the relative absence of random observers, a neutral envisaged viewer perception of the proposed power station.

10.3.5. Visual Absorption Capacity of the natural vegetation

It is has become apparent from site inspections that the visual absorption capacity of the natural veld (thicket, bushland and woodland) is considerable in mitigating the impact of the existing power station. This is true for large tracts of land where the natural vegetation is still intact. The observer is effectively shielded from the facility by dense vegetation adjacent to the road. The opposite is also very noticeable where the natural vegetation had been cleared for agricultural fields or for transmission line servitudes, or where the observer is elevated above the vegetation; the power station becomes highly visible. These cleared areas are, due to the low success rate with dry-land agriculture in this region (as indicated by Gary Patterson - Agricultural Potential Specialist), restricted to scattered patched across the study area.

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A broad vegetation cover map was created, identifying areas where large tracts of natural vegetation had been removed, in order to model the effects of either the absence or the presence of vegetation cover on the visual exposure of the facility.

10.3.6. Visual Impact Index

The results of the above analyses were merged in order to determine where the areas of likely visual impact would occur. These areas were further analysed in terms of the previously mentioned issues (related to the visual impact) and in order to judge the severity of each impact.

10.4. Regional Overview

10.4.1. Description of the affected environment

Cattle and game farming practices dominate the general land-use character of the immediate area surrounding the proposed power station. The existing Matimba Power Station and the Grootegeluk Coal Mine are within a 10 km radius of the two identified farms and have, to a large degree, set the trend for industrial and mining related practises. A formal industrial area has been earmarked for the remainder of the Grootestryd farm south of the Stockpoort road. Large areas surrounding the Grootegeluk Coal Mine, land owned by Kumba Resources, are being utilised as a game reserve and commercial hunting area. See Map 1 in Appendix V: Broad Land Use Description.

The dominant topographical unit or terrain type of the study area is plains, with low mountains and foothills of the Waterberg plateau to the extreme south-east of the study area. Map 2 (Topography and Shaded Relief) in Appendix V indicates the relatively flat topography of the area and the extent of the existing mining and power station operations (mine dumps, the open cast pit, slimes dams and the Matimba ash dump).

The natural vegetation type is woodland to the south and thicket and bushland to the north (generally referred to as bushveld). The natural vegetation cover (for the greater portion of the study area) is relatively undisturbed due to the low success rate with dry-land agriculture in this region.

Source: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2001), Kumba Resources and site observations.

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10.4.2. Site description

The two farms, Naauwontkomen (power station) and Eenzaamheid (ash dump), border the Grootegeluk Coal Mine to the south, along the Steenbokpan Road. The road crosses over both of the properties and will subsequently have to be re-aligned in order to construct the power station and the ash dump. The farms are flanked, to the south and the east, by the railway line transporting coal from the mine. Both of the sites have extensively been utilised as cattle and game farming areas and are characterised by overgrazing and bush clearing patterns. The natural vegetation is, in spite of the former land uses, still relatively intact and will play a large role in the mitigation of the visual impact of the proposed power station and related activities.

Figure 10.2: The farm Eenzaamheid south of the Steenbokpan Road

10.5. Site Specific Results

10.5.1. Visual impact index - power station

Please refer to Map 8 in Appendix V for the visual impact index of the power station.

The visual impact index is a combined weighted index of the visual exposure, the observer proximity, the viewer incidence/perception and the visual absorption capacity (presence/absence of vegetation cover) of the proposed power station. The result of the combination of the above criteria gives an indication of the likely area of

Visual Impact Assessment 335 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province visual impact. This helps in focussing the attention to the critical areas of potential impact when evaluating the issues related to the visual impact.

It becomes clear from the visual impact index that, even though the proposed facility could potentially be visible from a great distance, the envisaged visual impacts would more than likely occur within a 0 - 6 km radius from the power station. This visual impact would predominantly occur along road corridors (high viewer incidence) where the natural vegetation had been removed, or where the road surface is elevated above the vegetation cover. This is evident at the road crossing with the existing Matimba ash conveyer belt and will probably also be the case at the crossing with the proposed coal supply conveyor belt. This is based on the assumption that the sighting of the power station would evoke a primarily negative perception from the observer.

Areas further afield, with similar viewing characteristics, could have the same experience of the proposed facility. The principle of reduced impact over distance would however lessen the likely impact considerably.

Figure 10.3: View (3.2 km) of the existing Matimba power station from the Steenbokpan road crossing with the ash conveyer belt.

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10.5.2. Visual impact index - ash dump

Please refer to Map 9 in Appendix V for the visual impact index of the ash dump.

The visual impact index of the proposed ash dump displays a similar pattern to the impact index of the proposed power station, with the primary difference being the reduced sphere of visual influence associated with the type of structure. The same criteria apply to the ash dump's visual impact index, as was the case with the proposed power station, with the exception of the observer proximity to the feature.

The likely area of visual impact is reduced from 0 - 6 km to 0 - 2 km for the proposed ash dump. The potential area of visual exposure is also greatly reduced due to the ash dump's relatively lower elevation above average ground level (45 m as apposed to the 250 m high smoke stacks of the power station). The shape and colour of the ash dump is also less stark in comparison to the power station's sharp outline. Once again the visual impact would occur where natural vegetation had been cleared along the road corridors, or where the observer is elevated above the vegetation cover.

10.5.3. Issues related to the visual impact of the power station

The issues related to the visual impact of the power station address the particular potential visual impacts identified during the scoping phase of the project. Some of these issues will be addressed jointly where the envisaged visual impacts have similar characteristics or share common denominators. Please see the previous section "Scope and Limitations" for the issues related to the visual impact.

• Issues A, B and F - Long distance and regional visual impact These visual impact issues refer predominantly to the longer distance appearance and visual influence of the proposed power station and associated infrastructure within the region.

Site inspections and inspections along the R510 and R33 indicated that the facility would either not be visible from these tourist roads or that the visual exposure would occur as glimpses of the facility from a relatively long distance (15 - 20 km). The visual absorption capacity of the natural vegetation cover further indicates that the likelihood of viewing the Matimba power station, the proposed Matimba B power station and the Grootegeluk mining activities together is slim. This would also occur from a great distance and would be restricted to a few elevated viewpoints where the R33 descends from the Waterberg plateau foothills.

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Figure 10.4: Simulated view of Matimba (right) and proposed power stations (left) from a lookout point along the R33, south-east of the study area.

The placement of the proposed power station and its associated infrastructure sufficiently contains the compound visual impact of the proposed facility, the existing power station and the mining activities to a relatively small geographical area without unnecessarily stacking the visual impact. In other words the three major industrial activities in this area do not spread the visual impact over a large area and it does not create a highly noticeable dense cluster of activities. The visual impact is therefore relatively contained and more manageable from a mitigation perspective.

Table 10.1: Long distance and regional visual impacts. Area of Mitigation Visual Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance potential Impact Regional Negative Regional Long Low Improbable Low Low impact term Impact Negative Regional Long Low Improbable Low Low from term R510/R33 Compound Negative Regional Long Low Probable Low Low visual term impact

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• Issues C and E - Medium and short distance visual impacts. The visual impact index of the proposed power station has indicated, mainly through the principle of reduced visual impact over distance that the highest potential visual impacts would occur within a 6 km radius of the facility. This principle is further supplemented with the observer incidence rating in order to calculate the likelihood or severity of the impact.

The Steenbokpan and Stockpoort roads are the two major secondary roads (higher viewer incidence) in the closest visual proximity of the proposed power station and associated infrastructure and will therefore account for the majority of short distance (0 - 3 km) visual impacts. Even here the visual absorption capacity of the natural vegetation has proven to be considerable in reducing and even negating the visual impact. Once again the areas with vegetation cover shielded the observer from the facility and oppositely, where the vegetation was removed or the observer was elevated above the trees and bushes, the facility became highly visible.

Figure 10.5: The presence of vegetation cover along the Stockpoort road near the Matimba power station, as apposed to the absence of vegetation at the Stockpoort/Steenbokpan road junction.

The above photos illustrate the importance of retaining the natural vegetation along these roads and highlight the potential areas of impact for the proposed power station: namely where the road crosses over the conveyor belt, underneath transmission lines, or other cleared agricultural areas.

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Table 10.2: Short distance visual impacts - power station. Area of Mitigation Visual Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance potential Impact Cleared Negative Local Long term High Highly High Low- areas probable medium Vegetated Negative- Local Long term Low- Probable Medium High areas neutral medium

The potential medium distance (3 - 6 km) and medium to longer distance (6 - 12 km) visual impact of the proposed power station would predominantly occur, in terms of area, on farms south, west and north-west of the proposed facility. These farms are mainly utilised as cattle and game farms and sometimes function as commercial hunting areas and game lodges.

The exact locations of all the private and commercial game farms and lodges in the study area are not known. There were however specific complaints from landowners (the farms of which are indicated on the visual exposure maps) about the existing power station and the Grootegeluk mine. These farms (as indicated on Maps 3 and 4 in Appendix V) are located to the north- west of the proposed power station location at a minimum distance of about 12 km. The Grootegeluk mine is situated between the proposed power station and these farms and would influence the visual experience to a certain degree. The existing visual clutter and activities (and relative distance from the farm Naauwontkomen) could reduce the potential visual impact or at the very least divert attention from the power station.

Other lodges and weekend retreats located closer to the proposed power station (some were indicated on the farms Kromdraai, Nooitgedacht and Kuipersbult) would be influenced by their exact locations on the farm and the general vegetation cover present. The impact on these farms, within a 3 - 6 km distance of the proposed power station, is difficult to determine due to these variables.

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Table 10.3: Medium and medium to long distance visual impacts - power station. Area of Mitigation Visual Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance potential Impact Complaint Negative Local Long term Medium Probable Medium Low- farms medium Other Negative Local Long term Medium Probable Medium Low- farms/ medium lodges

• Issue D - Visual impacts from residential areas - power station. The construction and operation of a coal-fired power station on the farm Naauw ontkomen won't have a significant visual impact on the residents of Lephalale (town), Onverwacht or Marapong. The proposed power station won't be visible from the former two residential areas, mainly due to their distance from the facility and also due to the structures and visual clutter already present in these areas. The Marapong residential area, closest of the three built-up areas, is situated north-east of the existing Matimba power station, and is ironically shielded from the proposed power station by the existing power station (1 - 1.5 km away) and also by its own structures.

Figure 10.6: View of the Matimba smoke stacks from Marapong. The proposed power station is located 6 km behind the existing power station.

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Table 10.4: Visual impacts from residential areas - power station Area of Mitigation Visual Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance potential Impact Formal Neutral Local- Long term Low Improbable Low N.A. Residential regional areas

• Issue G - Lighting impacts - power station. The construction and 24 hour operation of the proposed power station has the potential to impact on adjacent landowners if the design and placement of lighting is not executed with utmost care and sensitivity. There are three major types of lighting impacts: glare, sky glow and spill light.

Glare is the effect of looking directly into a light fixture or light source and poses the greatest potential visual impact associated with security and nighttime operational lighting. The proposed power station property, as is the case at the existing facility, will operate 24 hours a day and has a considerable amount of floodlights mounted on 10 - 15 m high poles. Another source of glare light, albeit not as intense as flood lighting, is the aircraft warning lights mounted on top of the two 250 m high smoke stacks. These lights are less aggravating due to the toned-down red colour, but have the potential to be visible from a great distance.

Light trespass, or spill light, is the unintentional illumination of surfaces beyond the property boundary. It is less intense than glare but has the potential to aggravate the visual impact considerable if it is not addressed properly.

Sky glow is the condition where the night sky is illuminated when light reflects off particles in the atmosphere such as moisture, dust or smog. The sky glow intensifies with the increase in the amount of light sources. Each new light source, especially upwardly directed lighting, contribute to the increase in sky glow.

Poor planning, ignorance and failure to perform timely maintenance on lighting structures and fixtures are often the cause of visual impacts associated with lighting. A qualified lighting engineer should be consulted during both the construction and operational phases of the proposed power station. The primary goal should be to contain light to the areas that needs illumination and to prevent glare. The strategic placement of lighting covers and shields can mitigate the impacts of glare and spill light effectively. This would be true for both the

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security and operational lighting of the facility, but would not apply to the aircraft warning lights that are required and prescribed by the Civil Aviation Authority.

The effects of sky glow is difficult to quantify and even more difficult to mitigate as it can't be addressed in isolation. The existing power station, the mining activities and even the expansion of the residential areas contribute to this phenomenon. These activities are often beyond the control of one responsible body and can therefore only be addressed as a concerted effort.

Table 10.5: Lighting impacts - power station. Visual Mitigation Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact potential Glare: Negative Local Long term Medium Probable Medium High Floodlights Glare: Negative Local Long term Medium Probable Medium Low Aircraft warning lights Spill light Negative Local Long term Low Improbable Low High Sky glow Negative Local- Long term Low- Probable Low Low regional medium

10.5.4. Issues related to the visual impact of the ancillary infrastructure.

The operation of the Matimba B power station will necessitate the construction of ancillary infrastructure for the supply of coal, the disposal of ash and ultimately the distribution of electricity. The farm Eenzaamheid was chosen as the preferred alternative for the ash dump. This section will focus primarily on the ash dump, as this entity has, next to the power station and due to its relatively large dimensions, the greatest potential for visual impact. The impacts associated with the conveyor belts will be addressed in greater detail under the heading "Conveyor belt alignment options" and the transmission lines under the heading "Steenbokpan road re- alignment".

Please see the previous section "Scope and Limitations" for the issues related to the visual impact of the ancillary infrastructure.

• Issue A and C - Short distance visual impact - ash dump. The ancillary infrastructure is not expected to have a regional or long distance visual impact due to the fact that it is either not visible or not recognisable from

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great distances. It does however have the potential to create short distance visual impacts due to its close proximity to secondary roads in the area.

The issues related to the medium and short distance visual impact of the power station are also applicable to the ash dump, but at a greatly reduced scale. The sphere of visual influence, as indicated in the visual impact index, is restricted to a 4 km radius from the dump. The maintenance of the integrity of the natural vegetation cover will once again play a large role in mitigating the visual impact. The successful concealment of the existing Matimba ash dump is a case in point. The creation of a green buffer zone along the Steenbokpan road, is similarly crucial for the successful mitigation of the visual impact and should be implemented from the establishment of the ash dump and maintained up to the decommissioning and rehabilitation phases of the dump.

Table 10.6: Short distance visual impacts - ash dump. Area of Mitigation Visual Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance potential Impact Cleared Negative Local Long term Medium- Highly Medium Low- areas high probable medium Vegetated Negative- Local Long term Low- Probable Medium High areas neutral medium

• Issue B - Visual impacts from residential areas - ancillary infrastructure. The ancillary infrastructure will not a have visual influence on the residential areas within the region due to the fact that it won't be visible from any of the aforementioned formal residential areas.

• Issue D - Lighting impacts - ancillary infrastructure. The only envisaged lighting impact associated with the ancillary infrastructure is the potential glare from the lights of the ash-depositing device. This device is, due to the functional design of the ash dump, situated on the southern slope of the dump and will more than likely not be visible from areas with a high viewer incidence. It could however have a visual impact on landowners south of the dump. The mitigation of this visual impact might be problematic due to the fact that the ash-depositing device is not stationary. This may require periodic adjustment of lighting shields or covers to compensate for the movement of the device.

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Table 10.7: Lighting impacts - ash depositor. Visual Mitigation Nature Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Impact potential Glare: Negative Local Long Medium Probable Medium Medium Floodlights term

• Issue E - Strategic placement of the ancillary infrastructure. The principle of containing the potential compound visual impact has already been mentioned in this report. The placement of the ancillary infrastructure in close proximity to similar activities, such as the existing ash dump and mining activities would prevent the spread of the area of visual influence. This strategic placement should also be cognisant of the future expansion of the Grootegeluk mine. The farms Eenzaamheid and Naauwontkomen both conform to this principle in terms of their locality in relation to the existing and future mining areas, the mining pit (in case of back-ashing into the pit) and the existing Matimba ash dump (as a short term ashing solution).

• General Issues The potential erection of a construction camp on the farm Eenzaamheid (selected for the ash dump) is being considered in order to provide accommodation for either a portion or all of the 2000 labourers that would be involved during the construction phase of the project. The construction phase is approximated to last for about 2 - 3 years. The establishment of infrastructure for a township of this size in an area that is relatively ill populated has the potential to create secondary visual impacts.

The construction of dwellings, access roads, security lighting, etc. could all attract unwanted attention and impact negatively on adjacent landowners and random observers. The same care should be taken when considering the placement and layout of the construction camp, as with the power station. The camp must ideally be located away from public roads and adjacent farms in order to avoid random observation. The same level of mitigation measures should be implemented, especially for lighting impacts at night, as would be done for any of the other associated infrastructure of this project. The camp should be maintained in a good working and neat condition for the duration of the construction phase and should not be allowed to become neglected and rundown due to its temporary status.

A late addition to the list of issues related to the visual impact is the use of various emission control technologies at Eskom's disposal to limit SO2 emissions from the power station such as Flue Gas Desulphourisation (FGD). The exact

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technology has not been decided yet, but some of the technologies being considered would result in a visible plume of harmless vapour being emitted from the smoke stacks. The approximate size of the plume is indicated in Figure 10.7 and it stands to reason that it would more than likely attract attention to the already considerably tall smoke stacks. The severity of the visual impact would depend on the wind direction in relation to the observer. The refraction of light from the minute droplets of water at certain times of the day could worsen the appearance of the plumes. A similar effect, the reflection of the lights of the power station, could create the appearance of an illuminated plume at night. This together with the possible misconception of health threatening emissions being released from the stacks could lead to another potential visual impact.

Figure 10.7: An example of a wet plume produced from a wet FGD scrubber

10.5.5. Conveyor belt alignment options.

The construction of a conveyor belt to supply coal from the Grootegeluk coal mine to the proposed coal-fired power station has the potential to further increase the visual impacts associated with the creation of visual clutter and the clearing of natural vegetation. The two proposed alignments are indicated as Proposed Conveyor and Proposed Conveyor Alternative on the map below. The first alignment runs adjacent to the railway line until it crosses the proposed new Steenbokpan road alignment, where it veers off to the west until it reaches the power station coal stockpile. The second alignment cuts across the Grootegeluk mining property, where it also crosses the new road alignment north of the proposed power station.

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The crossings with the proposed Steenbokpan road have specific relevance in that the road is elevated at these crossing in order to bridge the conveyor belt. It was indicated earlier in the report that it is at exactly these elevated areas where the greatest short distance visual impacts occur. The conveyor crossing at the existing railway line crossing is therefore preferred, as apposed to the crossing north of the power station, due to its relative distance from the power station. This alignment further serves the purpose of consolidating the linear infrastructure in the area by utilising the same servitude as the railway line. It does therefore not require the clearing of natural vegetation for a new servitude, as is the case with the alternative option.

The preferred alignment is the Proposed Conveyor alternative, adjacent to the railway line.

Figure 10.7: Proposed conveyor belt and new Steenbokpan road alignment options.

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10.5.6 . Steenbokpan road re-alignment options.

The re-alignment and construction of the Steenbokpan road should ideally be done with the minimum amount of disruption to road users. A lengthy construction period can inconvenience motorist and unnecessarily sensitise these observers to the construction of the power station.

The two alignment options are indicated on the map above. The northern alignment (Proposed New Road - blue line) diverts from the existing road alignment at the railway line crossing and extends westwards along the northern boundary of the farms Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid. The southern alignment (Proposed New Road Alternative - pink line) follows an existing dirt road along the southern boundary of the farm Naauwontkomen, after which it makes a sharp turn into a north-easterly direction. It passes between the proposed power station and ash dump until it meets up with the northern alignment and sharply turns into a south- westerly direction until it joins the current Steenbokpan road again.

The selection of the preferred road alignment is primarily aimed at minimising any further visual impacts from the power station and the ancillary infrastructure.

Both of the alignments will cross a proposed new conveyor belt, once again elevating the road above the natural vegetation and exposing the power station and/or the ash dump. The northern alignment's crossing is relatively far from the power station whilst the southern alignments crossing would be located between the power station and the ash dump. This is due to this alignment's awkward zigzag pattern and it being wedged between station and the dump. The southern alignment will also pass underneath the proposed transmission lines from the power station exposing both the lines and potentially the power station to the observer. A further visual impact associated with the southern alignment is the line of sight visibility (forced observation) of the Grootegeluk mining activities where the road travels north.

The northern alignment option facilitates a relatively smooth transition without any major noticeable diversions from the existing road. It further has a higher potential to shield the observer from both the power station and the mining activities.

The preferred re-alignment option for the Steenbokpan road is the northern alignment.

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Figure 10.8: Transmission lines spanning the Stockpoort/Steenbokpan intersection.

It is noteworthy that if the northern alignment is selected the proposed transmission lines from Matimba B would more than likely not be visible from any of the roads.

10.6. Conclusions and Recommendations

The vegetation cover of this region is possibly the single most important element in the construction and operation of the proposed coal-fired power station, and should be revered as a critical component in the mitigation and potential negation of the visual impact. The services of a professional landscape architect should be acquired in order to create a master plan for the detailed design and placement of, firstly the power station, and secondly the ancillary infrastructure. Green buffer zones should be reserved or created and maintained at critical areas surrounding the facilities.

The removal of natural vegetation should be limited to the bare minimum and should not be undertaken without proper planning and delineation. Individual vegetation communities should be identified and earmarked as visual absorption buffer zones. The activities and movement of construction vehicles and personnel during the construction phase should be restricted to help prevent the wanton destruction of natural vegetation that could play an important role in the long term mitigation of visual impacts.

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The clearing of vegetation for servitudes should be restricted to the bare minimum required for the servicing and maintenance of infrastructure.

Figure 10.9: Existing Matimba conveyor belt servitude.

The above photograph of the existing Matimba conveyor belt indicates how the excessively wide (100 m) cleared area unnecessarily expose, not only the conveyor belt, but also the transmission and distribution lines in the background.

Other potential mitigation measures for the proposed power station include the maintenance and general appearance of the facility. These measures focus on the fact that if/when the facility is seen by outsiders; the general impression should be favourable. Timely maintenance of the station, ancillary infrastructure and the general surrounds of the property (gardens, access roads, etc.) can prevent the visual impact of degradation and perceived poor management. The most notable aspect of maintenance on this type of structure is the painting of the cladding of the power station. In this regard and as a further mitigation to the visual impact, overtly contrasting and bright colours should be avoided. Natural hues that compliment the natural environment (i.e. light sky blue where the facility is seen against the skyline or pale green where it is seen against vegetation cover) can soften the general appearance of the power plant. The removal of the cladding of the power station has been mentioned as a possible cost reduction measure, but this will worsen the appearance of the facility considerably and ultimately create an even greater visual impact as soon as the novelty of seeing the station's "insides" wears off.

Every care should be taken to not attract further unwanted attention to the power station through the construction of unnecessarily large support structures (i.e. office buildings, perimeter fences, parking garages, etc.). These structures should not impose any further on the observer, or in the case of perimeter fencing, create an air

Visual Impact Assessment 350 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province of secrecy that might be construed as wrong doing or hiding something from the public. The perimeter fence should fulfil the function of a security barrier only and should not be used to try and hide the facility. Less prominent alternatives to very tall concrete fences should be investigated. These might include palisade fencing, electrified fencing, or a combination of both. The same principles regarding the painting of the core power station apply to the support infrastructure, buildings and security fences.

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11. TOURISM

11.1. Introduction

SiVEST Selatile Moloi was appointed to undertake a Tourism Impact Assessment for the proposed power station which Eskom are planning to construct and operate.

This EIA report follows from the Scoping Report completed in 2005. The issues identified in this report are examined in more detail in the following report. As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and in the light of the land uses surrounding the proposed site, it is important that the impact on the existing and future tourism industry is assessed.

The report provides a detailed impact analysis of the proposed impacts and issues of the proposed development specifically related to the preferred site for the proposed development.

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the impact that the preferred site will have on the tourism industry in the area.

11.2. Methodology

Information was gathered about the tourism industry in the area of the development area using the following methods:

• Site visit • Ad hoc interviews with various tourism facility operators in the area • Interviews with key stakeholders such as the Lephalale Municipality, tourism facility operators in the immediate area of the existing power station • Interviews with other consultants who have worked on tourism related projects in the area • Internet research • Personal knowledge and application • Reference to other specialist reports as part of the EIA team.

