R)V Ad,-. NOTE: This Copy Drvietes Slightly from Master Oopy

FIELD MA24UnL SECIrS LIST

: .. ..

R)v Ad,-. NOTE: This copy drvietes slightly from master oopy. In oases of deviation, a pencil parenthesis shows where words should be placed. If parenthesis occurs thus ( , words should be thrown to line belowj if thus ) , words should be thrown to line above. Vt&UAL OrriW SRIon

VZGZTATIXUPSTMA OF CADIPORWXA

a.,S* t -tErbrtn P A.JA.nmn-klstoat Pnetc P. 'Lo Jhwwnm---Ansitaut Vorstor I

PRELIMINARY OUTLINE FOR FIELD MANUAL

CALIFORNIA VEGETATION TYPE SURVEY Pace

1* IXT OF ...... * .4. . 10 * # * o* o0.0t** I

1-*- O E At * oo * A... s .*...... *...... *. **, * . . I ,* 40. *1 ......

2*-PURPOSE CF THE VEGETATION TYPE SURVEY.,#* *.*. . . . i * . * ? * * * * * * 0 31

. .0* 0 * .

3.-BASE W .?**t*e***** * 0 0 * * a * * * * e * o, a 2i

4.-KINDS OF DATA COLLECTED. *4o...... 0 ...... 2

(a) Vegetation Type Map ...... *...... ,6 . , .6*..... * . * .,0* *

(b) Supplementary , . 0 . ..; 4 .. * * 4, 0 3

,. * * . . 0 . . . 00...... 0 41-1 . 3

(d) Sample ...... Plots., * . 0 . 0 . .,401 4

(0) ...... Baimu .* .¢ * . * 4

(f) Photographs ...... 0 0. * 0 4

II. THE VEGETATION TYPE 0..0...... 040 0 0 - * 00 * * * -* * *4

1*.TE PUBLISHE)MAP8 ... ..*.. * * * * * * 0 . * * * * * * * 5

2*-BASIS FOR TYPE CLkSSIFIGATION...... 0. 0 900* .00.00 . 0 . * . . 0. S

(a) Basis for Classification of Vegetation in General.*....*.... S (b) Classification of the California Vegetation...... *.*.0**0, 8

3.-TYPE DEFINITIONS AND LEGEND* ......

(a) Application of......

(b) Order of

(e) Type Boundaries, Symbols,, ad Tingrouped Typed ...... *15

(d) Herba o eus Typ .* v * 4* 4* * 18

(e) Shrub Types, ...... *.

(f) Woodland Tree Types ...... II (g) Commercial Tree Type ...... vs**.*..*0 26

(h) Subalpine TreeTyjes...... 9 29

(i) Plantation Tree Typos...... 29

(J) Examples of Type Variations and Symbol Order. 30

(k) Special .Caes...... 49*.*49.490444 $5

. ** .4. *. . 4.-COLLECTION AND USE OF EXISTING INFORMATION...... 38

44** g * J ** * 4* (a) Instructions for 36

(b) Extensive Type ...... o 38

(d) Forest Service Topographic Survey Type Maps.. 37

(e) Forest Service Graaing Reconnaissance Type 37

White Pine Blister Rust Reconnaissance Type M 37 (g) U. S. Geological Survey Type Maps.*...**.** 38

*0*

(h) Private Cruise Records by Dominant Species. $* 49.. 94** X 38

5.-FIELD PROOEDURE...*...*.... .4. 0 . 0.. .0....49 4,O * . 39

(a) Standard of Work ...... 4 * 4-* * 0 0 39

44*.- .*w * - * (b) Sise of Areas to be Mapped...... * .... 39

(d) Current office Work...... 9*- * - * * 43

. * . 4a0 . 0. 0. 0 *4.0 ifI. THE SUPPLIM TARY MA...... * 45

.0 *

PO ~* *** * - 4 # . . * 0 * - .4. 45

2.-DATA TO BE RECORDED AND THE LEGEND*.. . . , . . . 4 . 0 . 45

(a) Important Additional Species..s...... 0 #. *. 45

(1) Individual Tr*ee..*...... *...... 0 . . . ..0 * ....- ..... 45

(2) Species at Extreme Limits of Range*... * * * * * . . * . . 45

4......

(3) ...... 4.4. 45

. . a. `0. a. .

(b) Sample Plot Looations.44*** *40004 4404*44. * ....4 45 (O) Site Index determination Locations.***04.** 46

(d) Photograph 46 III

(e) Bo i8 .* et*. tc*e* 9*. s * * * * * * E OF*t 46

(f) Lumber Mill 46

(&) Route of Travel...... *...... *...... 4$

(h) 47

(i) 8S all Me fd 0We.. t.... e. e. c. ttcee. e. 47

3.-COILECTIORAND USE OF XISTING 49

(a) Fire Boundaries ...... eeoc..... 49

(b) Lumber Mill 49

(a) Road and Trail Iip eJ etc.. * *e*c. 49

(d) Existing Information Regarding Rare Speoiesi..,s W... 49

.bI . a. . # .eb0 61

. * * . . * .t .c i51

(a) Selection of Trees and Shrubs to be Recorded t* * . * . .. * 51

(b) Suggestions for Recording e# s,c c* a. ,. * . 62

(o) Current Office c.eca.c* be*

IV. FOREST REBO E MAP..c ...... e .c. * a.. * * ..e ..* 653

-4M PUBLISHED MAP.** .t*ec*****o9 ..oc t . c. .. .

( a ) 8 .. ce

.t * a *. . te . * 53

(a) Base M aps. , .. . * . ..ce. * . * , . . . . 6 0.. .c a 0 # e e 0 0 0*c 63

(d) Definitions of Clasaifioation and the Len-s:4.....e. 4...54

( e) Pb itofl ation e** cewecccc .e*ecce.e#* f * t c* *

2*-BASES FOR COMPILATIO1T OF THE cc.t-.66

(a) Vegetation Type ap *c.e*o.. t.-... ce*cc eflee* cecet 6$

(b) Titber Overlays . .c...... *.

3.-DEFINITIONS OF TIMBER OVERLAY CLASSIFICATION AND THE LEGNXD....57

(a) Gen eral Stand 57 (I) General Definitions7.. (II)Specifio IV

(b) site Index...... *4 994.94...... *+. * ..*... 81 (e) Age GlsX**..* ***.. .*....*.**++*.§ 62 (d) Degree of t 63 (e) Application of Defiitins.,...6.. ,...,...... ,.. 4

(t) Exaple s.0 6** * ** *9*9 * ** 99940 .* * 83 4.-COLLECTION ATD) UBE OF EXISTING INFOlUW4ION. ,..,...... 84 (a) Cut-ever 6oundaries...,...... * ott ....e*u*o 4 kX-FIELD PROCEJ)URA,.*...... s...**#*,*4t***0***044049.*04**4*4#* 64

(a) Desigation of Overlays....#...... , 6 . 84

(b) Stand Condition...... 9***99i44p.**94.* 4* 9 8* 9 a 9 65

(o) Site Index Doter6ndntiona.....* ...... ,* .85 (1) ieasurment Re6u ird...5...... ,.5.....,...... 88 (2) Nunber to beTeken...... 67....,..*.... 67 (3) Selection of Represetative Trees for Measurnment.**... 87 (4) Instructions for Filling Out ?orm. .,. .. . . 68

(d) Age ClaTs.0* *09 944*4*048 * *, * * 8 ,.,** 40*4*. 70 (e) Degree of $ 71 (f) bize of Aroas to be l~ppod...... ,...... 71 (g) Suggestios for p 72 (h) Site Index Determinations in Southern CaLifornia .**,.*.***.* 72 (i) Current Offee Work...... one **....**.***.*.****.4 7

V. SAMMP, PLToS. .8...... 4* *4*4** 4 74

I ...... *.**44*44.4*.*PURPO4 7**.*.*0 408 * 444* 474 2.-COLLECTiOK AND LUSE 0? LXISTING IFORMATION...... ^09...... - 74 ( Goolosical Ma****.j*..**,.*t++*¢4*74 (b) Fire Ukps....e...,....,e...... s...... 4. o....s.'4..4..'..t. 76 3*-FIBe4 FROCSDURS.,.IM,, ,**..*.. *.*440*.00090404. 99*** 0008 76 (a) Number of Plots t4be Taken... .,...... ,. *.*.o....o 76 (b) Types to be Sanpled...... ,*...... ,.,.. 76 'v (o) instructions for Taking Shrub and Tree P1ots...... 5.,..*, , 18 (d) Instructicns for Takinc Herbaaeous Plot., . * TO (e) Instructios for Taking Plots Lu Rooent Clean son...*4 8 (f) Instructions for Filling Out PlotForms...,...... ,.,. Si (g) Current Office Wrk...... ,. 88

t1*VI. IMBRUBI****4!44.....cc.*OS 0 4* 4 0 *0 0 0 oe- - a 09.eccc**- O 00*** 0 ce..e*s*0 * 0 0 4 044csse***^eesso **ct#5#ttc**cO Oo 0 CO 90****

Z-COLLECTION AND 'USE 0? EXISTING IRFORAflON...... e..o...... 91 (a) study of $peoiines of COaMao Sppecies I1ontr.... . (b) Notes and Observations on Unusual Species Likely to be encouterd...... ,s*e...... es....~****w***ww 91

(a) Species to be Colloe...... 92 (1) Specimens R9qared...... 2...... (2) Sploimne De~sired*, ...... e*c**,.cs 4.0 ... *t te*92 (3) Special Colleetioms. ....*,**.. * .. .*.,.' *40cee 93 (b) Collection and Propantion of S0ee ....c. .s 93 (e) Instructions for Filling out FoM9..sssese ..cesc *cn .e.s 90 (4) Use of Symbala, Nomeclature, and ?rooedure for Securing New...... l0B

2.-FIELD PROGEDURE. o.e.*,ce e*...... i1$ (a)-What the Pioture Should Sho wecc...c ....e.ecccsneel0$ (b) Suggestions for Taking g ood1ioures...... e.0..17 (c) Instructions for Filling Out 1orra...40....c...... 109 (d) Instructions for Submitting Re1altss.s...c.e....c...c9.e.109 YI VIIoI, GR*.ECCCMe..CeeC* CECCEEC4*CCCCCEC 110 1.eCE ORGAJIZON...... ,.*.**... .**CCC'ft CCC*CCCCC**. CC.CC*CCEC* 110 2Z.RESPONSIBILITIRS OF CREW Lk.ADER.*#**.*#...*#...... #.*..*... 0. ..110 (a) Planing of the Wk.,.,...... ,...... 110 (b) Collection of Required D ...... , . ...,... 11 (e) Collection of Additional Da.ta* .. . .. ,. 111,

(.) Contacts With Interested People and Soureos of

(t) Submission ofReports...... 5,... 112 (g) Care of Car and 1qup3..,....,...... , 115

11. R1PRS. **.. *.,...... @@C E.g*,.*C.+. *CCE..E*CC C*C *CCC*CC. *CC*ECCf. *4CC* *0.* 113 1.-TYPE 1Z8CRIPTIOHS.*e....eC...,.3.,...E. ...*C ECCCCECOOCECi11

2.3miscELLANous IXoM Io C...... g...E...... C...... 114

43PIELPRBSIDENCE...... *e. .EIC*C* ... ..SEEC. 115

5*-FIELD DIARYg...g..g..... 94CC E * C ftC C C*C*E*. CC. 116

XCAPP¶ENPIZCCSCCIICCSCCCCC eC aCCEEC toe**e EUCE**CC #C.C CC0 ECEC*e eeCCCC 116

1.-SPECIES LIST WITH STIBOLS.CCCCECECE... .ECE..CC.CCCCC....C. 116

(a) Grasses..* . CC. .Cf..g se ; ,* .C.. ECC*. CC.,C,. 116

('b) Plants Other Than (rassea.E..E.C..sC.e.C..e...... 126

2--~FOR)LS oce.e*g. cce***...eo***o*CC CCC CC e*ee. ... e*QCC*CECi~gg 179 (a) Site Index Curves-Mixed Conifer*.*...... e.*.e, .0...1..e179 (b) Site Index Gur'tr-Douglas flr...... 179

(d) Site Index Curves-Red Fir..c.e...0.e*..ee ....a ...... 180 (e) Site Index Determination Reoord*.....e...... 181 (f) Cut-over BoundaryReerd...... e. 188 (g) Shrub and Tree Sample Plot (Form 073s 41)J...... s. . 185 VII

(h) Herbaqeous Saiple Plot 'ormc s2)...... 184 (X) Herbarium Speoimen RIoord...... *. 185 (J) Photograph Reeord...... 4...... *.*.. *..... 186 S.-GSflRAL DESCRIPTIONS OF MAJOR GEOLOGIG ROCKS * *...... *..4.** 187

40.1LST OF BQUIPM '... 192.** .... ewe owe..e.g . ...ws 192 flA4uA1 aAtio flf sui

Tis project consists of a survoy of natural vegetation exclusive of desert areas and the larger valleys which are minly devoted to agrilture. The region to be covered includes the St$ate of California and those parts of )ie~on 0 atioal Forests at adjacent areas that extet into the neighboring States of Nevada ant Orgo; an area of approximately 70 million ares. 3e646inxg ix 19268, tw Years prior to the authorization of tin forest Survey under the w -Mtrlar Act, the project is now part of that nationwide surey of forget resources. from an initial purpse of merely providing dta tor statewide laa&-use and fire-protection policies, it has evolved into tce present detailed survey which is outlined on the filing pages.

This field m l lies to bt one phase of the Parest Survey project in the California Region-the Vegtation Tye Map, and covers all, data collected simltsneonsly with its preparatioA. At appropriate times additional work plans will be prepared covering the other phases of the Forest Survey. The sum total of all the phases will aim towards providing, (I) the information required under th broad objectives of the Forest S3urvey as defined in the act authorizing it, and (2) the basic information discused 'below. 2.-PLTURP OF T1)3 VZQEATIOH flYP1 SUIIYS This survy is designed to collect information basic in caar"ter for sny purposes, so that it will be of value, not only for obvious needs of the present, but also for perhaps unforeseAn developments of the future. Among the present obvous nees ma bui listed the following: I (1) Bsis for land use studies and policies, i. wood pro"tn retreatioa, watershed, grains,, wildlife ennt, etc. (2) Basis for rating fire hazard. (3) Blast for researh and its application in fire, forest at,, erosion and water conservation, wUdlife managment, grazing, etc. (4) Basis for geological studies involving- correlation of the dtstri- button of vegetation with climate, s-41 ad other factors. (5) Uh data for forested areas will be of value ia facilitating th timber volume inventory, the next step in the Forest Survey,

The 15 or 30 minute topographic qragle f the U. S. GeO g are used both as base maps and as control for te field survey. Bromide enlargements of th. 30 mimte quadrangles to the sam scae as the 135 minte quadrangles ae made so that base maps on a uniform s"le of approximtely l inch oqmqis 1 mile are available for all field work. All maps are ut to fit the letter-size tatwn holders ad moted on cloth to facilitiate haxling a to prevent excessive wear. The Yegetation types are mapped on these sheets by direct sketching from ridees, peaks, and other vantage points, supplemented by frequent sample plot checks.

(a) LeV1& A vegetation type map showing broad plant associations divided, ezoiw. sin of herbaeous formations, into pure and mixed stands in whic the dominant 1/ species ate iicated'by symbols. In berbaceous formations subtypes are nct uxs4ly dlineated beans. in most oases their bosua ries

I/ its term dXomant0, when applied in this Malal to th composition of Toge tation tpe refenr o a species that occupies 20 percent or ,mcre of the toidw4 tikparticular class of vegetation, or formation (see able I), to which the species belongs. S asriot be 4istitpiesod in flppiag. sewever, at aek nufto plot lawoutia, the species toad In Mz I1 ratoS SIIet -1 *ath asa (b) A euppla.*rr ap flomtgtogethrw with tOe Wat (I) os by specie. or individlals ad anti group of trees in otherwise trooleSs typa. (1)*byspecies, f te tnd ns group of eeoloiefytee (3 Ooraeao&A to beshemof shb spcetai _fepcat,athe typeap o

the rang of tioh *nd rict 'be WaIatet" by etIe the typeaP orl seqLe plots. (4) Oe:urame of nt at Ar too sail to be shw an the typ sp. (a) Soundaries of ea pertvly neat bu&m-er t-hat Ae risile an the Crousi.

A MV for nob~qedmnul. nit wichincte we" sccsdwert capabl of grotac steMs- Of timber eSsa*pt tier this use Is preeht d by abhhr use, tash as nereafla. it is souplta frawUt snettica tyE sp ad th tuit dat that se collecte siuuutaneaasl with theo "Apia of the nogetaofla. These tier atareore an cvreri sheets OWsai of the fowiag. (1) A olssfilntialof all lend Into ci peflh a- Virgin, titers yuMC, grmth tiusber, ov a-agemdan unevenAge Stads;P Letwetted eras; at zaforested we.., 4 (A) 4"tottoa of 41 timber aid ptatt4eX *timber let a0r4Aln to its pflivty for WnuiaN awwral troe oropa,, or t&1 ether wors-,s a site

oftiXprowuctvtfltyoluttoaie.Oant is(lbusedsteheremSanois basal upou4 (tbe

&0QX <~~~~~a""ia6*years.) (the Sit maol*"t at Oma t

WUU appflimt t sit. it * tbe tOrM totfrs to th ow 01ha to wahic tinwtreeXbelonag.l~~~~~~~m~baSn IlQle0Ktee ISstfcstteaAvWfer the $134.o ti Int IS*X

(3) A diflsttn of the nYoug srotb Stan& into 0 yea a lasn, further sub~iVtM into "f, Ofs~ptbo$1"M NOtO 1XW*P

ZiazA plot, roefrenes4 to the ap, ek of the variae venati "t tint subtpe. These amy, *.ng oter thitas, species coo sipstioa, #,sirsta st=A dedly of Inn *at shrub,j Ma4.deth of litter.

Anbrbwvmor &4h uadave uitt, onztauitDo as a tnat )specimens of All species shown on the M or samppi. Plats.

