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Insects Associated with Jatropha Curcas Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) in West Niger Zakari Abdoul Habou,1,2 Toudou Adam,3 Eric Haubruge,4 Guy Mergeai,5 and Franc¸Ois J

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Insects Associated with Jatropha Curcas Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) in West Niger Zakari Abdoul Habou,1,2 Toudou Adam,3 Eric Haubruge,4 Guy Mergeai,5 and Franc¸Ois J Journal of Insect Science RESEARCH Insects Associated With Jatropha curcas Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) in West Niger Zakari Abdoul Habou,1,2 Toudou Adam,3 Eric Haubruge,4 Guy Mergeai,5 and Franc¸ois J. Verheggen4 1Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger, BP 429, Niamey, Niger 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 5 3Faculte´ d’Agronomie, Universite´ Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, BP 10960, Niamey, Niger 4Unite´ d’entomologie fonctionnelle et e´volutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Universite´ de Lie`ge, Passage des De´porte´s 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium 5Unite´ de Phytotechnie et d’horticultures, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Universite´ de Lie`ge, Passage des De´porte´s 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium Subject Editor: John Palumbo J. Insect Sci. 14(255): 2014; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu117 ABSTRACT. Jatropha curcas has been introduced into Niger since 2004 by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). This plant is cultivated for its oil, which can be used as a Biofuel. Through direct and indirect insect collection meth- ods, an inventory of the insect associated with J. curcas has been conducted in Western Niger during two rainy seasons (from June to October) in 2010 and 2011. We have identified insects belonging to the following families: Acrididae (Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss, 15 Oedaleus nigeriensis Uvarov, Heteracris leani Uvarov, Catantops stramineus Walker, Parga cyanoptera Uvarov, and Acanthacris ruficor- nis citrina Audinet-Serville), Pyrgomorphidae (Poekilocerus bufonius hieroglyphicus Klug), Cetoniidae (Pachnoda interrupta Olivier, Pachnoda marginata aurantia Herbst, Pachnoda sinuata Heinrich and McClain, and Rhabdotis sobrina Gory and Percheron), Meloidae (Decapotoma lunata Pallas), Pentatomidae (Agonoscelis versicoloratus Dallas, Nezara viridula Linn, and Antestia sp. Kirkaldy), Coreidae (Leptoglossus membranaceus Fabricius and Cletus trigonus Thunberg), and Scutelleridae (Calidea panaethiopica Kirkaldy). Origin and 20 potential impact on J. curcas of all these insect species are presented and discussed. The lower insect’s diversity indexes are observed in 2010 and 2011 for Niamey, Saga, and Gaya because of semi-arid character of the Sahelian area. Key Words: physic nut, Pourghe`re, insect, Sahel area, Niger Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut) is a drought resistant shrub originated The plantation of J. curcas at Saga (Sa) (13 450 N; 2 140 E) is 25 from Central America and belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family located 5 km South East from Niamey. It is an irrigated site created by (Legendre 2008). Jatropha genus is widely distributed in tropical coun- an NGO: SIP ‘School Instrument of Peace’. The plantation was tries (Heller 1996). In many west and central African countries, J. curcas installed in 2009 with 1-m intrarow spacing. The plantation is irrigated 60 is used as a hedge to protect crops against wind, hydrous erosion, and an- twice a week during the first 5 mo, except during rainfall. Precipitation imals (Henning 2008). The seeds of J. curcas are rich in oil, which is in 2010 and 2011 was 545 and 441 mm, respectively, with a monthly 30 used as a Biofuel, making this plant important for renewable energies re- temperature comprised between 28 and 35C. The plantations of the search. In Niger, plantations of J. curcas are found at research institu- two other sites Gaya and Niamey are not irrigated. The shrubs sur- tions and in some private farms. There is no documentation on insect rounding the plantation mainly include Acacia albida Del, Azadirachta 65 associated of J. curcas in Niger. Insect pests of J. curcas have been char- indica A. Juss, and Prosopis juliflora (Sw). D.C. (Peyre and Fabregues acterized in Nicaragua by Grimm and Maes (1997);inBrazilbyFoidl 1970). 35 et al. (1996), and Grimm and Maes (1997); in India by Shanker and The second site (Niamey, Ni) consisted in a teaching field (3 300 Dhyani (2006); in Republic of Cape Verde by Freitas (1906), Ferra˜o and N; 2 050 S) belonging to the Faculty of Agronomy at Abdou Ferrao (1984), and Munch and Kiefer (1986); and in West Africa by Moumouni University of Niamey. Two categories of plantations are 70 Terren et al. (2012). The most frequently observed insect pest of J. cur- present there: a small hedge of 4-yr-old plant and a second plantation of cas in Nicaragua is Pachycoris klugii (Burmeister 1835) (Heteroptera: 400 m2 with 1-m intrarow spacing and 2-m interrow spacing. The seeds 40 Scutelleridae; Grimm and Maes 1997, Grimm 1999, Peredo 2002), used were obtained from International Crop Research Institute Semi- which feeds on flower and fruit, causing malformation of the seeds, Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Senegal. A mixture of J. curcas varieties which can reduce the quality of the oil. Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas were planted including Baas 38; Baas 32; Katil; Bfb1; ISC14; SNES 75 1852) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) has also been observed in Nicaragua. It is 44; Falou; GB 14; Las Pillas 11, and SENS 30. The precipitations were polyphagous, and also infests sorghum, maize, and tomato (Grimm and 442 and 341 mm in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The average tempera- 45 Maes 1997). In Senegal, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss 1877) ture was comprised between 28 and 35C. The shrubs surrounding this (Acrididae) was observed to cause damage to seedling leaves (Grimm plantation included Acacia nilotica L., Ziziphuss mauritiana Lam., A. and Maes 1997). The larvae and adults of Calidea panaethiopica indica A. Juss, and P. juliflora (Sw). D.C. (Peyre and Fabregues 1970). 80 (Kirkaldy 1909) (Scutelleridae) have also been observed in Senegal by The third collecting site was situated at Gaya, and is located 280 km Terren et al. (2012) and in Mexico by Tepole-Garcia et al. (2012). South East from Niamey. The site is a private farm of 135 ha located at 50 This study aims to investigate insects associated with J. curcas in 21 230 N and 3 490 E. Only 1.05 ha is occupied by J. curcas. The plan- Western Niger and to identify those that can be pests of this shrub. tation is divided into two groups of trees according to the age and method of plantation: 250 m2 planted by vegetative propagation in 85 Materials and Methods March 2006 with a spacing of 1 by 1 m, and 800 m2 planted by direct Inventoried Sites. The collecting sites were selected according to eco- seeding in June 2008 with 2.5 by 2.5 m spacing. The annual average logical area. Two sites were selected for their low precipitations: Sahelian rainfall in 2010 and 2011 was, respectively, 650 and 780 mm. The max- 55 area: Saga (Sa) and Niamey (Ni), and a third: Soudano Sahelian area: imum average daily temperature was 25C in 2010 and 34C in 2011. Gaya (Ga). The shrubs identified around the exploitation were: Combretum 90 VC The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 2 JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE VOLUME 14 micranthum, Guiera senegalensis, Mangifera indica, and Citrus spp. species and N is the total number of insects. When this index has a value (Peyre and Fabregues 1970). of 0, there is maximum diversity; when it is equal to 1, diversity is mini- Collection of Insects. Two methods namely plugging and trapping mal, with the aim of obtaining ‘the best diversity index values’. The were used to collect a maximum number of insects. diversity index of Simpson is calculated by 1 À D. Maximum diversity 55 5 The plugging method was applied by using an umbrella under a is represented by 1, and minimal diversity by 0. This index of diversity branch of a physic nut shrub. All trees present along an ‘M’-shaped gives greater importance to abundant species. transect were inventoried, for a total of 20 trees. The average number of Statistical Analysis. Mean numbers of insects were subjected to a branches per tree was 35–40, for 2-yr-old trees. one-way analysis of variance ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc The branch was shacked and insects that fall into the umbrella were tests (P < 0.05). The software used was MINITAB16. Values are 60 10 collected and transferred into bottles containing 70% ethanol. The oper- expressed as means 6 standard deviation. ation lasts 10 min per shrub. The method is completed by visual obser- vation and manual picking with a flexible gripper and butterfly net. Results and Discussion Each site was visited twice per month between 8 a.m. and 4.30 p.m. on In total, 25 insect species were collected from Niamey site in 2010 the same day because of the distance among the sites, but the traps are and 2011. These insect species belong to 16 families (Table 1). 15 visited every day. Insects were collected for 5 mo, from June to Hymenoptera were the most frequent order, representing 44% of the 65 October, in 2010 and 2011. collected insects. Orthoptera and Coleoptera represented 30 and 11% of Three yellow traps containing water were also placed in each planta- the total capture, respectively. Diptera, Heteroptera, and Plecoptera are tion, at the foliage level of the shrubs. The traps were distanced by 30 m 10, 4, and 1% respectively. and placed triangularly. The traps were checked at 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. The locality of Gaya is significantly different from the other sites 20 every day. The traps were placed for 5 mo from June to October.
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