11.2.1. Assumptions and Limitations

This report is not aimed at providing exhaustive tourism statistics for the Lephalale area. Rather, this report is aimed at providing the EIA team with sufficient information to meaningfully inform the proposed development of a power station and ancillary facilities through the minimisation of negative environmental impacts, and optimisation of positive environmental impacts on the tourism industry in the area.

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11.3. Background

11.3.1. Relevant Acts and Policies

• The White Paper on the Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa, 1996 The White Paper provides a broad framework to guide the development, planning and management of tourism in South Africa. The context is set through a discussion on the potential and economic role of tourism in the country and the identification of constraints that hinder the realisation of this potential. Some of the key constraints relate to inadequate funding, limited community integration, inadequate education and training, poor environmental management, lack of infrastructure, increased levels of crime, and a lack of national, provincial and local tourism structures.

Identifying tourism as an engine for economic growth, the White Paper builds a rationale and sets a clear vision for responsible tourism development. The vision is supported by a set of guiding principles for responsible tourism development and is underpinned by economic, social and environmental objectives.

To achieve the vision, the following key performance areas for tourism development are sighted in the White Paper: ∗ a safe and stable tourism environment. ∗ involvement of local communities and previously neglected groups. ∗ sustainable environmental management practices. ∗ creating a globally competitive tourism industry. ∗ ensuring innovative development that meet visitor requirements. ∗ focus on product development and diversity. ∗ effective training, capacity building and awareness promotion. ∗ aggressive and creative marketing and promotion. ∗ strong economic linkages with other economic sectors. ∗ appropriate institutional structures. ∗ appropriate support infrastructure.

The White Paper goes further by recommending the formulation of a range of key policies and frameworks that will facilitate the role of tourism as an economic driver.

Areas where further policy development is required include: ∗ safety and security. ∗ education and training. ∗ access to finance. ∗ investment incentives.

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∗ foreign investment. ∗ environmental management. ∗ product development. ∗ cultural resource management. ∗ transportation - air and ground. ∗ infrastructure. ∗ marketing and promotion. ∗ product quality and standards. ∗ regional co-operation. ∗ youth development.

In addition to its recommendations on specific policy development that will smooth the progress of tourism development, the White Paper broadly defines the roles to be played by various stakeholders involved in tourism, and provides a framework for institutional arrangements for tourism in South Africa.

Although the White Paper was developed at national level, it provides an overarching framework to guide tourism development across South Africa. In this respect it allows for the alignment of National, Provincial and Local tourism development to ensure “that everyone pulls in the same direction”. The White Paper does not address specific requirements on Provincial or Local level, nor does it provide the required strategic direction. Provincial and Local governments therefore need to align to, and take guidance from the National White Paper when developing their own tourism development strategies as it pertains to the specific dynamics present.

• Institutional Guidelines for Public Sector Tourism Development and Promotion in South Africa, 1999 The Inter-provincial Technical Committee of MINMEC (a joint forum of ministers responsible for tourism matters) compiled the Institutional Guidelines, published by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 1999. It seeks to formulate the institutional system and mechanisms to facilitate synergy in the management of tourism between the various tiers of government. The document further provides clarity on the roles, responsibilities and allocation of funding at National, Provincial and Local Government level to inform intergovernmental co-ordination on matters regarding tourism.

It is recognised in the institutional guidelines that historical development trends, macro conditions, constitutional dispensation and existing tourism structures differ at the various levels of government. Three models of institutional structures have therefore been proposed to accommodate the relevant circumstances at each level. These include:

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∗ differentiated model. ∗ mainstream model. ∗ independent model.

One set of guidelines is proposed to ensure effective monitoring and control regardless of the model followed.

Specific guidelines and conditions with regards to the roles and responsibilities at each level of government are provided. The issues addressed and the respective guidelines in terms of the roles and responsibilities of the Lephalale Municipality at local level include the following: ∗ introduction of tourism legislation – alignment of local by-laws and regulations with national and provincial tourism policy. ∗ establishing international relations and agreements – reaching agreements with cities/local authorities in other countries, with the knowledge of national and provincial government. ∗ international tourism marketing and promotion activities – exposure of local areas within the framework of national marketing strategies and aligned to such. ∗ domestic tourism marketing activities – develop domestic marketing strategies in line with provincial marketing framework. ∗ provision of tourism infrastructure – providing local infrastructure taking cognisance of provincial tourism strategies. ∗ setting of tourism standards – annual inspection, certification and registration of tourism establishments. ∗ promoting tourism awareness – plan and implement programmes to improve tourism awareness within local authority in line with national and provincial campaigns. ∗ tourism training – assist in the implementation and promotion of national and provincial training programmes. ∗ establishing tourism incentives, investment and financing programmes – provide advice and assistance to emerging entrepreneurs in coordination with provincial investment framework. ∗ tourism information management – provide appropriate information as input to national and provincial systems. ∗ domestic tourism information dissemination – establish local tourism information offices. ∗ tourist guiding training – work in collaboration with provincial authorities to ensure representative curriculum content. ∗ tourism development – lead tourism development in the area of consultation with provincial authorities. ∗ tourism safety and security – establish local tourism safety programmes in collaboration with local business, SAPS and communities.

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• The Tourism Act, 1993 The objective of the Tourism Act is to make provision for the promotion of tourism to and in the Republic; the further regulation and rationalisation of the tourism industry; measures aimed at the maintenance and enhancement of the standards of facilities and services hired out or made available to tourists; and the co-ordination and rationalization, as far as practicable, of the activities of persons who are active in the tourism industry; with a view to the said matters to establish a board with legal personality which shall be competent and obliged to exercise, perform and carry out certain powers, functions and duties; to authorise the Minister to establish a grading and classification scheme in respect of accommodation establishments, the membership of which shall be voluntary; to authorize the Minister to establish schemes for prescribed sectors of the tourism industry, the membership of which shall be voluntary; to make provision for the registration of tourist guides; to prohibit any person to act for gain as a tourist guide unless he has been registered as a tourist guide in terms of the Act; to authorise the Minister to make regulations; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

The Act prompted the establishment of the South African Tourism Board which acts as the juristic person with regards to this Act.

The object of the board shall be, with due regard to the sustainability of environmental resources, to promote tourism by encouraging persons to undertake travels to and in the Republic, and with a view thereto: ∗ to take measures in order to ensure that services which are rendered and facilities which are made available to tourists comply with the highest attainable standards. ∗ to manage information and conduct research relating to tourism. ∗ to advise the Minister on tourism policy, either of its own volition or when requested to do so by the Minister.

11.3.2. Implications for Development

The proposed development has a number of restrictions, regulations and guidelines that apply to both the construction and operation phases. From a tourism perspective, the Environment Conservation Act (ECA), and more specifically National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), enforce a holistic view of the development through a thorough investigation of all aspects of the environment including tourism as one of the socio-economic imperatives in the area surrounding the proposed development site.

According to the Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004), the proposed development must take cognisance of the biodiversity of the area to be developed with special

Tourism 356 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province focus on protected species, alien species and sensitive ecosystems. The development must also be carried out in a way that will ensure that the utilisation of biodiversity is managed in an ecologically sustainable way.

The White Paper on Promotion and Development of Tourism in South Africa, provides guidelines and motivation to the tourism industry which relate specifically to sustainable development and environmental management practices.

The promotion of the tourism industry through the creation of linkages to other economic sectors is probably the most important aspect of the paper. In the case of the proposed power station development, the promotion of linkages between the mining and power generation sector, and the tourism sector should be highlighted through this report. The Tourism Act of 1993 endorses the promotion of tourism in South Africa and established the South African Tourism Board which is responsible for aiding tourism development in an area like Lephalale and aiding communities in linking commercial practices with tourism.

11.3.3. Tourism in South Africa

The World Travel and Tourism Council (2003) calculated that South Africa’s travel and tourism system generated R108 billion of economic activity (total demand) in 2002. The industry is reported to have had the following direct impacts:

• 492 700 jobs are maintained through this economic system, representing 3 per cent of total employment. • R 31.1 billion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), equivalent to 3 per cent of the total GDP.

However, since the travel and tourism system touches upon all sectors of the economy, its real impact is far greater. South Africa’s travel and tourism economy directly and indirectly accounts for:

• 1 148 000 jobs, representing 6.9 per cent of total employment. • R 72.5 billion of GDP, equivalent to 7.1 per cent of total GDP. • R 42.8 billion of exports, services and merchandise or 12.5 per cent of total exports. • R 17.1 billion of Capital Investment, or 10.3 per cent of total investment. • R 920 million of Government Expenditure, or a 0.5 per cent share.

Moreover, the World Travel and Tourism Council argues that over the next ten years South Africa’s travel and tourism system is expected to achieve annualised real growth of:

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• 5.1 per cent in travel and tourism GDP, R 84.8 billion in 2012 for the industry directly and up to R194.3 billion for the travel and tourism economy overall (this figure includes direct and indirect expenditure). • 3.3 per cent in travel and tourism employment to 679 200 jobs directly in the industry and 3.1 per cent to 1 555 300 jobs in the travel and tourism economy overall. • 4.8 per cent in total travel and tourism demand to R 288.5 billion. • 4.7 per cent in visitor exports, rising to R 86.2 billion. • 5.2 per cent in terms of capital investment, increasing to R47 billion. • 1.6 per cent in terms of government expenditure to R1.8 billion.

The tourism industry thus represents an important economic sector in South Africa, which requires attention and effort to strengthen the products, as well as linkages to other economic sectors.

• International Tourists Tourism South Africa (2004) state that the vast majority (55%) of the international tourists to South Africa are from our immediate neighbours. The majority of the remainder (31%) of the international tourists are mostly from United Kingdom, Germany and the USA. In the case of African tourists, the main reasons for visiting the country relate to business travel with holiday or leisure tourism taking in a secondary position. However, in the case of overseas visitors the purpose of visitation is the reverse, with the overriding emphasis on leisure travel.

11.3.4. Tourism in Limpopo Province

The Limpopo Province attracted 3% of foreign tourists to the country in 2003 with 58% of these being for leisure purposes, and only 13% being for business (Strisa, 2004). The vast majority of foreign air travel tourists to the province (70%) travel to the Kruger Park, with none being registered as visiting Lephalale.

Limpopo Province accounted for 6% of foreign tourists in 2004 (SA Tourism, 2004), which relates to the lowest proportion of tourists visiting a province, with the exception of Northern Cape which only captured 3% of the foreign tourists. No details for 2004 were available for domestic visitors.

South African Tourism (2004) state that Limpopo Province received 9.4% of the domestic tourists in 2003, with the province being the 5th most popular province. Most of these trips were from within the province itself. These trips appear to be seasonal, with most of the trips being generated in December.

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11.3.5. Tourism in and around Lephalale

• Tourism Trends and Land Use The tourism industry in the Lephalale area is relatively new and is currently in a rapid growth phase (Johan Erasmus, pers comm.). The rapid growth is resulting in significant land use changes in and around the town of Lephalale. It has been identified that the three pillars of the economy of the Lephalale Municipality are: ∗ Mining and power generation. ∗ Agriculture (cattle, citrus, tobacco). ∗ Tourism (hunting, ecotourism, business).

Traditionally, the land uses in the area were agricultural (cattle) and mining (coal). Mr Johan Erasmus of the Lephalale Municipality (pers. comm), indicated that 14 years ago, there were in the region of 120 000 head of cattle in the Lephalale Municipality area. This number has shrunk drastically to 20 000 presently. This is likely to indicate a change from an agricultural- based to an ecotourism and hunting-based land use.

Studies referred to in the Tourism Plan for Lephalale (Lorimer & Assoc., 2002) indicate significantly higher stocking rates with wild ungulates when compared to cattle, sheep and goats. The low rainfall and poor grazing experienced by some farmers may be a driving factor for the change from cattle to game farming.

The perceived growth of tourism in this area is relative to the growth of tourism throughout the country, and indeed the Limpopo Province.

Research undertaken by Dr Hendrik Nel and Mr Johan Erasmus (Lephalale Tourism, 2004) showed that over 73% of all visitors to the area are leisure tourists (this includes hunting and ecotourism). Business tourism makes up over 20% of the visitors, and over 6% are holiday makers passing through the area. This research also showed that while tourism currently only represents around 2.2% of GDP of the Lephalale area, the contribution to the tertiary sector of the economy was 30.2%. The enormous contribution of the power station and mine to the local economy explains this skew. Furthermore it is noted that although foreign tourists only make up 31% of the tourists to the area, they contribute over 46% to the tourism income. Limpopo visitors and Lephalale residents both contribute less than 2% of the tourism income, with visitors from the rest of South Africa contributing 52% of the tourism economy, but making up 67% of the total visitors. This once again highlights the economic importance of the foreign tourism to the area.

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The most significant numbers of tourists to the area (also based on contribution to the economy) have been broken down into the following groups: ∗ Business ∗ Leisure − Hunting − Ecotourism ∗ Passing through

• Tourism Supply The estimated number of beds in the area at the end of 2004 was over 3000 (Strisa, 2004). Most of these beds are available in lodges (1022) and chalets (1009), followed by guesthouses (553) and farmhouses (231). Hotels (113) and motels (89) also have significant numbers of beds. Permanent tents (145) and tent stands (129) are less numerous, with a mere 12 beds in bush camps.

Lodges, chalets and other ‘bush’ accommodation supply the hunting and ecotourism markets, while the hotels, motels and guest houses supply the business tourism markets. It is interesting to note that while lodges and chalets have the highest number of beds, they have relatively low occupancies and short stay durations. The highest occupancy rates are noted in the hotels, motels and guest lodges. Research undertaken by SiVEST Selatile Moloi has shown that these constant and high occupancy rates (sometimes up to 80% or more averaged over a year) are due to the constant stream of business people to the area. These business tourists are primarily visiting the power station and mine for work purposes.

Lodges and other 'bush' accommodation, are primarily occupied by hunters. The hunting season is at its peak during the winter, which is when occupancies in lodges are highest, usually around 80%.

• Tourism Demand Tourism demand in the area relates primarily to the outdoor and wildlife aspects with 74% of all tourists visiting the Lephalale area for these reasons (Lephalale Tourism, 2004). The importance of business tourism cannot be underestimated, however. The occupancy rates for hotels and motels are unusually high (65% and 80% respectively).

These occupancies do not show seasonal variation and appear to reflect the high numbers of business tourists staying in these facilities. The main industries in the area are mining, power generation and retail. Business tourism makes up a far less percentage of tourists visiting the area, but the

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length of stay is notably higher than leisure tourists which make up the vast majority of the tourists to the area.

In summary, the tourism demand in terms of tourism numbers appears to be primarily from leisure tourism, but occupancy rates are on average below 50% on an annual basis. This occupancy is highly seasonal. The business tourism reflects lower numbers, but longer stays and high, constant occupancy rates of between 60% and 80%.

Recently, there have been no tours to the existing power station, whereas weekly tours were previously available. The potential for these tours to take place is certainly there, but the Communications Officer at the power station explained that these groups need to be screened for security purposes before being allowed to make a booking. The majority of tours around Matimba Power Station are primarily for educational purposes for schools. No further details were available on the frequency, or size of these tours.

• Business Tourism This type of tourism reflects the tourist who visits an area purely to do business. Any other tourism activities such as sight-seeing or game viewing for example, are secondary. Limpopo visitors are the most important for business tourism as they make up 34.5% of tourists in the area, while business visitors from the rest of South Africa make up 26.3% of tourists, with 7% being foreign and 5% being from Lephalale itself (Lephalale Tourism, 2004). Therefore, most of these tourists come from within South Africa, with less than 10% coming from outside the country.

Business tourists stay primarily in hotels and motels. The occupancy rates for hotels and motels are unusually high (65% and 80% respectively). These occupancies are also unusually aseasonal. The main industries in the area are mining, power and retail. Many of the institutions interviewed stated that most business tourists were linked to the power station, mining and other retail. It was also stated that the shut down periods at the power station usually corresponded with 100% occupancy at some tourism establishments. Government departments such as the Department of Education also provided good business for some hotels.

Business tourism makes up a far less percentage of reasons for visiting the area, but the length of stay is notably higher than leisure tourists which make up the vast majority of the tourists to the area. Unfortunately no information was available on the percentage contribution of this form of tourism to the local economy.

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• Leisure Tourism Leisure tourism is important to the future of the tourism market in the Lephalale area. This type of tourism accounts for the majority of the tourists to the area (Lephalale Tourism, 2004). Almost 90% of foreign tourists are visiting the area for leisure purposes, with this being represented by 55.2% of Limpopo tourists, 66.1% of visitors from the rest of South Africa, and 95% of visitors from within Lephalale.

Leisure tourism is made up of a number of subgroupings, which include ecotourism and hunting, but also include other activities such as sport (golf), visiting restaurants and water sports. These activities have been grouped into broad groups of ecotourism (game viewing, photographic safaris, family holidays on game farms etc) and hunting. These tourists generally spend their time in the game reserves and lodges in the area, but visitors from the local area are also noted as visiting the area for sporting purposes and visiting restaurants. While this study has not expressly focussed on sporting and restaurants (as they represent very low percentages of reasons for visiting the area), it is interesting to note that 40% (by far the majority) of leisure tourists from the Lephalale area cite visiting restaurants as being their primary activity. No information was available of the contribution these tourists make to the economy.

∗ Ecotourism Ecotourism or photographic safaris (as opposed to hunting) is a relatively new industry in the area. It is noted that 20% of foreign leisure tourists visiting the area, visit the area for this reason, with approximately 60% of Limpopo leisure visitors, just over 60% of leisure visitors from the rest of South Africa, and approximately 20% of Lephalale leisure visitors being in the area of this reason. While many hunting lodges also offer ecotourism opportunities, these activities often cannot occur within the same space at the same time. From the distinct drop off of occupancies at lodges and other bush accommodation during summer, the importance of increasing occupancy through ecotourism during the hunting low season is seen to be important.

∗ Hunting Hunting (as a form of leisure tourism) is an important sector of the area’s tourism industry. For lodges and other bush accommodation, this appears to be their main source of tourists. In fact, this sector makes up over 88% of the foreign leisure tourists to the area, over 11% of Limpopo leisure visitors, 21% of leisure visitors from the rest of South Africa, and less that 2% of leisure visitors from Lephalale. This industry is certainly the mainstay of leisure tourism in the area, and it is expected to grow substantially over the next few years.

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• Passing Through The location of Lephalale on a major route between Gauteng and Botswana means that it is subject to a proportion of tourism which visits the area only consequentially. This form of tourism comprises just over 3% of foreign tourists to the area, 7.5% of Limpopo visitors, 66% of visitors from the rest of South Africa and does not apply to those from the Lephalale area. Various sectors of the tourism industry (for example hotels, motels and restaurants) will certainly benefit from this strategic benefit. This form of tourism is considered small and is therefore not considered further in this scoping study.

11.3.6. Future tourism in and around Lephalale

The projected tourism growth in the Lephalale area should be considered when planning any significant development. The importance of the tourism industry to the economy of the area is likely to continue to grow into the future. This is likely to be related to the hunting and ecotourism industries, but could also be linked to any expansion of the industrial operations and the related business tourism. The existing importance of the business tourism sector, and its strong links to the mine and power station are also viewed as important.

The Lephalale area has been described from a tourism perspective by Lorimer and Associates (2002). The main groupings of tourism attraction areas are listed below:

• A sporting centre (Lephalale town) • An events venue (Lephalale town) • Game watching ∗ D’Nyala Nature Reserve ∗ Ferroland Private Game Reserve ∗ Mokolo Nature Reserve and adjoining areas ∗ Lapalala Wilderness and adjoining areas ∗ Marakele National Park, Welgevonden Game Reserve and adjoining areas ∗ Wonderkop Reserve and adjoining areas ∗ All areas along the Limpopo River

While these may have been identified as tourism attraction areas, the opinion is that only the “game watching” areas would potentially be affected by the proposed development.

The challenge faced by the tourism industry in the area is to increase leisure tourism / ecotourism visitors in the summer seasons. This would primarily relate to ecotourism rather than hunting. The various marketing strategies done by the

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Municipality reflect this as a primary objective. There is also potential to increase tourism in the area through tours to the power station(s) and/or the mine.

11.4. Findings of Site Selection Process

The result of the Scoping Report, and based on the findings of all the specialist reports, was that the preferred farms were Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid. For the purposes of this EIA Tourism Impact Study, we have examined these two farms only.

As identified in the scoping report, the proposed power station is anticipated to result in the following impacts which could possibly relate to the tourism industry:

• Visual Impact • Noise Pollution • Air Pollution • Groundwater Pollution • Surface Water Pollution • Soil Pollution • Increased business visits to the area • Land Use

While we have not examined specifically the holistic effects of environmental impacts described above, we have related them to the tourism industry. These impacts are considered in relation to the following types of tourism which are common in the study area:

• Leisure ™ hunting ™ ecotourism • Business

11.5. Evaluation of Impacts Relating to the Tourism Industry

SiVEST Selatile Moloi has identified 4 major impacts that are likely to result from the development of the proposed power station and ancillary facilities:

• Visual Impact • Noise Impact • Land Use • Corporate Demand

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11.5.1. Visual Impact Relative to Tourism

• Construction Phase

VISUAL IMPACT IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to visual impact. Temporal Scale Short Term

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Slight

Significance Low

Risk / Likelihood May occur

Degree Of Confidence Probable

Discussion The visual impact is likely to have a negative effect mostly on the nearby existing tourism facilities.

The visual impact of construction vehicles on the roads, and construction related facilities will be increased and may detract to a small degree from the tourism experience. Mitigation Measures The recommendations made in the Visual Impact Assessment should be implemented.

• Operation Phase

VISUAL IMPACT IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to visual impact. Temporal Scale Permanent

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Moderately severe

Significance Low

Risk / Likelihood May occur

Degree Of Confidence Probable

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VISUAL IMPACT IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to visual impact. Discussion The proposed development will be seen from up to 20km away, especially from elevated areas, and areas close by.

The lighting will be seen from even further, and more obviously at night.

The location and placement of these lights could potentially be the most significant negative impact at night.

Mitigation Measures The fact that the proposed power station will be located in close proximity to the existing power station, means that the cumulative impact will be relatively low - this is the main mitigation factor, which was agreed as a result of the Scoping Report.

The mitigation measures recommended by the Visual Impact Specialist will suffice for the tourism section.

All lighting should be inward and downward pointing.

11.5.2. Noise Impact Relative to Tourism

• Construction Phase

NOISE IMPACT IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to noise impact. Temporal Scale Short term

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Moderately severe

Significance Moderate

Risk / Likelihood Will definitely occur

Degree Of Confidence Definite

Discussion Construction activities, by their very nature are noisy, especially for a development of this scale.

Tourism facilities close to the proposed development are likely to be subject to higher noise levels than those further away.

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NOISE IMPACT IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to noise impact. Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures as recommended by the Noise Impact Specialist will suffice.

The placement of the proposed development in close proximity is the most effective mitigation measure.

• Operation Phase

NOISE IMPACT IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to noise impact. Temporal Scale Permanent

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Severe

Significance Moderate

Risk / Likelihood May occur

Degree Of Confidence Probable

Discussion Noise Impact will be an issue to surrounding land users within a 6km radius.

This radius includes a number of tourism operators, but the issue of cumulative impact will likely make the difference in noise from ambient conditions imperceptible.

Mitigation Measures The recommendations of the Noise Impact Specialist would suffice.

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11.5.3. Land Use Relative to Tourism

• Construction Phase

LAND USE IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to the various land uses surrounding the preferred site. Temporal Scale Short term

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Moderately severe

Significance Low

Risk / Likelihood May occur

Degree Of Confidence Definite

Discussion The various land uses surrounding the proposed development sites are dominated by cattle farming to the immediate south, hunting and ecotourism to the immediate north and residential to the east. Mixed cattle farming and hunting occurs to the west of the existing power station. There are existing tourism-related land uses currently taking place on land that is being considered for site alternatives, these are listed below: • Eenzaamheid – cattle/game farming • Naauwonkomen – Grootegeluk (Ferroland) – game farm and hunting area Since development is taking place on at least one of the sites where game farming and hunting presently occurs, there will be a significant and immediate negative impact on that tourism activity. There are no tourism activities that operate, or depend exclusively on the sites put forward as preferred sites. Mitigation Measures The existing game currently on the site should be carefully moved off prior to any site clearing so as not to negatively impact negatively on the tourism feasibility related to these animals (both for game viewing and hunting)

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• Operation Phase

LAND USE IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to the various land uses surrounding the preferred site. Temporal Scale Permanent

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Moderately severe

Significance High

Risk / Likelihood Will definitely occur

Degree Of Confidence Definite

Discussion The various land uses surrounding the proposed development sites are dominated by cattle farming to the immediate south, hunting and ecotourism to the immediate north and residential to the east. Mixed cattle farming and hunting occurs to the west of the existing power station. There are existing tourism-related land uses currently taking place on land that is being considered for site alternatives, these are listed below: • Eenzaamheid – cattle/game farming • Naauwonkomen – Grootegeluk (Ferroland) – game farm and hunting area Since development is taking place on at least one of the sites where game farming and hunting presently occurs, there will be a significant and immediate negative impact on that tourism activity. There are no tourism activities that operate, or depend exclusively on the sites put forward as preferred sites.