Plwtogrtphs represnutatin of all types wtenvd together with Otnr interestiag vegetation conditions, nferno.04 to the mp swo that they stay be repeatd at a later tim for tWe purpose of rocorttwe neeotatiowal Ohaa&.s, a

?T *vt4wt"e notatlon w*/b*4 o tA uti&C4 wtfl oo*" $ ot at ZZ mp uats AS pxVAl stt41 theb Will * .1ll .XoA*n ot the 4eers sat tko LWOW mlWav; abi Law star 4*wtd t@ &gritut*f, moo p wiat W'il ousli of the

sa wbt& tfl vwrtatatypes will Uesonbtynuoverptt of n0t and the daaus in by syabds'. 14o mp argins will prvide mnosssay * U. 4 QnlbLo Xun )Z st 30 Mae tae spa** for the entonry tedo.n4, a pr1ofe helpWz int vi"ufIstas tin relation. ships o$ 47*5 With t"f y aM e1.ntozt & table type by nech units *A couzties twA national fore~st., a44 tertual material ozplaLua tta th bowls for tin type elnssiftiatton at droribtg the tartanr typ 'sbaw ou the t" 4w.

in flow Of Was letO rV"eflo ooatitOnS to be fotat La Oslifonia, mmltiws from wits vautatiots in climate and Sistur muWbuy aotstvtti0t it was anessary to dsvel0p a flazible se raof top" e ttotaItt was also nflfle7,p in, order tinst this 50h00 be adapted to tin tincteftsotWAng method of mappiagt, tint it be a- oauifieattoA of tin vatation that is visible exleroally at, from an airplane. Oa tS, (1) pure nixet sta sub (2) eSsAUia fleziX tiAt. th. st ePt attOpts 4Qi t ntel04

14 azwturalt P as soo1tatt as. &A tin sOo4, w lox rtO coa~itt~ns to Uo to eitbar natually or as a reult of fire or stint

oonw td n'atia t 1il expla the appl int of (these oosnPts 4 ncetattn In 4ow

A24 1, W l 9LA$34? 7Vt A Z

$Rau% TISO zOAsw (or Sit" (A (3)

la this steas te Otation is 4ivt*4 Int toour f* tin or ciassesi (I) *&ws, (a) SuM ,$ (3): its ad (4) WESAxI. luall nn nnaeratory vegetatiorn Is An oainht~~~~~~~LoredGoonetseto~ty tbaso w* eensofte(nrvwemts of Qtbe tatiot co"n that are vi l$ltosabove. E4SS include all MAflAkDP NA"fl an aM4fKLW when the he v vegetatio forms men tha SQ percent of ts one.r

(1) SAGSSk4 wies wre tan 80 percent of Ot cover Is tow"e bythewoo94 spnt*tofS AMA other points of lit..ab tee. (2) UUAAkI, wher. r* tbau W potent of the corn consists of shrab not svflrushik 1a their obaractertettes,, as fore Isop, sbu*

(3),whore both CAf$ at:

TW Iwvo tiaBA80 percnt of the earerU of consistsS IW$U speiebres44eaveCocur tre*e.bt with usti n tor ta (2) *VIM, when en* then 80 poreM of the covrn ocASIss .ofcofonste. *1, ar~~s"j3W(s) QO1UnanADIfW,,wffttb QnthsaRvwbere bothpercatoftWnoovecatkforous at& bne4.. lsave trees *occr, but with zeitoer forint are thai, 80 percent of the cover. iZSIACS izoltas areas where the vegotatikn is wt pusly h*rbacmeus, shrubby, or arborescout but a cmposite of two or acre of titose foratious, to one of which tons mae than $0 percet of th eavor. An mp ificatton of thi gsaea clasutfiction of nTogetatioa, which is simply a division it pure and aird formation, b a further sad similar socrep~tton Late pure and mired states by species (siubtypes),6 aspletes tin basic sceine of tbit classification. A, pure stand is defined as one in which a single species forms xvxre than 80 percent of tha cover at is den ipated by the siXV.le domina&t. A miXed Stand is oAe that, is wedU0 of t6wo or more speciess no one Of which occurs in excess of 80 percent Oat it to or&inrily designated by those dominsat. individually forming 20 percent or me" of the cov*r. In the WIAM,&, hovr,, this percentage is applied to each class Of vegetation (HUf* sau6, A M) sepantely. 8

For exwuple, in a RE-SRXUB MOSAIC both the TREE and SHRUB species forming 20 percent or tore of the aggregate area occupied respeotively by TRESS and SHRUBS are designated. In SHRUB formations the percent of corer formed by the various species is estimated directly on an area basis but ir TM formations it is frequently easier to approximate this by tree counts. These percentages serve more accurately as guides for the types discussed in the following pages, end for pure subtypes which stand out in fairly bold relief than for mixed stand subtype.. Where the latter merge from one subtype to another so gradually that there are no visible dividing lines, the sample plots serve as a basis for a delintation which gives e* loaMt close altitudinal and elope-exosure relationships. (b) Classification forthe California Ve etation It will be noted that the scheme discussed in the proceeding paragraphs does not set up any definite list of vegetation types for California but merely provides principles which enable the mapper to recognize and to portray graphically the various pure and mixed stand subtypes found on the ground. hat all of the specific vegetation types will be, can be fAully stated only upon completion of the survey itself. However, the survey has now progressed far enough to make it possible to show in Table 2 the manner in which these principles may be applied to the California vegetation. ~*s,,aW-A.wl

* *9 * 9 * . 9 4

* 9 ma9 In~a 9

* 9 * 9 * 9 *he~~~~~~~~an-I: * flNQR VW MU,** * 9 9

* * * 49 9* 00W * U * 9 I

* '* * '$ If be-~~~ 4

Jkg= TM, Wo*rax0 arme*tOcoul"W-s*0 90 * .n* wI $e h~~~a*tS Subtye* He* ROOL~A~~~**. * a... 9 .*f *"~~**E*S* .0* ao*#1#flfl) * ( 0U1?flw$WS flA1

An e* . * 0 zno s ye 0tAt4*)* ah' * * Thafl antatnnttse .OAQ. sat * - ; - i s q0ms .) M _ntti qtp i)_.pznel az o eswfltQb e4atAnguatW *'4*At¢WioxAdgoX£$u.*~~~~~~~~~~ 10

This table see/mates to natUral Vegetation of Oalifornia into 1 types, ot lble, but included in th*e lassitieatin we three ant typeatA CLIYAX ad UX, MAt - T LANThTIM, AU of the types are, dittereatiated an the, map in color legend. Ech rereetsa attcart to vcmw together related subtypes with gecerafly simlar tire insert ebareateristies,, and/er uses or qualities of #oceanic *motao Thus the broad eel.' attinsl serve to make the maps awre readily usble 'br forest, rscges* supervisors. angie nor.,# ad others charged with thesag s of wild lands, iil, the mer d"- tailed subtye deliniatiat provides the basic inorwation an vogetatica desiredb the researh vorkers in toresty, eology, end allied sciences. hattr the heading "SMUD TYPES" it will be noted that the chpa rle brtushfleld belt Is divided into four types This division Is mate largely on the basis of tire hasard charsteristies. The first, CEAKI CEAPA*UL, is disxtiuse by the dOfacec Adenostee faeicutw Thi, shrub ha tins wUeetleiko leave. thick do not build up mny appreciable ground litter and a thin, er tifttasely branched,, eros apy; characters that test to mnks fires easier to control, in. the. secnd type, or the CHAPARRAL proper, Adamwostcfasoiculafta is nearly or entirely absent. In contrast idth the OHAXIBE CHAARRAL this type normally produces a deep litt4 is of almost impenetrable density,, and attains a greater height. Rotisequently it creates a high fire hasard. The third chaparral type is designated t-111 CHAARLbecause It normally clothes, the mountain slopes bordering the desert. in specde. omaposition it is closely related to the CHAARLtype proper of adjacent areas but differs fret It in being eharacteristically open instead of tonaing a dense nintrrptdcorer. For this reason it presents a low degree of tire, hasawd. These three chaparral types are characteristics of the Upper Sonorsan Lit. Zones, k while the fourth, TIIWfRLANW CHAPARRAL$, is charatteristic of either the Trmanstion or Canadian Life Zoneso 11

Hall, R. Il. and J. Grinell, "Life Zone Indicators in California%,, Proo. Calif* oad.* Sci. 4th series, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 37-67. 1919.

Ithas been called TIMLAND CHAPARRAL because it is frequently a temporary tpe replacing fire-destroyed coniferous timber stands, In fire hazard characteristics, it is similar to the IAPARRAL type. The WOODLAND TREE TYPES are characterized by either BROADLEA7 or CONIROUS TRE species those fod is used for little else them fuel, a division in made into six types, as follows (I) The WOODLAND type proper is primarily a BROADLEAF association which usually form a closed canopy. (2) PINON-JUNIP comprises stands characterized by the dominance of either pinon or juniper, or both. This type is usually associated with climatic conditions that approach those of the desert regions. (3) KISCEL- LLNEOUTS CONIRS embrace stands of such treessa Monterey pine, Coulter pine, Knoboone pine, bigoone spruce, McNab cypress, and bristlecone fir, most of which we endemic to California and restricted in distribution. (4) WOODLAND-GASS, (5) WOODAND-SAGEBRUSH, and (6) WOODLAND-CHAPARRAL are MOSAIC types consisting respectively of GSSLAND, SAGEBRUSH, ad CAARRAL areas, with more or less scattered individuals and small clumps of BROADLXAF trees with which the Digger pine may be associated. The WOODLAND-GRASS type is primarily of grazing use and is one of the principal formations in the foothills of the Sierra Nova and Coast Range Mountains. The WOODLAND -SWEBRUSH and WOODLAND-CHAPARRAL in many oases apparently represent a deterioration of the WOODLAND-GRASS type resulting from fires or overgrazing. The COME1RCIAL TREE TYPES are designated beosase they are characterized by those CONIFES that are at present considered of possible comnertial value in Calif- ornia for such products as lumber and pulp. This grouping is based entirely on species, however, so that it also includes areas on which these values are precluded by such local conditions as higher values, soil, oliste, and topography. 32

W ~ ~ ~~UOfW*r+O ".o

ife Zoes. Upn Vw bsis of* * X Wu d ti. Mna tltst Wo*sizb"eto A *Astla#el a) i.(1 (a) srnuta (4) Fl, (a) nnsna, at (i) ra

ra UAM S v sli**to" Bsto wx as thor mm_ ispllnt An siftated at tbo b4wr eLtitte.* ft.r eamem aone aUta posseRfiaghM *eesis and nneatlea4 velse bet sli$4, It ow, vain. fez 00mole, poOf sawit abe ow ,* It Ibase types gnwth is n~aval*Iyslw bass. of seWnre lla nation &VA the tisa sctred is ecursc, sourteal is tots, sad rnatiwly low i bet.0 TMW ntS belts ar. reooanint f.S itit, tim UJEazaWTR ?ZRI 4 "4sin both the Oeianda aisann Life Zone, ie the "seeat tbe WE ?OWNLU PM M&s eS trite to tue U". tw. 3¶uflnia the 4intin tIf* it ShOuL be tttt01 (Th) eseoiatimn ax* tUvatet her as WISAIP ens as swows in Tableo 1 they an. not seeieri hs a toraibie. If they were suow aBrely&a.Tin sneiatkns, onlyA*ibese spet op ato the nstnt of iniae30 poftetin tb^owsoyaeot4.sogattsaUh totl Goem wnUL tas htype At be #_b;X~~~~~~"U~ coit *Mt-o ott

at - ttat " t *b&* X' 4 p at. St, at ts *0* acto an q"tt imn ata*)Min tprtof*Ot i ttobc bitt 04tntoa" at an at sttttl"ct "win to $hot4# beftastut&s the

#tua) seA then tates each tom seek a 4itltt oethMir

as)U4 0 on&t a nest at their Tom VW1oi be lest. kft

awn) tr tin -o a snuis tom 20 pmneat or, urn Of the" asalim m pot"A Uteth..teaetot20 pw vetr.a atftint powq MPm h tp atenMtal IA the sw,*4 4ss4 te

enof the enoUtt Mote.IW 2 oweat atatc'S.te yebcasistt 2ta

Sfoes latisbh v"Wc

Ow 4atitttlbf tm4 4a the fefowlagd anoTo t St0 itoe UV"s -tw are re00asstatI the"ir ps4ti 14 They are to be a4Jheret to o*ly iAsoftar-a the #vegtatio -s it is toud on the s a" be readily fitted to thwe. Tb. percntags given are likewis, to be used as gAiddso rather t&An as abselate wpiaatities. My condition t that i. nt specifically described bore should be handled in such a mtaizr as to p"rsnt AS accrate a picture of Ots eettiouas is Po**sib*l The usial procedure for doing this Is to ap th axea with the color of the type it most closely resembles, and to include the symbols of all species occurring to the exteat of Z) percent or ms oft the over in eac dominant class of vegetation. Brief written desciptions tou also such coatdttio. Hoevr, thine practice shoud not be carried to the point that ecologimaly di tint typs or subtypes are grouped together aerely to postpone a som t diffiult decision. For a methot of checki on 3gut of mosaics. see the paragraph on sapling under "Dgree of $tookiag" shown in co tion with ield# Procedure of timber Overlays. Rmples of type variations follow. the dAefitions. It is imortant to remember that oWy the vegetation which is exposed to the sky determines the type, and that only the speciss of this exposed vegetation are indicated IW symbol designat ion. (') 9rer of 8yQl As far as practicable record the species, using the appropriate symbols as listed in the Appendix, in the order of their relative on the ground. Azieptions t this rule ou ony in the following instancest (1) In MDA10 involving varous combinations of'V SHRU,* *a S; give the TM spies first priority in the symbol designation (2) >n O OM Tf.Aype, give the oowMOiaL TM species priority in the symbol designation over the other TM species. For any oatinous area of similar species composition onl oAe order is to be given; the one which *oura over the largest part of the area. Rut~ WV" shaM als0o be wataust Attu's a. tnebemot brta up lXe, nw atteit to thr star it mrst et e*pnte (4)n

Ats hOea 9rpeel"A tEt SW ot t tr

inner. These tost swn~~ a th* map.

(_lsas aes, orlet ~il.)An" *1* ri r* b-em * bsrr~n.Swain te to wry roust* GI" bnLa set4 ttbi this tye(eeOeta4n)*Dswt.b heqlh

atpstsntratbthe tals. St aX qol a _*b inns' Isj' e pwawfl) An" et the SP(- trae 4ssmt St the LosorLit.S aoa*S it.'*

m*Wore "..htiattet:.S.~~ tf~~ospoite S.,- are sheet,no-resr the. frtd la grateet abulase *a at& St nttn*ly tetribats okle p2$*a at, the beias tor, the p1* MO teasm* ato arasat sapist, sash a mal eras or thee set SaLly3 sesaluey the

/XX//t Intst may te tosa t st" tesoty ts tass. the ens to be lstL bont

h0"Wt Xy f mlte 0 persit o lee Mt the great ewyfte. *m am eras St *sAl " *aotiAtt.el: is Doutput# by tlagafl Istutth tiglA'Ss ovtaer thg

D MWL&NM Areas ttwh typ ton. geteAta it soaty to snX satberra Wt A046 ilo aunt aaly by Pnitl &sAb aounwoumdvlsr.l Mhs olusstttato vlt~ant hr the prouso. of Oggpa ernim, wl~u" st sMally an creole pera"t. A tpit ot *rotStot *soilth~e#At tebrsiso tyeoufta fowdla the wflqs Weow the weras Ont~t. ttea1 tohAsgtt Etgga'e waterporoofblu ink evr the

tM~~AM

S. OZtTAf (Plies #2) Area lt^tntt for pso a the proust tise thes neatly alttvtet hot at prnft lying talw, aa bl that e. rotlwfly orypetO, eF trratd. pastures Pnatgtle by the symbol O. pOTS. (k) fpfe nu *I!d) . US (Di'as$22) kTtat,braslac, eat t

oley rustl.*; wit AJor sho a b

mter th" spttt UQLIA N&Ut aw UO&AXG$ptth S ettcvt*t*ohassbyeso oof theotypetheym

2. ULaRUsLAI (Pxls $1) til or taln mas raZ tdh meethaS peroa of th reeato suroutt fs #"qie elommam. Za # *.- wi 17

2. ______X&W(M (Dim's #353) Areas on which more thn 80 percnt of the vegetation cover consists of OXOUS species that are oharaoter- ist. of moist situations (except those cl"asified - ). such as most of the rut.. and *8sede This type is found principally o poorly drained flats sad an very wet slopes within sad above the timber belt. th need not necessarily be net thruout the yeari some may dry cut tiring the sumer season. Designate by the symbol Ud and in largo MEADS where sample plots are tiea, record the species found in greatest abundance at the locations where the plfts were taken.

m -~~~~~~~~~~~. -~~~~~~ z.-anssxGRA (Dixo's #353) Areas on which more than 80 percent of the vegetation cover consists of grasses sad other associated MR 3XOUS species. This is a oharacteristie type of slopes and other dry situations, and occurs principally below the timber belt. The species found in greatest abundance on each of uniformly distributed ample plots are recorded at the location where the plot as taken. Designate areas not sampled, such as mall areas or those not easily accessible, by the symbol Gr. Notes Subtypes within the above major classes of grassland subtypes are not delinittd. These major classes of grassland subty"es, however, ar delineated, one from another.

2. - )LN (Dixon's #363) Areas on ttich more than 80 percent of the vegetationcover consists of such conspicuous EfBACR OUS species as Rypericum perforatum, Pteris acyil4naa yta mollie, and erop3yllunten3c. Deliniate distinctive subtypes and record the dominant species where practicable. Where the mixture is sukth 44owaaa *pntes# enut readily 'b* 4.4.rmA mor*y nnto the .p64ein InUa1 gneatestI at thn Usoattin wh~en Ug pt wore tana or,Ia .4 rnM tb snso1 fl. 19

(0) 1lotwt NMflAIC$ with ESZM X-anbsov as subtypes of the type thty moot closely reseibit. MOSAICS with IL ;X2LIAF TEZ1$ Wre shown as aoseribe& under the specifiO S10AmM9A? $?QCIYLMD TU1 tyne. MO$AXCb with O01t¶S TU$ are show as subtypes of the appropriate ODflVS8OUS TAU~type.

4. 5Aa&JWMUSH. (labor'sa4 Areas en, which iore thavu 80 percent of the vegetation cover oons ists of the $LkWX, or wootyo epeolas of such 3eneraft.1 JA mad other of like abaractes.

6.111111 CtWIS4 QHAPRAML (DVizons 4343) Areas on which mr thea 80 percent of tba vegtttion cover con~sists of ISHY"B specieso suh with L~dmidgm L"Aas fondAg 20 percent or ore of

6 0ft5flist~t (Faber's t49) ALress on whichm. e than 80 percent of the vegetation cover consists of chaparral species, th Sconora Life Zone. other than .~~1 of Upper / (ale)Lst of species indicators in hppndix). £zcepdoAs are those areas") nre properly classified as $*AZ3)ISAJW CHAPARRAL. The type Is? characteristically claue,$ with a deep litter.

V/ . - K L(Paver' 4) Similar in spe-ces opposition to the CH4P;FAfttt ty?.. hut differing fromt It in being oharaoteristicaly open, wt4h the intervening grouand spe ore or Ie" lacking in veetatioA growth instead of ftrming a #, fttfp"W *0 sent. The Vpe u~sually o =isa elopes either berA4wntn the inort., or within the rtang of tin Anert alimatie iIlan The tatter, ntherOsalzoistlss to therrssto:fr *o* uet the type. "WIAR&.&Maei tke CtiAPa~L~ type0 property, where the0 opewnss is de to eteepse** of slpe, or Uak of .il,, or beth, .tnnlt not te tmaolwvt hero, &uoh species as tMe Plan pie.,* or WMwill um hfly he twA i.a or ajacet to the $UM %fl OMUA L t"pe at W he us"as tAiteors.

7.II~fhETIMIL"DQUjflAKAt (LixWOnts nf) Areas en whits WMn th&n $0 percent of the veoetatioa cover conslists of aha"0 spettee otherthan "~~Ad where tUs SpSS ftal inte either of the followlug fot (tor the lift sex. position of the vaflos species, "fer to the list of species IAMLnt in the

(1) LUO*$20 percet""a orOrttwnroofittheo prmlw 9owrt wasttsX Of thOen sprcet wbith are rsstrIoUt to the Treaition at Caosin (2) ma*%n So perftoftte "sWral cover acsit of tba

spcies whose life sone position is itenatiate between Uppr Sonora sA Tranitlan (xot iat^ins i1nading Uppr sonmr *speces.) In admic, either () one or Mrn spies (nia or iA) restricted to the Treasittoa sA C4anasa Mfe oneass atsxt 0e0& scattred thrug the area on thesn. sit. (not iA pockets of better soil), or (b), otber evienos# such as position mue soil mAt h present to iitthatM ae e gst tWe Tra"itte 21 or osnadia Life Zone. Note: This type should be mapped Independently of the timber overlW classification discussed uner tb* section entitled MO ST B3QIRO AP".

Note: MSAICS of EOADIAY WODLAD TaIIS with EBS or SELBS are shown as described unxer the specific OADLt WOODLAND TM types, IDSAICS of OONIfOU$ WOODLAND Th" with HERBS or SHRS are shown as subtypes of the appropriate OONIfOUS XOODLMW TRU type. Associations of BROADLZA WOODLAND TW$ with ClER1S are treated as MOSAICS but are Shown as subtyes of the proper ONIISROUS TM type. Associations of WOODLAND TIE with either 00MCIA or SU PINE TRS are shown as subtypes of the appropriate OMMOIAL or SthALPINKi TR type.

12. 'QODLAM (Dixon'as #349) Areas on which more than 80 percent of the vegetation cover consists of BSADLEAZ TM species above or in association with F1a 0sAbna=a The stands are typioal9 dense in character, and may or may not have a couealed undarstory of HOM or sHUS. This designation also embraces the WOODLAND that ocows In narrow strips along stream and ravine bottoms. These subtypes, utz*ss of unus"u width, are mapped only where they are surrounded by treeless types. In such localities they ar of some importance. Where these subtypes are surrounded by other TRU types, they ar so frequently obscued that they cannot be delineated consistently and therefore should be omitted. Here, they are of no great significant.. 22

11. $ (Dixen's #324) A OGAIC typ In whih the rqetatiaa covr is nA* up of both WOOPLAD at$* tith est cla of wetatic exposed to the extent of 20 present or ama. The stats are typitelly open in character, th vegetation bebg exosed to the @trather than coneled " uaterstory vegettion. Record tho species % a ote sybol List specific ipecin only tire the mo e oocspicumzs owne occur 4ad where the temnasare easily determaind; elsewhere record the symbo Tb a t c y be. designation also eb the ~orlb the mo may boot OODLMf-GASS tOat eamrs in narrow strips along stream and rcrine bottuta, ant which is important enough to appear on SA #l1,

10. i o w n u u SR (Dix's #22) A MOSAIC type In which the, overis mate up of both WOODLAND and SA USVE qe~osies with each class$ Of vegetation eposed to the extent of 20 percent or teore Where NUACOU$ species also occupy 20 percent or more ot the exposed coorer include the appropriate symbol for that class of vegoetation. Where caara species cocur to the extent of 20 percent or more, of the shrub but lest than the exposed sagebrush c&orser iacl~ude the subtypes in this classification #at eater the, appropriate chaparral species symbols. In addition to the color used., batch areas of this type horisocally tdth Rtggin's ateprof orage bin. This designation also abraces the V DAN-0 Ufl that occurs in narrow strips aleig stream and ravine bottcss, sad which is important enough to appear on MAP #1. 23 K t-R<_;*

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r 9.ZL; H j WOODLABD..HAPARRAL. ZSAIC types in which the cover is mae up of both WOODLAND mad RA (an type of the CAEPRAL grop) species, with each class of vegetation exposed to the extent of 20 percent or more. Where sagebrush species occur to the tent of 20 percent of the shrub cover, but less than the chaparral species, include the subtype in this classification and enter the appropriate sagebrush species symbols. Use the color for the nearest related subtype according to the following guide, and hatch vertically with Higgins' waterproof orange ink. This designation also embraces th WOODLA$D-CHPAREAL that occurs in narrow strips along stream and ravine bottoms, and which is important enough to appea n MAP #1.