Mitigation Measures Discussions between Kumba Resources and Eskom should be initiated with regards to the loss of hunting/game breeding land as a result of the development.

This should be agreed with the farm manager.

It was discussed that potentially farms to the south west of the current reserve could be available for such purposes.

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11.5.4. Corporate Demand

• Construction Phase

CORPORATE DEMANDS IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to the corporate demands of the s surrounding areas. Temporal Scale Short term

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Very beneficial

Significance Very high

Risk / Likelihood May occur

Degree Of Confidence Probable

Discussion Corporate demand describes the demand for business tourism accommodation in the area. This impact is likely to be positive and will be the fastest growth area of tourism should the development proceed.

The increased influx of business tourists during construction (short term) will create an increased demand for accommodation to cater for this market.

Linked to this corporate demand, it could also be argued that exposure of the area not only as a business destination, but the possibility of repeat visits for leisure purposes (by business tourists with their families for example) would be a secondary spin-off of the increased business tourism.

Negative impacts could also be related to the construction phase. These relate mainly to safety and security concerns as a result of increased construction workers who will potentially temporarily move into the area. Concerns relate to the current low level of crime which could increase. The impact of this on the tourism industry is difficult to quantify, but is noted here as a concern to be mitigated.

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CORPORATE DEMANDS IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to the corporate demands of the s surrounding areas. Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures all relate to the marketing of the tourism operations in the area.

Eskom has an opportunity to provide a significant thrust for the development of the tourism accommodation in the area through promoting tourism accommodation and other tourism attractions in the area to all parties involved with the construction phase of the proposed development.

This promotion should take place in conjunction with the Local Municipality who are very active in the coordination of tourism in Lephalale.

Close coordination with South African Police Service and contractors to avoid any increase in crime related issues.

• Operation Phase

CORPORATE DEMANDS IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to the corporate demands of the s surrounding areas. Temporal Scale Permanent

Spatial Scale Localised

Severity / Beneficial Beneficial

Significance High

Risk / Likelihood May occur

Degree Of Confidence Probable

Discussion Corporate demand describes the demand for business tourism accommodation in the area. This impact is likely to be positive and will be the fastest growth area of tourism should the development proceed.

The increased influx of business tourists during operation (long term) will create an increased demand for accommodation to cater for this market.

Linked to this corporate demand, it could also be argued that exposure of the area not only as a business destination, but the possibility of repeat visits for leisure purposes (by business tourists with their families for example) would be a secondary spin-off of the increased business tourism.

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CORPORATE DEMANDS IMPACT This table assesses the impacts related to the corporate demands of the s surrounding areas. Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures all relate to the marketing of the tourism operations in the area.

Eskom has an opportunity to provide a significant thrust for the development of the tourism accommodation in the area through promoting tourism accommodation and other tourism attractions in the area to all parties involved with the operation phase of the proposed development.

This promotion should take place in conjunction with the Local Municipality who are very active in the coordination of tourism in Lephalale.

11.6. Conclusions

The EIA Report has assessed the predicted impacts of various aspects of the proposed power station and its ancillary activities. The loss of hunting and game breeding areas will have a short-term negative impact on the operations of the Ferroland reserve which depends on game breeding and hunting for income through this form of tourism. This could be mitigated if other land is made available for these land uses. Other negative impacts relate to the perception of many tourism operators that there could be an increase in crime due to the increased numbers of construction workers during the construction phase. Many of these workers could be migrant and an “unknown quantity” in terms of crime.

The highly positive significant impact of the influx of business tourism to the area during the construction and operation phases will outweigh the negative impacts on the immediate ecotourism and hunting facilities. It is important to note that the cumulative impact of the proposed power station is considered low and is certainly not 'twice the impact'. The mitigation measures, together with the positive impacts will promote the area as a tourism destination while on business.

The tourism industry in the Lephalale area is currently in a growth phase, largely as a result of the changing rural land uses from agriculture to game farming/hunting/ecotourism. The increase in the importance of industry (which generates “direct” business tourism and “indirect” leisure tourism) in the area has also been a driving factor ensuring high occupancies at a number of the tourism accommodation facilities in the urban areas of Lephalale.

In general, it is anticipated that the proposed power station development would create more business for the urban accommodation in the area, but would be marginal in its positive impact on the rural accommodation which is not in the

Tourism 372 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province immediate location of the power station. However, the increased presence of business tourists in the area, would create opportunities for the rural accommodation (lodges etc) and increase the chance that these business tourists could return at a later stage with their families as leisure tourists.

Concerns of tourism accommodation operators related to possible increases in crime during the construction phase in particular. While unrelated to this particular project, other concerns related to the repeated power cuts that affected many of these establishments. Some land owners and tourism accommodation operators are concerned with issues related to the existing power station and mine. These issues include visual and noise impact, as well as concerns relating to trees dying and fences rusting in the vicinity of the power station. These impacts, while real and significant for landowners adjacent to the power station, do not seem to be reflected by other tourism operators further from the power station.

11.7. Recommendations

It is our opinion that the proposed power station development will not adversely affect the existing overall tourism industry in the area. In contrast, we have found that it is likely to in fact increase tourism numbers to the area (albeit in the form of business tourism) as well as increasing the profile of the area as a unique ecotourism area. Our recommendations specific to the tourism industry are as follows:

• It is recommended that the discussions are initiated between Eskom and Kumba Resources with regards to the loss of land that will be experienced by the Ferroland reserve. • Visual impact of power station to be reduced as advised by the Visual Impact Specialist and in this report • Noise impact of power station to be reduced as advised by the Noise Impact Specialist and in this report • The existing ecotourism venues in Lephalale should be marketed and that a variety of local tourism accommodation venues are marketed and promoted to business tourists visiting the existing and new power station. It is recommended that a committee could be set up and that the Local municipality and Eskom participate in this committee. • Close liaison between Eskom, the contractors and the South African Police Service to control potential crime increases during construction.

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12. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCES

The National Cultural History Museum was contracted by Bohlweki Environmental to survey an area in which it is proposed to re-align an existing road and construct a conveyor belt. This is necessary as a new power station is proposed to be developed in the Lephalale area.

The Heritage study undertaken during the Scoping phase of this project was reviewed by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). The Scoping report study concluded that the nominated site Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid were ideal from a heritage perspective and that no further studies were deemed necessary. SAHRA supported this recommendation in it review of the study. The study was therefore found to be conclusive from a heritage perspective.

The aim of the survey was to locate, identify, evaluate and document sites, objects and structures of cultural importance found within the boundaries of the area that is to be impacted by the development.

The scope of work consisted of conducting a Phase 1 archaeological survey of the site in accordance with the requirements of Section 38(3) of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999).

This includes:

• Conducting a desk-top investigation of the area; • A visit to the proposed development sites.

The objectives were to

• Identify possible archaeological, cultural and historic sites within the proposed development areas; • Evaluate the potential impacts of construction, operation and maintenance of the proposed development on archaeological, cultural and historical resources; • Select a preferred site for the development • Recommend mitigation measures to ameliorate any negative impacts on areas of archaeological, cultural or historical importance. • Recommend further studies in the EIA, should these be required.

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12.1. Definitions and Assumptions

The following aspects have a direct bearing on the survey and the resulting report:

• Cultural resources are all non-physical and physical human-made occurrences, as well as natural occurrences that are associated with human activity. These include all sites, structures and artefacts of importance, either individually or in groups, in the history, architecture and archaeology of human (cultural) development. • The significance of the sites and artefacts are determined by means of their historical, social, aesthetic, technological and scientific value in relation to their uniqueness, condition of preservation and research potential. It must be kept in mind that the various aspects are not mutually exclusive, and that the evaluation of any site is done with reference to any number of these. • Sites regarded as having low significance have already been recorded in full and require no further mitigation. Sites with medium to high significance require further mitigation measures. • The latitude and longitude of archaeological sites are to be treated as sensitive information by the developer and should not be disclosed to members of the public. • Stone Age: Early Stone Age (ESA): 2 000 000 - 150 000 Before Present Middle Stone Age (MSA): 150 000 - 30 000 BP Late Stone Age (LSA): 30 000 - until c. AD 200 • Iron Age: Early Iron Age (EIA): AD 200 - AD 1000 Late Iron Age (LIA): AD 1000 - AD 1830 • Historical Period: Since the arrival of the white settlers - c. AD 1840 in this part of the country • A core is a piece of stone from which flakes were removed to be used or made into tools

12.2. Legislative Requirements

Aspects concerning the conservation of cultural resources are mainly dealt within two acts. These are the South African Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 1999) and the Environment Conservation Act (Act No 73 of 1989).

12.2.1. South African Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 1999)

• Archaeology, palaeontology and meteorites In terms of Section 35(4) of this Act, no person may, without a permit issued by the responsible heritage resources authority destroy, damage, excavate,

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alter, deface or otherwise disturb any archaeological or palaeontological site or material or any meteorite; bring onto, or use at an archaeological or palaeontological site any excavation equipment or any equipment that assists in the detection or recovery of metals or archaeological and palaeontological material or objects, or use such equipment for the recovery of meteorites.

• Structures Section 34(1) of this Act states that no person may alter or demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a permit issued by the relevant provincial heritage resources authority. ∗ “Structure” means any building, works, device or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land, and includes any fixtures, fittings and equipment associated therewith; ∗ “Alter” means any action affecting the structure, appearance or physical properties of a place or object, whether by way of structural or other works, by painting, plastering or other decoration or any other means.

• Human remains In terms of Section 36(3) of the National Heritage Resources Act, no person may, without a permit issued by the relevant heritage resources authority: (a) destroy, damage, alter, exhume or remove from its original position or otherwise disturb the grave of a victim of conflict, or any burial ground or part thereof which contains such graves; (b) destroy, damage, alter, exhume or remove from its original position or otherwise disturb any grave or burial ground older than 60 years which is situated outside a formal cemetery administered by a local authority; or (c) bring onto or use at a burial ground or grave referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) any excavation, or any equipment which assists in the detection or recovery of metals.

Human remains that are less than 60 years old are subject to provisions of the Human Tissue Act (Act No 65 of 1983) and to local regulations.

Exhumation of graves must conform to the standards set out in the Ordinance on Excavations (Ordinance No 12 of 1980). Permission must also be gained from the descendants (where known), the National Department of Health, Provincial Department of Health, Premier of the Province and local police. Furthermore, permission must also be gained from the various landowners (i.e. where the graves are located and where they are to be relocated) before exhumation can take place.

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12.2.2. Environment Conservation Act (Act No 73 of 1989)

This Act states that a survey and an evaluation of cultural resources should be undertaken in areas where development, which will change the face of the environment, is to be made. The impact of the development on the cultural resources should also be determined and proposals to mitigate this impact are to be formulated.

12.3. Methodology

12.3.1. Preliminary investigation

• Survey of the literature A survey of the relevant literature was conducted with the aim of reviewing the previous research done and determining the heritage potential of the area. In this regard, various anthropological, archaeological and historical sources were consulted. • Data bases The Archaeological Data Recording Centre (ADRC) housed at the National Cultural History Museum, Pretoria, as well as the Environmental Potential Atlas were consulted. • Other sources The topocadastral and other maps of the area were also studied.

12.3.2. Field survey

The field survey was undertaken according to generally accepted archaeological practices, and was aimed at locating all possible sites, objects and structures. The area that had to be investigated was identified by the developer and Bohlweki by means of maps and during a site visit. The area was investigated by walking and driving the proposed route. Special attention was given to topographical occurrences such as trenches, holes, outcrops and clusters of trees.

12.3.3. Documentation

All sites, objects and structures that are identified are documented according to the general minimum standards accepted by the archaeological profession. Coordinates of individual localities were determined by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS)1 and plotted on a map (see Figure 12.1). This information is added to the description in order to facilitate the identification of each locality. Map datum used: Hartebeeshoek 94 (WGS84).

1 According to the manufacturer a certain deviation may be expected for each reading. Care was, however, taken to obtain as accurate a reading as possible, and then to correlate it with reference to the physical environment before plotting it on the map.

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12.3.4. Standardised Set of Conventions Used to Assess the Impact of Projects on Cultural Resources

• Significance of impact: ∗ Low: where the impact will not have an influence on or require to be significantly accommodated in the project design ∗ Medium: where the impact could have an influence which will require modification of the project design or alternative mitigation ∗ High: where it would have a “no-go” implication on the project regardless of any mitigation

• Certainty of prediction: ∗ Definite: More than 90% sure of a particular fact. Substantial supportive data to verify assessment ∗ Probable: More than 70% sure of a particular fact, or of the likelihood of that impact occurring ∗ Possible: Only more than 40% sure of a particular fact, or of the likelihood of an impact occurring ∗ Unsure: Less than 40% sure of a particular fact, or the likelihood of an impact occurring • Recommended management action: For each impact, the recommended practically attainable mitigation actions which would result in a measurable reduction of the impact are required to be identified. This is expressed according to the following: ∗ 1 = no further investigation/action necessary ∗ 2 = controlled sampling and/or mapping of the site necessary ∗ 3 = preserve site if possible, otherwise extensive salvage excavation and/or mapping necessary ∗ 4 = preserve site at all costs • Legal requirements: Identification and listing of the specific legislation and permit requirements which could potentially be infringed upon by the proposed project, if mitigation is necessary.

12.4. Description of the Area

The existing road goes westwards from just south of the existing Matimba power station, in the direction of Steenbokpan. In the proposed development area, it currently crosses the following farms: Hanglip, Naauwontkomen and Kromdraai. All of these are located in the Lephalale (formerly Ellisras) district of Limpopo Province. It is proposed to re-align this road for a short section to the north of the existing road (see Figure 12.1).

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The topography of the area is very flat, with only a few small non-perennial rivers crossing it. The geology is made up of alternating bands of arenite and shale, with a basalt intrusion to the west of the study area. The original vegetation of the study areas consists of Mixed Bushveld, with a section to the north classified as Sweet Bushveld. No few features (e.g. hills, outcrops or rock shelters) that usually drew people to settle in its vicinity, occurs in the area.

Figure 12.1: Location of the study areas and the identified heritage sites.

12.5. Survey Results2

The following section describes the sites that were identified on the farms Vergulde Helm 316 LQ, Kuipersbult 511 LQ and Nelsonskop 464 LQ during the field investigation. No sites of heritage value were identified on the remaining farms. These sites are illustrated on Figure 13.1.

12.5.1. Site number 1

• Location: Vergulde Helm 316 LQ • Description: An informal cemetery with four graves. Two of these date back to the 1930s, and the other two date to within the last 10 years. • Discussion: This site falls just outside the identified areas and is only mentioned because it is very close to the border with the farm Eenzaamheid 512 LQ.

2 See Section 13.3.4 for an explanation of the conventions used in assessing the heritage remains.

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• Significance of impact: Low • Certainty of prediction: Definite • Recommended management action: 1 = no further investigation/action necessary • Legal requirements: If the relocation of this site is necessary a SAHRA permit and the relevant local government permits will need to be obtained. The descendants will also be required to be notified.

12.5.2. Site number 2

• Location: Kuipersbult 511 LQ • Description: Single grave. Inscription: MS Moloantoa 25/5/1848 – 24/12/1953 • Discussion: If development takes place, this feature would have to be relocated. • Significance of impact: High • Certainty of prediction: Definite • Recommended management action: Relocate grave if necessary. • Legal requirements: If the relocation of this site is necessary a SAHRA permit and the relevant local government permits will need to be obtained. The descendants will also be required to be notified.

12.5.3. Site number 3

• Location: Kuipersbult 511 LQ • Description: Small outcrop. A few small pieces of non-diagnostic Iron Age pottery occur on the site. The site could have served as rainmaking site, but no engravings of other artefacts were found here. • Discussion: The site is viewed to have little significance. • Significance of impact: High • Certainty of prediction: Definite • Recommended management action: 1 = no further investigation/action necessary • Legal requirements: None

12.6. Discussion

Probably because of the somewhat inhospitable environment, being very flat and with few sources of surface water, people did not settle in large numbers in the area in the past. As a result, only a few sites of cultural significance are known to occur in the larger geographical area. In areas where there are outcrops, especially close to rivers, rock art sites and sites dating to the Late Iron Age have been documented. Further a-field, to the south, some Early and Late Iron Age

Archaeological and Heritage Resources 380 23/03/2006 Environmental Scoping Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province sites are known to exist. In the town of Lephalale (Ellisras) there is a cemetery containing the graves of some of the earliest white settlers in the area.

With reference to the study area itself, the following sites have been identified.

12.6.1. Stone Age

Stone tools were recorded at a few select spots, predominantly at outcrops and the small water courses. As these artefacts were found on the surface, they are not in their original context any more and can yield very little information. As a result, they are viewed to have no significance.

12.6.2. Iron Age

No sites dating to the Iron Age were identified. A few pieces of pottery were found at an outcrop on the farm Kuipersbult. However, these did not include any diagnostic pieces and it is therefore difficult to determine its dating or identity. They are viewed as having no significance and their occurrence here would not present any problem to the proposed development taking place here.

12.6.3. Historical period

Although a number of old farmsteads occur in the area, none are older than 60 years, or can be related to a significant event or person. Two cemeteries were identified. One of these falls just outside the area of proposed development and would therefore not be impacted on directly. The other consists of a single grave. These features do not present a problem for the proposed development.

12.7. Identification of Risk Sources

There are few cultural heritage resources known to exist in the area. The biggest risk posed by the development would be the accidental uncovering of unknown sites.

• Road making and construction activities might expose unknown sites. • Curious workers might remove uncovered artefacts.

12.8. Conclusions

The aim of the survey was to locate, identify, evaluate and document sites, objects and structures of cultural significance found within the boundaries of the area in which it is proposed to re-align the Steenbokpan road for the Matimba B power station as well as the area in which it is proposed to construct the coal

Archaeological and Heritage Resources 381 23/03/2006 Environmental Scoping Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province supply conveyor belt between the Grootegeluk Mine and the proposed power station.

Based on what was found and its evaluation, it is recommended that the that the northern and eastern alignments can be followed for the road and conveyor belt respectively. This study recommends that the proposed developments can continue, on condition of acceptance of the following recommendations:

• The cemeteries should be avoided. Alternatively, if that is not possible, mitigation measures can be implemented by relocating the graves. • If archaeological sites are exposed during construction work, it should immediately be reported to a museum, preferably one at which an archaeologist is available, so that an investigation and evaluation of the finds can be made.

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13. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

Goba Pty Ltd was appointed by Bohlweki Environmental to undertake a traffic/transportation impact study as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the proposed Power Station development to be located near Lephalale (previously Ellisras) in the Limpopo Province. A study area locality plan is shown in Appendix W, Figure 1.

This report contains a description of the Status Quo transport environment and infrastructure, the transport/traffic impact for the construction and operation of the proposed Power Station and access road alternative evaluation. The proposed Power Station is to be situated on the farm Naauwontkomen and the proposed Ash Dump on the adjacent farm Eenzaamheid.

13.1. Status Quo Conditions

The following section summarises the present conditions related to traffic/transportation for the development of the proposed Power Station.

13.1.1. Provincial Roads and Traffic Volumes in the Surrounding Area

The latest Provincial traffic counts that could be obtained were 12hour (06:00 to 18:00) traffic counts undertaken in 2004. The daily traffic volumes may typically be 20% higher. These traffic volumes have been captured on Figure 2, Appendix W depicting all the major Provincial Roads approaching Lephalale. The major road approaching from the south (via Vaalwater), route R517 or Road P198-1, carries 838 vehicles with 8% of these being heavy vehicles. This road is in very good condition, apart from some isolated patches. There is however a significantly steep pass which affects heavy vehicle speeds. This is the preferred route for all traffic from the south. A secondary route from the south is the road from Thabazimbi (R510) or road P84-1. This route carries 494 vehicles with 22% of these being heavy vehicles. Although only average in condition, this seems to be the preferred heavy vehicle route judging from the significantly higher percentage of heavy vehicles, probably because the grade is not as steep as the P198-1.

The road extending from Lephalale to Steenbokpan (D1675) passing through the Township of Onverwacht carries 3346 vehicles over 12 hours. This high traffic volume, in relation to other surrounding provincial roads, only extends to the Grootegeluk mine, the current Matimba Power Station and Marapong Township. Notably this volume is local in nature but four times higher than the provincial roads from the south.

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The road to Steenbokpan (D1675) only carries 155 vehicles over 12 hours and becomes gravel several kilometres west of the Afguns Road(D2649) turnoff. The Afguns road only carries 20 vehicles per day. The estimated Daily E80’s (Equivalent 80KN axle loads) for the same provincial roads are shown in Figure 3, Appendix W.

13.1.2. Description of Road Infrastructure

Photographs of the most significant road junctions are shown together with a map index in Appendix W.

The present Matimba Power Station is located some 10 km from the residential township of Onverwacht located on an east-west aligned provincial tarred road with end the destination of Stockpoort (Botswana /RSA border). Onverwacht is located 3km west of Lephalale.

The Grootegeluk Mine and Marapong township are located a further 3km northwest on the same road (D2001).

Some 8 km west of Onverwacht is a tarred road to Steenbokpan proceeding due west (D1675). Off this road is another turnoff due south to Afguns (D2649). For ease of description the roads will be described by their end destination.

A map highlighting these roads and other transport infrastructure is shown in Appendix W., Figure 4.

13.1.3. Description of Travel Patterns

Detailed 12 hour classified traffic counts were undertaken in April 2005 at the following locations:

• Nelson Mandela Drive & Apiesdoring (Onverwacht) • Stockpoort Road & Steenbokpan Road • Stockpoort Road & Matimba Power Station access • Stockpoort Road & Grootegeluk Mine/Marapong

A summary of the counts is shown in Figure A1, A2 and A3, Appendix W. for the morning peak , afternoon peak and 12 hour time periods.

The traffic counts undertaken in April 2005 indicate that 94% of the daily traffic to the present Matimba Power Station originates from Lephalale/Onverwacht with the other 6% coming from the Grootegeluk Mine itself. No traffic comes from the Steenbokpan (D1675) or Afguns (D2649) roads.

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The peak hour of vehicular traffic at the Matimba Power Station access gate was observed to be between 06:30 and 07:30 in the morning and between 15:45 and 16:45 in the afternoon consistent with shift work at the facility.

There is a significant vehicular movement to/from the Marapong township (adjacent to Matimba) from/to Lephalale/Onverwacht during the morning and afternoon peaks.

Vehicular traffic to/from the Kumba Grootegeluk Mine is similar in magnitude to that to/from the Matimba Power Station.

The results of the traffic evaluation of the peak hour operations at the key intersections is shown in Table A1, Appendix W.. These results indicate high levels of service at all junctions with significant spare capacity.

13.1.4. Location of Employee Residences

The travel patterns established from the traffic counts indicate clearly that the major source of employees or their residential areas are located in Onverwacht, Marapong and Lephalale itself. This is not expected to change significantly for the operation of the proposed new power station.

13.1.5. Other Transport Infrastructure

There is a railway line from Thabazimbi to the Grootegeluk Mine which has a loop at the end of the line located just north of the mine and the mine itself has a rail siding branching from the main rail line.

There is presently a conveyor line supplying the Matimba Power Station with coal which traverses the provincial road to Stockpoort. The transport infrastructure mentioned is depicted in Appendix W, Figure 4.

13.2. Assumptions for Traffic/Transport Impact

13.2.1. Proposed Power Station

• Present Matimba Power Station output is approximately 4000 MW. • Matimba B will have a maximum capacity of approximately 4800 MW. • Matimba B will also be a dry Cooled power station. • The proposed new power station will require at least one major access road for employees from the nearest provincial road to the site. • The number of employees and vehicles generated/attracted to the proposed Matimba B Power Station will be based on the proportion of the power station output. As a result a significant workforce would need to be housed most

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probably in the expansion of the present residential areas of Onverwacht and Marapong. • Matimba B Power Station will be located more or less centrally on the farm of Naauwontkomen, or possibly slightly to the south. • The ash dump, ash processing and ancillary facilities will be located on the adjacent farm Eenzaamheid.

13.2.2. Coal Supply

• The coal supply from the Kumba Grootegeluk Mine is infinite in magnitude for the design life of both the present and proposed power station. • Coal supply transport will be undertaken via ground level conveyors. • These conveyors will generally pass under any road, rail or powerline infrastructure when crossing it.

13.2.3. Ash Handling

• The transport of ash from the power station to the ash dump will be via ground level conveyor systems. • These conveyors will generally pass under any road, rail or powerline infrastructure when crossing it. • Should a decision be made to use either Wet or Dry Flue Gas Desulphurisation

for the reduction of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions into the atmosphere, the resulting waste product will be combined with fly ash and dumped on the ash dump via the same ash conveyors. • In the event that an emissions control technology such as FGD is implemented, the life of the ash dump would be significantly reduced and its extent significantly enlarged

13.3. Traffic/Transport Impacts

13.3.1. Access Road/ Provincial Road Re-alignment Alternatives

The present Provincial Road (D1675) to Steenbokpan cuts directly through the middle of both the farm Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid. As the planned Power Station footprint and Ash Dump footprint require the full extent of the farm areas, the Provincial Road would have to be realigned. Two viable alternatives have been identified and are the subject of the following best alignment traffic transport evaluation.

The proposed Matimba B Power Station footprint, Ash Dump footprint and infrastructure is shown in Figure B1, Appendix X..

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The Provincial Roads Authority would also have to be consulted to re align the road.

• Alternative 1- Northern Alignment Alternative 1 deviates from the present tarred Provincial Road (D1675) at a point 1.65km from the D2001 road junction at a point designated A. From this point the alignment denoted ABCDEFGH basically follows the northern border of the two farms to meet with the present alignment again some 11km at point H, which coincides with the western boundary of the farm Eenzaamheid. The intermediate points have been so denoted to identify significant crossings or features as described below: ∗ A start point ∗ B proposed new junction with provincial road D2649 ∗ C at grade rail crossing ∗ D coal conveyor crossing ∗ E proposed new Power station access road ∗ F Alt 2 merge point ∗ G proposed Ash Dump access road ∗ H end point

Salient features of Alternative 1 can be summarised as follows: ∗ it is only 800m longer than the present alignment ∗ a 90degree junction can be formed with the extension of D2649(K-B) ∗ the level crossing is very similar to the present condition ∗ it has no unnecessary bends in the alignment ∗ the alignment is located on the northern border of the farms allowing for long term future expansion of both Power Station and Ash Dump southwards ∗ a 100km per hour design speed can easily be maintained

• Alternative 2 - Southern Alignment Alternative 2 deviates from the present tarred Provincial Road (D1675) at a point 2.3km from the D2001 road junction at a point designated J. From this point the alignment denoted JKLMNFGH basically follows the southern border of Naauwontkomen farm, turns 120degrees northward along the border between the two farms and then turns 100degrees left to meet with the proposed northern alignment again some 12.6km at point H, which coincides with the western boundary of the farm Eenzaamheid. The intermediate points have been so denoted to identify significant crossings or features as described below: ∗ J start point ∗ K proposed new junction with existing provincial road (construction road) ∗ L proposed new Power station access road

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∗ M at grade rail crossing ∗ N proposed secondary Power station access road ∗ F Alt 2 merge point ∗ G proposed Ash Dump access road ∗ H end point

Salient features of Alternative 2 can be summarised as follows: ∗ it is 2350m longer than the present alignment ∗ a complex junction needs to be formed with the existing road if it needs to be used for construction purposes ∗ the at-grade rail crossing at point M is not ideal on a bend (safety hazard) ∗ it has two significant bends in the alignment (not ideal for Provincial road) ∗ the alignment traverses the border of the farms necessitating an ash conveyor crossing and impairing a potential internal farm road connection between farms ∗ the 100km per hour design speed needs to be reduced for the intermediate section (60 km per hour maximum) as the alignment negotiates two significant bends

As the alignment of Alternative 2 is somewhat sub-standard in terms of a Provincial 100km per hour design speed, an Alternative 2B has been proposed to effectively iron out the severe bends of Alternative 2. This is shown as a dashed line in Figure B1. This option requires more land take and sterilisation of the Eskom property and also requires the gravel extension of Road D2649 to form a new junction perpendicular with the re-aligned road D1675. The length of the new alignment is then reduced to be some 900m longer than the present alignment. Unfortunately there is still an unsafe level crossing on a bend albeit of larger radius.

In comparison the distance to the proposed new power station is the same. Alternative 1 needs a coal conveyor crossing and Alternative 2 and 2B needs an ash conveyor crossing. They both require an at-grade rail crossing. Alternative 2 is a sub-standard Provincial Road alignment with a potentially unsafe at-grade crossing on a bend and the estimated construction cost is 15% higher than Alternative 1, based on its length. Alternative 2B corrects the sub standard bends to 100km per hour design speed and is of equivalent length to Alternative 1 therefore being of equivalent construction cost. As Alternative 1 is far more linear in alignment, is located out of future expansion’s way and does not have a potentially unsafe at-grade crossing on a bend, it is preferred.

The preferred road alignment for the proposed Matimba B Power Station is Alternative 1- the Northern Alignment.

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The provincial road re-alignment impact is moderately severe, the extent is regional, the duration is permanent, it will definitely occur, its significance is moderate, and the degree of certainty is definite.

13.3.2. Transport of Components during Construction

Eskom technical consultants have indicated that one or several very large 250- 350 ton component parts would need to be transported to the Site from either Durban harbour or Richards Bay. The frequency of delivery would be no more than 1 every six months. This would require abnormal load transport and the application for the permit to do so is a lengthy and costly process which is outlined below.

The most likely route from Durban harbour or Richards Bay follows National Route N2 along the Kwazulu-Natal coast via Pongola and Piet Retief to Ermelo. From there National Route N11 needs to be followed via Middelburg to Marble Hall. The route then deviates to Nylstroom across the N1, onto Vaalwater and westward along Route R33 and R510 to avoid the steep grades of P198-1 to Lephalale. From Lephalale the route follows Road D1675(Nelson Mandela drive), turning off towards Steenbokpan and the proposed Matimba B site. The overall distance is 835km from Durban to Matimba B.

• Abnormal Load Permit Application The critical part of the Abnormal Load Route Permit application is the survey of the prospective route by a qualified structural Engineer who needs to examine all the bridges/overpasses/underpasses and issue a certificate of compliance for the particular vehicle type/width/length and height.

It is estimated that the whole survey and Application procedure may take three to four months to complete, and this would have to be scheduled in the construction programme of the Matimba B Power Station. Although the tonnage is significant the low frequency of the trips means that the traffic loading impact is negligible. Close to the construction site, turning radii of 50m is required for the large superlink loads.

The transport of components impact is slight, the extent is regional, the duration is very short term, it will definitely occur, its significance is low, and the degree of certainty is definite.

13.3.3. Construction Traffic

This traffic relates directly to the traffic expected during the construction of the proposed Power Station itself, which is expected to take place over a period of 42 months. It is anticipated and estimated that the number of construction

Traffic and Transport 389 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province employees to/from the construction site will be of the order of 4000 per day. There is a possibility that a temporary construction camp could be established on the farm Eenzaamheid, to accommodate 2000 construction employees. These employees would not need to use the external roads to access the site. It is conservatively assumed that 1600 (80%) of the balance would typically be transported to site from Marapong by bus. The balance, 400, would arrive by car from Lephalale and Onverwacht. In vehicular terms 32 buses are required and 333 cars are expected to be generated assuming an average occupancy of 1.2 per car. Of this daily construction employee traffic 75% is conservatively assumed to arrive in the a.m. peak hour and depart in the p.m. peak hour.

The magnitude and exact nature of heavy vehicle construction traffic is very difficult to determine. The sources of construction materials, supply of material components and the construction programme all influence the nature and frequency of road-based vehicle transport to/from the site. The source of construction material would mainly be Gauteng. The raw materials for the on-site Cement plant can arrive by rail. Obviously a rail siding would have to be constructed and the possible alignment of this siding is shown in Figure B1, Appendix X.

The heavy vehicle construction traffic is assumed to amount to 20 trucks per day. 50% of the trucks are expected to arrive during the A.M peak hour and depart in the P.M. peak. The cumulative vehicular traffic impact of construction employees and heavy construction vehicles is shown in Figures B2 to B7, Appendix X, for the a.m. peak, p.m. peak and 12 hour periods respectively.

A traffic evaluation was performed at the key intersections under consideration. A mid time period of 2008 was chosen to represent the construction traffic scenario. The results for the 2008 traffic impact compared to the 2005 existing traffic are shown in Table B1 for the a.m. and p.m. peak hour (Appendix X).

The results show that the 2008 construction traffic impact on peak hour traffic operations at the key intersections surrounding Matimba is not significant.

The impact on pavement loading to the surrounding roads may, however, be more significant. Assuming the 20 truckloads per day which are fully loaded inbound (3.5 E80s per truck) and empty outbound (1.8 E80s per truck) translates to 106 E80s per day along Road D1675 which presently carries an estimated 530 E80s per day. This represents a proportion of 20%. The accumulative additional axle loading over a sustained 42 month period is 138 012 E80s. The overall impact of the construction traffic during the construction period translates to advancing the need for pavement rehabilitation by 20%. This situation is the worst-case for the Provincial road D1675. As the traffic dissipates along the R510 (Road P84-1) and R517 (Road P198-1) the proportional impact becomes reduced

Traffic and Transport 390 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province as it is highly unlikely that 20 trucks per day could be sustained for the entire construction period.

The additional impact on the pavement of the section of road (D2001) from the D1675 turnoff to Marapong for 64 buses per day(2.5 E80s per bus) is 160 E80s per day. This represents a proportion of 36% of the present daily loading of 445 E80s. If this is accumulated over the 42 month construction period the impact will be 208 320 E80s. If the roads were planned to be rehabilitated in 7 years time then the impact of the bus traffic would mean that rehabilitation would have to be undertaken in 4 years and 6 months time, an advance of 2.5 years.

For the section of the new aligned provincial road D1675 from the D2001 junction to the proposed Matimba B Power Station site turnoff the estimated E80s is 266 E80s per day. At present there are only 45 E80s per day. The construction traffic loading therefore represents an impact which is sixfold the present situation.

The effect on pavement loading and subsequent advance of any rehabilitation programme should be mitigated after completion of construction. Such mitigation and associated costs would need to be discussed between Eskom and the provincial roads authority. Agreement would need to be reached regarding mandates and responsibility for the road rehabilitation for 20km of Road D1675 (Lephalale to Matimba B) and Road D2001 from D1675 to the Marapong turnoff.

The construction traffic impact is moderately severe, the extent is localised, the duration is short term, it will definitely occur, its significance is moderate, and the degree of certainty is probable.

13.3.4. Transport of Employees (Operational Traffic)

The additional traffic generated in transporting employees from their residences to work at the proposed Power Station and back was evaluated with Onverwacht and Marapong being the major residential areas. In vehicular terms presently Marapong contributes 16 % and Onverwacht/Lephalale 82% to the Matimba Power Station traffic.

In broad terms the nature and magnitude of traffic to Matimba Power Station is expected to double with the employee traffic being directed to the location of the new proposed power station site. In addition it was assumed that the increase in production required by the Grootegeluk Mine would result in a 50% increase in their expected traffic. All this traffic was superimposed on the existing 2005 scenario for the a.m. peak, p.m. peak and 12 hour periods which was expected to materialize by 2010 (Appendix Y).

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This traffic was evaluated at the key intersections along the present Stockpoort (D2001) and Steenbokpan (D1675) provincial roads during the peak hours and compared to the existing 2005 Levels of Service. In magnitude the additional Matimba B traffic represents a traffic growth rate of 6% p.a over 5 years. The results of the traffic evaluation indicate that the impact of the 2010 operational traffic is small as there is presently sufficient spare capacity at all key junctions to accommodate this traffic increase (Appendix Y).

The impact of the proposed Matimba B Operational traffic on the road pavement varies from a 17.6% increase on road D2001, a 22% increase on the Onverwacht section of road D1675 to a 700% increase on the section just east of the new Matimba B access. The large increase of 700% is only because the base traffic figures are so low. In real terms even this large increase only translates to a very small number of E80s per day, well within the design limits of a lightly trafficked pavement. The increase of 17.6% and 22% is comparable to the 20% increase due to construction traffic.

The effect on pavement loading and subsequent advance of any rehabilitation programme should be mitigated. Such mitigation and associated costs would need to be discussed between Eskom and the provincial roads authority. Agreement would need to be reached regarding mandates and responsibility for the road rehabilitation for 20km of Road D1675 (Lephalale to Matimba B) and Road D2001 from D1675 to the Marapong turnoff. The negotiation should however also consider the economic growth, job opportunities and increased local economy created by the proposed Power Station.

The operational traffic impact is moderately severe, the extent is localised, the duration is long term, it will definitely occur, its significance is high, and the degree of certainty is definite.

13.3.5. Coal Supply Transportation

The coal supply conveyor is required to serve the proposed Power Station from the Grootegeluk Mine coal washing plant to the Power Station. Two alternative alignments have been identified.

Alternative 1 follows the present Rail infrastructure (offset 100-150m), needs to cross the preferred road alignment at location D (conveyor under road) after which it turns due west towards the Power Station. The length of this Alternative 1 is 8.13km.

Alternative 2 deviates from the alignment along the rail line, directly across the Grootegeluk Mine property to cross the preferred road alignment near point E

Traffic and Transport 392 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province before proceeding westward to the Power Station. The alignments are shown in Figure B1, Appendix X. The length of Alternative 2 is 6.73km.

Although Alternative 2 is significantly shorter and would therefore cost less, the Alignment is subject to the agreement of the Grootegeluk Mine. It has been determined that the Mine is NOT in favour of any conveyor crossing their property in that vicinity and they are in favour of the Alternative 1 alignment.

The Alternative 1 coal supply conveyor alignment is preferred.

The coal supply transport impact is slight, the extent is localised, the duration is long term, it will definitely occur, its significance is low, and the degree of certainty is definite.

13.3.6. Ash Transportation

As the Ash processing facilities will be located on the Eenzaamheid farm which is directly adjacent to Naauwontkomen, the ash conveyor alignment is direct and simple.

If the preferred road alignment is to be used then no road crossing will be necessary.

The ash transport impact is slight, the extent is localised, the duration is long term, it will definitely occur, its significance is low, and the degree of certainty is definite.

13.3.7. Transportation of Sorbent for Flue Gas Desulpurisation Plant

Flue Gas Desulpurisation (FGD) is the principal technology used to control sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from Pulverised Fuel coal fired combustion processes. There are two commercial categories of FGD, namely Wet and Dry. The Wet FGD process utilises limestone as raw material and the Dry FGD process utilises lime as raw material.

The transportation and storage of lime has to be in enclosed containers at all times and can only be sourced from the Northern Cape some 850km away from Matimba B. Although the transportation thereof could best be accomplished by rail, the delivery cost per ton is 5.6 times that of limestone. Limestone can best be sourced from Dwaalboom in the Northwest Province which is loacted a distance of 190km from Matimba B. As both suppliers have rail sidings and spurs and the distances are significant, it is recommended that the transport of raw material be undertaken by rail.

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If the FGD process is to be used, Eskom will have to construct a new rail siding, loop and marshalling yard to supply the Matimba B Power Station. Its alignment and probable location is shown in Figure B1, Appendix X.

Case studies have shown that the tonnage of limestone required for Wet FGD is 1.8 times that of lime required for Dry FGD and that when fully operational some 1.3 million tons of limestone will be required per annum. It is inconceivable that this enormous quantity of limestone should be transported by road. This would mean 92 40 ton trucks per day for every day of the year. The same tonnage could be accomplished by 1178 trains per annum each of 38 wagons carrying 30 tons each. This translates to 3.23 trains per day for every day of the year. The present train volume is 2 trains per day.

Even this low quantity of trains has a highly significant impact on the offloading facilities required. This quantity of material will require a marshalling yard of some kind or rail loop around/adjacent to the Power Station site to be able to offload a train within 8 hours. Also to be noted is that the grade of a marshalling yard can only be 1:800 and the radius of the loop should be a minimum of 300m. The length of train sould also not be longer than 1000m to be able to be accommodated on the loop section without crashing into its own tail.

The above quantities mean that the lowest environmental impact would be achieved by transporting the raw materials for Flue Gas Desulphurisation by rail.

The FGD transport impact is moderately severe, the extent is regional, the duration is long term, it may occur, its significance is high, and the degree of certainty possible.

13.4. Conclusions

A summary of the EIA traffic / transport impact reults are included in Appendix Z.

• The preferred road alignment for the proposed Matimba B Power Station is Alternative 1- the Northern Alignment. • The provincial road re-alignment impact is moderately severe, the extent is regional, the duration is permanent, it will definitely occur, its significance is moderate, and the degree of certainty is definite. • The transport of components impact is slight, the extent is regional, the duration is very short term, it will definitely occur, its significance is low, and the degree of certainty is definite. • The construction traffic impact is moderately severe, the extent is localised, the duration is short term, it will definitely occur, its significance is moderate, and the degree of certainty is probable.

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• The operational traffic impact is moderately severe, the extent is localised, the duration is long term, it will definitely occur, its significance is high, and the degree of certainty is definite. • The Alternative 1 coal supply conveyor alignment is preferred (along present rail alignment) to Naauwontkomen. • The coal supply transport impact is slight, the extent is localised, the duration is long term, it will definitely occur, its significance is low, and the degree of certainty is definite. • The ash transport impact is slight, the extent is localised, the duration is long term, it will definitely occur, its significance is low, and the degree of certainty is definite. • The impact of the transportation of sorbent for FGD is moderately severe, the extent is regional, the duration is long term, it may occur, its significance is high, and the degree of certainty possible.

13.5. Recommendations

In the event that Flue Gas Desulphurisation is accepted as an appropriate abatement technology, it is recommended that a detailed evaluation be undertaken for the transport of Flue Gas Desulphurisation raw material supply to optimise the placement of infrastructure and minimise operations costs.

It is recommended that the effect on pavement loading and subsequent advance of any road rehabilitation programme should be mitigated after completion of construction. Such mitigation and associated costs would need to be discussed between Eskom and the provincial roads authority. Agreement would need to be reached regarding mandates and responsibility for the roads rehabilitation programme for 20km of Road D1675 (Lephalale to Matimba B) and Road D2001 from D1675 to the Marapong turnoff.

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14. NOISE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

14.1. Introduction

Eskom has proposed to establish a new coal-fired power station in the vicinity of the existing Matimba Power Station, which is located to the west of Lephalale (Ellisras) in Limpopo Province. Eight alternative sites were investigated initially during the Scoping Phase of the project. Two sites, namely the farms Naauwontkomen 509-LQ and Eenzaamheid 687-LQ, were selected as suitable for the development of the power station and ancillary infrastructure (such as the ash dump) respectively. Jongens Keet Associates undertook to investigate the potential noise impact of the new development. This chapter documents our approach, findings and recommendations.

The terms of reference (TOR) was as follows:

• A sufficiently detailed quantitative (by measurement) and qualitative assessment within the area of influence of the planned Matimba B Power Station (namely that on the farm Naauwontkomen 509-LQ with the ash dump on Eenzaamheid 510-LQ) was to be undertaken in order to enable a full appreciation of the nature, magnitude, extent and implications of the potential noise impact of all aspects of the project. • The level of investigation was to be that of an EIA. • All aspects of the investigation were to conform to the requirements of relevant environmental legislation and noise standards. • The potential impacts at the pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the project were to be assessed. • Where relevant, appropriate noise mitigating measures were to be identified. These need only be conceptual at this stage.

14.1.1. Study Area

The study area was that within the area of influence of the noise generated by the operations of and traffic generated by the proposed power station.

14.1.2. Details of the Proposed Power Station Project

The proposed power station is to be developed 6 500 metres to the south-west of the existing Matimba Power Station, which is located approximately 5 kilometres west of Lephalale (Ellisras) municipal boundary. The proposed power station will be developed on the farm Naauwontkomen with the ash dump on the farm Eenzaamheid. The likely position and orientation of the new Power Station buildings and ancillary works have been provided by Eskom.

Noise Impact Assessment 396 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

The proposed Power Station is planned to have a generating capacity of about 4 800 Mega-watts (MW) from six generator units.

It is anticipated that the proposed Power Station will be provided with coal from the Grootgeluk Colliery, which also services Matimba power station. The Colliery is located to the immediate north of the proposed power station.

The Steenbokpan Road, which at present is aligned through the centre of the farms Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid will have to be re-aligned. Two alignments have been investigated, namely one along the northern boundary of the two aforementioned farms (Alternative 1) and a second which initially follows the southern boundary of the farm Naauwontkomen and then veers northwards to follow the northern boundary of the farm Eenzaamheid. Refer to the Traffic Impact Report for the project by Goba Consulting Engineers and Project Managers for more details (see Chapter 13).

14.2. Details of the Study Area

Only the aspects which have an influence on the potential noise impact, are dealt with in this Section.

14.2.1. Topography

The general terrain of the area is relatively flat. The site of the new power station is at a local high point in the area, with the land falling gently to the north-east north of the development site and to the south-west to the south of the site.

14.2.2. Roads

The main roads influencing the study area are:

• The main road from Lephalale to Matimba Power Station and Grootegeluk Colliery. This road continues north-westwards to Stockpoort (border post). For convenience in the report this road has been divided into three sections: ∗ Section 1: Nelson Mandela Drive - through Lephalale. ∗ Section 2: Nelson Mandela Drive Extension - west of Lephalale (Onverwacht Township) to the Steenbokpan Road intersection. ∗ Section 3: Stockpoort Road - west of the Steenbokpan Road intersection. • The Steenbokpan Road. This east-west aligned road intersects with Nelson Mandela Drive Extension approximately 5 kilometres west of Onverwacht. • The Afguns Road, which links to the Steenbokpan Road 3 kilometres west of the latter’s intersection with Nelson Mandela Drive Extension.

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14.2.3. Railway Lines

The only railway line in the area links from the Grootegeluk Colliery southwards to Thabazimbi. Its main use is the export of coal from the colliery. There are at present usually two trains per day. This could increase to 4 trains per day in the event that sorbent material is necessary.

14.2.4. Land Use

• Existing Situation The existing land uses in the area are: ∗ Residential: - Town of Lephalale. The nearest section of the town to the study area namely Onverwacht Township lies approximately 5 kilometres to the south-east of the existing Matimba Power Station. The new power station will be approximately 11 kilometres west of the town’s present western boundary. - Marapong Township lies 6500 metres to the north-east of Matimba Power Station. - There are several farmhouses and farm labourer houses spread out through the study area. ∗ Educational: There are schools in Lephalale but these are too far away from the planned development site to be affected by the noise generated by the new power station. ∗ Industrial: - Matimba Power Station. - There is a small industrial area just to the north of Onverwacht Township. ∗ Mining: The Grootegeluk Colliery, which will provide the new proposed power station with coal is located just to the north of the new power station site. ∗ Agriculture: The main land use in the study area and its environs is cattle and game farming.

It is only the existing residential areas in the study area that may be defined as noise sensitive land uses.

• Planned Land Use There are presently no known developments in the study area that could be adversely affected by the proposed power station.

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14.2.5. Aspects of Acoustical Significance

The terrain across the study area is flat falling gently to the north-east. There are no natural features that will assist in the attenuation of noise.

The main meteorological aspect that will affect the transmission (propagation) of the noise is the wind. The wind can result in periodic enhancement downwind or reduction upwind of noise levels. Analysis of the wind records for the area indicates that overall (day and night average) the main prevailing winds blow from the northeast (44%). Approximately 30% still periods are experienced annually.

14.3. Methodology

14.3.1. General

The general procedure used to determine the noise impact was guided by the requirements of the Code of Practice SANS 10328:2003: Methods for Environmental Noise Impact Assessments. The level of investigation was the equivalent of an EIA. A comprehensive assessment of all noise impact descriptors (standards) has been undertaken. The noise impact criteria used specifically take into account those as specified in the South African National Standard SANS 10103:2003, The Measurement and Rating of Environmental Noise with Respect to Land Use, Health, Annoyance and Speech Communication as well as those in the National Noise Control Regulations. The investigation comprised the following:

• Determination of the existing situation (prior to the planned development). • Determination of the situation during and after development. • Assessment of the change in noise climate and impact. • Identification of mitigating measures.