/ 7 F (Dixon's #324) Open stands which consist of three classes of vegetation,-TRS (WOODLAND), SHRUBS (CaMISE CHAPARRAL, CHAPARRAL, or TIMBLA C,,ARRAL), and H3,5 (MARSHLAID, MEAW, or GRASSLAND) all of which are exposed to the sky. The cover is made up of at least 20 percent TRES, 20 percent SHRBS, and 20 percent HUBS. In addition to the symbols for the dominant TIE and SHRUB species, include the appropriate RRBACUS symbol.

-~ ~ ~ K

(Dixon's #349) Dense stands which consist chiefly of only two classes of vegstation,-THE (WOODLAND) and SHIUlS (CAMISS CAARRAL, CHPARR, or TIMAPD M ARRL>.-exposed to the sky. The cover resembles that of the WOODIAfl type proper with the SHRUBS interspersed. two oUNSn of vrtio. ( ) as (caarn CuAnAL) -apond to tM sky. *r n that of tin OJUEB CHAPARAL t roper vith WOODLAN) SPINS thnzghazt - (1(aber's #49) Dense stands which consist chiefly of only two classes of vegetation,--TREES (WQO:D1)4D) and SHJBS (CHkPRAL)-- exposed to the sky. The cover resembles that of the CBPARBAL type proper with W0;.LLAND species scattered throughout.

(Faber's #14) Open stands which consist chiefly of only two classes of vegetation--TMMS (WOODLAND) and SHRUBS (SEMIDESPM CARAL)--exposed to the sky. The cover resembles that of the S~MIDiSERT CH P type proper with WOODLAND species scattered throughout.

(Dixon's #335) Dense stands which consist chiefly of only two classes of vegetation,--TREES (WOODLAND) and SHRUBS (TIMERLAND C RRAL)--mexposed to the sky. The cover resembles that of the TI I CAPARMAL type proper with 'WOODLAD species scattered throughout.

13, .SP DPIMN and/or JXOIPER (Faber's #13) Areas on which 20 percent or more of the vegetation cover consists of TREE species, where either the PINI11 pines or Juniperus s.p, form 20 percent or more of such species.

14 bMISC:ELOUS OONIFERS (Faber's #59) Areas on which 20 percent or more of the vegetation cover consists of TM Species, wbore sch xzr as£

awL4kM!.forming 20 pereamt or msn*ot swch species. *ab1. is also inao: in this classtttcation, but onAy ohen is not associ ted with IMTELIAT WQQP)AI 77 spoi"e. Associations at tnese species with the Pima pinws or mwero one of iotese also occurs to the *eXtt of SO percent or more, are sbown as subtypes of the PIXOV aSadorJTUIZf typea.

Nott In all cses of ts flowing types PO percent or more of the 'reetatiou cover cnsists of tS species. M0$A10$ with or 3MUM, and associations with OADLZA or CXT Otl$S WOOD. AIi ?w are thota as sbtypes of the appropriate OOMI4MOIL TWZ type. Meociatious (eaxet Nfl) with WDxrOxLS-mixm ?MIM4 species (SUBJATL TAM) are shown as subtypes of the appropriate CO14MfOIAL TOU type. Associations of UIR speces with 1*DO3POLt-WII PI" species ar shown as Subtypes" of th LOL0Vi31A-#UiTS PC1 type. Association with WI.:Vfla4O1a TAIL M sites (SUSLFIES TSt-) are shown as subtypes of the W0RTNAR-n-.YQXA fl W type. 4,LaDl Ft

RtOhlQOP (Slxoarts flfl) Aas on which flnat o:4405b 20 Percent r morwe of the stant of COOIJ tT$ ?It species* to the exclusion of 30 percent or zore N Thue type S10 tolvdes all. oxns Oa wboi $ocus o h extent of 2) pe"ret or MoX

D-DtfUSFIR (ft%*Vt no) AreWaon whiti ISS8NIA aw-wuXm aAt each Ocuw 20 pe"ret or sure of the Stat of 00*

DOVI:AS- i*

DQUASit(Utzon's 1W) Areas on which ooaaptes 20 porcent or woreo of 41* satW of CON1 11$ ?A species4 to tkw *ozfl ta Cf 20 pierce or or*

23 ~~SITm ISnuo (faber's #19) Areas on which to20 potn~t or mor eto the stmAd of QOUFZXOUS flTM spe~es,* to" the exclsion of 20 percent or mer or PISMT

PI(DiWP a# ln)Aras aa which or L. m eitber tadlitha or two or more togetkow, occup more than SO peropnt of the statA of 0U0*M TiSm s*pete* . LU* OM(A *s nan)rW a whic o~tnn tknB 0 prewafoftU*ntsa4ot OVttZMUTMt trot...

pi sg-s"svia(Vjoaas J0) Arm" on WM&o ?IXZ r'or 1A OA~g *NWO petal or aeon of ttw *4044 of "J1T4C wp~tn to ti zx4ntoa Of 20 " I or wro or YUR as~nts.

is 1~~~fI~ZtiiAa tii-ra (fltan') ~~~~~An~sonteu ha* A $IX aStA YIR *rotse nmh Ooewz 20 peanut or mnor of the statl of CO)nP t&$ aj*4in., to the exointon of 20 pnonat or enomr-11 oa

nwV ant uIti spoteso atAO&0o 2 ooto g o~cw roA.A b" orX o r of the stAt4 sX}tWAX X wW d.wroXort . to litoAint*tt~ tttot 20taI

,>|_f nu. *POlu*

YU (aww's 0*) fl a t oh or two or wre Wopsber, nit.or tha SQ #onat Of the sttJA of * 29 XM.8~ ~~ULX Note: In all cases of the following tys 20 percet or.-mre of the vegetation cover consists of species. 1$AIOS with or SHRBS, and associations with f or OONIfEUS WOODLAW TV3 are shown as subtypes of the appropriate SUfLII TR= type. Associations of LOIDGQLZ-WHIf PINIE with OOMMCI TRU species (except FIR) are shown as subtypes of the appropriate OIA$MRGA T type. Associations of LODGEPOL--#HITI PM with FIR species are shown subtypes of the LODGEPOL-WHIT3 PINE type. Associations of WRIT3BAEKD40XTAIL PIU with OOMIRIAL TM species a" shon as subtypes of the WHUTZSARU-FOXfIL PINZ type.

22. WDGPOL-WHITS PI (Dixon's #323) Areas on which liE!. gDla: or either j, la P. oi4- I W bre iana o 20 percent or more of the stand of QONEJOUS TRE species, to the exclusion of 20 percent or more OOMOIAL TUE species (other than FIX) or species of the WHITIMSDAK-FITAIL PINE type.

- -L V'4,- 2A d WUTARL-TOXTAIL PINB (Faber's #32) Area on which either flS a f.P. fl1iis, or r. ata occup 20 percent or sore of the stand of OOUYEOUS TRK species. (i) PR1 8tiOA TrN ~r

21.1 PLANTATION (Paber's #11) Areas which have been artificially planted to TRES for purposes other than horticultual crops. This classification includes plantings of COMMERCIAL TAx species for timber crops, such as those set out by the U. S. Forest Service and by lumber companies. () Mles of Tye Variations and Symbol Order The cover consists of the following vegetation: (la) Several grass species totalling 70 percent, and 30 percent Artemisia californica. Since the area is predominantly HERBACEOUS, it would be mapped in the GRASSIAND color and the symbols listed: Gr, Ac. (lb) Several grass species totalling 30 percent, and 70 percent Artemisia californica. Since the area is predominantly SAGEBRUSH, it would be mapped in the SAGEBRUSH color and the symbols listed: Ac, Gr. (2a) 30 percent Artemisia californica, 20 percent S4lvia mellifera, 15 percent Brio42num fascicuatum, 25 percent Ceanothus £rsifoliui, and 10 percent Cercocarus betuloides. Since the area is predominantly SAGEBRUSH, it would be mapped in the SAGEBRUSH color. Only one class of vegetation (SHZJBS) is present, so only those species occupying 20 percent or more of the total cover would be listed: Ac, Ocr, Sm. (2b) 30 percent Artemisia californica, 20 percent Salvia mellifera, 15 percent Eriogonu fasciculatum, 25 percent Qixercus douglasii, and 10 percent Quaer arifolia. This forma a WOODLAND--SAGEBRUJSH MOSAIC and would be mapped in the color and hatching designating that type. Here two classes of vegetation (SHERBS AID TRES) are present and all species occupy 20 percent or more of the cover taken up by their respective class. Therefore all of thin sp"Oci wnU b Ultett with the TX bu tna firt pr$Wrtty: Dt A, A*,, 00m, 2f

(~~~~~~~~~44IS swoud u4 bemapp intheOWA " cZrwith q lvtfrafllstboso pen Ln1t~eI; O, u, 4, M, S. Ordwnri, when nly oe 4As of vpVttio$ (aat) Is tviwI0a isIth eant this is the Ma wAmer of species that wold 'be list" in Mq typ aea (Sb) Mnequal ofn *i

This wnU likewis, te mppa4 IA ts C14MWAfAL islrt with symol for all of the *spts l rA As,* Sc. lien slthah oalr ens clss of vrttatloa (iMh6) Is invl4 s specie sy be Itatat, sOne to .ilauate *oe specis 4tot bestS that it "o not M20 pereot of the cover is to *elixato all spool" . (3.) 30 parent *OOANV epesiec 40 peret CPA V spies, rnw 30 porcet aWGM1440 specl*s. Ths to" tnt ope #ts& torn of ThY C4JLAL, at th awn woul b npjot in the spropriaow mit *A batched a Aesgntt4 in the 142et. All '00O$A& spec es ocnrrinu to the xtent of 20 potent orisis of the cover ocope by that class of n*tatta (?i3) null be listed La the symbol does tica. SimIlarl,, all OWiAPAi" spodios Ocurrla to th extent of 20 percet or we od the cover oonpWts byt*hatce "f otin ($MBf) *"la e list4*. t"t4ss so" nnsplotwn W'RMOt0U*s "A"e present to the exten Of 20 apercet orwsf th Wu$ e r, thi : A wousl e Im~caWte the mwn symbol , La a oAses then yW e en tha fIv* or six symbols* 315z (4a)C4 WO 1" 3 o a

fj)tbnt to n#4r1o4541 to tlw Ynta~tita We zoin "Opio Z pornat Or Dnfl of tO Moe, iti afta flw)4 boson is the VIW$MLAP OUS4 color at t-n qmbwlt list", At, Z,, Ci (4) 0 peret 40 poe tINNA" P s$X:*t AA8W*XbW*- aso* thn spootas 040twpind 20 "ercet or Mrs of tb* aovot is nutrttt to Vw Tranittea or We &oa, aw n tiar tLoan stbnt etait: .fl4onn tiat the area t*o4&sa to asi of then nowos, it would, Ie wp.4 to the Ch4Afl"L *1l? *aL tin #.*OOI )lst.4s Ayo, g. (4) 00 pierce 40 pnrst

00 perota of tVW soent eaist of oala spools(. a cL. *bows Ut WAe .sxssoA i LawrmAlto between tin Vppe tonow ss4 I-waaiittoat# Zon, axit tn e4tto s. l prO 4 not i* pooto of bitwf toll, ane l~tawns of tho ?nsottton 14$. Zone. hmnt the a -mg wuOt in n~pd La tin TIMZ&'D 0- APAL o-or at the * b* usfl" Atp Co. (4A) so perolo, DIvF-at 1 pa""t an reaOf thi soil SaitAsa en t0n 04r Of theP~rte t balt. A tew ittiv14italB enafr in p"otoOflfl btter soil Whileu boUthti4 &a4A iwst "ta ~tebtnath pper UrAand tisettlos Ut, Ilanes tln pines (flnsitio Zang) WM¬ in no04 a lnttoatas Of the tatter torn as tknjr as. mat enjs the *sa sit.. $io tknwo ts Ao 4t1a1WA evl~de tint tin ar beegsI the trnst-%n ife Zhon, it nulU be in" tbe O$AMWAL *010stae4 the qube) tl"l At, Q. 10 ti 20 a 70 (Ia) percent P percent _ percent P. this would be sapped in the PIWI color *ad, sinc it is strictly a CX)HR association, only tbose apoies oceupyimg 20 percent or more of the total cover would be recorded. The symbols would be listed: T, Op. (Sb) 10 percent l jefrtiaf-A. 20 percent L. pz4,LrFsa, and 70 be in the Fi color peret Qa l b gae*. this would also a buti, sine it is a OIIflR-BADIAJ association, it would be treated as a iD8MG and ech gro-p considered separately. The symbols would ths 'be listed: T, 8, B. 15 (5c) 10 percent flet percent 7 percent W~gcx le * Ivan though neither OONITZR occupies at least 20 percent of the cover as a whole, taken as a group they do. Therefore, this would similarly be treated as a MSAIG, and would be mapped in the PINX color with the symbols listed: To 5, B. ,70 Pt ros ieffre4, 16 conolr. (6a) percent prentr Aflw 15 percent A. ManifLea. either a specie ocupes at least 20 percent of the state, but taken together as a group they do. Since the TIR constituent of any type Is considered as a group, the area would be mapped In the PIt-PIR color. As neither Abies species occars wore abundantly tben th. other, both would be listed in the symbol designation: J W R. (Two or Mare cOnroial pines each les than, but together more then the 20 percent, wouldbe handled similarly.) (c) Special Oase 1. An abandoned orchard contains 50 percent Af, 25 percent J, and 26 percent decadent at dead orchard trees. The area would be mapped in OMISI color sad the symbol designation would. be At, at, (c). The fact that the area has once ben cleared for cultivation and then abandoned Uibar for it rfli $d#V tbb tutt1it o 4' rzptitioz. of tin waftoa. 2W 1wrotAmtws. wt ltti4atc that aatmntto ins Ue

aw A yg4ur oosutatss -a 40 - non or 1awv ty* with t6 orumat V., of

oW tU 'ki t'a am would be wITp4 in$ ltrf, and Us 1u"A44.* b$

4. QOa ti gataYirtz oi' a oertaln two t1sre aIsua rta of 9Ve r 40 - am,# with 2 proet, 3Q psnat A*#, & tooW4t 44 20 peroent U* f arnn veul4 boo oa pe4 Z a A 4n4 t"! trts with tha so bel

MUh are c*rt"A aras witi lartgicw a little or o vwrttton cover. (Tbese exrta oamr &4dnly in tbis foot- LUItS wulch bot"..r tLrgc svlsys &-a L1A&AitO tak cowary). flea Coaita way be du* to a hoc of soil, uz &bmc4 Ofsufitat SOU zwittre, nargnb&z or aotblasti4a of w o these facto". If the area is kirzuntV bwrrea ((4u mity to lack of oil or toxicty ot siol 404atttAt), ap It type. If th a- *-,a i p ;z *Pait at MI !$ts , how vr

&Ad/or overo-siz), m4 the aZn ;atas 1 6tnit 4 w ;- spt44 ovrtV; u-hwi% theb1uW arvt0 of the- cttttiot. tInZ tWia of this naton te toader Ao ctt field Qsrviot to chec 4u#4m.t mrut tie $*1UR#s140e of U4 Owsitiofl. 6. ZUeO to recurrent fires, Wsai Spcias present the W:rooas whether yoaag sprovt growth repxrsOesz a tree or a shrub. Ph. w" e 400isicL t>u4 be me by ~t'xrvi tj to seies Thvz a. tree ox -ataurue4 a.rst&$ oA dtes *t sia slope, enousti, ats4 soil OwOAttion. ir tic..war vicinity, If the site his beeh so deteriorated, y rp t rit nd. ron 4tia> soil erosion bAat it is o loug*r capable of

p~rti tJ tree t , t t i tt&* t t $ p Color wsint the tjpdoal trt th-e sczva form of tin $spe4.# if, hownier the site Is still able to ouxqprt Lite growth, the area snaoa44 be "ppo4 " the appkrpriat* tn "t u&sts g tiiu4ostwtoO t't4 forms of the apecies. Amua, th. spees which prossat this probles ars Fo s M sloroie faI PI trol«*vtla uv i""DA

Khere this problemTIs presont&, th. party leasier witl be requires t coAnct the ftlds supervittor for a check oa field ju~omnt. 7* s~~..Barrowmes due to very recant cleaa bnr will Ib loft blask of color, encircled with a rsor4 ink line, aai Inbeled. with the dat. of the bu-nu also in roe Later, citor vettatica a gain grwn on tin an, the tyip* will 'b mawd iA. (a) iamlaU btu Th24e- fofown mp Iw sw ffeen at ot acattny and for dIfferent purposes than t* pr*sent t*p map. Stc they wore no",,;saveral dozax*s reqitriag a mare intensive systm of mappig ha"e arisea. This causes several c x I* type classifieation sad field procedure. All these 4aa available, however, should be obtaite tan tntogXttt field, and used to every possible #Avatae. The pritpal us oft teau*ia is primarily tate p gof field work. They are valuable asr a "hoak on preanat sapping. So xure, where differenes oar, that the present mapping is Coret" accOrdiag to present staatads. Wfrtttu reports discussing deviation. at inoasisteacies s*hU be seat in with these map when they anre turnd to headcmatten, uoh reports sy aid considasrbly in Xu seQuat use of these and other saps compiled by each respective agency.

(*b)£teniv fin*"eMap £zteasive type saps for several annw areaailablex at Serkele~y hadquarters. They have been mapped bt 1. Th* forget; Service sdainistratin Ats. LU. The Osifornta 1orest sod asuge $Apertrnt Station. The basis for type classification has b revied, ad sore accurate sapping is required asi* Ustwhesebare bee mae. (0) _ Type map of several areas of timber aMM on the Nationl Forests have been mane in cOnectLOn With lernst Service Orals..0 tno ty" 4etttoettnAstodL not eatin4l ocawststat with tbat at Prosmnt untd nW UTVP MP*4. *x**Les dtrminit a oAfan$4b of the l tnoo itat.to be Imnast.

m.w vaps hnboeaUmfde* V the. forest $anvito afa MOSA ItLa cn nte with their topop'sphto szrny. tioakat species at manaL trpes #epeeIaU4V ebual be iatnstnIay " bw ris. Las to diftnaoes la areapl liab~a to near.