14.3.2. Determination of the Existing Conditions

This phase comprised the following:

• The relevant technical details of the existing and the planned power stations, the existing traffic patterns and the existing and planned land use in the study area were reviewed in order to establish a comprehensive understanding of all aspects of the project that will influence the future noise climate in the study area. • Using these data, the limits of the study area of the development site were determined and the potential noise sensitive areas, other major noise sources and potential problems in these areas were identified.

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• Applicable noise standards were established. The National Noise Control Regulations, and the SANS 10103:2003 standards were applied. • The existing noise climate of the Study Area was determined by means of a field inspection and a noise measurement survey. The measurement survey appropriately covered the whole of the study area, focussing specifically on the identified noise sensitive/problem areas. Measurements were initially taken at 13 monitoring sites in the study area. A further 4 sites specifically related to the selected development site were measured during this EIA phase. Both the daytime and night-time conditions were measured. The sound pressure level (SPL) (noise) measurements were taken in accordance with the requirements of the Code of Practice SANS 10103:2003, The Measurement and Rating of Environmental Noise with Respect to Land Use, Health, Annoyance and to Speech Communication. Type 1 Integrating Sound Level meters were used for the noise measurements. All measurements were taken under dry weather and normal traffic (that is mid-week/school term) conditions. Refer to Appendix AB. • On the general field inspection and at the same time as each individual measurement was being taken, the qualitative nature of the noise climate in the area of the measurement site was assessed and recorded. This comprised an appraisal of the general prevailing acoustic conditions based on the subjective response to the sounds as perceived by the listener (i.e. auditory observation by the surveyor), as well as identifying those noise incidents, which influenced the noise meter readings during that measurement period. This procedure is essential in order to ensure that that there is a human correlation between the noise as perceived by the human ear and that, which is measured by the meter, as well as to establish any anomalies in the general ambient noise conditions. • The existing noise climates along the main roads as related to the current traffic volumes and patterns were established. These traffic noise levels were calculated using the South African National Standard SANS 10210 (SABS 0210) Calculating and Predicting Road Traffic Noise for Route. The Year 2005 traffic was used as the baseline reference. • The calculated 24-hour period noise indicators, as well as those for the daytime period and night-time period provided the main data for the impact assessment were established. The measured data provided a field check of the acoustic conditions.

14.3.3. Assessment of Planning/Design Phase and Construction Phase Impacts

Aspects of the pre-design field surveys and construction activities that potentially will have a noise impact were identified and, where appropriate, mitigating measures have been recommended.

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14.3.4. Assessment of Operational Phase Impacts

The main focus of the operational phase assessment was to establish the nature, magnitude and extent of the potential change in noise climate in the study area directly related to and within the area of influence of the new development site. This was done as follows:

• The impact of the new power station with its ancillary operations (including traffic) was established, and then its cumulative effects with Matimba Power Station were determined. • Based on the findings, appropriate noise mitigating measures (site scale) have been investigated and recommendations made. These are conceptual and not detailed to final design level.

14.4. Findings and Assessment Of Impact

The following conditions were observed in the study area and the following aspects were determined from the surveys, calculations of noise indicators and the predictive modelling undertaken for the assessment of the noise impact of the planned power station.

14.4.1. General Details

General aspects of note were as follows:

• The main sources of noise (or potential sources of noise) which presently affect the residual noise climate in the Study Area were found to be the following: ∗ Matimba Power Station. ∗ Grootegeluk Colliery. ∗ Traffic on Nelson Mandela Drive/Stockpoort Road. ∗ Conveyor belt systems. ∗ Operations at the ash dump. ∗ Trains on the coal haul railway line. ∗ Operations at the power station sewage works. • The existing noise sensitive areas, which are likely or could possibly be impacted by the proposed power station are: ∗ The western sector of Onverwacht Township. ∗ Marapong Township. ∗ Various farmhouses and farm labourer houses. ∗ Certain operations on game farms. • The potentially farmhouses, farm labourer homes and “game lodges” as identified by the social impact team (SIT) are as follows:

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∗ SIT Reference Site 6: Game lodge (no permanent residents) on the farm Zwartwater, situated approximately 6000 metres to the east of the new power station. ∗ SIT Reference Site 7: Farm worker dwellings on the farm Hanglip, situated just north of the Steenbokpan Road, just west of the conveyor to the existing ash dump and approximately 3000 metres east of the proposed power station. ∗ SIT Reference Site 8: Weekend Lodge (no permanent residents) on the farm Kuipersbult, situated south of the Afguns Road and approximately 1000 metres south of the proposed power station. ∗ SIT Reference Site 9: Farmhouse on the farm Kromdraai, situated just west of the Afguns Road, and approximately 5000 metres south-west of the proposed power station. ∗ SIT Reference Site 10: Farm worker dwellings on the farm Nooitgedacht, situated just south of the Soutpan Road, and approximately 8500 metres south-west of the proposed power station. ∗ SIT Reference Site 11: Farm worker dwellings on the farm Hieromtrent, situated just north of the Steenbokpan Road and approximately 6500 metres west of the proposed power station. The buildings are in the vicinity of the western extremity of the planned ash dump. ∗ SIT Reference Site 13: Farm worker dwellings situated near the Steenbokpan Road and approximately 10 000 metres west of the proposed power station. The buildings are approximately 4000 metres west the western extremity of the planned ash dump. ∗ SIT Reference Site 14: Farmhouses on the farm Hanglip, situated approximately 4500 metres east of the proposed power station.

14.4.2. The Existing Ambient Noise Climate

Measurements and auditory observations were taken initially at five main sites during Scoping and at a further four sites during the EIA phase in order to establish the ambient noise conditions of the study area. Measurements were taken at another eight (8) sites where it was attempted to isolate the noise from the existing Matimba Power Station. These were taken at appropriate sites at varying distances from the power station. For a description of the all of the measurement sites and for more technical details of the measurement survey, refer to Appendix AB. Briefly the main sites are:

• Site G1: In the northern sector of Onverwacht. • Site G2: In the southern sector of Onverwacht. • Site G3: In Marapong. • Site G4: Along Steenbokpan Road. • Site G5: On farm Peerboom to the east of Matimba. • Site G6: At SIT Reference Site 7.

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• Site G7: At SIT Reference Site 8. • Site G8: At SIT Reference Site 9. • Site G9: At SIT Reference Site 11.

Conditions for the daytime and evening periods were ascertained. The summary of all the noise measurements taken at the main sites is given in Table 14.1. The equivalent sound pressure (noise) level (LAeq), the maximum sound pressure level

(LAmax) and the minimum sound pressure level (LAmin) are indicated. Note that the equivalent sound pressure (noise) level may, in layman’s terms, be taken to be the average noise level over the given period. This “average” is also referred to as the residual noise level (excluding the impacting noise under investigation) or the ambient noise level (if the impacting noise under investigation is included). The definitions/details of the noise descriptors for the measurements are given in Appendix AA and Appendix AB.

Table 14.1: Existing (year 2005) ambient noise levels in the area of the proposed power station

Measured Sound Pressure Level (dBA)

Measurement Site Daytime Period Evening Period

LAeq Lmax Lmin LAeq Lmax Lmin

SITE G1 51.9 66.7 39.2 53.5 72.5 36.1

SITE G2 43.8 57.6 36.6 45.4 51.6 31.0

SITE G3 50.2 68.2 42.5 53.2 61.1 51.6

SITE G4 45.1 57.1 37.3 39.6 42.3 33.3

SITE G5 44.3 58.4 23.6 - - -

SITE G6 56.4 58,4 54,2 56.1 58.7 53.9

SITE G7 36.2 46.7 30.2 35.1 44.1 28.7

SITE G8 36.9 46.6 28.7 38.1 48.1 28.1

SITE G9 46.2 57.7 29.7 47.2 56.3 42.3

The details of the sites where measurements were taken to isolate the Matimba Power Station noise, and measurements at ancillary works are given in AB.

In order to complement the short-term noise measurements in the study area, the existing 24-hour residual noise levels related to the average daily traffic (ADT) flows on Nelson Mandela Drive Extension and Steenbokpan Road were also calculated. These data provide an accurate base for the SANS 10103 descriptors. The noise levels generated from the traffic on these roads were calculated using the South African National Standard SANS 10210 (SABS 0210), Calculating and

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Predicting Road Traffic Noise. Typical situations were used for the calculation sites. The Year 2005 traffic was used as the baseline for the calculations. The traffic data were obtained from the consulting engineers Goba Consulting Engineers and Project Management.

The noise levels at various offsets from the centreline of Nelson Mandela Drive and Steenbokpan Road are summarised in Table 14.2. The noise descriptors used are those prescribed in SANS 10103:2003, namely:

• Daytime equivalent continuous rating (noise) level (LReq,d) (Ld used in Table), namely for the period from 06h00 to 22h00).

• Night-time equivalent continuous rating (noise) level (LReq,n) (Ln used in Table), namely for the period from 22h00 to 06h00).

• Day-night equivalent continuous rating (noise) level (LR,dn) (Ldn used in Table), namely for the 24 hour period from 06h00 to 06h00).

The noise levels given are the unmitigated values. A conservative approach has been taken in that a hard intervening ground condition has been modeled to simulate winter conditions (burnt veld). The thick vegetation in the area will generally result in greater attenuation with distance than shown. There will also be greater attenuation with distance than shown where there are houses, other buildings and terrain restraints in the intervening ground between the source and the receiver point.

Table 14.2: Existing noise climate adjacent to main roads (year 2005)

Noise Levels Alongside Roads at Given Offset from Centreline (SANS 10103 Indicator) (dBA) Road 50m Offset 100m Offset 200m Offset 500m Offset

Ld Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn

58. 47. 58. 55. 44. 55. 52. 41. 52. 48. 37. 48. N Mandela Dr Ext 4 5 1 4 5 1 4 5 1 4 5 1

58. 47. 58. 55. 44. 55. 52. 41. 52. 48. 37. 48. Sterkpoort Road 4 5 1 4 5 1 4 5 1 4 5 1

47. 34. 46. 44. 31. 43. 41. 28. 40. 37. 24. 36. Steenbokpan Rd 7 7 9 7 7 9 7 7 9 7 7 9

In overview, the existing situation with respect to the noise climates in the study area was found to be as follows:

• The areas relatively far from the main roads and Matimba Power Station are generally very quiet. Most of the area has a typical rural noise climate.

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• The main sources of noise in the area are from traffic on the main roads, Matimba Power Station, power station infrastructure remote from the facility, and Grootegeluk Colliery. • With regard to Nelson Mandela Drive, existing residences in the residential areas of Lephalale (Ellisras) and Onverwacht up to approximately a 250 metre offset from the road are impacted. In these areas the noise levels exceed acceptable suburban residential living conditions as specified in SANS 10103:2003. Ideally the ambient noise level should not exceed 50dBA during the daytime period (06h00 to 22h00) and 40dBA during the night-time period (22h00 to 06h00). Refer to the SANS 10103:2003 standards as given in Appendix AA. • Ambient noise levels due to traffic in the areas along Steenbokpan Road are not high and impact is insignificant. • Noise levels from Matimba Power Station adversely affect the daytime noise climate at any residences in the surrounding area for up to a distance of 3000 metres around the facility base on the rural standards that need to be applied for this area. At night the radius of impact increases to approximately 6000 metres. Lephalale is not adversely affected by this noise source. • There are also noise sources from power station equipment at locations remote from the power station as well as other isolated (or infrequent) noise sources such as: ∗ Coal conveyor belt from the colliery to the power station and the conveyor belt transporting the ash residue from the existing power station to the existing ash dump on the farm Zwartwater. ∗ Operations at the ash dump that include the dumping and spreading of the ash, and the rehabilitation of the dump. ∗ The sewage works serving the power station, which is located 3 kilometres to the north of the power station. ∗ Coal haul trains on the railway line from the Grootegeluk Colliery to Thabazimbi.

Refer to Appendix AB for more details.

14.4.3. Assessment of the Pre-Construction Phase

Activities during the planning and design phase that normally have possible noise impact implications are those related to field surveys (such as seismic testing and geological test borehole drilling for large building foundations). As these activities are usually of short duration and take place during the day, they are unlikely to cause any noise disturbance or nuisance in adjacent areas.

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14.4.4. Assessment of the Construction Phase

This Section summarises the more detailed analysis, which is documented in Appendix AC.

Construction will likely be carried out during the daytime only (07h00 to 18h00 or 20h00). It should however be noted that certain activities may occasionally extend into the late evening period, while others such as de-watering operations may need to take place over a 24-hour period. Some of the activities such as the construction of the chimney stacks could take place continuously (24-hours a day) over a number of weeks if a continuous sliding shutter concreting operation is used. It is estimated that the development of the project will take place over a period of 3 to 4 years. A large construction camp (estimated at 10-ha in size and including housing for 2000 workers) could potentially be established on the farm Eenzaamheid. Details of the anticipated main sources of construction noise and the noise levels generated are given in Table C1 in Appendix AC

The nature of the noise impact from the large building and other construction sites is likely to be as follows:

∗ Source noise levels from many of the construction activities will be high. Noise levels from all work areas will vary constantly and in many instances significantly over short periods during any day working period. ∗ Exact daytime period and night-time period continuous equivalent sound pressure levels are not possible to calculate with certainty at this stage as the final construction site layout, work programme, work modus operandi and type of equipment have not been finalised. Working on a worst case scenario basis, it is estimated that the maximum noise levels from general construction operations should not exceed 62dBA at a distance of 1500 metres from the activity site. ∗ There are likely to be noise disturbance and noise nuisance effects on people living in the area of the construction site. Several of the farmhouses and farm labourer houses identified as sensitive sites that are within this 1500 metres radius of the focus of construction activity could be affected. ∗ Ideally the daytime outdoor ambient noise levels for residential areas (as specified in SANS 10103) should not exceed 50dBA. ∗ Also with regard to road construction works, no specific construction details or possible locations of major ancillary activity sites are available at this stage. And therefore the anticipated noise from various types of construction activities cannot be calculated accurately. In general at this stage, it can be said that the typical noise levels of construction equipment at a distance of 15 metres lie in the range of 75 decibels (dBA) to 100dBA. Refer also to Table C1. Based on data from similar “linear” construction sites, a one-hour

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equivalent noise level of between 75dBA and 78dBA at a point 50 metres from the construction would be typical for the earthmoving phase. ∗ The noise from the construction of the northern road alignment will affect fewer noise sensitive sites than that from the southern road alignment construction. ∗ The noise generated by the construction traffic will raise the daytime ambient noise level alongside Nelson Mandela Drive by about only 0,5dBA but will increase the roadside daytime ambient noise level along the Steenbokpan Road (from Nelson Mandela Drive to the construction camp entrance on Eenzaamheid) significantly by 6dBA. ∗ For all construction work, the construction workers working with or in close proximity to equipment will be exposed to high levels of noise as can be seen from Table C1 (refer to the 5 metres offset noise levels) in Appendix AC.

14.4.5. Assessment of the Operational Phase

This Section summarises the more detailed analysis, which is documented in Appendix AC. The proposed power station was evaluated on the basis of the noise impact from Matimba B Power Station, the cumulative noise impact effects of both power stations, the noise impact from ancillary works (specifically the ash dump and the conveyor belt systems), and the noise impact from traffic generated by the proposed power station. It was established that:

• Noise sensitive areas (i.e. farm houses and labourers) within about 5500 metres of the new facility will experience ambient noise levels higher than considered acceptable. In particular the noise climate at night at suburban residential homes within 3000 metres and rural residential homes within 5500 metres will be adversely affected. The western periphery of Lephalale and Marapong Township will not be adversely affected by the noise from the new facility. • Noise impact from ancillary works and equipment (such as the conveyor belts) will in general be low and localised. The drive houses for the conveyor belt system will be sites of high noise levels. The eastern conveyor belt alignment is considered preferable. • Noise impact from the operations at the new ash dump area on the farm Eenzaamheid in general will not be significant but the noise from work at this site could cause localised problems. • The following traffic and traffic noise conditions are anticipated. Access to the proposed power station and the new ash dump will be from the Steenbokpan Road. The larger proportion (60%) of the traffic generated by the new facility will route from Lephalale along Nelson Mandela Drive and Steenbokpan Road. The remaining 40% (routed to and from the existing power station and Marapong) will use the Stockpoort Road. The ambient noise levels due to this additional traffic will increase present residual levels along Nelson Mandela

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Drive Extension by about 1dBA. The noise levels along the Stockpoort Road will also increase by about 1dBA. Residual noise levels will however be increased significantly by about 5dBA during the day and 8dBA during the night along Steenbokpan Road (from the intersection with Nelson Mandela Drive to the proposed power station entrance). • The traffic noise from the northern road alignment will affect fewer noise sensitive sites than that from the southern road alignment.

14.5. Mitigating Measures

Potential noise mitigating measures for the project were assessed.

14.5.1. Pre-construction Phase

Local residents are to be notified of any potentially noisy field survey works or other works during the planning and design phase and these activities are to be undertaken at reasonable times of the day. It is considered preferable that these works should not take place at night or on weekends (particularly Sundays), however, discussions with surrounding landowners could result in works being accommodated at night and on weekends.

During this phase, consideration must be given to the noise mitigating measures required during the construction phase and which should be included in the tender document specifications and the design.

14.5.2. Construction Phase

The noise mitigating measures to be considered during the construction phase are as follows:

• Construction site yards, concrete batching plants, asphalt batching plants, construction worker camps (accommodation) and other noisy fixed facilities should be located well away from noise sensitive areas adjacent to the development site. • All construction vehicles and equipment are to be kept in good repair. • Construction activities, and particularly the noisy ones, are to be contained to reasonable hours during the day and early evening. • With regard to unavoidable very noisy construction activities in the vicinity of noise sensitive areas, the contractor should liaise with local residents on how best to minimise impact. • In general operations should meet the noise standard requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No 85 of 1993). • Construction staff working in areas where the 8-hour ambient noise levels exceed 75dBA should wear ear protection equipment.

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14.5.3. Operational Phase

The following noise mitigating measures, which will need to be considered where appropriate, are preliminary indicators that may assist further in the selection of the best alternative site:

• The design of the proposed power station is to incorporate all the necessary acoustic design aspects required in order that the overall generated noise level from the new installation does not exceed a maximum equivalent

continuous day/night rating level (LRdn), namely a noise level of 70dBA (just inside the property projection plane, namely the property boundary) as specified for industrial districts in SANS 10103. Refer to Appendix AA. Notwithstanding this provision, the design is also to take into account the maximum allowable equivalent continuous day/night rating level of the potentially impacted sites outside the proposed power station property.

Where the LRdn for the external site is presently lower than the maximum

allowed, the maximum shall not be exceeded. Where the LRdn for the external

site is presently at or exceeds the maximum, the existing LRdn shall not be increased. • The latest technology incorporating maximum noise mitigating measures for the power station components should be designed into the system. • The design process is to consider, inter alia, the following aspects: ∗ The position and orientation of buildings on the site. ∗ The design of the buildings to minimise the transmission of noise from the inside to the outdoors. ∗ The insulation of particularly noisy new plant and equipment. • Some of the farm labourer houses affected should be relocated unless these are no longer required or uninhabited.

It should be noted that any measures taken at the development site will limit the impacts in the specific areas designed for, and will not necessarily contribute to improving the degraded noise climates in adjacent areas where there is already a problem.

14.6. Conclusions

The following conclusions may be drawn from the foregoing analysis:

• Although not all of the final baseline noise design data was available for the analysis, the assumptions made are considered adequate to give a meaningful analysis of the noise impact situation, taking into account the fact that the proposed power station was modelled on the data from the

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existing Matimba power station and that a conservative approach was used. • Although the existing general noise climate of much of the study area is still fairly representative of a quiet rural/farming district, that in the corridor between Lephalale and Matimba power station already severely degraded near to the power station and near to the main roads. The positioning of the proposed power station very close to the existing facility can therefore be supported. • The area of potentially serious noise impact around the proposed power station will be fairly small (contained within a radius of about 6 kilometres). There are only a few noise sensitive sites within this area of influence, and mitigating measures are possible at these sites.

14.7. Recommendations

The following are recommended:

• The National Noise Control Regulations and SANS 10103 should be used as the main guidelines for addressing the potential noise impact on this project. • The noise mitigating measures indicated in Section 14.5 should be applied.

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15. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Social impact assessment (SIA) may be defined as:

“the process of assessing or estimating, in advance, the social consequences that are likely to follow from specific policy actions or project developments, particularly in the context of appropriate national, state or provincial environmental policy legislation. Social impacts include all social and cultural consequences to human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organise to meet their needs, and generally cope as members of society” (International Committee on Guidelines and Principles, 1994, p. 108).

This chapter presents the results of a SIA for the proposed coal fired power station near the existing Matimba power station in Lephalale Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. The SIA was undertaken by Afrosearch – a social consultancy firm that is based in Pretoria and has extensive experience in the fields of sustainable development, public participation and impact assessment.

The SIA documented in this chapter builds on a preliminary SIA conducted as one of the specialist studies during the Scoping Phase of the EIA for the proposed power station. One of the aims of the scoping study was to form an initial estimate of the impacts that power station is likely to have on the social and biophysical environment. An additional aim was to recommend a preferred site for the power station and for the ancillary infrastructure. Eight potential sites had been identified prior to the Scoping Phase: the farms Eenzaamheid, Naauwontkomen, Nelsonskop, Appelvlakte, Kromdraai, Kuipersbult, Zongezien and Droogeheuvel. Based on the outcomes of the various specialist studies conducted during the Scoping Phase, the farm Naauwontkomen was selected as the most preferred site for the power station and the adjoining farm Eenzaamheid as the most preferred site for the associated ash dump and ancillary infrastructure. From a social perspective, these sites are to be preferred because, in comparison to those located further to the north, they are relatively remote from densely populated areas such as the township of Marapong. The probability that the residents of these settlements would be negatively affected by construction activities, changes in air quality, increased noise levels, etc. is therefore significantly reduced.

The sites selected for the power station and ash dump are situated on the existing road that leads westwards from Lephalale and Onverwacht to the nearby town of Steenbokpan. This road would therefore have to be realigned if the construction of the power station is approved. Since more than one option presents itself for the realignment of the road, it is therefore necessary to identify the alternative that is most preferable in terms of its likely social impacts.

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Alternative routes have also been proposed for the conveyor belt by which the power station will be supplied with coal from Grootegeluk Mine, and a selection must be made between these alternatives.

The objectives of the SIA reported in this chapter were therefore:

• To conduct more detailed investigations of the preferred site and its surrounding social environment; • To make recommendations regarding the most preferred alignment of the Steenbokpan Road and the conveyor belt in respect of their likely social impacts; • To assess the social impacts expected to occur as a result of the project, and to rate these impacts in terms of their duration, extent, severity, probability and mitigation potential; and • To identify measures by which negative social impacts might be reduced and positive impacts enhanced.

15.2. Scope and Limitations

The focus of this SIA is on the impacts that the project is expected to have on the local social environment, where the latter is defined as the area delimited by the boundaries of the local municipality (Lephalale). However, it is recognised that the project will also have impacts that extend to a provincial and perhaps even national level. The most pertinent of these large-scale effects is related to an increase in Eskom’s capacity to supply electricity. If current trends in the growth of demand for electricity continue, it is likely that South Africa’s surplus electricity supply will be exhausted by 2007 (Eskom Briefing Document, undated). If peak demand exceeds supply, the reliability and quality of electricity services will be negatively impacted. Unreliable electricity supply will, in turn, have significant negative economic (and hence social) consequences. The proposed power station can therefore rightly be regarded as having a significant positive social impact by helping to prevent such a negative scenario from materialising. However, no attempt was made during this study to quantify or rate the magnitude and significance of this impact.

An additional impact of the proposed power station will be an increase in the demand for coal. The existing Matimba power station is supplied with coal by the nearby Grootegeluk Mine, which is owned by Kumba Resources. It is likely that the proposed power station would also receive its coal from Grootegeluk Mine. If this turns out to be the case, the mine would have to expand its current operations to meet the increased demand. This, in turn, would necessitate an expansion in its labour force, thereby impacting on the social environment through the creation of additional job opportunities. When considered in conjunction with the employment opportunities that would be created by the

Social Impact Assessment 412 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province proposed power station, it is evident that this effect represents a cumulative impact. While this study recognises the indirect social impacts that will arise because of the increased demand for coal, it does not attempt to investigate them in detail. This omission is premised on the assumption that an expansion in the operations of the mine would require a separate EIA, including a specialist social impact assessment.