Available at tbo saprvisors' iottt of *Oa of tMe 1fAt Forestosare ape sknvt~gmead*"as toraoe vein. tyres in d*af. A ment eaMOn1s4 olausifttin4 tkzAa it used *n tbe tYpe MP has baumM applid LA

16q deviatiOns from our laS*Mifioatt eccar due to th. twat that torap vauw aoftn affTeo6 type 4eixmnWA. Am and cultivate bq fields mwl, koever, be advan 4e"I trsnafen.4 to the map &Ad then ohso4 for teeaio aM4 location whitl in the field.

fyrpe spt for *ortain areas bave been made by tUs Dlatet Past ~Pn a coasesti Wit their neaiso work. This ffttoe has followed certain deviation LIn the setop and olASSIflwinxtt o$ typo. (1) Tea% parnt by Volue Wet up a grpline tyipe. (a) Areas ar, =q4 by pOUbl land Wutdartee. (3) Nso oamt species a" litstd in auy bt timber types. (4) There isuno MUMte$0* tinu of 90941.444woI se typ IAio*ns*tiQn Wia *tz net. 71* 4as.UteattUa *t ViOO is ,*"bat LIffla I VtofV t. .metslly SA Un nndasm. tou~srlas d u4or RXureal sw d bVWke

AdAd = two Avows sX X v ls ~,qfrw W~~~~eo "a wAl analam, oataot thespsns' tA erwer to noun all tints. znor-As nafUabe. Using the rlax' towuabip gAts, lt, w4by 6* tXn ao tta w tnpt a n10 s sb WS will 44 byol~aW to Af4tlah tyP*. WA spe4n at s 4LSt . a;~~~~~~te tb r_litftt of al aswuptins zet @uadlaia to whih wq 5* of tbV in p lb# data amy lo"~is 4*VIba tirntly Vast t4 brtw Vwmlt fte ZUU4 wat. TVhr~o it is of a wat Jv ~ kttuvm tU 4 lbe 4*A triotUi aoowsJkssg to tbaOwhe p Aw ~w#* ia tboix aP4oatioav that nt~A& w ortln of the f14wAor, easseafllw th A sa .WV t xL-Latest dto Wt tin iv tbat the tati-re be or 000004A. Do no LaiNW O"O 44OWS" bs st*o aO qae4ty for $1.14 poornfl, The PZ0M4tR neptt i's notutao so "Aiiota 000PI of arae e=wtete6botweea parting* as it is for tbs basis of njofliagw; office for uubequoat field work th Son. I$ q ion are" in the tfol. roord t"ai in wntsbook so tbut theywill zt be ofrrttea Tbou discuss tbou all in "totil lysoa with the MU*1 sapervsVr"his naiL visit. as its $A vositkn to &mlIop the useasry 0OXMIatenc La awp~t betwe*-*n the vauiotus Orew, an thereby nm be a-ble to nnv cons needessvat of .owr aAs*d o, Do sot hat~sitst to dis~en Sal 4t45tt*4Wtb* 4*tsil. ActoWi 1*5t Etb groundM of-for the tboat posflbl*0 the to-at POast$4tte tor lb. soustsat of JAM' o"t4OP

(b)m A W MVMt"gJSL~M 'mnpt for the $flnis44 do wot atwt u to WV fMlew yIt* thea 40 earn *f SPY t (1) Aom~t woo~l&Ad*mA tkabow Vpos la Owes,ort 40 timber types in w lood wouIalds# be tapped if 10 are$ or mWo. If less than 10 aores theV should be show by species symbols at the supplementary map (ap f) (2) if it is characteristic that all areas of one type sre battered rather frepastly troughout snthe type aM the percent of cover toes not justify a mosaic, enough of these areas should be sheenc the map to, give the proper picture. i.e. (1) the r of bsh patehes at frequent intervals in a timber type, or (8) the presence of hemXise types on ridge crests in a ohanrral area. (3) Often sa1 cultivated patches, or mall grass patches which show abandoned efforts at cultivLton NW cDor in nAethr type. These "s as valuable orientation points in later checking sad field reading of the mps, ad should be dlineated. However, do not exaggerate the area of these* types. Imgeration leads to misinterpretations fra an area basis ten thes mp dta is being used. (*) Suggestions forMapn When beginning the season's work,, study the entire area thoroughly. Conuder the length of tim certain portions of the *entry mill be open for field work, condition of roads at different time$ of the year, pack trips necxssry, peek stock available, etc. Then plan the attack "a a *hoe bai it upon the aveage working Cntact sith th supervisor, rangers, and local residents is of onsderblo aid here. Then plan the immdiate attack on the area to be worked first* By the evening before tho start of actual mapping* hav sUdy all equipmt* ncssay for ts14d vork. Visat day's work so that there will, be go" nppt*g UWMi n typoe as oash 0$ the dy as pusible brthiwtly -Asd easto erly.a am larsbW at %b net tq, Whou types are it d Ttw auncter, quapit, ant qtt"ntity Of gwr wt wfll depend to AL rnt 400t upon tonslcino the beet mtav points, beth it offifto $atiAgaS La*eutoa $14 wek.-t Pt out what eppeer*sa (tv beP70Wbut O Wpoints %batn ot start, VsMba as earulaI tin 4*r a poSiblsl *tWto mwe ui ta d rM aXt btotto X ZOrizt tb firt tee q psips" el,* tat. plts, site Iens AS 'pfapi dat the 0f*40 or the of aspeies *ad two trnnIV &ist, cl tint lWm tin #t1$t~t )*5414Uty tor enorm. Aft.. omr~ tbe ,n~tug petit afloat the sip VW either topo' snprr or ca, etorboth. MW* 7raw postualta einev as posibitle. ?ln plitk out the ox~VW* the gret ua oovmIt with that to the, map over the entlir a-"a 70t ampnaa to tye.I ti OseoI in mojor ermr#r cerret it ns4A on an stlay *at ~abetS la the trpes PintSr La types alrae it e t~ sutps" ofme of larger am,4 poallyr In theboafart"as eMfIl in the ealor Uzutly. tin chet oarea to se tha 4typs tinWSesawn relaive *ir on the map as tinyW 4. on tbo patds. WItn enter ajubols tor all, tin their prepare order. Ofta,.4 it a large are is visit., it Will help to MP out em, portoa. o41.ely, ait t*an another.* beWv lass ms a* an n"insey Rmstb 45*sans A" a trifle ie Sreat is &utst$*gut apete bt Mt toe rat te np tyroe an rw Amnnt-attv.t portion* free.1m psists MAt em a bsi pst less tli. w ul rl to ee4lete the atea tha if it VW" shotm v entielyfra the finst vantage pwint. Dosoat attempt a doegr" Of tflimamnt 'beotA that #1 the base apr. Ocafataj~ rather tea tames~t stunner results. A ase" SA Point isU amae

s~~p..an ad satbeuly slop"s "mtst Us isulter 4nage )hWV th a rats between .rflVtt. Oatvt Spasth largr. :thi sitaatte *huUbea~lt b un~ag bsprrs entbo nOrth slopsa theta eniteVWN atj oaksxis eUth seth. Utewseh amp walt solw teth abmULhe OAl eby-- tretinee 5p5521 Lrntins X~~~~~~~~~ pu-t* m f-d-X _ . the ethernihal,""W lMVt5. Do *wt MP twr tistisot trpes-asNWnsset.. Try is edjust area conrt& by the tpes ia these nes to averalge dbt tin nm*on the sqp as tVe soual toe the grind. Costntlay ebsit all ommapteto vort visible frem *Ash vantae pint "loatt" *obgts& so that errors smy be detected at& nrrnatt. Lers geerel sgupes of sealle, starm rdges MW hee *a altogether diferet eppeetin whnseo"

too satag points sleot positions fr sM V i taWtesi s b&h p M ak tse uep #2. plots tm sits Sties It tMakinLa ash areas are sore reeeatative Of brea tp "outit at n la" vAl e ng tprs" tor WUie thywil be used. e43 hps ps , at te Loo the soral rlat bwn slp., a gien loolity. Ixtremso"r it b tae in vsin *this bowled. btmver If cMAtiwaa1 chees Are sot sate, It Mr be nennsary to chesk th* entire ap at sow later tae. Be* sun* n that you are not n&ppiag areas co4anss from d*e, as bebit p4 where types be in tichf hoae leaving a vantage point, *selct the next anssible pot- that am be VSe most oefletively. Ths proceure wil "ret in better pWing from a minima member of Pants with a conSequent saving of time amt enrW . ntisal us* ofrot tinall pha * of the fielt w tis asosearby. The bais far this is past expsrieaq# 3At constant cees with the fold sverviso who Is trying to develop conxisteny in the Job x a whole betw en the various fiel crew. Rote: Pielt procedure on Map #2 at Timber Overlap will be diseasset later.

Kip th offti work up to date. Pencil marking wr off awfly, aW accra of the sap suffers thereby. Except for the raiy seasons of the year all offing work shoalt be couletet at least ace a week. Often It is wt possible to keep both en busy with ottits work. This affords an opportunity to give the assistat pratin -in mapng &Tale, and ails in the development of his field judgeat. C0olrs'As be set b rubbing wtth bits of cotton rolle& on the etA of a sharp stint or with utrlt IisseA in eah cas tippet in miteo. fl44

2*.s smA a"l smat ~be in with Uk 'a# flAm

trLU p nMof t*P r, a tA

t nrtt ea or t ls ar r of

rsa" q iant w at tui *# ANA tb as"t t &-ni~~\- .l0alyila n"wt,4o nthntatate t~o:4v to0 tOa ~f le1 to o yokpints

*4a varttea oft) (cjuarter it a $0 qias4ru#Zitln

it15') show a" vatbowttj Ai4v4t somrbre on T1* autiwrity 4ta~vam

'be Ulamn mncsW4to wt3a ait swr wizen sad hewhnportions of the at

we #"t

*4 ?4Jo zasn B* - A

* *OJun. * l9

* * 195

* 0B*e.* * - * S

*~~~ K.D^*4Ltftfl~ ~ . A tag eao~ s**et nit ( w *) SbnU te 6sertptln of all typds apprnrga Ca. thaq.n~e WtM ftheld not 4efirs buet it *eand 4wv tb. tJvineflVj~ or xnrflowis~ttos vWh '&ah trpe poArfti thatt PWtLwlUw lnality, 1 siMA¢¢OWXt SAR rauetorXX()mp *1* 4 tree in a timber or woeta4A * t$". species 0IaaraWrfle of th nWivdtOrI Uter 4W'. Vnlt tes *tM with nil n44ttoaj eta. These awtus &Al naulorat1 in oou'etv4 tbhe tip Aescripties for th pLUJ lvot 4t 4Jo'

tis mu is btW us for tbe pirpO of W'hiat peists of iw**tnn l* auifln to, an detai W"hich be bown. on ma*p.. (Do tzU to ohm ** rm4on MAP ft Tbe %Optatiez type map aso a while watt be 4010*Sittw loIts naly with the eafbtattot of Mop# I, 2. ad. 3$ sample plot, sitto itte, speciames.M all otbor data oot in: the LieU.

tibs 'up should wbow imprtan sAditeaal- species* *t#5*9 frne""ttbesA b ysWyibl in blak s fte , sbw in ettaa s

L(I) tivitl tidn (1) Qoaarrmn of itx4tvitlaU .Asafl of tres is .t;>wwisstwef4le types. (fl)Qcairrnos of acatteret taditt~nals or saIl gnups Of eool6gicfly imOrtmat tres sot svir to s* shown *as dsint on *Map #14 (2) Spetes at ntrea lIWitfof raa, 5pe4.s (either troes or slinbe) of especial ipertaam, the rear of whisk vmi sot be iwiiaftU bDy titter the tpe mapeoremple plts,, sa .11 srn sp*cie which an owUULd or at extn limit

S I* plot$, npnsetatn of al nubtnpel, an* aWtna co20aeetiwol oil eah qn~ran4e,# WAt are rferoastd by umber to Wit maP. *44S ~lots aftobathe U14bak tat, so nbems tblacWk oUVits. (a)tL~J~i~u~m UamtaMn 4 ltx dat"Xmtnt. *

a=.a* Ia Swnm .qans or nmgn

not*$" nprn"Atatt of Anl typo an 1Ueflnt~t" A~ewet V satber to sp s*irtaj%*g&ftnoatbn#wote tans flanr4arrn, so ttat tlbw t.uvomn eatsla tor "to to show *ms Theso are sbWa ot werAut ta rt o*1r6n. (0g)

omto give t4~l. ot 4.o clOAn Of nptattoa preetth aro was ap& UtMtaun oboult base spnAtttt. fttdroo *a& "uts ame llama in rot tak. It it lt~ not pontbta to 4**aowr xacrt $*aw of %us*%tto4apra as (19251nh) whMCh Wvtld tUOlS. VW proper d~A. £t the os. is lSan (a) Wm4 satit to psaible to 4utftaettl the *tye pntnfly an thevnt tob wsig MUb spaOl In ro& tat with" tw bun

la1r141Na' oitt",dlrno by"Opbl into it" ("opeting) .a ~a~ (old) aLU ane toWto tuWt n ta.

IUW)_i2,4son* smf1x) base t t-ral whrle in Oontty0 dl 0"wwtg o tot (sbw IV Itfloe t that by b (SUew sol 47+7

(h) p Springs in areas of general drought should be shown in blue ink. (i) Small Meadows Small meadows in areas of general drought should be shown in position by the symbol Md in blue ink. Th following legeu is nber4 in correlation with tb poate in th. abVe dtsoussoA.

(a) A - cerous Agrifolia I - qorca klloggit 0 - Qarcus chrysolepis (cY- Qysrous chrysolopie( AnS. Arctostapbylos ninsna== Cd.- Oanothus &ivaricatus (ott)- >Onothn divricatu1 (4eea) (b) 6 - Sample plot #$6

(e) - Ste index determination 35 (4) -Photograph #7 taken in a northeasterly direction (.) :lsa- 194'surface burn

l Af 9(31 - 19S elea Af Av bum

(f) n Op ting lumber mill site O4ld Lumber mill site t-Rute tranlled. by foot -~'-~- Lute travelled tb automobile (h) - Spring (0 J4d _ma W tin bAM: W U* W the frest 4o*nisoZ or stds r woadrabtow.wk* tba amn to b sisppt hai a egW rowon4 of ncoAt fins4 a" tho 4tiaee on wbidch they OOWA. Ooxtaf4 with these afticbn wil aak this data naflble san un of It sbelA bo Wsb Ttwaofet 1* teaaa a 4 daa of bs tlar fixr rnufyi paf 4i1Ort Wt OA OUpI1.uStaty7 i SAd aat tSb WP* Is the ta*M nlb . area Is Wts.

Of%", while oonatlobb Iwabr oot~aisu for cutover Uattnor it will bepossibl te Obtiat"Oa 04anta oa~tin of Old mill $I*.". ?b" A"n sialt be leaat*ot e the sttplnntary Ws sM Loation choke i the lieU.* Oemnttn Wt loca iabit&nts Wy4 slim Provo* ths 4Ats.

entnat at traf W bo available tbweu& a ambr of Lfftent cin $pmtary cnXure amA ai in jlman of the wrk will bw btain by tranfaring location of zsw ant etwaus i4 locations of .1 Pa4A at tris to tahe sw mntax njw.

Octemt wiktheta administrator of the 'trAe sap hbariwA,4 botauf spaztku*ts of lcal saboolA &t oolnes,* =unrtess, e*ta., my Itec**ls the pniinn of ran species in taeA Loclity. utovzb locatlt. the Waea 6oeapie by these en tbe way wil insure a intnse cheek on tlU o*bmr- Vatien. $-, 4ev 50

la4ividua2 plants of these uvaoa speci*s wz sttea oeaw at rather ftrqwut intermis upon a qwtdrangle, but are isA eaflegial Aseieations which an typically wory small la area. The result isthat lAnay oases thewyar net mapd or sa1*ed,. from the st$Apotat of pUM dtstr*tktt athese It*tdsals a lz portat, sad th*y shouk be recorded in oases on nap #3. Smal a¢sociatios of ts nature are espeotafly frquat is strom bottom ant on rit4* tops. In Sutbern California tre" svth as. aM 3, ae iuvstratioas of the formr, ant ou shmbs os 1at, Pa, an ey assnitat ifstftt the ltter. In such sosiations, nks close obserattoua ad 11*4 all Su"h spcies. It is better to have a few too mn sytbl*s than too few en the suplemetary nkP. 47

tosowM t sw t%Wntntn ta arta n s Wtaon

*4t t *x*w daln* ta will ba '*tatn4 Vy srcmttt the 4a;# &?

'n"tAo u-ms viv; divim- to O turs*. ,,

kA t&IE*1*ttr*4 lot4tg to . RZ* prnenut., tct+ ts d*0flro4 It skroW~" wv~ ~ eeadlttteo, Thelan nrktnt? t ttt4wtivr %Pof4S t iwv po a pno A fr La a > ty,. not of tgrntt im*rtnroa, z ti; rroost tovwd t* the* Uftrr !onom Zaw tfla, the prnteuns of theit. stn~aW naw .nn orht4 4t thmid bt litW. At tho aofltt tiels etv tzs antt be *ewnW Wcwts. 41Ft towt mtsife V~tiferoeportit rnnm. shnl,-dA be UtsM bon ova thewt tbay do " o the p-tt. A me la z'in is tat ef @4 tVW rna oftehrseasdastnfl attI ln4 Qnsty. a smw lonlittie Owthe This %po#$4" ww bn,.v 'bei novwt4s t it cte < g1tt.ubc*P its aitp-fo Oeetq.1 ft eps. 1*mir& - a t~ttt txtw Z a i~~e. Oalttomia atv; in 'Qtor~~~o misty. (b) &-'G&UAMU5 aim Umutt sbowU, at all tis, heoo WA MP witho Muint the tm h s the 046". a* shm" $at aut: ObVt A o rft pnpe en" be Obamn and tbut -o importat onsk be a~tflS. St is .tvtflbl tint the mapper p1sit al4t A excaptte plots, site la"e detntut"in sad seat of trawl takby theVW assistant. fth asistmat shotU plat th data he has obtaiza oil as extr map wh#ine tieud Wld at4 tnntew it to a"~#2 ater. All dt sbaM te atox" thia sap in p"nwhUle in th CUlt aatos of hens, it tn are st ailab ia wrifortm Mr 1. oh by&% qrntinig some local lUhbittats Am*ther tiG sto at ont setlog ore at tlntr p'nt lien atcat the tsa nurt Visoag 1Uatin atO OA fl, preferWenc to POUtM shat alwqs b given to plet**t 'L1$t, site tawx, MAt plaOgre*Ph aV tanm io the *ee an, sow. te o tto4W tlS(the plot irW oVr th *pt wn el the 4aM w#a ao~lect.4. The bouamawies (tin squa"e enacliag the sIte sAter aad. the circla of the pin *) shal be completed by the of the Plot, sA an ata she4abe nsnWremao*. It two Maben of a party ax* working *pwael, se&an salot& eater his rent. at travel. (C) 1a a n a when otba field offa work is being oean al data Oa ths o osheut b Inked in With the proper colo. Nbat al the margi eater the "tos 4AUitwih the Work *e daft at the softhl0 iwtls w*hol"i it MMM MI (UAP #3)

Tbe Forest Resource Maps compiled by the forest Survy Projeet of a. Californi Forest end Range Rperiment Station bave bee prepared tow the purpose of presenting the following two kinds of information: (1) The present vegetation cover divided into a few broad classes which are based upon the character of the vegetation from the standoint of iie. (2) The character and quality of all lands capable of vowing co-ercial state of timber. (b) 8 The Porest Resource Map will not be statewide in scope. It will embrace 137 sheets-those quadrangles containing la co1a ercafly important for growing timber stands. (a) ne The baseo-mps consist of reproductions of the standard U. S. Geological Survey qeaagles to the scale of 1 inch equals I mile, on which the principal towns and stream, county and national forest boundaries, and 1000-foot contour lines are shown. In addition, the laud grid Is shown for all areas that have been covered by land surveys. Where the original U.-S. G. S. quadrangl maps contain the land grid, it is obtained from that source =less tireo is dfinite informtion to prove that it is in error. Where the land grid is lacking, it is obtained from ether sources such as U. S. G. S, maps land office plate, U. S. Forest Service mps, soil surveys, or state, county a private maps. When it is necessary to utilize the latter sources, the best information available is used and ths best fit to the tpography is ma". In tuos, the Oobttns ew. i plafl #Mh taAt twIt , SU Pe a a At at the wan ttw to pnsw its kstizLsin iaata*- as iossuthi. It eat ~be fpt tAt NW benny tat the 1*'tin SAt tmber "4 *re AWPt as tbaj **nt LA nlattvameh with tUe -1-.1M wldbout r**p tobe &falUaws Mother fant tbobi.h U a .taa thu 4aa s s ktt ttusu4Vt. S.a.. ..Thus, where antis"&;" foatwo. to wiNSh tksV Atpgrtsn t a *4W*a*tXtwais t aue the

voatteaSp witu the aps a*as sf aXsp.pssbb witbut mwattzt $a *t

wete*sesbith the bwt pM, as nfl as wIth Lb.

(4)

t or ts*f t M r Wt

ktint Lb oirtimso11salqobwaot*risttn i

fflt ~. JL.YoU" pawbh timbr (Smrfl is

flsAn Of omrslor slpiwtn'st* that have previously been partially or completely depleted by cutting, or cutting and fire, the present stand consisting of several to many age classes. C. . Young growth timber (even-aged stands) Areas on which the former stand of commercial or subalpine tree types has been entirely removed by cutting or fire, but which at present are being restocked with species of essentially

one age class. (2) a. Xjji Watershed Stands of woodland or chaparral types, or mixtures wT ,th of both which are not restocking * timber and are so dense asto be of little value for 6ther than watershed protection. (3) Grazing lands are further segregated into: a. I G:. Grassland Areas of grassland proper or dry grassland with an open stand of woodland trees or chaparral or both. Meadows are indicated by the symbol M in the same color. b. : S : Sagebrush Areas of sagebrush forming the great basin type mainly valuable for grazing. c.:P& orJ:Pinyon and/or Juniper Areas of pinyon and/or Juniper without species characteristic of forested areas as dominant. (4) a. le Areas that arte activated for crops, including those lying fallow, at the time of mapping. This also includes residential areas which a* labeled Boa. :(3) a. I Sarre Areas that are practically devoid of vegetation. All Uds cpble of producing timber on a commercial seale are subdivide according to site inde, or timber producing capsity, tho leop big the same as that nder the timber Overlay Site Index, below. For en-aged young growth timber 20-yew as classes and degre of stocking are indicated, the legend again being the same as discussd uder the respective headings in eonnoction with the tiaber Overla.