15.3. Methodology

This section describes the methodology that was followed during the SIA. The study consisted of the following components:

• The compilation of a refined social profile of the study area; • An assessment of the alternative alignments for the Steenbokpan Road and the conveyor belt with the aim of recommending a preferred alignment for each; • A detailed assessment of the anticipated social impacts of the power station and associated infrastructure; • Rating these impacts in terms of various dimensions, including their expected duration, extent, severity and probability; and • The formulation of recommendations regarding the mitigation of social impacts associated with the proposed project.

Each of these components is described in greater detail below.

15.3.1. Refined social profile of the study area

In contrast with the social profile compiled during the SIA for the scoping study, this profile focuses specifically on the selected sites for the power station and ancillary infrastructure. Consequently, the areas further to the north (including the farms Appelvlakte, Nelsonskop, Zongezien and Droogeheuvel) are not described to the same level of detail as the farms further to the south. Data collection for the social profile included a survey of dwellings within a 5 km radius of the selected site. Interviews were also conducted with landowners and residents of potentially affected areas.

15.3.2. Assessment of alternative alignments for the Steenbokpan Road and conveyor belt

Information regarding the alternative alignments for the road and conveyor belt was obtained from the EIA consultant. These alignments were then superimposed on the profile of the social environment to ascertain which alternatives are likely to have the least significant negative impacts.

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15.3.3. Assessment of social impacts

This component involved a refined assessment of the potential social impacts that had been identified during the scoping study. The social impacts tentatively identified during the scoping study and earmarked for further investigation included the following:

• Creation of employment opportunities. It was determined that the proposed power station would lead to the creation of a number of job opportunities, both during its construction and operation. • Impacts on the local municipality. It was determined during the scoping study that the power station would bring about a significant increase in the demand for housing and infrastructure in the surrounding area. This increase would have a substantial impact on the local municipality. • Impacts on public safety and daily movement patterns. It was determined that the construction and operation of the power station are likely to result in an increase in traffic volumes. This could lead to damage of local roads and increased speeding through town, thereby impacting on the safety and daily movement patterns of residents in surrounding communities. • Social investment and infrastructural improvements. Social investment initiatives by Eskom, as well as by Kumba Resources, could have significant positive impacts on surrounding communities. Such initiatives could include upgrading of existing infrastructure such as services. • Impacts on owners and residents of surrounding farms. It was determined that the power station could impact on surrounding communities’ way of life and on the area’s sense of place. This, in turn, could have a negative effect on property values and on the attractiveness of the area as a destination for hunters and tourists. • Relocation of households. It was determined that the construction of the power station might necessitate the relocation of certain farm owners and/or farm residents. • Influx of job seekers. Because of high unemployment rates in the region, it is possible that news of the proposed development could lead to an influx of job seekers into the area. • Possible conflict between local residents and newcomers. If construction workers are not sourced locally, but are housed close to the site, this may give rise to conflict between local residents and newcomers. If the area experiences an influx of job seekers, competition over scarce employment opportunities may also lead to conflict with locals. • Impacts on the residents of Marapong. It was determined during the scoping study that, if the proposed power station were to be located on one of the northern sites (Nelsonskop or Appelvlakte), the residents of Marapong might suffer significant negative effects in terms of changes in air quality, noise pollution and the like.

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The detailed investigations conducted during the second phase of the SIA (which coincided with the main Impact Assessment phase of the EIA) are described below. First a more precise estimate was made of the numbers of employment opportunities to be created by the project. This assessment was based on figures of labour requirements and skills profiles obtained from Eskom. Information was also obtained from Kumba Resources regarding the expansion of their labour force that would be required to meet the increased demand for coal. Further information supplied by Eskom and Kumba Resources concerned their current and planned social investment and infrastructure improvement initiatives.

Second, information was obtained from Lephalale Local Municipality regarding the expansion of infrastructure that would be required to meet the additional demands created by the power station. This information was used to render a more precise assessment of the impacts that the proposed project is likely to have on the municipality.

In order to assess the likely impacts of the project on the safety and daily movement patterns of local landowners and residents, as well as on the area’s sense of place, it was necessary to incorporate data generated by other specialist studies forming part of the EIA. The results of the visual impact assessment and traffic impact assessment – which were conducted by Mr Lourens du Plessis and Mr Adrian Brislin, respectively, and are reported in Chapters 10 and 13 of this report – were therefore obtained and interpreted from a social point of view in order to assess their likely impacts on people.

Since the selected site for the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure is situated on farms located some kilometres to the south of Marapong township (namely, on Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid), the probability that the residents of this township will be negatively affected by their physical proximity to the site is significantly reduced. These issues (i.e. the community being in close proximity to the power station as well as related health and air quality issues) were therefore not subject to more detailed investigation.

15.3.4. Rating of impacts

Each identified impact was then rated in terms of the following dimensions:

• Expected duration. The alternative values that could be assigned to an impact on this dimension are listed in the Table 15.1.

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Table 15.1: Alternative ratings in terms of duration Rating Explanation Short term Less than 5 years (e.g. construction impacts) Medium term Between 5 and 15 years Long term Between 15 and 30 years Permanent Longer than 30 years

• Spatial extent This dimension denotes the geographical area over which the impact is likely to be felt. The alternative values that could be assigned to an impact on this dimension are listed in Table 15.2.

Table 15.2: Alternative ratings in terms of extent Rating Explanation Individual The impact will affect individuals in the study area Household The impact will affect households in the study area Localised The impact will extend over all or part of the local district area Regional The impact will extend over all or part of the province National The impact will extend over all or part of the country International The impact will extend over more than one country

• Intensity This variable denotes the expected severity of a negative impact or the magnitude of a positive impact. Table 15.3 summarises the values that could be assigned to an impact on this dimension.

Table 15.3: Alternative ratings in terms of intensity Rating Explanation Very severe Irreversible or permanent damage that cannot be mitigated Severe A long term impact that could be mitigated, although with some difficulty or expense Moderately severe A medium to long term impact that could be mitigated Slight A medium to short term impact that could be easily and affordably mitigated Slightly beneficial A medium to short term impact with negligible benefits that could be more easily obtained in other ways Moderately beneficial A medium to long term impact with real benefits that would be equally difficult or expensive to obtain in other ways Beneficial A long term impact and substantial benefit that would be more difficult, time consuming or expensive to obtain in other ways Very beneficial A permanent and very substantial benefit that could not readily be obtained in other ways Undetermined It is not possible to determine the severity of the impact

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• Probability Alternative values that could be assigned to an impact on this dimension were “Very unlikely,” “Unlikely,” “May occur” and “Will definitely occur.”

• Significance This dimension represents in integrated assessment of the importance of an impact based in its expected duration, extent, intensity and probability. Positive as well as negative impacts might be rated as highly significant. The table below summarises the values that could be assigned to an impact to reflect its significance.

Table 15.4: Alternative ratings in terms of significance Rating Explanation Very high These impacts would be considered by society as constituting a major and usually permanent change to the social environment, and usually result in severe or very severe effects – or, alternatively, beneficial or very beneficial ones High These impacts would be considered by society as constituting an important and usually long term change to the social environment, and would be viewed in either a serious or a very positive light Moderate These impacts are real but not substantial, and would be viewed by society as constituting a fairly important and usually medium term change to the social environment Low These impacts have little real effect, and would be viewed by society as constituting a fairly unimportant and usually short term change to the social environment No These impacts have no primary or secondary consequences that are significance important to scientists or the public

• Mitigation potential This variable denotes the extent to which a negative impact could be reduced or avoided. Table 15.5 summarises the values that could be assigned to an impact on this dimension.

Table 15.5: Alternative ratings in terms of mitigation potential Rating Explanation High Negative impacts can be reduced fairly easily with little expense Moderate Negative impacts may be reduced, but with significant difficulty or at high cost Low It is unlikely that negative impacts can be effectively reduced or avoided Not applicable The impact is very beneficial, and therefore does not justify mitigation

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• Confidence This variable denotes the degree of certainty associated with the assessment of a particular impact, and is thus related to the amount of data that is available to support a particular rating.

Table 15.6: Alternative ratings in terms of confidence Rating Explanation Definite More than 90% sure; substantial supporting data is available Probable More than 70% sure; sufficient supporting data is available Possible More than 40% sure; some supporting data is available Unsure Less than 40% sure; limited supporting data is available

15.3.5. Formulation of mitigation measures

This component of the study involved the identification of appropriate mitigation measures. The purpose of these measures is to reduce adverse social impacts, either by modifying the planned developments, or else compensating for the impact. Mitigation measures are also intended to enhance positive impacts associated with the proposed project.

15.4. Social profile of the study area

The proposed project falls within Lephalale Local Municipality (NP362), which is in the Waterberg District Municipality (DC36) in the northern part of Limpopo Province. Lephalale Local Municipality covers and area of 19 605 square kilometres (km2), and consists of 11 wards. The study area comprises three wards:

• Ward 2, which has an area of 77 km2, and includes Grootegeluk Mine and the township of Marapong; • Ward 3, which is a much larger ward directly to the south of Ward 2. The ward has an area of 2 047 km2. Onverwacht, a residential area to the west of the town of Lephalale, lies in Ward 3; and • Ward 4, which has an area of 16 km2 and comprises the town of Lephalale (formerly Ellisras).

Figure 15.1 below indicates the location of these wards relative to the rest of Lephalale Local Municipality. The area enclosed in the dotted line in this figure is enlarged in Figure 15.2. This figure shows the location and names of the farms selected for the power station and ash dump during the scoping study.

The first three sub-sections below provide an overview of the social conditions existing in these three wards. This overview was compiled by using secondary data sourced from Statistic South Africa and the Municipal Demarcation Board.

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This is followed by a discussion of characteristics particular to the proposed site and its surrounding area, including ambient air quality, land use and potentially affected farms. In closing, alternative alignments for the Steenbokpan Road and the conveyor belt are discussed.

Study area Lephalale Local Municipality

Lephalale (Ellisras)

Ward 3

Vaalwater

Figure 15.1: The regional context of the study area

Droogeheuwel

Appelvlakte Ward 2 Zongezien Grootegeluk Nelsonskop Mine MaropongMarapong Matimba A Ward 2 Powerpower Station station

Naauw- ontkomen Onverwacht Ward 4 Eenzaamheid Lephalale (Ellisras) Selected site for Kuipersbult power station Ward 3 SelectedKromdraai site for ash dump 1 km 2 km 5 km

Figure 15.2: Outline of the study area

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15.4.1. Demographics

• Population The total population of Lephalale Local Municipality is in the order of 100 000. About 3% of this population (3000 people) live in the town of Lephalale. Ward 2 (Marapong), with a population of about 17 000, accounts for 17% of the total population of the municipal area (Mmoya, 2006, personal communication), while Ward 3 (with 10 000 people) accounts for a further 10%.

The average population density of Ward 3 (at 5 people per km2) is similar to that of Lephalale Local Municipality as a whole. By contrast, Ward 2 is more densely populated at about 75 people per km2, while the town of Lephalale is still more densely populated (about 180 people per km2).

About 90% of the population of Lephalale Local Municipality is African, with the remainder made up almost exclusively of Whites. According to the 2001 Census results, the populations of the town of Lephalale and the larger Ward 3 consisted of roughly equal proportions Africans and Whites, although the balance has swung in the direction of Africans in the intervening years. Ward 2 (Marapong) is almost exclusively African.

• Age and gender distribution One-third of the population of Ward 2 (Marapong) is under 15 years of age. This is similar to the age distribution of Lephalale Local Municipality as a whole. By contrast, the population of Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale is slightly older, with between one-quarter and one-fifth of the population being under 15 years of age.

In Marapong as well as the town of Lephalale, the population distribution displays a preponderance of males over 35 of age. In these areas, males between 35 and 64 years of age constitute 60% of the total population in this age group. This pattern is indicative of large numbers of migrant workers. These workers are attracted by the possibility of employment at the Grootegeluk Mine and the existing power station. They most probably originate from other parts of Limpopo Province, which is one of the poorest provinces in South Africa, and consequently has a high unemployment rate.

• Education In Wards 2, 3 and 4, about 10% of the population over 20 years of age report not having had any schooling. This figure is significantly lower than for Lephalale Local Municipality as a whole, where nearly one-quarter of over 20- year olds have not had any schooling. In Marapong, approximately a quarter

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of the adult population is functionally illiterate while a third of young people have completed Grade 12 (Mmoya, 2006, personal communication).

15.4.2. Employment and income

• Unemployment rates The unemployment rate in Lephalale Local Municipality is in the order of 20%. This figure is higher in Marapong, where roughly one-third of the workforce is unemployed. In Ward 3 the unemployment rate is about 10%, while in the town of Lephalale it is less than 5%.

• Sectoral employment In Lephalale Local Municipality, agriculture is the largest source of employment, with one-third of the active labour force employed in this sector. In Marapong, mining is the largest source of employment (40%). In the town of Lephalale, the largest source of employment is the Community/Social/Personal Services sector (30%). Game farming constitutes an important economic activity on many of the farms surrounding the study area (including those in Ward 3).

• Income Limpopo Province is one of the poorest provinces in the Republic of South Africa. Poverty is also a widespread problem in Lephalale Local Municipality: roughly 20% of households report not earning any income, while an additional 45% of households earn less than R800 per month. The situation is slightly less severe in Ward 2 (Marapong), where 15% of households earn no income and 25% earn less than R800 per month. In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, by contrast, only 8% of households report not earning any income, while one-quarter of households earn less than R800 per month.

15.4.3. Housing and services

• Housing In Lephalale Local Municipality, 80% of households live in formal dwellings, while roughly equal proportions of the remainder live either in traditional or informal dwellings. In Ward 2, slightly less than 50% of households live in formal dwellings, while the remainder live in informal dwellings. The township of Marapong itself is a formal settlement to which infrastructure has been supplied. In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, the vast majority (more than 90%) of households live in formal dwellings.

The average household size in Lephalale Local Municipality is 3.5 persons per household. This figure is slightly larger in Marapong (4 persons per household) and smaller in Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale (2,6 persons per

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household). The average dwelling size in Marapong is 3,3 rooms per dwelling. Dwellings in Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale are somewhat larger (3,9 and 4,2 rooms per dwelling, respectively).

• Transport The most common methods of travelling to work of school in Ward 2 (Marapong) is by foot (49% of people), followed by buses (36%). In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, 40% of people travel to work or school by foot, while 20% make use of buses and 30% of cars.

• Access to electricity Approximately 70% of households in Lephalale Local Municipality have electricity for household lighting, while the remainder use candles. In Ward 2 (Marapong), this figure is slightly higher (75%), and in Ward 3 it is still higher (85%). Virtually all households in the town of Lephalale have access to electricity.

• Water A very high percentage of communities in Limpopo Province are still below 50% of RDP standards in terms of water supply. In the Waterberg District Municipality, about 235 688 of people (i.e. 48 000 households) do not have access to water at least 98% of the time. On the other hand about 130 000 people still have to walk more than 200 m to fetch water from the nearby water sources.

In Lephalale Local Municipality, one-third of households do not have access to water in the dwelling or yard, but have to make use of community standpipes. In Marapong, this figure is somewhat lower (15% of households make use of community standpipes), more than half of households have a tap in the yard, and one-third of households have access to water inside their dwelling. In Ward 3 and the town of Lephalale, approximately 75% of households have access to water inside their dwelling, while 20% have a tap in the yard. The remainder make use of community standpipes.

• Sanitation A similar pattern emerges with regard to sanitation services. In Lephalale Local Municipality, 20% of households have no access to sanitation services, 50% make use of pit latrines, while 30% have flush toilets. In Marapong and the town of Lephalale, virtually all households have flush toilets. In Ward 3, 85% of households have flush toilets, 5% make use of pit latrines, and slightly less than 10% have no access to sanitation services.

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15.4.4. Ambient air quality of areas surrounding the site

Air quality data pertaining to the existing Matimba Power Station, which were collected from the Grootestryd Monitoring Site, indicate that:

• Dominant winds in the area are from the northeast and east-northeast during the day and by night, with a smaller west-south-westerly component at night. • Air pollution impacts from power station plumes are most dominant during the day, between 10:00 and 15:00. • As a result of atmospheric instability, the highest impacts occur approximately 2 km downwind from the site.

• Ambient as well as infrequent, extreme concentrations of SO2 are below the limits set by DEAT guidelines.

15.4.5. Surrounding farms and other land uses

Principle land uses in the area surrounding the site include:

• Agricultural land devoted mainly to game and cattle farming; • Residential and industrial areas – e.g. Onverwacht, the town of Lephalale, and Marapong. Plans have been made to expand Marapong towards the east; • Grootegeluk Mine, which is owned by Kumba Resources Pty Ltd; • A conglomeration of ecotourist destinations further to the east (in the vicinity of the Waterberg Biosphere, between Lephalale and Polokwane); and • Sewage works on the farms Zongezien and Nelsonskop.

Table 15.7 summarises the details of the farms selected for the proposed power station and ancillary services. Also included in this table are the details of the farms surrounding the proposed sites. These details include the location of each farm, its owner and his or her main concerns regarding the proposed project. The locations of the farms closest to the proposed site are depicted in Figure 15.3 below.

Table 15.7: Details of the selected sites and surrounding farms

Farm Location Comments

Naauwontkomen South west of Owned by Kumba Resources Pty Ltd (selected site for Matimba power station) Eenzaamheid Directly west of Owned by Mr. JJ Thuynsma, who also owns the (selected site for Naauwontkomen farm Kuipersbult. He lives in town. Has one full- ash dump) time worker, who has lived on the farm for 1 year. Farms with cattle.

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Farm Location Comments

Kromdraai Directly south of Owned by Mr. Leon Steyn. Has been living there Eenzaamheid for 45 yrs. Because of prevailing wind direction, they would be negatively affected by emission from the power station. Kuipersbult Directly south of Owned by Mr. JJ Thuynsma, who also owns the Naauwontkomen farm Eenzaamheid. Turfvlakte Directly north of Part of Grootegeluk Mine. Owned by Kumba Naauwontkomen Resources Hieromtrent Directly north of Part of Grootegeluk Mine. Owned by Kumba Eenzaamheid Resources Hanglip Directly east of Owned by Mr H Pieterse. Farms with cattle, and Naauwontkomen lives on the farm. Sometimes receives hunters. Kalkfontein Directly east of Owned by Mr J van Rooyen. He lives on the farm, Zongezien farms with cattle and game. Receives hunters, has accommodation for them on the farm. He is concerned about housing for construction workers. Eendracht Directly east of Owned by Mr JJ Lambrect, who also owns the Hanglip farm Fancy. May be negatively affected by influx of people and expansion of residential infrastructure. Altoostyd South of Portions of farm owned by Mr. M. Erasmus, who is Eendracht in favour of the project. Other portions owned by Mr J van Rooyen and Mr P Nel Grootvallei Directly south of Owned by Mr. Leon Steyn, who also owns Kromdraai and Kromdraai. Has been living there for 45 yrs. Kuipersbult Fancy South of Owned by Mr JJ Lambrecht, who also owns Grootvallei Eendracht. Vergulde Helm Directly west of Owned by Mr H. Hills, who also owns Buffelsjagt. Eenzaamheid Because of prevailing wind direction, the farm may be negatively affected by emissions from the power station. Buffelsjagt Directly west of Owned by Mr H. Hills, who also owns Vergulde Vergulde Helm Helm. He lives on Buffelsjagt. Concerned about crime. Because of prevailing wind direction, the farm may be negatively affected by emissions from the power station Hooikraal Directly north of Owned by Mr van Tonder for 20 yrs. Concerned Buffelsjagt about property value Massenberg Directly north of Owned by Mr Grobler, frequently houses overseas Hooikraal hunters. He is concerned about the effect of the power station on sense of place and property value

Social Impact Assessment 424 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

In addition to showing the locations of farms surrounding the proposed site, Figure 15.3 also indicates the location of various dwellings within a five-kilometre radius of the site. These are denoted by circled numbers, and a brief description of each dwelling is provided below the map. Additional information included in the map is the alternative alignments for the Steenbokpan Road and the conveyor belt. These alternatives are discussed in greater detail in the following section.

Enkelbult

Alternative 6 alignments Hanglip Grootgeluk Turfvlakte Vaalpens- 8 loop Hieromtrent 7 Naauwontkomen 9 Steenbokpan road 2 Existing Proposed ash Eenzaamheid ash dump 1 dump 5 Zwartwater

Vergulde Kuipersbult Helm Buffelsjagt Kromdraai 4

Grootvallei

NEARBY DWELLINGS 1 Farm workers' dwellings 3 2 Farm workers' dwellings

3 Farm workers' dwellings LEGEND

4 Farm house Proposed power station

5 Weekend lodge (no permanent occupants) Existing roads

6 Guest house Existing railway line

7 Farm workers' dwellings Proposed road alignment (N)

Proposed road alignment (S) 8 Farm houses (x2) Proposed conveyor belt 9 Game lodge (no permanent occupants)

Figure 15.3: Map indicating farms and settlements surrounding the proposed site, as well as alternative alignments for Steenbokpan Road and conveyor belts

Social Impact Assessment 425 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

15.4.6. Alternative road and conveyor belt alignments

• The Steenbokpan Road As the map in Figure 15.3 indicates, two alternative alignments for the Steenbokpan Road are under consideration. These have been dubbed the “northern alternative” and the “southern alternative.” The northern alternative veers off to the north of the existing road, cuts across the north- eastern corner of the farm Naauwontkomen, then travels along the border of Hieromtrent and Eenzaamheid to rejoin the existing road alignment. The southern alternative follows the existing dirt road that joins the Steenbokpan Road from the south. It then turns to the north to follow the existing border between Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid, which places it between the proposed power station and ash dump. Upon reaching the border between Eenzaamheid and Hieromtrent, it turns to the west again to follow the same route as the northern alternative.

• The conveyor belt As Figure 15.3 shows, two alternative alignments are also being considered for the conveyor belt between Grootegeluk Mine and the proposed power station. One alignment (the eastern alternative) follows the existing railway line until it turns in a westward direction just to the south of the northern alignment of the Steenbokpan Road. The western alternative cuts across the farm Turfvlakte in a south-westerly direction.

15.5. Assessment of social impacts

This section provides an evaluation of the predicted social impacts of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure. In each case, a table is provided in which the impact is rated in terms of its expected duration, spatial extent, intensity, probability, significance, mitigation potential and the confidence attached to the assessment. Each table also contains recommended mitigation measures relevant to that impact.

The tables distinguish between impacts that are expected to arise during the construction phase of the project and those that are expected to occur during its operation. In some cases, however, an impact may begin during the construction phase and continue during the operational phase. (For instance, an influx of job seekers into the area might take place during or even prior to construction, but these newcomers might remain in the area after construction has been completed.) In such cases, the impact was listed in the table under “Construction,” but its duration was listed as medium term or long term.

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15.5.1. Employment creation

• Employment creation during the construction phase Construction activities will create a number of temporary employment opportunities. The magnitude of this impact will depend on the number of construction workers to be employed, either by Eskom itself or by contractors. Sourcing of construction workers from the local labour pool is likely to be limited to unskilled workers due to the highly technical nature of the work to be undertaken. This could have some economic benefits for surrounding communities, although only of a temporary nature. The construction process is expected to last approximately 42 months. At its peak, it will involve some 5 000 construction workers, of which 60% will be sourced from Lephalale and surrounding areas.

An addition to creating job opportunities for construction workers, the project may also offer other sources of temporary employment. These include rehabilitation of the buffer zone around the power station after the completion of construction activities. Indirect employment creation in the informal sector may also occur, for instance in terms of food stalls for the convenience of construction workers.

• Employment creation during operation The operational phase of the power station will result in the creation of approximately 500 employment opportunities. Of these, roughly 180 will be part of the Eskom workforce, with the remainder being filled by permanent contractors. All of these will be housed in the Marapong/ Lephalale area.

Whether the benefits of these employment opportunities will accrue to surrounding communities will depend on whether those positions will be filled by local residents. This will, in turn, depend on whether the necessary skills are available in surrounding communities. Eskom has indicated that the majority of jobs among contractors would be semi-skilled. Its permanent workforce, on the other hand, would comprise management, engineering and operations/ maintenance staff - i.e positions requiring fairly high skills levels. The numbers envisaged in each category are indicated in Table 15.8.