Although compiled at the same time as the Vegetation typ Mps, these Forest Resource lip will be withheld from publication waiting completion of the timber volww estimate, the next phase of the Sorest Purvey in Oslifornia. When published, the Map margins will contain in addition to textual material descriptive of the vaious classifications from an economic standpolnt, a timber estimate summary by species as applied to the acreages of these gasification fond within *eah cooty Sd national forest. 2.-3$S S 914 9 01mzMA? (a) Veta4 n9h 4 The Vegtation type Map forms the basis for a gruping of types to show the major forest resoures in color lege. (b) the timber overlays supply the additional data reqaired to show geneal stand condition, site inde values, ag cla*,, and degree of strong. SI K tin libkawe o 1." 0IROF? OVMSM$RgIfCO AemIDYEN

OW Lnnteos3tat *t the natty Of tXn "II"* tuti *lan 54 ate S tree (X 'ooladtteatao). YOUNG OROW?! stMasi or. smp -od mainly af 41ats 2. Mt 2 twoto. OU~inthtree."Otte Wm be prsaMtw tnIutttlotat in nba.s to tzstt4mAs>FdWsy0Xp"nhatr~boleio"ng #va if tinoy are pi" om reo4to spates

to applid to young growth otano t t es o preWmatiy Ne age-oUt.; that its vttht a rane of 20 years. In a S07nr age-eWo fow 4s1., the tree fybin ty so yro old ra wy 2i r from 20 to 40 years with an average of 30 years.

Deforested designates areas from which over 90% of the sound commercial timber trees have been removed but which are, by evidence on the ground, potential commercial land.

IL-Specific Definitions N.T.

N.T. - Non Timber-producing Land

This includes areas ranging from absolute non-forest land to areas within the zone of commercial and potential timber which are too roc4,r, too steep, or too sterile to produce a stand of commercial size, density, and Quality.

Timber, if present, may consist of any species, but is not, and is not likely to be of commercial value because of difficult logging conditions, low quality, poor form, and low volume. This classification does not include potentially loggable timber now inaccessible.

l.-Old Growth or Virgin Timber

Stand where the volume of old-growth trees alone (Dunnings classes

3, 4, and 5) justifies logging.

2.-Uneven-aged Young Growth (Selectively Logged Areas)

Residual uneven-aged stands from which most of the old-growth trees, at but so sLet a ths valnU Pin Or rinn4 by iew4ng. In the mftze*wotfr tp*s iOnut4iat either p1st sw rOGw,OapDeatbievUth nwttnl"*Ufst*tat oLswhcantata, tatr 64tcesr ofytionAttetoe-fiAsfeflsr$0 go trees. gn XtbyAales. it iFiBIy

11aleat4 nw he*bre fire has reace most #, the *!A tb treat so tbat the preecat it *s POnt atlny of vai4em young Caree. suah stat.,t ies It a.tty ios are mat of prosXmt emsrdtd value for Tas awb *1 bfs nt

UnlocgMd stems smler tobf.$3 where vt tld powth in he bee reint sot bV tt be .t *a a ret of usee ktfta. Area ot tOt kind

L _ONA U ws".

loseL swea whlab hews 'eem efrst aspt for oufl tree an which a"re s"Ooitta with ping groth eSsetially of e"ao2"re age sItes. lbs *tat m oatala a appniab* n)lw. of pern*tly uetontafl cul tnesl,

wbee. ebau as beesas Ate.

Uul am.r* wttoh ba nabe dtaforsteA by tin ant which ate ntsbw

is with ozgmunwthe ~aioly of oze 24qa~r etas

,t..*nwq~g -young {rewt (Inset ".**4)

Uxloast ares stur to go. 6 which ba* bee aeonstt as a romit of bert beetle spidaiao ad which aWe retockluag with yewAg groth essnatsalif

S.-Seto"nsUA(ftto(wr LouA)

1a"-tA over Ila*e which bate ben Weorested a&j whith are nt at pr*set, over lo% resoteto withsoa ewnnisltttdartmbrees. Ax,*ss pa wihwlr slese form a tiaber tils an taeltt he s d Iti tins. am" are of tujartac. is RiXSe, A spefla Mte to the effec skanlt be tnert.4 a4 the cnrlq.

#*.a£tr*tts (f rQuit)

Ua1.&et am", which have been LotrorneW.yW fire., and whichUoxsant at* prest oem 10% r"stookS. with togat eeria timbr tress

l0.eIot*fr("tttoW n4

UaKgg asstatl"_r to U. B which ban bee tresttwbe beetle kflling and tdoh are not at preset over 1% restooked tdth smt& .mrlaltiter b'ns (t) Ait*. Thoxt Site lex, oreheohtt by the nr.f n tree at $0 years, is dtfltet into SS-toot cUssesitd by the fuser tioating that heiht. It is au lndex of *sol prowettrity ramthr tha solely a At of the steal wich y actiAlly be an the ares. An auseptian is toad in emenia subapin tpes abraing Ah trees"asL4opole piAne West hIte pin., a M too I ao. asi averq site latex is appiS to the grap as a vhole. la ft*se, however, where rod or white fir appear a .lelsnt in this blts, a regular timer site inte is assigset to the area Adtor2

100

*3*4 'Ln In5 .4 190

.0~~ ~~~~~0 .1 17

AO class is subatv*ef thte 20wider tAt*ytI#,

3. *1a40

(AsMn llfd*thu-ma- $totuag ts*subtytXta 30 clans as bat 4;n the aoan totf* vlnitt of the wa13 ova space.

.3 f-40$ Van I%~of the available Oann sPA" iutilun is 0A514*W*s 63 (e) Application of Definitions these timber overlay data are napped on vellum sheat in the field. superimposed over the Type Map, and are applied, as are the type., to topographye General stand condition and site Index are applied to all lads capable of producing onercial timber. Me class and deoee of stocking are applied to all eva-aged young growth stands. Whole nvabors designate the appropriate stand omdition as shorn under that legend. Deocials indicate the appropriate site index. In oven- aged stands, age-class and degree of stocking are similarly shown n whole numbers and decimal respectively but as the denominator of a fraction., (f) !RA±! 1.4 represents an old growth stand of site index 150. 343 represents an uneven-aged young growth cutover stand of site index 125 8.7 representsa deforested cutover naos-restocking area of site index 225. 56. represents an even-aged young growth cutover area of site index 200, restocking with second growth sgod 0-20 years and which utilizes from 71-100% of the available crown spate. Areas rpresenting one combination of conditions are enclosed by a single solid black ink line on the overlay shots. ottast with heaOflotto.if all lumber so ilforest **l s estt"etnttve retsation, at Osate Sason* shoudM *bn tsw the eale"*ltoa of 1 t. a e preriag opanttn. Thi 4U shoulA be resyte tmL nular I aoh t. mil township plt s o*Uwi "as eOnter MA Lat a. (se Xe f*M.) The eUt"bweuarlss sh*ul betafer oghyt tet*4 timber nflqs efo n6igolnltet wA adjusted to teopr$Va wMl It te fWU*

Mit lime. shoul be vaset for orinatatiou of the ererloS, serving to aflew tbam to be mwertmpose overl, A wsd directly tikt the typ mq. Label41 orls in the upper rightbXat oonrv, using th following system:t

* ft I I I 3 f r -T. Overla which ester porti with double * * ' ' * *1 blue linests b r rn-rM3l rrrr Oio 33 * * * §* * * ""Overu which coveori With *sigl rrrr,.r bl-.-1 is * * * p. * OhcoD2

Seep tese timber vovrlas clipped to the typ ap ateproperly orinte so tha t ar alway ref for u-se. Do met des the fiel pie,. set them iA with the Ot* espy. W46S Ab)

amnesty that a iv "nos, ban fretuast sotluteo Ma tts0n n h with t fa snperhvtsor .(a) nnan thne. deteratatlna are the baist for the waplaug lof ares of

**4"1attan I %A-

(1) %k~~~~~~s ofA%b V "j<*MA anuot W moo of0 * It. We" of the tre Ia memto tr It."Jh to strs *XtauX4"Ow rss bdsoofuthe tr eW1t tae or "kas. itstaa fom th be Of the tree shMw be gnat thtO the reafag ou the arn of the shin win be oe tiMn 10. This ar of th aby ehol b sot la portto that bt euqL. oflatwo an a*#Srg to btawn the abel het&t. UW ?lawter of the tree is aOOWt breast height (a

Th .ro the troe Ls thn An I t bomre Isn a the masWtrot I tan at brat height. e age ""Jr"rft r a tre to atta" breact height to te4terano hy sitting soaloeg of breast kntght at the grnAi MA enautg their gowt flag. ota the vsatl* is*Oa of tkee* eeeAL ie une& t greatr the 4 te s d AX *to a great exten ox stt eotttL0as, estias en b wale after ""orat Ceternanttons 4aniwai the boontai of ftai work La tMe area. op _ Ont rX tnnb tin - 1ftU J

4t*er or*N* s %Laflntree inem, i~eis ottst not the esee. #5t the oW0r(o1en E tne" Ut s ntxftnt Wtotwefhta thi NW b "so haw onaiW4 t r *4 at" Isug os at it is potbte to obtai net estiatiag the us0be ot rta for the .t the prwvt j4W* Of VW ON d t rit OMA0SWVOO OdU U*0 rets oPw hr rt mts n .tF at strtes.a 'r ens,*aetao alt eatintet in psSttnlb.* Aal tbr's OWs. d)iU be labs i i X p on *iewvthit Sift tetanrinttn sabe*rOain Of t*, pesitoa IA stenA

A 4* the oter al~s te "MreLaott is fisti iaubetotnA,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . eater.tbaits"br *ofr*to wit"ieach lat arw Ittem %Anten,sash whas

areat * Otthe fresh corn, awtt*ag sain 41 m.aants Thnecrs.ae st, La baNs- V i retarut to htotAflenr with tA other Lit.. If the con mat# be brokin into two pleaw to fit in the hee,4 amber botherpat sotht tiny my be P-lant tojw~flhet"winem futhero ttlo" tura tban

V awms ow (ew esstLaosnlope 1o*000) ~~~~~~~~~- ;/XX$7

StwstIMing ok in a seW lealtty. fli tes0 o 4teelp Jutr-At Is serretattesof site later witht sel Mow~q,4,* tbrifwes of tins, at ether oAtitles *e so gmat. Later, as et" tevel*p few a, srtat saybweif eqat "ttsdatiss a" token" 4 et c k 4. NW wots, the dsteninttOA sbma1t a:t be farther thanS to 4i XJ ¢** 04M * w, us or XOVA4 miles apart it seele ecaseta tibe lo ntres (3) loestin o rwprsntattt rees fwt Xeoept tar wafrostot aroma whore ioxsett tress Sat fre~q'aatly be Used for site 1a&#r le. snatese t as anr"e A of Ito al s*s (nt the tallest of tin greP). *nt cor is seessary to sAtI tres which ban 'ben stppressed i thirearOlir yasre, oai also 4 wAA ths st-ialA growth &u 4 prorstW t4 sewa sUl gully or *sre-. wtppn*sst is often apparent by ebwrLag shor* ttrnoes at the bass of the crow, or,, If these lower ~broaches okre absont, the t~asrest enr itself sw tzt4nwtesprse grnth. f is a wre ti ese e. Avoi selection of trees injured z Natural or aSO--- teal agencies as mt tasri . ZR seaho ot soas it iis bst to selet a seeffreth ar tree (crw class 1). la rasttnftlleg4 orOi rgi steM selet prfeba3 thifty wtare or, if seasti anfilablo on evasture (arwn class 3 or 6 respsoctive) tr. ITx 4forostod area" vxuel eay ieflatt tro a" atA they ena at~t of UWtrior wina as noprasrnutaflns. 06n ezpertnee as. judgmt arn A#eos y7 in a&$stset Of tS aflottel site iSdn tO area, (9A.

to tt that it it soil protivity we are tryitxg to masre. Tre* oeiuts

en the are the closest indicators of tW faster, bat pnsetiw

b 'beers entirely remo

It is referable to select peteresa pin in the pie or pisa.

fir belts, DwPgla# fir where that epoces prsdomtntes, ox& eUithr rot or white

fir whbo they, respeotiwly, prtodmiAto. IA the "se of *22 types ytre red

or white fir dam iS, thtg shoul,& be abosen rnprflsetti tree.

se* Thaaiiv sit* ix4ez curve (5*M S, DI, W

Dominate) piAe ast pine.-fir belts,* the Duas fir ourve where Ponglas fir

prwdominatoe, whit* fir cues where that species pr st red fir rvest sthre it predmiratos.

(4)Inratioas tort out form

ttt**~I X t I ItCou ssscad Islps A2;0. I SeInIkatz AV s4.st tit $Onet .Sposto Sa fle5.:pr-enn aot. X

T i:175- 464(U)ft4 : 8Bt I a It s$, v ta s t S P :o q Ut 4 a * 5 I t f IS t 00,U t t : ILO S: * D *3004 asf4(7):35.9 t s9: .S a tfl 4CL t 30I I SW I: sDOf It t~~~~~ 1 1 t tPX tI*t loa I- * : I S I S I I I t t S I UI S V t MOl (400) S0.OZS: 5 : Ap):StV, .40 : 46 $ I esWyaflt T $ * a * : a s~~~I ooaIrP. I I :Lea *w U sS60 s 3 W :~175~ a2674~ ~+ ~ ~ Al :SOWAtrv 1, 30:1Tom 1- SbfWAWpnt|I# p4ie a am*or " list all *4 t*W for sit. I""*t4W. "et* bt~ *t. W" n*U as fmf" t.* ampflat. set of aito InAez Owin. It It is a stmtroau a (it VWa yeout, flits nit sAw matte Wt still t nott the ite Lad" awn), latoaty a pin (0) Xttbe 1th * Ubwt, it it l a week nae, tint, bW a ULM$ (W) atter tibov&U wimth *1. la tustt on. ember lbs* a*OtAn owzt of wisp on tin core aqnante fOm tbo ass bo breat higI*I sat Ue ustlattow of ths =abe of wisp for theswiaaa of eowb ratoli as,4en'0, aSr 26 ta sit tame 4tkentzaattea numbrt 1,0 2, sad 4 rqpefaltwl tian sboe the a" Mdttieni to this by plus *\6)o (7), (4,). jat (too) nat *ue UAenu Is a, 3, wA 4 xwspntiwig. DI~stsr .baUbe nords4 t the penawot tenth of wa totb. SASM ab be tett.4d~ to this anutoot. -ta . Oreva OIass, to Dnus'stasifloU abftiousa Wn Ub

Mtb*yp. ubouU be shun by flStig tis Spntn$ which ante so

la Usttsg6 asna op"in pwriueec obmat be give bo trees eat oary ten* spatsit dAiattoa to A #Av hc a obnsdw

foaMelnt~a f Unieswhere Sib. x~ Etatesnttal banun the e*spe pwnz~tWitu a alay- until pnaetiee0 vsmauaslaego in setintln,:"lbS tnfrqmtiy. AQomie ebnUW1*nannl wit at Om ot tn eight saoPpette ,*13,t, 83, s , s itW1. List st~ipiftntt obansteristios ofl the soil asto trtr as ito60s Una"zie #aara*ter*n tbe plots. sist twist reuact sa important obaraeteristios of the sUbt aot brnsht out elsewhre. if the Stu ine sterninton Is taken with a sample plot, list pet# uabwr here as with Manubs2 at 3 (a) * net osesioc0l may beteterrnias ia Anasties with the site la"n 4.eia .In border 'it" oaes, howeeri, at~utasent most te ate "t to th fat that the "aw* a n be a fW nsl t ste atst &a whle. An eueptin to the above is the ass of StaM tdoh priat wtoutig oastsutOdof matUre MAS Oovr-mmtur trees with a Ver asht suppreeset undsrsto of reprobtation eissetially evon-agot. Sesause of this supprssilon, the age of the 'teat left lyV the clnr-outting is ash greater than aL orasil grownstasd of the sa heiht. Ur eaple, *& stat wavering eight teot iu heiht at whic tornly swolt be yeclass . - tO yers") say tbe ur to be alast 'Zr. (41-40 gnnz). Sines our y*C4t tables are beset en rtornfly s'on stts thelaseifloation so age class 3. Is of ra practical flke. its ela seiflatisa es ageeclass I. will penit the pretiotion of futvure yVisi fre th fllt tabls. In *oae of suppressed stats of this kint, therforet (1) Devtermlin the site idex for the i w tt 7I (2) Determine the average height of this stand by measuring an average dominant. (3) Using height and site index, assign the stand to the age class indicated by the appropriate site index curve. (e) Degree of Stocking Judgment in allotting degree of stocking can be gained by a new mapper only by thorough sampling. After good judgment has been developed, frequent checks, especially in border-line cases, should be made. These checks should be at least three sample plots in length, treating the canopy exposed to the sky. Incidentally, this method of sampling is a good check of type mapping and should be used where questions arise in the case of mosaic types. Small openings, a few acres in size, occur throughout most second growth stands. These should be considered in assigning the degree of stocking to the area. In other words, if the density of the second-growth timber where it occurs falls just within the .1 or (71-1*0%) class, and several of these openings appear, the stocking assigned the area should be the 2 or (41-70%) class. Degree of stocking should be listed considering only those trees indicated by the age class. In a LU the .2 stocking classification applies 4*2 other Ve'rj yound only to the 4. age-class and does not include tbeAel growth timer. In types other than timber types which are restocking, show on the timber overlay symbols for the commercial species which are stocking the area. (f) Size of Areas to be licked Within any area of a given stand condition, site index, age class, or degree of stocking, do not delineate small areas which differ slightly from the major classification. It is expected that these are present, and an 72 attemt to map them Will result in a confusion of useless detail. Ar"s of major deviation, hovered, as a 5.4 in . general 2.4 area should be mapped if 10 acres or more in site* (g) Sgtion fora From every mapping station complete the timber overlay for the sane aresa-s has been mapped on M #1 Draw in stand condition, agee-class, and degree of stocking boundaries first. Contiguous areas of the same classification my be joined when the area is comletod. Note the site index as determined by actual measurements at every mapping point, if a representative tree can be found there, and also those indices previously taken through the area just mapped. Then sketch in sit. index boundaries wherever a change is evident. In this mapping, remember that site index quality usually does not change in any locality without reason. Usually it is obvious that a change in site index is directly correlated with a distinct change in soil character, elevation, slope, exposure, or the like, which are in turn frequently also accompanied by a change in type or subtype. For this reason It is common to find site index boundaries coinciding With type or subtype boundaries. Meadoo Will all be considered N.T. areas unless they are definitely allotted a site index on the timber overlay. (h) Site Index Determinations in Southern California In southern California certain areas of comrcial timber stands appea. Their recreational value far surpasses value as timber land and therefore no timber overlays are mate in onnectionwith the mapping. Site index AQ&acatb' CIU be requited to show the rft MA law ast tts itSOR nius tor sa 1nU .

II-!I!IewNmm t,* theo ,awtouesi la lt0is t twnin" cloth tp tmis iAres"OnAit To I i swA tSAIest1-m of fltm eAttasaplsi. ind", and "sree of stckn -rnid i blat. TIbU offc *Wr shaUl nstbeuas"diatlwflsld. lttwhultbokeptvp totat.atl with otbor fiwt affl. work. 741

Ve SAMPLE PLOTS 1. PURPOSE Since the basis of type mapping is the vegetation exposed to the sky, understory vegetation cannot often be shown except in grassland and mosaic types. Also there is considerable detail in the composition of the exposed vegetation which cannot be shown on any os4+i- map4. The sample plots are designed to show these omissions and complete the entire picture of vegetation on the ground. The plots serve as a check on the mapper's field judgment and assist him in an understanding of types. They are used immediately in the field for this purpose.