Table 15.8: Permanent staff required for the proposed power station Occupational category Number Management 15 Operating 50 Maintenance 50 Engineering 40 Services 25 Total 180

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Information received from the local Ward Councillor (Mmoya, 2006, personal communication) indicates that, among young people in Marapong, 30% have a Grade 12 qualification. Of these, 40% have some further training, mostly related to computer use or technical professions such as electricians. Approximately 20% of young people with Grade 12 qualifications also have higher qualifications. It can therefore be concluded that the employment opportunities for local communities as a result of the project will be at the level of semi-skilled labour, with a relatively smaller number of skilled jobs being created.

It is likely that Kumba Resources would expand their current operations in order to supply coal to the proposed power station (Interview: E. Geldenhuys). It is expected that these mining operations will create a similar number of additional employment opportunities.

Table 15.9: Rating of impact – Creation of employment opportunities RATING OF IMPACT: CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Dimension During construction During operation Duration Short term Long term Extent Localised (If labour for Localised (If labour for construction and rehabilitation operations is sourced from of the buffer zone is sourced surrounding communities) from surrounding communities) Intensity Very beneficial Beneficial Probability Will definitely occur Will definitely occur Significance High High Mitigation potential Moderate (positive impact may Moderate (positive impact may be enhanced by maximising be enhanced by maximising local recruitment) local recruitment) Confidence Definite Definite Recommended Make use of local labour where Make use of local labour where mitigation measures possible. possible. Liase with local community Liase with local community structures to identify local structures to identify local labour pool. labour pool.

15.5.2. Influx of job seekers

As news regarding the proposed project spreads, expectations regarding possible employment opportunities may take root. Consequently, the area surrounding the site will experience an influx of job seekers. Available data indicates that Marapong is already experiencing a significant influx of people looking for work (Mmoya, 2006, personal communication), and it is likely that this will increase once construction activities commence.

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The magnitude of this impact will depend on the severity of unemployment in surrounding areas. As was mentioned in Section 15.4.1, the fact that males outnumber females in the 35-64 age group indicates that a large number of migrant workers are already present. Furthermore, poverty is a widespread problem in Lephalale Local Municipality, with an unemployment rate in the order of 20%. This figure is higher in Marapong, where roughly one-third of the workforce is unemployed. Given these figures, it is likely that a large enough number of job seekers will flock into the area to have a fairly significant population impact on the immediate social environment. This population increase will impact on Lephalale Local Municipality in terms of additional demand for services and infrastructure – an issue that is discussed in greater detail in Section 15.5.4 below.

This impact is listed below as a construction-related impact. However, it is possible that the impact may commence prior to construction, and may continue after construction has been completed. Contact between newcomers and locals could also create various social problems. These are discussed in greater detail in the following section.

Table 15.10: Rating of impact – Influx of job seekers RATING OF IMPACT: INFLUX OF JOB SEEKERS Dimension During construction During operation Duration Medium term - Extent Localised - Intensity Moderately severe - Probability May occur - Significance Moderate - Mitigation potential Moderate - Confidence Probable - Recommended As far as possible, make use of - mitigation measures local labour. Liaise with local community structures (e.g. the Marapong Development Association) to identify mutually acceptable means of controlling the influx of job seekers or, if this is not possible, to mitigate the negative effects of such an influx.

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15.5.3. Social problems arising from population influx

As was indicated above, the construction workforce will consist of approximately 5 000 on-site workers, of which roughly 3 000 will be locals. The remaining 2 000 will constitute the core teams of the various contractors. These will have to be housed reasonably close to the construction site. One option currently being considered by Eskom is to house these workers in the Marapong/ Lephalale area. If this is the case, a number of new housing units will have to be constructed – a requirement that will place significant demands on the local municipality. This issue is taken up again in the following section.

Another option being considered is that of housing only a very small proportion of these 2 000 workers in the Lephalale area. The remainder will then be housed in a construction village that is to be established on the farm Eenzaamheid (the selected site for the ash dump). The construction village will be demolished after construction has been completed.

Regardless of which option is implemented, it is possible that conflict might arise between the newcomers and local residents. One possible reason for such conflict would be the perception among locals that the outsiders are taking up jobs that could have gone to unemployed members of the local community. An influx of unemployed job seekers (which was discussed in the preceding section) could add to the potential for conflict. Evidence supporting this conjecture is provided by the fact that the area has already experienced such conflicts in the past – particularly between Zulu and Sotho people (Erasmus, 2006, personal communication).

An influx of construction workers and job seekers might be accompanied by an increase in crime. Even if particular instances of crime are not as a result of the newcomers, they may still be attributed to them by local communities.

Another possibility is that a population influx will contribute to alcoholism, drug abuse and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases in the local population. According to a representative of Lephalale Local Municipality (see Erasmus, 2006, personal communication), alcoholism and (more recently) drug abuse are among the most significant social problems that have been attributed to the existing Matimba power station. Alcoholism in particular has left its scars on the community due to some families being abused. A special initiative by the name of BRAVO was created to assist families in difficulty. The possibility can therefore not be overlooked that an additional influx of people will cause these problems to escalate.

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As Table 15.11 indicates, this impact may begin during or even prior to construction of the proposed power station. However, it might also continue after construction has been completed and the power station becomes operational.

Table 15.11: Rating of impact – Social problems arising from population influx RATING OF IMPACT: SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM POPULATION INFLUX Dimension During construction During operation Duration Medium term - Extent Localised - Intensity Moderately severe - Probability May occur - Significance Moderate - Mitigation potential Moderate - Confidence Possible - Recommended Meet with residents’ Coordinate efforts to address mitigation measures associations and local social problems with those of Community Policing Forum to BRAVO initiative. identify effective strategy for Ensure effective management combating crime in the area. of hostels so as to prevent Implement HIV/AIDS them from being occupied awareness campaign for informally after completion of workers and/or local construction. communities.

15.5.4. Change in local infrastructure requirements

As was mentioned above, the project is expected to have a two-fold impact on the size of the local population. On the one hand, it will create a number of employment opportunities during its construction as well as its operational phase. While a proportion of these positions will probably be filled by local residents, it will also be necessary to source staff from other areas. At the same time, news of the project may bring about an influx of job seekers.

The increase in the local population is expected to impact on the local municipality in various ways (J. Erasmus, 2006, personal communication; Interview with HODs of local municipality). These include:

• Access roads. The R33 from Modimolle (Nylstroom) to Vaalwater and Lephalale needs to be upgraded. This will involve, amongst other things, rebuilding the section between Modimolle and Vaalwater. Funds in the order of R200 million had been made available for this upgrade, but the project was put on hold when the road was recently upgraded to a national road. The National Roads Agency is therefore now responsible for the road. The road upgrade is considered critical for the future development of Lephalale. A pressing need also exists for the construction of bypass roads around

Social Impact Assessment 431 23/03/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province

Lephalale. The only existing access road to the proposed power station (Nelson Mandela Drive) runs through the middle of the town, and heavy vehicles taking this road to the existing power station and to the mine already present problems in terms of traffic flow and damage to the road. • Water. Water is a scarce resource in Lephalale. In order to meet the increased demand incurred by the population influx, additional water will have to be secured. This would entail either lifting the dam wall of the Mokolo Dam (from which water is currently obtained) with 12 meters in order to double its capacity, or else importing water from the Crocodile River system. • Sanitation. The Council’s water treatment plant will have to be enlarged and several new pump stations installed. • Housing. As was mentioned in the previous section, approximately 60% of the construction workforce will be locals, while the remainder will have to be housed in the vicinity. One option would be to house them in a construction village on the farm Eenzaamheid. The other option will be to house them in the Lephalale/ Marapong area. This will require that the local municipality invest in the construction of additional housing units. During the construction of the existing Matimba power station, approximately 600 new houses were required. Only about 100 of these remained occupied after construction was completed. It is expected that a similar situation will result in the case of the proposed power station. • Health Care. It is foreseen that it will be necessary to establish at least one more clinic to service the local population. • Schools. It is foreseen that it will be necessary to establish another High School, as the current one is already occupied beyond capacity. The most appropriate location for the new school would be in Onverwacht (De Ridder, 2006, personal communication). • Integrated development planning (IDP). It will be necessary to adapt the municipality’s IDP planning process to take into account the population increase.

Meeting these demands will imply significant capital expenditure on the part of the municipality. In view of the fact that the municipality already suffers from a lack of funds, it would be essential that discussions between Eskom and the Local Authority are initiated. Agreement would need to be reached regarding mandates and responsibility for issues relating to the upgrading of infrastructure and the allocation of land for housing.

The Lephalale Strategic Development Steering Committee (LSDSC) and the Lephalale Development Company (LDC) were recently established with the specific aim of meeting the challenges brought about by the proposed new development. It is therefore recommended that plans for mitigating the impacts of the project on the local municipality be formulated in close collaboration with these bodies.

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Table 15.12: Rating of impact – Change in local infrastructure requirements RATING OF IMPACT: CHANGE IN LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS Dimension During construction During operation Duration Short term Medium term Extent Localised Localised Intensity Severe Severe Probability Will definitely occur Will definitely occur Significance High High Mitigation potential Moderate Moderate Confidence Definite Definite Recommended Timely negotiation with the Timely negotiation with the mitigation measures Local Municipality, the LSDSC Local Municipality, the LSDSC and the LDC to identify and the LDC to identify resources required to meet resources required to meet increased demand for services, increased demand for services, infrastructure and land for infrastructure and land for housing, and to discuss housing, and to discuss possible support by Eskom to possible support by Eskom to the municipality. the municipality.

15.5.5. Social investment initiatives

As was mentioned above, the project will offer socio-economic benefits in the form of employment creation. These benefits may be augmented by social investment activities initiated by Eskom. Two factors will play a key role in determining the effectiveness of such initiatives: whether they actually meet the needs of local communities, and whether they are adequately coordinated with other, existing development initiatives in the area. Such coordination will be essential to avoid unnecessary overlap and fragmentation of efforts. It is therefore recommended that social investment initiatives be planned in close collaboration with local community structures (such as the Marapong Development Association) as well as with representatives of the local municipality that are involved with Local Economic Development (LED).

In the table below, the social impacts of such initiatives are listed as occurring during operational phase of the proposed power station. However, this does not discount the possibility that such initiatives may materialise sooner.

Table 15.13: Rating of impact – Social investment initiatives RATING OF IMPACT: SOCIAL INVESTMENT INITIATIVES Dimension During construction During operation Duration - Long term Extent - Localised Intensity - Moderately beneficial

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Probability - May occur (referring to expansion of social investment programme) Significance - Moderate Mitigation potential - Moderate (in terms of enhancing positive impacts) Confidence - Probable Recommended - Consultation with communities mitigation measures regarding their needs. Careful coordination with other, existing initiatives to avoid fragmentation and overlap of efforts.

15.5.6. Effects on local farm owners and residents

During the public participation process, several of the inhabitants and owners of surrounding farms raised concerns that the proposed power station may bring about an increase in air and noise pollution, and that this may impact on their health. There are indications that these concerns are shared by members of the Marapong community (Interview: T. Mmoya).

Landowners surrounding the proposed sites raised a number of additional concerns. These include:

• The effect of acid rain as a result of air pollution. Several farmers claimed that air pollution from the current power station greatly accelerates the rate at which metal (such as the wire of boundary fences) rusts. • Light pollution. Landowners in close proximity to the existing Matimba Power Station have voiced their dissatisfaction regarding the amount of light emanating from the power station at night. Concerns have been raised that farm owners and farm residents in the proximity of the proposed power station will experience similar effects. • The possible effect of the power station on the future quality and quantity of groundwater. • An influx of workers or job seekers, which may lead to an increase in trespassing, stock theft and poaching. • The negative effect that the proximity of the power station will have on their farms’ sense of place – which, in turn, may make them less attractive destinations for hunters. As was mentioned in Section 15.4.5, some landowners have built lodges on their farms to house guests during hunting expeditions. The locations of these lodges are indicated in Figure 15.3. A decline in hunting activities could result in a loss of revenue for the owners of these lodges.

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• The possibility that the aforementioned factors might have a negative effect on property values.

The extent to which people’s quality of life is affected by the new power station will depend on their proximity to it. It is assumed that the closest landowners and communities will be most affected. An additional factor to be taken into consideration is the fact that the selected farms (Naauwontkomen and Eenzaamheid) are relatively remote from other major infrastructure developments. The proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure will therefore constitute a significant change in the immediate landscape – a fact that will add to the significance of the project’s impact on the landscape’s sense of place (Petrich, 1993).

Notwithstanding these concerns, some farm owners (particularly those who do not reside on their farms, but live in town) are very positive regarding the proposed project. There has, furthermore, not been any organised opposition to the proposed project to date. This may be partly explained by a widespread perception amongst farm owners that the proposed project will not continue. This perception appears to be the result of a recent newspaper article (Financial Mail, 27 January 2006) in which it was stated that the proposed project might not continue, as Eskom is considering sourcing electricity from a 3 600 MW power station to be constructed just across the border in Botswana.

As the table below indicates, the impacts of the project on surrounding farms are likely to make themselves felt during the construction phase of the project. However, they may continue during the operational phase.

Table 15.14: Rating of impact – Effects on local farm owners and residents RATING OF IMPACT: EFFECTS ON LOCAL FARM OWNERS AND RESIDENTS Dimension During construction During operation Duration Short term Long term Extent Localised Localised Intensity Severe Moderately severe Probability May occur May occur Significance High High Mitigation potential Moderate Low Confidence Probable Probable Recommended Minimise effects of Negotiate with affected mitigation measures construction activities on landowners regarding mutually surrounding landowners acceptable means of mitigating through effective management or compensating for impacts and monitoring. experienced by them.

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15.5.7. Relocation of households

As was mentioned in Section 15.4.5, the farm Naauwontkomen (the selected site for the proposed power station) is owned by Kumba Resources. There are currently no people living on the site. The neighbouring farm Eenzaamheid (the selected site for the ash dump) is owned by Mr J. J. Thuynsma, and there is one full-time worker on the farm. This worker has been living on the farm for approximately one year. Mr Thuynsma himself does not live on the farm. As he also owns other properties in the close vicinity, it is not foreseen that relocation of the aforementioned farm worker will present a significant impact.

The farm Kromdraai, directly to the south of Eenzaamheid, is owned by Mr L. Steyn. He and his wife have been living there for 45 years. Due to the fact that their residence will be located within a few kilometres (and downwind) of the proposed power station and ash dump, the impact on their quality of life is likely to be very significant. It may be necessary for Mr Steyn and his wife to relocate. Since they have been living there most of their adult lives, and especially since his wife suffers from ill health, such a move is likely to be very traumatic. In the table below, the impact arising from the possible need for Mr Steyn and his wife to relocate has been listed as a construction-related impact. However, it is also possible that the need for them to relocate will not materialise until the power station commences operation.

Table 15.15: Rating of impact – Relocation of households RATING OF IMPACT: RELOCATION OF HOUSEHOLDS Dimension During construction During operation Duration Permanent - Extent Household - Intensity Very severe (specifically in - terms of the impact on Mr Steyn and his wife) Probability May occur - Significance Very high - Mitigation potential Low - Confidence Probable - Recommended It is recommended that Eskom - mitigation measures negotiate with Mr Steyn (who is being assisted by his son, Mr. Louis Steyn) regarding mutually acceptable means of mitigating or compensating for the impact of the proposed project on him and his wife.

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15.5.8. Safety and daily movement patterns

As was mentioned earlier, the only existing access road to the proposed power station (Nelson Mandela Drive) runs through the middle of the Lephalale town. Heavy vehicles taking this road to the existing power station and to the mine already present problems in terms of traffic flow, speeding and damage to the road. The construction and operation of the power station are likely to exacerbate these problems (Interview: HODs of local municipality), thereby impacting on the safety and daily movement patterns of residents in surrounding communities. The magnitude of these impacts will depend on the traffic volumes that will be associated with construction and operation activities.

Table 15.16: Rating of impact – Safety and daily movement patterns RATING OF IMPACT: SAFETY AND DAILY MOVEMENT PATTERNS Dimension During construction During operation Duration Short term Long term Extent Localised Localised Intensity Moderately severe Moderately severe Probability May occur May occur Significance High Moderate Mitigation potential Moderate Moderate Confidence Probable Probable Recommended Construction activities planned Ensure that intersections, etc. mitigation measures so as to minimize added are clearly marked by road disruption of traffic flow, esp. signs. during peak hours. Implement traffic safety Ensure effective enforcement awareness campaign for staff. of traffic laws. Ensure effective enforcement of traffic laws.

15.5.9. Nomination of preferred road and conveyor belt alignments

• The Steenbokpan Road The results of the traffic impact assessment (see Chapter 13) indicate that the northern alternative is less likely to have a negative impact in terms of safety of drivers who frequently use the road. This advantage is related to the fact that this alignment will involve fewer turns and junctions than the southern alternative. The results of the visual impact assessment (see Chapter 10) also indicate that the northern alternative will reduce the physical intrusiveness of the site. This advantage is related to the fact that this route will not take drivers between the power station and the ash dump.

If the results of these studies are interpreted from the perspective of their social consequences, it is evident that the southern alternative will have a greater negative impact on the local population in terms of their safety, daily

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movement patterns and sense of place. In the light of these considerations, it is recommended that the northern alternative be selected for the realignment of the Steenbokpan Road.

• The conveyor belt As was mentioned earlier, the eastern alternative for the conveyor belt alignment follows the existing railway line. This presents an advantage in that having the two structures in close proximity to each other reduces their combined impact. However, this alternative will bring the conveyor belt close to guest house that is indicated by the number 6 on the map in Figure 15.3. This guest house is managed by Mr Craig Bruce on behalf of Kumba Resources.

While the guest house is also close to the existing railway line, it is likely that the impacts arising from its proximity to the conveyor belt will be far more severe than those currently experienced as a result of the railway line. This possibility derives from the fact that, whereas activity on the railway line is intermittent, that of the conveyor belt will be virtually continuous. In the light of these considerations, it is recommended that the western alternative be selected for the conveyor belt.

15.6. Conclusions and recommendations

The first sub-section below provides a tabular summary of the identified social impacts and their respective ratings. The second sub-section summarises the recommendations made in the preceding sections of this chapter.

15.6.1. Summary of impact ratings and mitigation measures

Table 15.18 below summarises the identified social impacts discussed in the previous section, as well as the ratings and recommended mitigation measures for each impact. The symbols employed in the table to indicate the ratings are explained in Table 15.17.

Table 15.17: Symbols for rating of impacts Dimension Ratings Duration Short term: - Medium term: 0 Long term: + Permanent: ++ Extent Individual: -- Household: - Localised: 0 Regional: + National: ++ International: +++ Intensity Very severe: H- Severe: M- Mod. severe: L- Slight: O- Very beneficial: H+ Benef.: M+ Mod. benef.: L+ Slightly benef.: O+ Undetermined: O Probability Very unlikely: - Unlikely: 0 May occur: + Definitely occur: ++

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Significance None: -- Low: - Moderate: 0 High: + Very high: ++ Mitigation Low: - Moderate: 0 High: + Not applicable: N/A potential Confidence Unsure: - Possible: 0 Probable: + Definite: ++

Table 15.18: Summary of impact ratings and recommended mitigation measures Duration Extent Intensity Probability Significance potential Mitigation Confidence

Impact Mitigation

Employment creation - 0 H+ ++ + 0 ++ Make use of local labour where during construction possible. Liase with local community structures to identify local labour pool. Employment creation + 0 M+ ++ + 0 ++ Make use of local labour where during operation possible. Liase with local community structures to identify local labour pool. Influx of job seekers 0 0 L- + 0 0 + Use local labour. Liase with local community structures to identify means of controlling the influx of job seekers or mitigating negative effects of influx. Social problems 0 0 L- + 0 0 0 Coordinate efforts to address arising from social problems with those of population influx BRAVO initiative. Meet with residents’ associations and local CPF to identify strategy for combating crime. Implement HIV/AIDS awareness campaign for workers and/or local communities. Change in local 0 0 M- ++ + 0 ++ Timely negotiation with Local infrastructure Municipality, the LSDSC and the requirements LDC to identify resources required to meet increased demand for services and infrastructure, and to discuss possible support by Eskom to the municipality.

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Impact Mitigation

Social investment + 0 L+ + 0 0 + Consultation with communities initiatives regarding their needs. Careful coordination with other, existing initiatives to avoid fragmentation and overlap of efforts. Effects on local farm + 0 L- + + - + Negotiate with affected owners and residents landowners regarding mutually acceptable means of mitigating or compensating for impacts experienced by them. Relocation of ++ - H- + ++ - + Negotiate with most-affected households landowner(s) regarding mutually acceptable means of mitigating or compensating for impact. Safety and daily + 0 L- + 0 0 + Construction activities minimize movement patterns disruption of traffic flow. Ensure intersections, etc. clearly marked. Traffic safety awareness campaign. Effective enforcement of traffic laws.

15.6.1. Recommendations

As the analysis shows, many of the negative impacts are anticipated to respond favourably to mitigation measures, whereas some of the positive impacts (e.g. maximisation of employment opportunities for members of local communities) can be optimised. Mitigation measures implemented during the project should be informed by the suggestions made in this report, formalised in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and subjected to a mitigation and monitoring process throughout the construction and operational phases.

Furthermore, it is recommended (based on the analysis presented in Section 15.5.9) that the northern alternative be selected for the realignment of the Steenbokpan Road and that the western alternative be selected for the conveyor belt that will connect the proposed power station to Grootegeluk Mine.

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16. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for the proposed coal-fired power station and ancillary infrastructure has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulations published in Government Notice R1182 to R1184 of 5 September 1997, in terms of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989), as well as the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA; No 107 of 1998).

The essence of any EIA process is aimed at ensuring informed decision-making and environmental accountability, and to assist in achieving environmentally sound and sustainable development. In terms of NEMA (No 107 of 1998), the commitment to sustainable development is evident in the provision that “development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable…and requires the consideration of all relevant factors…”. NEMA also imposes a duty of care, which places a positive obligation on any person who has caused, is causing, or is likely to cause damage to the environment to take reasonable steps to prevent such damage. In terms of NEMA’s preventative principle, potentially negative impacts on the environment and on people’s environmental rights (in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996) should be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be altogether prevented, they must be minimised and remedied in terms of “reasonable measures”.

In assessing the environmental feasibility of the proposed project, the requirements of all relevant legislation has been considered, including inter alia, those of:

• Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989); • National Environmental Management Act (No 107 of 1998); • National Water Act (No 36 of 1998); • National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999); • Occupational Health and Safety Act (No 85 of 93); • Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (No 45 of 1965); • National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 39 of 2004; • White Paper on Energy Policy, GN 3007, 17/12/1998; • White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa (January 2000); and • National Waste Management Strategy documents (October 1999).

This relevant legislation has informed the identification and development of appropriate management and mitigation measures that should be implemented in order to minimise potentially significant impacts associated with the project.

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The conclusions of this EIA are the result of comprehensive studies and specialist assessments. These studies were based on issues identified through the EIA process and the parallel process of public participation. The public consultation process has been rigorous and extensive, and every effort has been made to include representatives of all stakeholders within the process.

16.1. Evaluation of the Proposed Project

The preceding chapters of this report provide a detailed assessment of the predicted environmental impacts on specific components of the social and biophysical environment as a result of the proposed project. This chapter concludes the EIA report by providing a holistic evaluation of the most important environmental impacts identified through the process. In so doing, it draws on the information gathered as part of the EIA process and the knowledge gained by the environmental consultants during the course of the EIA and presents an informed opinion about the proposed project.

In order to meet the objectives as set out in the South African Energy Policy as well as to meet developmental and socio-economic objectives in South Africa, the country needs to optimally use the available energy resources. Eskom is required to respond to the growing electricity demand of approximately 3% per annum. This growing demand is placing increasing pressure on Eskom’s existing power generation capacity. In order to ensure that potential future electricity demands are met, Eskom is investigating a variety of options including conventional pulverised fuel power plants, pumped storage schemes, gas-fired power plants, nuclear plants (PBMR), greenfield fluidised bed combustion technologies, renewable energy technologies (mainly wind and solar projects), and import options within the Southern African region.

For base load capacity, the selection of the preferred alternative from those being investigated is required as a matter of urgency to enable the first unit of the chosen plant to be commissioned in 2010. The construction of the proposed new coal-fired power station in the Lephalale area is part of the above process.

The need to construct a new coal-fired power station in order to assist Eskom in adequately providing for the growing electricity demand was identified through Eskom’s ISEP process. Through screening and feasibility studies undertaken by Eskom for various Eskom facilities, the construction of a new coal-fired power station in the Lephalale (previously Ellisras) area was identified one of three feasible options.