The sample plots are designed primarily, therefore, to give accurately the

important characteristics that have a bearing on fire hazard, Fun-off and erosion, timber and/or fuel values, and grazing value for each major subtype. The plots will be used for statistical analysis in these connections. 2. COLLECTION A3ID USE OF EXISTING IINFOP1UTION (a) Geological Maps Overlays showing major geological formations are available at Berkeley

headquarters for a number of U. S. G. S. quadrangle units. These 75

should be used both in the office and in the field as a check on geological data for the plots. (b) Fire Maps Fire maps available and data from fire maps should be used in the office to record and check the year of last burn on the plot sheets. 3. FIELD PROCEDURE (a) Number of Plots to be Taken The man assigned to the task should take as many carefully chosen sample plots each dayas time permits. When both parties map, each should take plat. $izt to ntrPI*tsperWis (w *jttatU", fan) it an pnperl obessa, Sbad " leUk the Aint result baln. It ts poss~bl to s*rese this portion of tejbo tO *mmasdtet statm. too eah wappisi ti La nitiag for psts to b taut. (') km. JUhebii ,tmkiMnoJa&gIS- S AUl bat Barren types, (AIltvabe typesS, flatattaa typos, "AO vrs#hlaM typs* uner 1ID acres In els, wn to be tampled. Plate sbaU beU Aistributet so that they ms-etneahmjrsbtyje eeuee h larger tbe sa the greter its yical vriatlk tin noe piots are requtret. AUl atar varlatteas,, inovent, should sot be soml.4 it ts a Pud represeatatin Of asrr typissi variatuas whIsk ts Gestrel. awl* Plots Xebult i "lte so they an witi tin extertor btendawls Of a W0fledafia natursi assocltlaa Ma not with tin preoaeetvet i"e that certain species *inisU in tin spleo ara. bs latter e"ts the purpose of rwaom s iata. The uses"" th plots " Ues oly in detewaiania domate to be tssigate4 ot the aW. There se*d be no omen it the dominate sh*WA bW th randAm plOt Ae not in fUll W with thes *bvUsly iU&catet for tte aoiation "* a whole. La sink cases the mApper'

(0)rp~fweX1

fl I t t in ali types bat CrOasIsl atA re**ts eatly clan bade. Ve aeto esabed useoutinly, starting a, fetz each qnfragol tin ab~t eb~vAceou species an to be listed in Order of relative Listt these species in the *muier "IWa opposite ia posiio to werek the t 17 symbol it or Ann Ms been placed. (Se example). IA gently rolling or flat country, the center line of the samle plot follows a carinl direction (N. S. or 3. W.) measured by the compass, And is recorded in the left margin of the sample plot form n shown in the exwaple plots. In steep country, the center line of the sample plot is at right angle to the contour an the fact io shown in the left margin of the sample plot form. Care ahead be exercised to seleet ta antil of the local t$p. (Not a two types.) Ma spOtes With whioh the reewar La tnauqnMtatt shalA be *ivea hUs field spoetsa wamber for temperat 1MIA Osterntationl, efle*tite at $set to Bwts*r for tetioatioa. Section of tpie" areas for '-paw is often tirnlot. O *goot Mtbad is to >orve,ile sping an area, tpial portion* of the variations of type$ which are the east easil asoessible. fn en apt* itiett thes position bpenilw rosess, and tabavplots then lter. Ione na is sapping at the other takif plts at ether a*, .onidoterble plnning9 is neessary to develp, .fftwoieaqi tin spent so that thar. will not be too mch waitig. It is Smfore to *oXnsdr prozisty to sapping points wan acxoessibiltty in this seleotion of positions for plots. (4.) erbac plot are to be taken, using fom am ft aloe. onl in grsslwA type (assland, large ass,* pennial hetb 4a sarhlan subtype.) They are to b = r* oasseatively in the Sue series with all other plots. The larg. areas of grssa types caringg Is the footifls aSt vafleyswill not b sample4 by the field Trips fo the ofpt, win be mad in the spring *eaxon for thes *, #*** purpose of sampling the* area. nh field usper sbauait, however, sample the arger siset grassland types flOb ae isolted Lx p&"ition. beor. making tb. trip from the office to obtain sample plots In the lage grassa s, mk the fo Ang prepanti on a *sries of v.1w overlays for ch -Ato be* locat* the ample plot* already obtad. Th*4 with smwther c*yaW, loca the points at which additional plots should be taken in order to get the desired distribution. Then in the field, nedessary changes in these predetermined locations may be made to save time by sampling at more accessible points. Proper distribution, however, should always be obtained. It LU testnaus as wiah otkM vv.' to ia*t aa em~ttstrtttttda at plots 2k to 6 ilou "arat weierl, ""oPt in Patt- tt"etv'caltl 40 aot two PlotSi.A& t ypIo which aft lass tAn 1* &Mwn aUAMnW *m~vja-Uvor 480 sons *a 30 stat. qwvaar & ohol4Xb bret4$ a* with OUVV Puts* t.)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1e).oottn of tpIAIdtw for ornasI*tlotsoit psssibl. two grwat 4lotaww I to1 nnlly ewss*ax to be $a tar aM. vt tuXI n' q*2 1

flooLvs toSudn* "tam s ~o La&a vWwsw ba 1iosa a

~4l izkr kitb ~i 4 entsti tta y beis,tvr

~;oxnottoa of a g tr saber of plota thm Is usal With other tr (I - 2 skin apart) Is "Sirbie in tme ara, La ortr to bvan a roow of all Isrbawus vojtattoa prbeat thy wn to $sM the InrPo.S ot r6soouwtAszaso *at 4ata for inoonsioaal sttir.o U eboulA be o nrttiely at la *. *s sorie witt

It as sxe be dwarb* to 4Ant aSSe pots with a, r*(.. taU" vriteu% for each a4or tan, 4simuiasc ebsratian iuraK4 m. ties to the , oiats avere ty th* plot*. (I:)4XWbt a 4; fl4 Oat P1t q (1) Data to be rcord" en all sogle plot tons. flot amber sboult always be fllledeat in the fieUl to correspond to wuber used i slwwisa location of plot on

QPAdran*gle name sheu-ad always be entered in *1*14. Zlsvatioa should 'be recorded to the nearest figure allowed by the topophic in#* Iooortng the elevatiolh *sald b ton as office work. Location, of plot with respect both to public lanb actionn,*township and rane),, aA Vograpby (mntai, streea, town, *tc.) shoud be tilled in, preferably while doing office work. Georaphic reference should be mode onl to pointe whose n-f appea on the topovaphtt ma. Xans of person taking plot shoild be recorded in field. Date plot was taken should also be recorded in the field. Te should be recorded in the field by the symbols whiah define the mopped subtyp a should agee en though speit** on the plot ma inicats that the plot is not exacly repres- satative of the subtype as a whole. For e*xaple, after takng a plot, it is discovered that there is 50% At, 30% At, 15% Cc on the samld area. The symbols of the a for the entire association a it has ee mpped en NW #1 appea as Aif, A,, Cc. In deuipating 'typ' on the back of the plot sh*et all the symbols Af, Ar, %an Cc, Otld be entered in sPit. of the fact that Go oacupiet only 15% of the squares oh th front. The purpose of this procedure is to afford an a*y m of segr*gating all the At, Av, 0o plots from the entire lot for the * ThaaTAob#tthe thedplts wtf am the w,Arlofa ttthat' pertinlar abtype. Sx"pe*e " i, NW, W, *t. (S poit of the *) be mnhunt with tkopas sat nrtA in te flX4A. Slosbould to eattaWt4axst § pront and wnne ix tk. tlt. tetiratisa slA4 be eheska wth the tmus =atfl theoabilit7 to Ju.t" is d*nlop.6. fr*qunt obtheaox4 at *bmaA be appliedldt r. U Tnt of l.t bur shonU peferabl be lit.I in ucld. if us toZ Sd d * * "btwee 10 VA 193, *Ad try t fit Mt later when the lost finOen the arex ceowred. Site Zada, if a stftenintiea was ot tak with the $,t, shnat be e9tnte& at "wre d ia th field. flstnblity ould be ittoateLin the2 4 by checking o**e theV followitt buy:m littler-w resistaua mDi- progress son-wbat retarded Diffisimt - pr**e decidsol retarded ltspoaItral * progree praotioally i"sssible Dqth o2f soi sh"od be iloatod in 21. The nctufltet in feet of the soil is determinable only in the tiotaity of reod #at trail outs, dep erosion gaflies, lsudlides, etc. In the CIautocatien her, however, it tsnot intend,$ that the satuf feetap listed be riil isterpeted. Ye shllow ad very diep soi, are usually obvious,. but the borderlieeasefs betwoon both of these " the "media" classification is often Aiffislt. i a prnu*s of continue observation of definitel ko oases (rot cats, eosion llies, lanudlt, *t.) consistout estimate u be developed. Wten thee is doubt, cheek the teuigate mee apliable, at circle the "*c nrk*. harcter of soi sould be iadieated ia th field by all tern aetessavr. Term should b checked, bowe"r, onl when

Oarteristies ar wy obious. QriA of nil skouU be recorded in the field at e with the gologica overlap later while oftin work it being Gen. der igneous rocks difrentiate between Yoleenis and Plutoai". Under the Yoleasuis cbiok "basalt' if the roc is basis (dark bran to black in color), and "fel#vto (rhyolite should be the ter used as the typical, but folsit* is a type of rolite) if the rook is aetdlo, It the rock has a porous structure check "t4fw in action. Uer the Plutmics likewise differentiate between the acidic and b*sA grops, checking 'gabbrc" for the basic # antpaite" for the acidic,# gapin using color tor determination. (Gabbro is th. only basic plutmic rock -e all the rest are saidic.) Then if a porphyritic texture is present, also indicate that fact. If the rock is dark and glassy, chek *obsidian. Under the sedimentary- rook, differentiate between alluvin, saJndtone9 soglmerate, shale, and limestone. If any sandstones, shales, or congluerates are oalcareois (ceated wth or contain lime), indicate thb fast in the blank spacs under s*edimetar*. In alluviums, if possible, indicate the parent rook from which the material was transported. Under the metamorphic rooks, differentiate between slate, schist, paiss8 serpentine, ad quartsite. Additional ground cover sp*eies which do not appear in suiry* but which fall within the boundaries of the plot should be show by species symbol, and abundant" should be indicated as follows

x- occasional xx - frequent xm - abundant liAe w , noot XW tortat ohaxnotoriaticas of te sW"tpe ot browtt Mtt b th aple put t. wa nfl 6a44an.n are" 4, to enan4 Mal of Atfl #mn4f spatte& the ~bt tho subtyj, ift 4*o flit litre otbr ad44ttoanl speetes ohaxt4Uratrit of tba aixbtrpe, bat whioli do not fsfl(wttht

t of the I plot p areu. (a) fliun oat tree, swtb it gntzai oater plot tows (Form Cm14 i). ?he notaae necostn& I) squarim orroptsrXs to an awn *A the a3 ob4lnS 1; and * bata viM. la ohs rresAtS a% siUero (a 8.8 foot sq-uarn). This recorder w-ten e~mlf la tin lttal sqvuar of lbs widdl tier an pla a point to dateA-mIrn the dtnottoas of the strip., Uuxt$ be records, by *y*OI, the 9cio5 t~t tom=U the square in w~hbe is stand$34. It tin sperate* is b itt mtnbol is enasoldsr in pax%, eatbsis. 4 to te right 10 tntt* be roeods the species the '~Ajaact square. Tban, looking 14 toot to tin rt&Ubtuwaer of tIe plot be rnoonls the species omntiog tin outer suare. ThiAs he nopeats on the left. Then stewntg aoA6.6 tnot he repeats the prone., atA so an wixtl the 100 squars eanering, the 1131) acre area r all reoorde4. tz86 Where a conitous s*edling is present in mW sqne,, but not £oainaat this information ti recorded usig the proper symbol in tin ipp half of the correspoding square on the plot form, in sWite to the dominant species present. (Sa, examle piot.) When any seedling or 4roiq of seedlings of one spoetis* dots- tastes --sqxmre, enter the symbol for that species In the sqa re. Where less then 5O percent of an square is brush or a corned, the character'of the gwaM surface is indicated as follows:

a- Barren ara& Aack outcrop prohibiting egtation Lit Litter. Measure depth. Indicate species from which eriv"e, I.e. C Lit. If litter is comosite, label squar Lit, at aAtion the roup of species trot which it Is derived. (t eTr5* trunk

_ Aaa herbs Leave no square blank. One #,. per plat. but only one, ani no other hieroglyphics,dma be used to represent a symbol. In all cass, record above the sury table just what symbol th represents. As soon as a species dominates a squar, eater it in th eumaLry ola. Also record n, the swnry wbile taking tbI plot: Aerag heigts, to the nearest baif toot, for each specie,. Consider ber* only the individuals si* g th* grater percentage; not ts extremes. Do M list rang. in heights. (In the springtime list annual herbs sad grasses to tin nearet" 112 foot.) 87 Average litter depth (litter plus duff plus humus) to mineral soil for each species. In the summary column this plies to the litter laid down by that particular species. List depth to a lower limit of 1/8". If under 1/8" enter x to indicate that there is only a trace. If there is no litter, show a ZERO in the summary column. If there is a composite litter under the bush, list the several species composing the litter, and average litter depth for the entire plot under remarks. For example, consider Of In a YE, Of type. The Cf will add but a negligible amount of litter to that on the ground. In this case, 0 is shown in the column for litter depth after Cf and a note is added under remrkss-see example plot. In all types tere trees over 4u D.B.H. occur they are tallied by means of a cruisers' square by species and D.B.H. classes. For this tally, however, the strip is one chain wide, the middle line > of which coincides with that of the rest of the sample plot. This gives an area of .2 acres. The total height (from base to tip) of the average dominant ttees of each species is recorded in the height height column. The/figure here is estimated, but frequent checks by actual measurement with the abney hand level and paying we made. (3) Filling out herbaceous plot form. These plots are approximately 5 chains in length and half a chain In width. Listed on the plot shoet are several genera and species of grasses and herbs. Also several blank spaces are present in which the se or symbols of other species are entered. The recorder estimates some point approximately 5 chains ahead for size and direction of the plot. He then walks through the plot listing every species present. By a single oblique stroke of the 7a88 pencil fom upper right to lowerleft corner- of the Sqtaze in proper oolwzu, the recorder indicates whether the plants oconr in the shade, in the open, or both. ithe a plant ist the recorder crostes this oblige line by another from upper l-ft to 1lwer right corners of the square again in the proper colun. Do sure a species to abundant before listing it " such; there are seldom more then 4 or b abundant species per plot. Then, if then 1i an oWious sequence in the order of abuminq, this is sbown by entering numer,, 1, 2* 3, etc., over the cros. If thore is no easily obvious order of abuadanu, no umbers are entered In the above plot shoet then, the principal sped.. in order of relative abludance in the shade are Browz tectorwua, S. rigidus, and MedLcer hispida. Those i the open sr Zroxms rigidus, 3. tectorum, and Arena barbata. (4) killingg ot fom for plots in recent burns. txactly tn. sme procafure is used in filling out the fom tr acent buns as is used with berbaceous plo Ov. The column d'*elled Ushade ad #open0", however, are ed to $sprouts an WasedliuoeW, and speies are shown separtely under thee. headings ,jut as before. Palatim order of abundance of the ei, when obvious, is also shown as before, except that sprouts ezd seedlings ar not separated in this consideration. (g) 9MetQti1 Wr At least once each week, when the other field office work is Wing done, all office work on the plot sheets shoul& be brought up to date. This includes 1. Totalling percent in swiwaries of forms OM 1. Z. Totalling trees in tree tally, 3. Inig of numbers to show relative dominate in both herbaceous and burned plots. 4. entering locations, and elevations in headings of all plots. 5. Checking (Parent rook) designation, with geological overlay, and year of last bur with data on burns. 6. A general check of each plot to be Isi that g # asabeen itt. Do not leave a points in doubt. If you are unable to determine say factor, enter a question mark in the proper position to indicate what you think, even though you are not sure. If there is no litter for a certain species, eater a tzrr in proper place to impress the fact that the point has not been overlooked. Do not leave it blank. 7. Change all specimen numbers used for recently determined unknowxsto the appropriate symbol for that species. WS9O

Th Is ianWeaflg~ auabe to tsb %eat Wyp Mo Pr*oj4t act war Uerase its tanae InaeeI bat, also 'of t* cc tinof voluab ata which applies Atrocity to the spehisas twInos. ?bo borbai aftfr"s an opportunity, for the stWtu of frm Verlotas parts of the staew, each of which Sstouiol 0W' bmivs neiL ates its bitt i n anatio of sq of the VOOW* CbUtA V LagsoctaWO with it. As it istmnma in #si* it is of emg ttona"a4 Vm* SO o4Y to the Twoet itself bat als to *tba idin the* sWo of the neptatieu of Oalforaia. this nILt retai in au iacraOed PAfli interest la the Veiptatioa type Mep i"Otse Amgtte dieot postses of the bart newm

of spees" o each e andl* to coatim the tfe idetlflntln

M" br UXXWVPO_ t"st a. TO s"ti* the mappor to beets better aoqnaiatt with Oalionia plants, tMoir eocljog, man their distribation so that he ny carryo ib *srt am.e off it atiteflir. a. To alert intention -s IIthUemia g of *#Ath species, to 4t iafzniozatto thaextat iocflitt *bhen it w asolitett *at the pints ftoaL ase"caw with it. 4i tria"tto OfrOcSlfni tpiet sgeci. dXrlM~ of Oavoi 00 ER 91 In the long run this may constitute one of the most important scientific contributions of the Project. 5. To afford information regarding possible economic uses such as the value as forage for grazing animals, possible uses for erosion control, etc. 6. To add to our knowledge of Common names of California plants. 2.-COOLLCTION AXD USE OF .kEE3LIVIINARY I OMAION Before starting into the fields, the party leader shall contact the administrator of the type map herbarium. There he shall obtain the iztrmation possible regarding species on the area he is to map. (a) Study of Specimens of Common Species to be Encountered. Often many of the species likely to be encountered may be new to a particular mapper. A study of herbarium specimens of species common to the area may save considerable time in the field due to the fact that many may be identified on sight without having to run down in the botanical key. (b) Notes and Observations on Unusual Species Likely to be Encountered. Information regarding local or restricted distribution knowledge of incomplete data on range, unconfirmed reports on occurrences, and other interesting points may be available through this source. These points should be discussed at this time, and all detail in question noted. Then, when in the field, thorough observations should be made so that no detail is overlooked. All data should be confirmed by actual specimen collection. Be sure that all records in this connection are completed on the ground so that no errors are likely to occur. =ftq9z 3.0- URZWI (a) $peoi*s to bo Cofleeted I. Spe-imens required.r It shall be the importat duty of each %i*UA to collect specimens of all species whose name are recorded on the tye mp itself, on the inividual tree sp,, and on the saple plot seets. [a action it is iprtant that specimens shall be collected from any plants when fount near the limits of their range and especially when font beyond their reoordsd range. It is wmt necessary that perennial grasses be collected whenever practicable sine it is beliend that they wa prove t bait "asiderable value as indicators of site conditions. It is pis iaortant that au poisonous plats be collected. Collections should be =Ae of aqpnies which is ka to be of very loca or restricUd istribution. 2. 4Speimens Desired It will be greatly appreciated it as extensive collection are made as it feasible of native plants other than tho*e mntionae above, but such collections should not be made at the expense of offioisnq In otber phases of the work nor to the extent that the botanical work my become unduly buraeasome to the fi*14 staff. Tlb more purely scientific value of the herbarium will be greatly ehanaced by the collection of as any pints re"as possible. TIe Vegetation type Map Project baa an excptional opportunity to contribute to the knowUoe of the Qalifonia flora, this should not be neglected. 93 3. Special Collections (Seedlings, Plants in Winter Conditiono Sprouts) It is necessary that much of the field work be done during the winter or at times when man species are not in flower or fruit. Since identification of seedlings or of specimens lacking flowers, fruits or leaves is often difficult and in many Oaseoar only be made after comparison with named specimens, it is planned to build up a small subsidiary collection of seedlings# plants in their winter condition, and stump sprouts. Therefore it is desirable that such material be collected whenever it i8 probable that v later visit can be made to the same locality mad complete specimens be obtained from the same species snd if possible from the sam individual, Such collections in order to properly identify species important in successional changes on such areas are especially important from newly burned-over area. (b) Collection and Preparation of Specimens The actual work of collection and preparation of the specimens is usually done by the assistant or divided between both members of the party but final responsibility fbr the quantity and quality of the plant collections rests upon the par* leader. It is also his duty to instruct his assistant in the proper technique of this phase of the work, A reoord will be kept at the herbarium of the number and the qulity of specimens submitted by each party. This record wi11 be made a part of the work report of ea*h field crew, so that the quantity and quality of botanical material collected will be one of the factors upon which the relative efficiency of each party will be judged. While in general specimens must be gathered where found, it is often possible to secure specimens of several species in one locality. If the collector avails himself of such opportunities much time and labor may be saved. Here if is not necessary to open up and close th press for every specimen. The compilation of the data required on the field labil is also much simplified. It is desirable to gather specimens from sample plots when practicable. This increases the amount of information available as to the ecology of the plant for there is then available not only the required information contained in the field notes themselves, but also the additional data compiled on the sample plot form. When this is done the number of the plot should be recorded under the heading "remarks" in the field notes. Specimens should always be collected in duplicate. This is a minimum which should not be applied to annuals or grasses where several

or even many plants are often needed to form a satisfactory specimen. With the exception of common and widely distributed species where the specimen will obviously have value only a record., it is advisable, even in the case of shrubs and trees to collect in triplicate. The specimen~should not be scrappy. They should be of a size to approximately fill a herbarium sheet, but their length should not exceed approximately 15 inches. In cases, especially of annuals or grasses, where a specimen exceeds this length, it may be bent in a V, X, or M shape to bring the total length within the limits of the herbarium sheet. R8t 95 It i5 wall, however, to include oue or two swafl scraps with each specimnwt to be used for study. If possible complete specimens (fuplicate ad triplicate) should b tfrom a single plant. Wbn this is UVposible,, as in the eae of s, the spnina should at lent 'be selecte, with son eae to insure that all irAdvidnas are of the same piecess and fro the imsiaze i..a4itf. All species should include as wa as possible of the esetial caracters of the plAnt ti their typical form, The ideal speim *should theentioafl include every part of the plant, together with both flonve a frit. It is retai , however that it i.s ften or perhaps usually Impossible to snare such perfect specimens, yet sow effort is warranted to approach the ideal as nearly as possible. It costs as mc" to prepare, state properly, an moutt a poor specimm as it do.* a good owe yet the tinl value is likely to be very inh loes. Considering that the cost of a mted specmn with its attendant records is more than $0 cents, it is obvious that a reasoable amunt of car and effort in its selection and preparation is ,jstified* If variations in sin and shape of lanes occur, specimen. saulad show such variations. ln the case of some plants, tin root or at least part of it is macessary for identification. A satisfactory seycimn should always include a part of the #tx with leaves asA either flowers or ftruts. %.ts or underground parts should be included with all spet_irue of herbaeon plants and all tt p ts except thse of a tfw shrWb or arboreseet species such as Zerophytla4 Yucca spp.,e*t. Lenss separated fri tin stem ca nner constitus a satifacter speimen t individuAl leans sbmitted along with a sp*ecmn ma have great value to sow variation in lea shape and *si. W*t 96 When the specimen has been gathered it should be placed in the specimen sheet as soon as possible; always before wilting has omuenced. At this time the specimen should be trimmed to conform with the sine of the sheet and arranged on the sheet. Often projecting parts can be moved to decrease the thickness of the specimens, and to insure more rapid drying. Projecting parts should be trimmed at this time as it is very difficult to cut away spines or projecting brazchlets after such parts bate become hardened by drying. Care should be taken to avoid placing too much material in a single specimen sheet. Specimens should as a rule never overlap each other. Where too zch material is placed in a single specimn sheet drying is likely to be rewarded or take place unevenq so that the plants a be attacked by molds or become wrinkled. After epecisus are once arranged ia a specimen sheet they should not be disztubed until drying is completed. The specimen sheet and included specimens should be ba.dled as a unit when czazging the driers. After the specimen has been collected it is well to change the driers daily for the first three or four days and then every alternate day until the plant is thoroughly dried. frequent changing of the driers does not result in burdensome additional labor, since the total nmber of change necessary is usually not mach greater if made daily than if made at longer intervals. Much better specimens result if changes ae made frequently. After specimens have been pressed 4 or 5 days with daily changing of driers many of them will not require a drier between every two sheets. Much time a labor can be saved if such partially dried specimens are combined. A convenient wsa to acoomplish this is to Umber each sheet with the collection nmber on the lower right hand corner on the Oatgik 97 It is then a simple matter to combine the duplicate with the original (labelled specimen) by placing the duplicate shot with specimen inside the specimen sheet of the original. Subsequently the original and its duplicates are handed " a single unit.

As a rule the field arm msIt complete the preparation of the specimens. The herbrium cannot assume the task of supplying deficiencies in field notes notthat of drying specimens shipped in a fresh or partially dried condition EMergencies ma ocotr which may ske it necessary or highly desirable to send to berkeley specimes which are not thoroughly dry. This should be done only when the emergency has been explained and permission to ship such material obtained. Partially dried specimens should not be tightly pressed together for shipment and every care should be taken that such material will not reain packed for a longer period than two or three days. This also implies that shipmt must be so timed that it will not arrive In Berkeley on Saturday, Sunday, or a holiday. If these instructions are not strietlt adhered to there will be grave danger that the specimen will be so badly damaged by mold and decay as to be useless as herbarium specimens and thus the expense and effort involved in their collection idll be lost. Some plants dry very slowly and others shed their leaves during drying. Exmples of the former are spies of Sedum sad Cotyledon and, of course, the cacti. Examples of the latter are hemlock and soil of the firs. If such plants are immersed in boling water for about ton minutes subsequent drying will proceed more rapidly in the case of such plants as Sedum thile most or all of the leaves should be retained by specimens of hemlock or fir. If any of the cacti are collected they should be sent to the herbarium in the fresh condition with complete field notes. Fleshy stms or bulbs may be split or sliced open to facilitate drying. fln9g (a.) lnutnate for falnla:e dOnti -w$"Yaw*,s 9 tno vpnpr r~ fl folo wtn* form, an *nasttfl P4 at the prepanttn of* epA. la thui 4taosa n n. Aas Of tbe tor wtu be -nWUeXt $a XuM. 3. = ~~Thi sbaiU* iat be applied la the fW*14 It toter. to theo h s"UA a h brtsis ttvnttttXoa XiXa.2. uaa kew*@ the #dUMntifl* AM* t4ed for LieU