The power station located in the Lephalale area is proposed to operate at an installed capacity of approximately 4 800 MW (2 100 MW initially, with potential expansion to 4 800 MW in the long-term). The exact output will depend on the

Conclusions and Recommendations 443 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province generating technology utilised, the specification of the equipment installed, and the ambient operating conditions. The ancillary infrastructure includes facilities such as ash dumps, coal stock yards, as well as the re-alignment of the Steenbokpan road, the construction of a coal conveyor belt and water pipelines to supply water during the construction period, as well the potential establishment of a temporary construction camp.

The Environmental Scoping Study investigated 8 sites identified as potentially feasible sites for the establishment of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure. Through numerous specialist environmental studies (both social and biophysical) the following sites where nominated for further investigation within the EIA phase of the project:

• the Farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ (power station) • the Farm Eenzaamheid 687 LQ (ancillary infrastructure)

The major environmental impacts associated with the proposed project as discussed in the EIA include:

• Overall benefits associated with the establishment of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure, in terms of assisting in meeting the electricity demand in the short- and long-term, with a short lead time to operation. • Potential impacts on air quality and human health as a result of emissions from the facility. • Potential impacts on surface and groundwater resources as a result of the proposed project. • Potential visual impacts associated with the proposed project and associated impacts on tourism potential. • Potential noise impacts. • Potential impacts on heritage sites. • Potential impacts associated with the transportation of components during construction and fuel during operation. • Potential impacts on flora, fauna and ecology. • Potential impacts on soils and agricultural potential • Potential social impacts.

No fatal flaws were identified since the impacts can be mitigated to acceptable levels.

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16.2. Recommendations for Appropriate Mitigation Measures

From the findings of the specialist studies undertaken, the following mitigation measures are proposed to be implemented in order to minimise any potentially significant impacts:

16.2.1. Groundwater Quality

A monitoring programme should be established on the site selected for development. The requirements of this monitoring programme should be agreed with the relevant authorities and the surrounding landowners informed, where appropriate. A suite of management measures have been proposed for discussion with the authorities, these include:

• The quality of water entering the groundwater. This could be managed by: ∗ Monitoring groundwater quality and water levels; and ∗ Monitoring neighbouring boreholes. • Artificial recharge to groundwater. This could be managed by: ∗ Ensuring sufficient capacity of the ashing facility and prevent overflow / spillage; ∗ Constructing a clay base to minimise seepage from the ashing facility; and ∗ Installing a down gradient monitoring borehole to monitor quality and water levels. • Seepage below ash dump. This could be managed by: ∗ Backfilling at Grootegeluk; ∗ Design and construction of a drainage system; ∗ Constructing a drainage system below ash; ∗ Optimisation of toe dam; ∗ Back filling existing holes and install monitoring holes; and ∗ Surface water controls to be installed and maintained. • Quality of surface water on site. This could be managed by: ∗ Separating clean and dirty runoff; ∗ Minimising disturbed areas; ∗ Installing and maintaining controls, including berms and furrows; ∗ Sloping topography to prevent ponding; and ∗ Monitoring the water quality used for irrigation. • Sewage facility. This could be managed by: ∗ Correctly sizing, designing and constructing the facility; and ∗ Groundwater monitoring. • Fuel (bunker) oil in water migrating off site. This could be managed by: ∗ Containing oil in bunded area; ∗ Ensuring clean up protocols in place and followed; ∗ Installing oil traps and separators; and ∗ Keeping accurate oil records (purchased, disposal, and recycled).

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• Insufficient water supply. This could be managed by: ∗ Augmentation of water from the Crocodile Catchment; ∗ Implementing water use or water wastage minimisation; ∗ Reducing water demand; and ∗ Investigating recycling, new technology, conjunctive use with Kumba. • Coal stockyard (i.e. storage of coal on site). This could be managed by: ∗ Constructing clay base; ∗ Separating clean and dirty runoff; ∗ Minimising coal stock piles and size of yard; ∗ Installing and maintain surface water controls; ∗ Sloping topography to prevent ponding; and ∗ Monitoring groundwater levels and quality. • Downstream users. This could be managed by: ∗ Implementation of findings of the DWAF reserve determination studies by all water users in the catchment ∗ Implementing a water use or water wastage minimization plan.

16.2.2. Fauna and Flora

Since the entire area will be developed there are few mitigation measures that can be recommended that will ameliorate potential impacts associated with the footprint of the facility. Faunal species generally move away from areas of high activity by themselves and repopulate surrounding areas of suitable habitat.

General recommendations include:

• remove and relocate the single Adansonia digitata individual present on Naawontkomen (S23.70484° and E27.56224°) (could be utilised in landscaping); • remove, relocate, protect and utilize as many of the other protected tree species on site as possible, preserving existing integrity of surrounding natural vegetation; • contain all construction and operational activities within the boundaries of the specified areas; • utilise trees that normally grow to extensive heights for screening effects; • implement a collection and re-establishment programme of bulbs and geophytes for rehabilitation purposes; • contain human movement and activities within the construction camp, prevent peripheral impacts on surrounding natural habitat; • an alien control and monitoring programme must be developed starting during the construction phase and to be carried over into the operational phase; and • risk of fire: The risk of accidental fires to occur during the construction phase are considered to be high, especially during the dry summer months.

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∗ Accidental fires should be prevented through proper sensitisation of the contractors and their workers towards the associated risks, dangers and damage of property. ∗ An emergency preparedness plan should be in place to fight accidental veld fires, should they occur. The adjacent land owners/users/managers should also be informed and/or involved. ∗ The use of open fires for cooking of food etc. by construction personnel should be strictly prohibited. Enclosed areas for food preparation must be provided. ∗ Use of branches of trees and shrubs for fire making purposes must be strictly prohibited.

16.2.3. Ambient Air Quality Impacts

Given the uncertainties around South African Air Quality Standards a conservative (worst case) approach was adopted by the air quality specialist in assessing compliance with SA air quality standards, with single exceedances of thresholds beyond the “fenceline” of the power station being taken as constituting “non compliance”.

Compliance with ambient air quality standards given for sulphur dioxide cannot be achieved even with the implementation of SO2 abatement measures for the proposed power station given that non-compliance already occurs due to existing operations. Sulphur dioxide concentrations have been measured to infrequently (3-4 times a year) exceed short term (hourly) air quality standards at maximum point of impact away from residential areas. With infrequent (less than for maximum point of impact) exceedances at residential areas of Marapong and Onverwacht.

The need for and required control efficiency of abatement measures was assessed on the basis of avoiding any significant increment in non-compliance or health risks. The aim being to identify SO2 control efficiencies at which there will be:

• no substantial changes in the magnitude, frequency or spatial extent of non- compliance; and • no significant increment in the health risk within dense neighbouring settlement areas.

Based on the above criteria alone it was concluded that a >60%+ control efficiency would be required for the first phase of the proposed 2400 MW PF power station to ensure that it could operate coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station without substantial changes in the magnitude, frequency or spatial extent of non-compliance, nor significant increment in health risks. This is however assuming that no further units are installed at a later date. It also

Conclusions and Recommendations 447 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province assumes that more stringent air quality limits are not introduced prior to the decommissioning of the existing Matimba Power Station.

With the addition of six new units (whether commissioned together or phased in) operating coincident with the existing Matimba Power Station, at least a 90% control efficiency would be required to ensure that the magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of non-compliance was within levels comparable to those projected for the baseline. Even given 90% control efficiencies on all six units, the maximum predicted hourly concentrations, the spatial extent of non-compliance with the 10-minute limit and the frequencies of exceedance at Marapong would still be marginally higher than for current operations.

16.2.4. Emission Control technologies

Various abatement technologies may be implemented to achieve the required control efficiencies. Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD), which includes wet, spray dry and dry scrubbing options, are capable of sulphur dioxide reduction efficiencies in the range of 50% to 98%. Historically, the highest removal efficiencies are achieved by wet scrubbers (greater than 90%), and the lowest by dry scrubbers. New dry scrubber designs are however capable of control efficiencies, in the order of 90%.

Although the implementation of technologies such as wet or dry FGD would be required to reduce the potential for sulphur dioxide emissions, care should be taken in assessing the environmental implications of the use of such control technologies.

FGD is associated with the production, transportation and handling of the reagents used in the process (e.g. limestone, lime). Approximately 250 000 – 350 000 tons of limestone per anum for a 60% removal efficiency would be required. The limestone would need to be transported over 200km from source via rail or road. Further additional waste will be produced. FGD may also be associated with a visible plume which could impact on aesthetics. Furthermore, the use of FGD will lower stack gas temperatures and hence reduce plume rise, resulting in potential increases in ground level concentrations of other pollutants not removed by the abatement measures. The use of FGD or any other abatement technology is also likely to impact on the combustion efficiency which would result in increased coal consumption to meet the required energy output requirements. This in turn would lead to higher Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity.

The installation of FGD will result in additional capital expenditure of approximately 20% and additional operational costs of approximately 10%

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(associated with sorbent, water, waste management, plant operation and maintenance).

On a typical dry-cooled power station, water consumption would increase from approximately 1.55 Mm3/annum without wet FGD, to approximately 4.76Mm3/annum with wet FGD, i.e a three-fold increase in water consumption, in an area that is already water-stressed.

There are specific environmental impacts associated with FGD implementation, some of which are increased water use, increased carbon dioxide emissions, increased transport impacts, increased visual impact and increased resource use. The additional environmental aspects related to the mining of limestone and the transport of limestone would be considered by the owners of the mining operation should FGD be required.

16.2.5. Visual/Aesthetic Impacts

The vegetation cover of this region is possibly the single most sensitive element associated with the construction and operation of the Matimba B coal-fired power station, and should be seen as a critical component in the mitigation of the visual impact. The professional services of a landscape architect should be acquired in order to create a master plan for the detailed design and placement of, firstly the power station, and secondly the ancillary infrastructure. Green buffer zones should be reserved or created and maintained at critical areas surrounding the facilities.

The removal of natural vegetation should be limited to the bare minimum and should not be undertaken without proper planning and delineation. Individual vegetation communities should be identified and earmarked as visual absorption buffer zones. The activities and movement of construction vehicles and personnel during the construction phase should be restricted to help prevent the unnecessary destruction of natural vegetation that could play an important role in the long term mitigation of visual impacts.

The clearing of vegetation for servitudes should be restricted to the bare minimum required for the servicing and maintenance of infrastructure.

Other potential mitigation measures for the proposed power station include the maintenance and general appearance of the facility. These measures focus on the fact that if/when the facility is seen by members of the public, the general impression should be favourable. Timely maintenance of the station, ancillary infrastructure and the general surrounds of the property (gardens, access roads, etc.) can prevent the visual impact of degradation and perceived poor management. The most notable aspect of maintenance on this type of structure

Conclusions and Recommendations 449 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province is the painting of the cladding of the power station. In this regard and as a further mitigation to the visual impact, overtly contrasting and bright colours should be avoided. Natural hues that compliment the natural environment (i.e. light sky blue where the facility is seen against the skyline or pale green where it is seen against vegetation cover) can soften the general appearance of the power plant. The removal of the cladding of the power station has been mentioned as a possible cost reduction measure, but this is likely to worsen the appearance of the facility considerably and ultimately create a greater visual impact as soon as the novelty of seeing the station's "insides" wears off.

Every care should be taken to not attract further unwanted attention to the power station through the construction of unnecessarily large support structures (i.e. office buildings, perimeter fences, parking garages, etc.). These structures should not impose any further on the observer, or in the case of perimeter fencing, create an air of secrecy that might be construed as wrong doing or hiding something from the public. The perimeter fence should fulfil the function of a security barrier only and should not be used to try and hide the facility. Less prominent alternatives to very tall concrete fences should be investigated. These might include palisade fencing, electrified fencing, or a combination of both. The same principles regarding the painting of the core power station apply to the support infrastructure, buildings and security fences.

16.2.6. Tourism

It is our opinion that the proposed power station development will not adversely affect the existing overall tourism industry in the area. In contrast, we have found that it could potentially increase tourism numbers to the area (albeit in the form of business tourism) as well as broadening the profile of the area as a unique ecotourism area. Our recommendations specific to the tourism industry are as follows:

• It is recommended that the discussions are initiated between Eskom and Kumba Resources with regards to the loss of land that will be experienced by the Ferroland reserve. • Visual impact of power station to be reduced as advised by the Visual Impact Specialist and in this report • Noise impact of power station to be reduced as advised by the Noise Impact Specialist and in this report • The existing ecotourism venues in Lephalale should be marketed and that a variety of local tourism accommodation venues are marketed and promoted to business tourists visiting the existing and new power station. It is recommended that a committee could be set up and that the Local municipality and Eskom participate in this committee.

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• Close liaison between Eskom, the contractors and the South African Police Service to control potential crime increases during construction.

16.2.7. Heritage sites

Based on what was found and its evaluation, it is recommended that the proposed development can continue, on condition of acceptance of the following recommendations:

• The cemeteries should be avoided. Alternatively, if that is not possible, mitigation measures can be implemented by relocating the graves. • If archaeological sites are exposed during construction work, it should immediately be reported to a museum, preferably one at which an archaeologist is available, so that an investigation and evaluation of the finds can be made.

16.2.8. Traffic Impacts

It is recommended that the Abnormal Load Permit for the Transport of the component parts of the proposed Power Station be scheduled for three months prior to the ordering of the components so that the best port of destination can be specified.

It is recommended that the effect on pavement loading and subsequent advance of any road rehabilitation programme should be mitigated after completion of construction. Such mitigation and associated costs would need to be discussed between Eskom and the provincial roads authority. Agreement would need to be reached regarding mandates and responsibility for the roads rehabilitation programme for 20km of Road D1675 (Lephalale to Matimba B) and Road D2001 from D1675 to the Marapong turnoff.

In the event that Flue Gas Desulphurisation is accepted as an appropriate abatement technology, it is recommended that a detailed evaluation be undertaken for the transport of Flue Gas Desulphurisation raw material supply to optimise the placement of infrastructure and minimise operations costs.

16.2.9. Noise Impacts

Potential noise mitigating measures for the project were assessed.

• Pre-construction Phase Local residents are to be notified of any potentially noisy field survey works or other works during the planning and design phase and these activities are to be undertaken at reasonable times of the day.

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During this phase, consideration must be given to the noise mitigating measures required during the construction phase and which should be included in the tender document specifications and the design.

• Construction Phase The noise mitigating measures to be considered during the construction phase are as follows: ∗ Construction site yards, concrete batching plants, asphalt batching plants, construction worker camps (accommodation) and other noisy fixed facilities should be located well away from noise sensitive areas adjacent to the development site. ∗ All construction vehicles and equipment are to be kept in good repair. ∗ Construction activities, and particularly the noisy ones, are to be contained to reasonable hours during the day and early evening. ∗ With regard to unavoidable very noisy construction activities in the vicinity of noise sensitive areas, the contractor should liaise with local residents on how best to minimise impact. ∗ In general operations should meet the noise standard requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No 85 of 1993). ∗ Construction staff working in areas where the 8-hour ambient noise levels exceed 75dBA should wear ear protection equipment.

• Operational Phase The following noise mitigating measures, which will need to be considered where appropriate, are preliminary indicators that may assist further in the selection of the best alternative site: ∗ The design of the new power station is to incorporate all the necessary acoustic design aspects required in order that the overall generated noise level from the new installation does not exceed a maximum equivalent

continuous day/night rating level (LRdn), namely a noise level of 70dBA (just inside the property projection plane, namely the property boundary) as specified for industrial districts in SANS 10103. Refer to Appendix A. Notwithstanding this provision, the design is also to take into account the maximum allowable equivalent continuous day/night rating level of the potentially impacted sites outside the new power station property. Where

the LRdn for the external site is presently lower than the maximum allowed,

the maximum shall not be exceeded. Where the LRdn for the external site

is presently at or exceeds the maximum, the existing LRdn shall not be increased. ∗ Feasible, practical technology incorporating maximum noise mitigating measures for the power station components should be designed into the system. ∗ The design process is to consider, inter alia, the following aspects:

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- The position and orientation of buildings on the site. - The design of the buildings to minimise the transmission of noise from the inside to the outdoors. - The insulation of particularly noisy new plant and equipment. ∗ Some of the farm labourer houses affected should be relocated unless these are no longer required or uninhabited.

It should be noted that any measures taken at the development site will limit the impacts in the specific areas designed for, and will not necessarily contribute to improving the degraded noise climates in adjacent areas where there is already a problem.

16.2.10. Soils and Agricultural Potential

Due to the fact the establishment of an ash dump and power station will involve permanent loss of the soil resource, it is recommended that the topsoil (approximately 300-400 mm) be removed and stored prior to construction. In this way, the soil will be available elsewhere at a later date for rehabilitation purposes. There is not a significant difference between the topsoil and subsoil, so if some mixing occurs, it should not be significant.

Erodibility is not a problem in flat areas, such as the existing terrain, but if the stored topsoil were to be used for rehabilitation in sloping areas (for example on the sides of the ash dump), great care should be taken to ensure that erosion does not occur.

Such mitigation measures would include:

• Immediate re-vegetation of any exposed areas; • Seeding of indigenous grass species; • Water supply for irrigation to aid the re-vegetation process; • Placement of along-slope measures (berms, logs, geotextiles, etc) to aid the process; and • Regular monitoring to ensure the continued success of the process.

16.2.11. Social Impacts

Table 16.1 below represents the potential social impacts associated with the proposed Power Station and ancillary infrastructure together with the associated recommended mitigation measures.

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Table 16.1: Summary of potential social impacts and recommended mitigation measures Significance Significance potential Mitigation

Impact Mitigation

Employment creation during + 0 Make use of local labour where possible. construction Liase with local community structures to identify local labour pool. Employment creation during + 0 Make use of local labour where possible. operation Liase with local community structures to identify local labour pool. Influx of job seekers 0 0 Use local labour. Liase with local community structures to identify means of controlling the influx of job seekers or mitigating negative effects of influx. Social problems arising from 0 0 Coordinate efforts to address social problems population influx with those of BRAVO initiative. Meet with residents’ associations and local CPF to identify strategy for combating crime. Implement HIV/AIDS awareness campaign for workers and/or local communities. Change in local infrastructure + 0 Timely negotiation with Local Municipality, the requirements LSDSC and the LDC to identify resources required to meet increased demand for services and infrastructure, and to discuss possible support by Eskom to the municipality. Social investment initiatives 0 0 Consultation with communities regarding their needs. Careful coordination with other, existing initiatives to avoid fragmentation and overlap of efforts. Effects on local farm owners + - Negotiate with affected landowners regarding and residents mutually acceptable means of mitigating or compensating for impacts experienced by them. Relocation of households ++ - Negotiate with most-affected landowner(s) regarding mutually acceptable means of mitigating or compensating for impact.

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Significance Significance potential Mitigation

Impact Mitigation

Safety and daily movement 0 0 Construction activities minimize disruption of patterns traffic flow. Ensure intersections, etc. clearly marked. Traffic safety awareness campaign. Effective enforcement of traffic laws.

As the table shows, many of the negative social impacts are anticipated to respond favourably to mitigation measures, whereas others can be optimised (e.g. maximisation of employment opportunities for members of local communities). These measures should be informed by the suggestions made in the report, formalised in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and subjected to a mitigation and monitoring process throughout the construction and operational phases.

16.3. Assessment of Additional Alternatives

16.3.1. Road and Conveyor Belt Alternatives

Due to the outcome of the Environmental Scoping Study, additional alternative investigations were required with regards to ancillary infrastructure. The nomination of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ for the establishment of the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure resulted in the need to identify and evaluate alternative alignments for a coal supply conveyor as well as the re-alignment of the Steenbok pan road. From the specialist studies undertaken, the following recommendations were made:

• Road realignment The nomination of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ has resulted in the need to re-align the Steenbokpan road. Two alternatives were identified and evaluated. The northern alternative deviates from the existing Steenbokpan road in a northwesterly direction following the northern boundries of the farms Naauwontkomen 509 LQ and Eenzaamheid 687 LQ, until it intersects the existing Steenbokpan road to the west of the farm Eenzaamheid. The southern alternative deviated from the existing Steenbokpan road, turning off in a southeastern direction following the southern boundary of the Farm Naawontkomen. The alignment turns

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northwards to follow the boundary between the farms Eenzaamheid and Naauwontkomen and then turns westward to align with the northern alternative.

After consideration in the relevant specialist studies the preferred alignment for the re-alignment of the Steenbokpan Road is the northern alignment.

• Conveyor Belt Alternatives Two conveyor belt alignments were identified. The eastern alignment runs from the Grootegeluk mine in a south-easterly direction along the existing railway line, turning southwards towards the farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ. The western alignment follows a shorter route, cutting through the farm Enkelbult and Turfvlakte in a southerly direction towards the farm Naauwontkomen 509 LQ.

After consideration in the relevant specialist studies, the preferred alignment for the conveyor belt is the eastern alignment due to the fact that it follows existing linear development such as railway lines and roads.

16.3.2. Ash Disposal Alternatives

In the event that the risk assessment for ashing back into the pit concludes that such an activity is environmentally sound and advisable this option should be compared with the risks associated with ashing above ground. A risk assessment in terms of in-pit ashing will most likely be included within the mining authorisation, in this event the study should be provided to DEAT and DWAF for comment. The use of this alternative ash disposal system would lengthen the life of the ashing facility proposed for the new power station. The site layout plan (Appendix A) outlines the 50 year plan for the ashing facility, in the event that the maximum case scenario applies (i.e. the construction of a 6 unit power station and the disposal of ash to land). The 50 year plan clearly shows that if alternative ashing disposal technologies are not utilised, the footprint of the ashing facility would exceed the size of the farm Eenzaamheid and would thus require additional land aquisition.

The additional requirement for land would involve the potential need for the farm Kromdraai. This farm was evaluated during the Environmental Scoping Study but was not nominated as a preferred site. The ecological impacts on this farm were considered of a high significance, however, no fatal flaws were identified. In the event that this additional land is required in the future (i.e. in approximately 30 years time) more detailed environmental studies on this property will be undertaken in order to determine the environmental impacts of the potential expansion of the ashing facility.

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16.3.3. Water Supply Pipeline

In order to provide raw and potable water during the construction phase of the proposed project, it was deemed necessary to construct water supply pipelines that will run from the existing Matimba power Station (or existing water supply pipelines located close-by) to the construction site of the proposed power station. This pipeline is approximately 5 km in length with only 1,5 – 2.0 km traversing private land.

Due to the fact that the proposed alignment follows an existing Eskom servitude (that of the ash conveyor, for approximately 3 km) and a road (all linear infrastructure), no significant environmental impact is anticipated. The relevant servitudes are all kept clear of dense vegetation and the pipeline will be underground thus alleviating any possible visual impact that may occur.

Potential environmental impacts may include temporary nuisances such as dust and noise during the construction of the pipeline, however, these impacts will be mitigated and managed through the construction phase Environmental Management Plan that is to be compiled.

The private land owners (namely Mr Pieterse of the farm Hanglip and the Limpopo Provincial Road Agency – Mr Thomas Shivambu) have been consulted regarding the pipeline and their comments have been included in the Issues trail (attached in Appendix Ia). Neither party have any direct objection to the pipeline.

16.4. Overall Conclusion

The findings of the specialist studies undertaken within this EIA provide an assessment of both the benefits and potential negative impacts anticipated as a result of the proposed project. The findings conclude that there are no environmental fatal flaws that should prevent the proposed project from proceeding, provided that the recommended mitigation and management measures are implemented.

16.5. Overall Recommendations

In order to achieve appropriate environmental management standards and ensure that the findings of the environmental studies are implemented through practical measures, the recommendations from this EIA must be included within an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). This EMP should form part of the contract with the contractors appointed to construct and maintain the proposed power station and ancillary infrastructure. The EMP would be used to ensure compliance with environmental specifications and management measures. The implementation of this EMP for all life cycle phases (i.e. construction, operation

Conclusions and Recommendations 457 22/05/2006 Environmental Impact Report for the proposed establishment of a New Coal-Fired Power Station in the Lephalale Area, Limpopo Province and de-commissioning) of the proposed project is considered to be key in achieving the appropriate environmental management standards as detailed for this project.

It is also recommended that the process of communication and consultation with the community representatives is maintained after the closure of this EIA process, and, in particular, during the construction phase associated with the proposed project.

The issues raised regarding air quality and water use and potential pollution should be considered by DWAF and DEAT in the respective application for licenses.

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