a.gu Ma~ fhis flozU not be fifed JA nice. the cofleoter A5*atri a u*-ed manY. It is t to sear. toni * sonawas used bw ettl~sre et-O-OWNa, et.,, wkwaitr ponib].. It La iatonoad unthat a samappwartag As Jepsos's Mzmal or teno La offleist us* bV the Zorest Sentee be iO4 at buP *l0muA*i

~~~4 * sinI4 no fl l r§ applied the ouroe be Sins& ider ~oks e..* "iagss u on** Vo *X**mo% It by s" bebdn", etc. 4. a This iS no*eopt tht tbe bfor souwW be to a 35 or 30f * ntar tisa to a snflr Is within on of the others. 1*r ossuln "Ohtico rather than *MAhi dipg"W. fl:899 6. ~ e This be* gha boon Sott±es Adstnterpnte4 to refor to Qtih r appxtet to the cpsiat itself. rte .paoe ftlloriag *-e."Xvsbad(b ~un4 for the fi.4 nuber of the colletor. The fiel awber is itrt since it affords ja per~manet and. stwale mesas of roferrin& to a spcific. spooiseo. Saab man should bave hi ow seri**s of field nuaben sad these should 'be applied *oonertively uAt in otronological sequenc to specimns colletd, by him. ftu a higher field umber ca be applied 104124r only o a specimnw celeotod on the O* or later to tha that of a, seteiea with a lower field nnmbn. For eraam~le, a collector cannot logically bano a spcim with a field mber 100 collected on flcht*3A on* with a fied br 90 collected on March 9. field uaben of a si141 collector are tnplicate4 by twl collector bat coatims iA Ut 1ites rgegardess of where or with whom be aw be wo1dng. PU44 numbers for plat collectios made IV *ach amber of tb. orgaization are now available. an should hold himself responsible for the corret appliction Of £1.1 wumbons. Tbe herbarium canot nsae the resibility of g track of all field mw.-ber sertes. then aschsafl to record a nmber instead of a name on a sample plot form became the S totes is not kaowa te number should b the collector's numbr of the specin, not an arbitray nmber assigne to an uzatwwa I thi Irtisat in the number series of the person taikg the plot, then the itial of the individual whose field It it, should be gim. Thus if A ozi 3 an working together .M tin specmes collecte are bt Bt, then If A takes a sample plot and records a specimen inhered 34 In 3' field number series It should be recor4ed *S an not simpl 348. n#n too 6. - ~Thus its solf-ezplanwtory, but sbonl& always be flflM4 in,, especa#l&ly in waes where tne locality is uear a waat7 b*aS7 5. atwua-aeord the elevation to the nearest ftsca allowed IV the topogrphe map. 8. -Thenaasbonld alway be give. It not in a National Forest indicate by a Cash. 9. - ?h. locaity 1' important -ad should e one indicate& on an available map of th reon, preferabl on the topegrphia aap itself or on a National horest map. If a nam not necordd ot the sap is in Cananl utZ tt my be recorded iwasr th heading 'remsrk" bt the locality as gim uter this hts4ing should alway be a sap locality. Direction should b indiatet as St, Ut, M (IS points of the compass) rather tha Sj miles 3 It miles S. of such a referenc point. If the plaat is of such loal occrrenc that It requires a more definite locaization it is worthy of a "markTM. Referee to a s.Wple plot alone is not sficient for it is practically me"ai*es unless the asplo plot set is at had when the specimen is rowrded in the herbarin. If collected on a sample plot, however, the tfact shod be noted since a study of the sample plot data ma later afford ravble ioreation as to the eoolog of the specimen. Oar should be taken to write th nams of loclties er legibly.

10. S. -T4. -- - Alwa record the townhip ad range ven In iaauzrvey country. At least this nob can be given sa it arw s om the possible subsequnt oanh for the localtty tfom a whole quadraagle to sa area of*6 squa* mite. 101

11. Collector - Record the name of the collector. 12. Date - Record the date on which the, plant is collected. 13. Vegetation T - In general record the subtypesnty species, symbols, as indicated on the type map, but in areas of e diterent subtype too small to map, record subtype in which the specimen actually occurs. For exaple. the subtype as indicated on the type map ma be It, but springy meadows of 1- acres in sise (too small to map) my occur, If the specimen is taken in one of these meadows, Md should be recorded as "Vegetation Type" an the herbarium sheet. Similarly, an S,Y subtype on the type map may enclose a few small areas of timberland chaparral 1-2 awres in size. If the speeimes is taken in one of these timberland chaparral areas, Ay Go, (or the dominants for that chaparral subtype) should be shown under 'Vegetation Type" on the herbarium sheet. 14. 1 Record both exposure (as N, NW, W-8 points of the compass) ad percent of slope (to nearest%). 15. Associate Species - Since the subtype has already been indicated it is not necessary to duplicate these species symbols. Record only the closelt associated species in the same ecological habitat. Thus, in the first example under "Vegetation Type", Wi and R have no place here and should not be listed since W and R do not occur in the same ecological habitat as the plantfrcm which the specimen was taken. Only the symbols for the species forming the meadow, ie. Vec, Po, Sedges, and Lupines, if these occur, should be listed here. In the second case; similarly 8 and Y hare no place here unless they actually occur in the timberland chaparral type. Also, Ar, ad Cc hare already been listed and do not require repetition. In this cs list Ci, Cf, Cpo (if these species occur) and other symbols for the species ltuWfl4 associated within the mall timberland chaparral subtype; no other** As"otaeA species should be recorded in the order of their approximate lo"alabundac*e Ivory owre should be taken that, twor syabls* are usod they, are nrre~t sod that they ste writtenn so tha the pssUibiit of .rror is redteed to a

14. TroZmijZ*t * - Zuicate tint it Is a tree by a shoeks its eatiated holzt La t..t, end it. D*,3J. ain oes 17. ; a Za1spntiAg - Indicate by a *bek It the plant is a slb%,# its heiOrt in tefl in figures. a by a check ttherto It be sproutla& or aa*-eprmttin. This sprouting obarasteristio should bo etnotd m]4v as a result of direct obserntiae upon the particular plant trom *fihto ooeioware, o ~nd, or from ti of vwht in obviously amd undoubtedly the smee species kfling In the is eiteinity tith ha"e bern expoed to the etfeots of tire.* The individual plant should never to is as a sprouter simply becense the species has bew liste elseshere as sprouting. &zoh g a ~isais should be, roserved for the office In ease the oharasteristie is quostioamble, show the tent by watering a question mark. Sineo the importanoe and sipttfineem of stump sproutng in the gonu nbtotaP~losis vry vest spcal owe should be made to insur accurate records in regard to thi charateristic thea collecting ap06iman of say of the wzsanit e. 7*. Rat A itI t spies is hat piabe by a ceeka, giving the height in lnashs or test, 19.Tn It the Plant is & Via. It sheilA te wistitd 'by aS .b*,. 20. m Sam nabjnts hav* siraty be intisated, whk my eppepioelybeixlt dwas this oat* In MttatolWtft my other ftests regrdlg ths plant. espooialy my itoerutati which wlr be obtaied rvasits oestate niae, localu"nets, u iisi regard to its intl distributing or *rmm ste. Xa4teU INW a note at tbe fewt 0so~r since flVowes Otte chat. s*ole In drying. Do aft forgets to giTo the plot inais it the upsets. lea Inn sollestd at a saaqIe plot. (6) tre fPalau. ctPoc" fir &L*kw That is twapeda a list of mmy of the plaets wich are likely to be ooat* by the sappe. Saab mmi is ty it sytsl *1*h will be ueed to rladne oil tha.bt spelota upos the a"pot ampl. plot tst.A por co~tm* this list law 'ber divided into* twm parts, the tint of which incldesall points easept the grass.. oud the% nead,* gro"s, oily. in aoeh list the naw* ot stpecies or. arrangd alphabetically ascerding to the nunse used in Jepsamtt %tnnlt &othelwrla Plantsor oaliftraa' Since this Name]haber adopted for Us br the field state? It s ber decral prefemabe to adhere to the system of noeswlatuw uoed in it rather/to aittoPt to cettor Strictly tith Feint Servios usage. M* 111

The list of points apppejkd contain the ass* and symbols for prwtioa14 all the tres at shrbs of California listed in the Jepao's #mtIal0, together with a large percentage of ,he more wid.LXl distribatse or important herbaceous plants sad greaseS. Honnr, since 1* is imprat. ticable to provide symbols for all plants which ma be =uoiterc4 by the mapper It vill uiwOtedly be necessary to amed or add to the list from tim to time. Therefore when a species for whict there appears to be no symbol provided occurs as a dominant on any a ,4 specimens shoul be collected and sent to the herbartin with a letter explaining that a symbol for the species is desired. If practicable, & symbol will then be provided and the field parties who are likely to encounter the sam species will be notified. vt± o05

A photograph atfons tie most easily visualized illustration of an nat-ral couottion. A picture is also the most perfect anA detailed record of wn condition prevailing at the time of the exposure. aptition at a lat r date will serve as esily visualized end detailed proof of subsequent var*e tatioaal changes. The objective of Uis part of the project is to obtain & file of pbotosraphs to show: 1. Typical subtp,, species, timber stead conditions, etc., 2. Variations or the rage of conditionswttbtin the typical, 3. Interesting variations outside the range of the typical, and 4. L4mplet and results of the misuse of late. 2. 71% 4DKAs (a) What the fcture Should Show The picture should be selected to sow d*finitel soe particularly chosu condition. An endeavor to illustrate more than one ajor condition usually involves faiure to bring out either one clearly. In most cases closeu*s or interior are better than distant picturs to illustrate shrub and woodland tree typos. lhil* these show understory conditions well in tiaber types, distant views are often necessary to properly illustrate general condition of the stand. Closeups are reqtzir, to show interesting points regarding individual species. The suits which ar* classified below, will be ngetatioz types or plant associations, at individual species. A. flat Msooiatioa,5 1. Natural Oaa ftOe,06 a. ?k Typitol Muatnt IMnHe t as it a nas*, sbowtng tMo aatnral rolattoastip of speotes, 4ensity of flat, mA t1w relatlenahip to ulspe ezohr, sgon, X,4 b.The Atpica flutrat"smal tpes, or ma specieS which hAVe iaVas0d other a,4or.snais as a result o elate, etc.

I fUstrate how o or s datal, purtst of nAma bav .t& altentiaa in or roarr agwt of wtsociatioustM u such egacins as cultivation, Walata 1* US, fin,# or graziag. Show either th. gw at W*k,# or t1* now as*o. atefon with rfltaiaifl pockets of the old., n i 107 3. Individual pecies Illustrate typical Spltinos showing the details mainly necessary for identification. (b) Su"estions for Taking Good Piotures In taking a gpod picture, lighting, composition or balance, ad exposure are the main points for consideration. The lighting plays a very important part. In general, do not take pictures At noon when the sun is directly overhead, or at other time when the sun is directly in back of or in front of tbe oamera. This fscfl oas*$ & lack of perspective or tonal contrast of the subject. Srly morning (9,00 to 10o:) pictures, especially if taken of distant objects are usually better than th*oe of the latt afternoon due to the absence of base. In taking closexps of an Individual bush, however, it is usually better that there be a base or au overcast sky in order that there is not too much contrast between the light ard dark portions of the subect. The lighting alo plays an important part in the composition of the picture. Shadows may conveniently break a foreground or a background which is too bright or menotonons. The subject should be a trifle to one side of the center, and should be the principal point of interest. Do not let the background detract from the interest of the subject; rather, use it as a fram whenever possible, but remember ttt itj/i not good to completely froe a picture. Try to ai having two bright or two dark areas of equal asi in Oon exposure, this destroys balane. If th. subject is light In color, endeavor to contrast it against a darker backgound, and vice vra. 1W 2c log IA treating it is essential to stress the us of a trtpot with a cnwn. It Is best i most case to stop the arture to 7-32 to rt th sharpest pittur. 4owenr, in closeups, if on* tingl Object it desired without nh foreground or backgnnx, widen- the aprtur so that all other objects will be out of foms. In general,, ue the longst exposnn that codttions will allow in order to pt as $n detail as possible it the shadowed portion of the subject. It its Important to re r th following points. 1.joba wider on sets the aperture, the less the dpth of fes ti otaine. 2.-The widr one sts the aperture, the ls e tin of exosur is required. 3.-The farther sq the subject, the less the tin of exposure ts required. 4.eTh darker the suject, the longr th tim of exposure ti r*quired. 5._arly auraing aa lat afterno tight is usually weakat sad a longer tim of xposuze is requi"re. G.-M overcat skW *cas weker light, ad a longer time of exposure is require. 1"tvtumfornulg ot, flOv (o) Lastmie trUMOi flak got Zc iWt$Aual suill=t his tint tiL* pak *1

List ban th tr p"ak s*eAr. tz~onn too List here the Xwalor of taexwithi the pack,* ts anbor will the tab. UV Wsfa £aort boen the v=r in4& to toeate tm idnttfl the piotum On th sPplemv. tcor the owfl la whiEth wosezp was

tl30*r bohrett eaIoR o- h * with ntopeot to 'PUUblo )s w"AM *o~ti~t koort tboV*VZhU laati as is dn with seclU plots wa herbartw ssena. Zoneripttea u daorio the eaksa$, AM 4 sal dtsWis which slnul be shon bq th* jltvn. A**t. spoils t hersal the species whch ane $A ba n) ecolo~cA assoation a* th sabjel. Z t them b£yspeies am Ltordr Of relative

Sutop Ieoor4 tVe vi~th of aprur at for the a*"*nn Tim# boort the ti. of tin erposue us& for the plotve. Asfthrt Mn4r4l the nam of the itivitual WU as the eqwiwn. (4) Lmtstnot tow $nbaittit Aste 5a the box a tioi U whinE tbw tl n paeke4. oh1n.4 the films of a pack or n41 Mv* b en tinm in the ortigial tinfoilw replaced thea in the ~bz. Ibecafoc Sthe ensle of tio box with stiff cerdboawd4 at wrap snowmre wtith hen pquir. st the yW regitered nil to th bfllqW office. U.~-,S~~~.UQ9MMTOI AIDP1PI1I~IZ 1O

A S-mea crew is ordinarily used, nth one mn designated at owe le*adr. Tbo natural division of the work ti for o man to map and th other to take sample plots, ite index deteninations, collect hurbariw spocirsas, and all other Jobs which the crew leader considers desirable. The assitant shmud kasp fully occupied taking as m carelly chosen sample plots and site idexes as tim permits. Orftinrily the reow leadr does the mapping, but an inter of Jobs,, Ln is discretion, ti desirable in order that oth men becom through familiar with all phaoss of the work. In cutry where waah of the area t be covered afeot, it 55 Adwmtageous for both men to ma, each takin a different route tring the day. All of the area *sould be covered with as little duplication and waste effort as possible. In such oases both me will tate saVpl plots, site index tminatins ad other reuod data. In country whore it is necessary to use pack stock, it is sa best that one man do all mapping while the other moves camp, cares for the stoat, does the cooking, etc.

(a) Planing of the Work The crW leder wili be he1l responsible for the efficient planing and conduction of all the work. Be seiad see that neeless travl is avoided a expenes kept to a minimum The use of peak stock wq be essential in areas inaccessible by automobile, but past exprience bas show that sadde horses a not expedite the work sufficiently to Justify their cost. m \S)I (b) t ot TM crew loadr shall be directly responsible to tin project leadr for Ot neatness, through of collection,, at leteness of record of all required data. It is his duty t* train the assistant in the proper ant most efficient methods of oollection of the d£at, an to see that they are perfectly understood, ant Carried out.

IA man s"as, Interesting aditionlta ma be avtlable. Data on locations and capacities of old, Ia' aills, and records of early cutttings, both of which lead to a knowledge of the eal loginpracticos of a lality Wm be available. Occaionily old sapshots or pnotograpbs mW be found which show that certain localities embraced entirely different vegetation typs from those at present on the ^es. Those, and many other interesting detailswhich have a bearing upon vegetation either preoset or pat should be investigated by the crew leader and discussed with either the field supervisor or project leader. (4) are f RDat An importat responsibility of the crew lesler ti the proper safegttatling of all data from fire, tbeft, or ether loes. A nealy completed map unit has a value rZiDg fnWO $0 to $1,000 and should be gaarted accordingly. No more original data should be retained in the field than is absolutely required for efficient conduct of the wrk. As soon as a map unit is complete, or no longer meosseary in the field, it, together with overly ast al other data, sahold be securly sealed in envelopes rinforced by heavy paper tape to avoid danger of accidental opening during trasit, and forwarded W registerd mail to tbh Berkeley office. t&i /eg When other agencies express their desire to use any of our actual field data., it is best to obtain official sanction directly from the project leader. (t) Contacts with Interested People and Sources of Information The crews should work in close cooperation with the Forest Supervisor and District and State Rangers. Their experience in and knowledge of the country, especially of road and trail locations, will help considerably in planning the work. Local organizations as conservation societies, erosion and flood control departments, 4-H clubs, Y.M.C.A., etc., may be interested in the work. Contact with all of these is good advertisement for the type map and its uses. Opportunities of this nature should not be overlooked by the field men, (f) Submission of Reports An important duty of the crew leader is to keep in contact with his superiors at headquarters. All important difficulties of the work should be immediately discussed with them either by telegraph or telephone. Periodical reports should always be submitted promptly so that they will reach headquarters on or slightly before the dates due. In submitting reports by filling in forms be sure that all data requested is recorded legibly. Written reports should be frankly and clearly stated. If possible, use a typewriter. All reports, maps, and everything Excepting that which is of a confidential nature should be addressed to Director, and labelled: Attention Mr._ (For whom intended). Confidential reports may be addressed directly to thle party for whom they are intended. (g 113 (g) are of Car end Other Equpmnt In most country, the cr is the most impobtaut equipment of the crew, a-n the efficiency of time spent by the crew depends directly upon its being kept in as perfect running condition as possible. Do not allow its minor ailments to remain unrepaired, for small jobs often become major ones. If a major repair job is necessary, wire headquarters, telling tat the job is mad what the charges will be, ad await on an O.K. In general, treat the car just a. if it were your own. No equienot of any kind should be allowed to deteriorates. Clean ad oil your i4erement borers at least once a day if they have been usd, and in some cases where it is necessary to bore a lot of sugar pine, firs, or redwoods, they should be cleaned and oiled after each boring. Oil the diameter tape at frequent intervals to keep it free from rust. Keep the anbey case in good condition to protect the instrument and insure against its loss. Don't use colored gasoline in gasoline stores and lanterns as it plugs up the generators. Remember that the highest efficiency of the tine spent depends directly upon the good condition of all equipment. Responsibility for the condition of all equipment also rests upon the crew leder.

XvREOTSI. W.T 1. TYPE DESCRIPTIONS On each published qyadragle there will appear concise descriptions of each type, designed to be helpful to those using the maps. With this in mind, upon completion of a quadrangle, the crew leader will submit a brief description of each type giving its main essentials characteristic of the locality. The saple plots, the crw leader's notes and his observations tile working the area should be. the principal basis for this. (,,4 The data contained therein, -or each type, should answer the following questions: 1. What is the average range in heights of the dominant species composing the type? 2. What is the range in D.B.H. of the dominant trees conmosing tyBye? 3. What is the raiage in litter depth of the type? 4. What is the range in density of the type? 5, Do any of these factors have apparent correlation with soil, slope, exposure, elevation, etc? 6. Is type or any species in the type rare on quadrangle? 7. What are the characteristic understory species, and their importance? 8. What is the range of Site Index throughout type? 9. Are any species of the type endemic to the quadrangle or the area, or do they occur outside of reported range? 10. Are there any other interesting characteristics of type or subhtypes? If one crew works only a portion of a Quadrangle, a ty-pe description should be submitted for that portion, in spite of the fact that another may be, or may have been written for the rest. 2* -ISCELLANOUs L-IOR:ATIOU From time to time certain Questions may develop in the field upon which the crew leader may need help in his judgment. He will report these in writing to the Berkeley office asking for either explanation or for field discussion. Interesting areas or species deviations ama be observed. Special reports of these by letter will be appreciated by the project leader. 3W /V5s

Idea oerAing greater offlaelcy la sa pluso of the job shouU be reported to the project leedor in ienrantm fom before any use is mad of themn. osslblflitis for new uses of lao Vegetation tye ap Data my be preseited by field contacts with cfctainagencies. Thase shoid. also be reported to the one iu d

About the 0th of eath moth a ia.e wili be nailsa to eob aerew 1eAler, fs area mApped during tsh uoath will be thow on this. A copy of the progress report fom will be fiLle& out ad, eaet with the map to the Berkeley office to reach thoye uot later tbax the 28th of the south.

In asddtioa to the taailiay address which at all times shoiU be on file tt the Berkeley office, the crew lerAdr will zend in tbe address of his fiald resiienae. If he Is caupigg aiut La will alseo end in detailed

d~iroct ions ea to bow his o-sip o be znos> eisil re;*cb by road or trail.

Baob member of the field jarty must keep a field diar in rhiob be wil11.. enter what has ttnea acorii hC for .ach ciy. 2te area wrksd, interes-

ting haw-eaiws, special typ Wu- lAtioxi, any questions which £SJ hay, arisen that da4, a4d aythin.- dwed worth recording will appear tare. This diary should be kept up to date. It should be available to the supervisor at aMy time be way request it. 116 X. APPENDIX 1.SPIdIS8 LIST WITH SYMBOLS

a) sSes Symbol Name used in Changes in nomenclature in H itch- Jepson's Manual oook's "Manual of Grasses of the U.S." A Agrostis ap. AD Andropogon ap. AN A. saeoharoides Ae Agrostis exarata AG Agropyron ap, AG A. eanium Agropyron subsecundum .Epr A. pringlei AGi A. apicatum A0$m A. smithii Abt A. tenerum A. pauciflorum _h Agrostis hiemalis

Aha A. hall ii Ai Aira op. Desoharapsia Ai Agrostis idahoensis AIc Aira oaespitosa D. caespitosa AId A. danthonioides D. danthonioides Ah A. holoiformis D. holciformis AIi A. elongate D. elongata AL Alopecurus sp. AL& A. aequalis Ale Agrostis lepida AMA A~nnophila arenaria Ao Agrostis oregonensis As-pris Sp. Airra 117 Agrostis palustris -Aroatis alba APe Aspris caryophyllea Air. oaryophyllea Ar Agrostis rossse AS Aristida op. AS& A. adsoensionis A~d A. divarioata A. fendleriana ASf ASo A. oligantha A. purpurea At Agrostis thurberiana AYV Avena ap. AVb A. barbata AVC A. fatua AX- Anthounthum odoratum Ba. Bromus arenarius Bb B. brizaeformis Be B. carinatus Beo B. comnutatus

R- Beekwannia ap. B~e B. eruoaeformis Beckmannia ayrigsohne Bromus grandis Bh B. hordeaceus Bromus mollia B. B. l.*ipes B. marginatus included in Bronus earinatus Bnma B. masdritensis BO Bouteloua ap. Bromusa orouttianus BOo Bouteloua curtipendula Ba B. hirsute 118 BOr Bouteloua rothrockii Br Bromus rigidus. Bra B. racemosus fiRM Brita minor B. maxima Bru Bromus rubens Bee B. secalinus Bsu B. subvelutinus Bromus breviaristatut fit B4. teetorurn Bve Btr- B . trinii Blu B. unioloidew B. catharticus BX B. vulgaris Bix 13. sp. CA Calamagrostis sp. CAb C. breweri C. canadenaisi CAl. C. inexpnsa CAn C. nutkaensis C. purpurascens CAr C. rubescens. Cenohrus pauciflorus Chloris sp. CHy C. virgata Cl Cinna s-p. all C.* latifolisk

CT Chastoehloa sp. Setaria C. lutescens S. lutescens CTv C. viridis $. viridis CY Cynodon spa. 119 CYd Cynodon dactylon D Danthonia sp. DI D. americana Danthonia californica amerioama D. californica Dactylis glomerata Di Distichlis sp. Danthonia intermedia DItDc- DIe Distichlis spicata& Distichlis striota Du Danthonie. unisapieata E Elymus sp. EC Echinoehlea spp. Elyms oanadensiS

ECa Echinochlea oruagalli Eco Elymus condensetus E. glaucus E. macounji EMo E. mollis EPr Epicampes rigens lMuhlenbergia rigens ER Bragrostis 8p.

ERo E. cilianensis

ERoa E . caroliniana Eragrostis pectinacea Et Elymus triticoides F Festucsap. Fb F. bromoide& Festuca dertonensis

Fe F. confusa Foe F. oalifornioa Fo F. confinis F. kingii Fe. F. elatior Fern F. elmeri 120 Fi Festuca idahoensis FM F. meta&urm FMV F. myuroa, Fo F. oeoidentalis Foe F. octoflora Fp F. paCifioa Fr F. rubra Pro F. reflex Fab F* subulata Fv F. viridulit GL Glyocria 8p. GLel G. elata G. pauciflora Gv Gastridiunm ventricosum H Hordeum ap. H. gulsoneanim HI Hilaria 8p. LIU H. jaineoi HRtr H. rigida Hordeum jubatum H. murinum HO Holcus ap. Sorghum HOh H. halepensis S. halepense !- HlY Hystrix op. HYa H. californiea L Koeleria op. Ka K. cristata Kp K. phleoides I, Lolium ap. lAik Lamrokia aurea - - L1Eo Lepturus cylindrious Loiun multiflorum

LP Leptohiloa op.

Lolium peremne LPf Leptoohloa filiformis Lt Lolium temulentum u Melica ap, M& M. aristata Mb bella Melica bulbosa Khu M. bulbosa M. californica Mbu ., fugax Mf~r M. frutescens

M. geyeri mi M. imperfecta mol Monanthochloe littoralis Me Melica speetabilis 9- Mab M. subulata Mst K. stricter Mt M. torreyana

Muhlenbergi& ap. Muf M. filiformia M. jonesli

M. montana M. porteri

MUr, M. repena

Mug M. squarrosa

N Notholous ap, Holous-

Ni N. lanatus H. lanatus 122 a Oryzopsis sp.

Oh 01 hymenoidea

Ok 0." kingii P Poa s8.p PAL Phalari& sp. P& Po& Qnxua

PA.& Pha1aris angrusta PAe P. ealifornica Pon Pa. oasnariengjs,

PAm P. minor P. paradoxa

PA~r P. arundinaoea

Pbr Poa brachyglossa Po& luncif o1ia Pbv P. bigelo'vii

PC P. comprersa Pd P. douglaali

Pf0 P. fendleriema, Pcr P. gracillima M Phleum sp.

P. alpinum P. pretense PHe Pleuropogon sp.

Pie Poa longiligula PLr Pleuropogon califoruicus Pi Po& leibergii Pw Pleuropogon refraetus

Panioum Bp.

Pn Poe nervosa ?NO Panicum *i~pt capillare 123

TPne Po( nevadensis Poi Pholiurusa incurvus Pp Poa pratensis. P. ,alustris PRo Phragrltes omInunis

Ps Paspalum Sp.

Ps Poa sandbergii Poe seaunda Pee P. soabrella PSd Paspalum distichum

PulPU Puecinellia sp. P. lenmoni

P. nuttaElliana. PUnu P. nutkaonsis

T~s P. simplex

Py Polypogon 6p.

PYl P. lutos1}6

P~r P. monspeliensis S Stlpa Sp. SC S. california. Scm S. comats Sco S. coronets so S. elmeri

SI Sitanion sp. SIh S. hanseni

S. hystrix

S. jubatum

She Stipa lepida sit S. lettermanni

So Sporobolus sp. 124

So Stipa occidentalis sOa Sporobolus' asperifolius

Sai S. airoides- Stipa pulchra

~_'SPf Spartina foliosa So Stipa speelosa

St S. thurberiana

S. vasayi $y Syntheriana 8p.

SY S. sanguinalis

T Trisetum op.

To& T. eaneseen& TOm Torresia macrophylla Hisrochloo ocoidentalis Triodia pulohella Ta Trisatum spieatum 41) flflS lfl

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Phx Phacelia sp Pba P. brachrloba Phea P. californica Pdi P. distans Phdo P. douglasii Pfi P. fremontii Phh P. heterophylla Phi P. hispida PhIY P. hydropkyllaides Phl P. linearis Pmi P. minor Phr P. ramosissima Ptn P. tanacetifolia Pht P. ciliata thermalis P1 Philadelphus lewisii californicus 163 no P.O£nas1 P. graclits

P. .tr$ t Athol Pbaetll ansuifoa The N'orp eaptatus Vs P.bnnls PaIs PtbsrewtaP. *.pnttrnitmnu Ws'3' PinsP. sfltnuilsltsoaalfs

vs P. arstat St P. Abaolm VP P. ibs

Lc P. atorta PB. ontrt bomast L P. natorta nrrayan Or P eouhtert Lr P. fltlab U P. ibrtian I' P. smmutii ST P. i sta 163 7 FnPis po-earoas J P tP. poalrosajeffgnyi P. nadIata DP P. sabinlana If P. tArreyana K P. tubaroulata Pal fria asarifola ata Pp P. piets Piz Pigiobtrysp nP P. Ageous nPa P. aflbofuiws Pie Pleate rorna Pt P.* mor

no Plateaus runeSMIS

Pie Ptuatseaocmaplornleu

Pt P. o rits go Plaa P. mDraoer.

Po tyga aam*¢l& Pse P. doryta Pot Polypon ace Mip P. apa Pbe P. bietartoides 164 Pda Polygomnxm davisiae Pop P. paronychia Psh P. shastense Zpp Polypodium sp Pvk P. vulgare kaulfussii

Zps Polystichum sp Poa P. aculeatum Pom P. mutim= F Populus fremontii A P. tremuiloides Pot P. tremuloides B P. trichocarpa Pog loropbyllum gracile Pox Potentilla 8p Pbi P. biennis Pct P. congesta tilingii Pof P. fruticosa Pogl P. glandialose, Pgo P. gordonii Pogr P. gracilis Plb P. lindleyi puberu.la Pos P. saltolinoides Prs Primula suffrutescens PJ Prosopis juliflora glandulosa Prp P. puxbescens Pad Prumas andersonii Pd P. demissa Pe P. &marginata Pf P. fascicuata 16b P fr sfrmmntil Pt . licifolia Pau P.subcordtat DzP-uttua maroonpa D P ol lace fltlostropbe cooper hoe Psoran" oitforut Nat P. ualstaolba Poo P. *U b artp

ftc PtlUa bsolrutt *gwuulata Pa P. paW Linda Zpt Ptrts op

PCits PtzrbltaP. glaM'4o~sasy41n lwln Pt P. trtdsntata flic Pyonantbemauolifornatou Pr Pyrrs rtvlarts okt P. rtivua1s A Qarcsarifofla o . obolepts ' Q. obrysolopta n Di d~~ouglasit

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To Y#IWR ovatuza Vp Yacotniua parvifolium YP Yaneouveria parriflora Vio Venegasia carpeoioidea The Yeratrwa ealiforniom Ve Veratrum riride Vet Vorbas cu thapous Vol Viburmu elliptiou van Vicia american vgi Viola gigantea Ydp Viguiera deltoidea priahii VI Viguiera lavonista Vir Viguiera retioulata Vis Vino major TA Viola adunca The Viola beekwithii YIb Viola bland Vie Violla oueata ViI Viola lobata Ybo Viola ocellata 71

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n Avens bar/a4 _ venofau_=

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...... 7i .,.-a e ...... 'LGP ...__.. 4. GENRa DESCRIPTIQNS OF MAJOR GEOLOGIC ROCKS ItEOIUS rooks are those which have formed directly frot molten material termed the ma . If the magm is deep-seated, a plutonrc rook is formed. If the m is intruded just under the surface ot if it I extruded,, a volcanic rook is formed. Volcanios may be lava. or flow rooks, or they may be erupted from a volcano. They are distinguished by a fine-crystalline or stony grondmass. Plutonio may be distinguished by a coarse- crystalline or grmnitic texture. SEDIhNTARY rocks are laid down by water or wind, or are the results of ef organic depositions. They are deposited as loose material like sand or olay. 'When these materials have been cemeted into rook,, they are termed respectively sandstone or shale. So long as the original material has not been altered by metamorphism, the rook is termed sedimentary. METAMORP¶IC rooks are either igneous or sedimentary rooks which have been altered by combined activities of heat, pressure, and chemical action. No magm has been formed, but the component particles of the parent rook have bean_ soft end plastic. then, as the result of great pressure, they have been flattened giving a striated appearance upon subsequent cooling. Since vertical expansion was impossible due to the downward pressure of the overlying rooks, the striaticas in the metamorphic rook become distor- ted and take on minor folds. The high temperature, cause the water and other substances in the rock to vaporize and become active agents in making ohmical changes which form new minerals. Slates, sohiats, and gneisses represent successive degrees of metamorphism. (a) Igepous Rooks The identification of igneous rooks is based upon their mode of origin 1e sad occurrence, chemical composition, and texture. (I) Volomniosa Rhyolite-Basalt Group This group of igneous rooks os distinguished by a fine-crystalline or stony groundmass which has developed through rapid cooling. They occur " shallow dykes, sills, or laoooliths* or as surface* flows, or as erupted fragments. This group includes rhyolite,latite, andesite, and basalt which grade in that order from acidic to basic in composition. (A) Por Igneous rooks often cool so that one mineral crystallite. out of the mma first. This causes the formation of larger crystals which are scattered thrwut and embedded in a mass of smaller ones. The rook is then said to have a porphyritic texture and is termed a rhyolite porphyry, or an andeuite porphyry. This texture is more common in the plutonics than in the volcanics, however. (B) Tuft When a violent volcanic eruption occurs, the group of finer fragments ejected is called volcanic ash. At first the ash is a loose material, but soon it becomes cemented into a mass of rook which is usually quite porous and light in weight. This texture is referred to as tufaceous, and the rock is laied a rhyolite tuff, or an andesite tuff, depending an the ohemioal composition of the magma. If ooarse angular fragments are present, the texture is termed a breocia. Bsaci mapws, due primarily to an absence of silica, do not form tufts. (o) Obsidian Some lavas cool so quickly that crystals do not form. This results in 4ar glassy texture whioh is called obsidian. The rook is called a rhyolite obsidian, or a basalt obsidian, depending on the composition of the maga. 189

(Yost obsidian is derived from rhyolite.) &'ass-es may rise through the

molten mass while it is cooling. The upper portion of the rock often

then becomes filled with gas bubbles, and sometimes becomes frothy. When the cavities caused by these bubbles are large and irregularly

distributed, it becomes a scoring (2) Plutonics: Granite- Gabbro Group This group of igneous rocks is distinguished by a coarse-crystalline or granitic groundmass which has developed as deep-seated dykes, laccoliths, and batholiths. The magma has cooled so slowly that all the minerals have crystallized completely and are readily visible to the naked eye. This Group includes granite, monzonite, granodiorite, diorite, and gabbro, which grade in that order from acidic to basic in composition. (A) Porphry A porphyritic texture may also be formed with the plutonics, and these are likewise called a granite porphyry, or a granodiorite porphyry depending upon the composition of the magma. In preceding from the acid to the basic rocks, quartz decreases with in- creasing bacisity. It is absent in gabbro. (If quartz occurs in monzo-

nite or in diorite, the rock is termed a quartz monzonite or a quartz diorite.) Also, the alkali feldspar (orthoclase) decreases with increas-i ing bacisity, while the soda-lime feldspar (plagioclase) increases. In general, the acidic rocks are lighter in color than the basic ones. (b) Sedimentary Rocks (I) Alluvium

Alluvium is an unconsolidated deposit of soil and rock fragments which have been transported by water from their points of origin, and may contain

any or several rock types. The rock fragments may vary from angular to well rounded. in shape or they may or may not be stratified. This condition most o ly tsteoftvalytlcor*. it al"sooc at theouthsot canyon &,g Mounta fronts a aluval ftas. (2) 33~~~~~~~~~~~63 USdtone is a rook farted by vain sorf eat toethor. The wis* and shap .f the sand *AMins ad the sort ad mamont of *$mt w& both vary widely. In Seneral, th. rook is quite porous,

&et sll roos with anular mazeriat ae tenet bre0oi#* but this ten is usually reserved for volcanic tuffs with this character- title). TE. Origin Of cuaglcomrtes is always fluvial (carried by fljt4r)# (4)Shl Stale, is a rock format freaclas which hs-ve been oonsclidated. it usually splits into thin layers easily due to a layered or stratified structure.,

Liwestoe Is a rock formed by the otidUsLatlm of asses of shells hc hate bee soseuhat pulVerized, of more owy, it is aL depoit of cal- eLan csbnae Pure limestone Is white, but Impurities such &a ssan,$ (a)clay,U"tmand organic material are often adaized. Organic material wy cause* itt to vary frt gray to brow or black in colotr

Slate,# ehistt, ad gess r st ssuessive Sta*es of rocks. ()slate Slate is at partially mestamorphosed shale or tuff or sandstone. It is a rock that will split tinte thin sheets,0 and is ocnposed of grains all of 181 Which are too fine to be distinguished by the naked ey TMis oleavtge is not caused by bedding or stratification of the originltook; it is entirely the result of pressure during the first stages of The color range. from Cray, through red,#reen, and purple, to black. (2) Sopfl Sohist Is a further stage in the meatmorphisa of slate. Only the principal mineral constituents my be recognized by the naked ee. The rook is foliated composed of thin sealy layers which my be split rather easily. Gradations occur towards guetis on the coarser side. (3) Oneiss Gneiss is an etree of Ao phism. The rook i. banded and coarse enough so that the sastituat minerals may be determined by the naked eye. A gneiss splits wach less readily than a sbhist along the planes of sohistosity. (d) Serpentine Serpentine is a hydrated eztrwely basic ignous rook. The minerals which bave formed at high s absorb water later to mke nw "hydrated" minerals. On hydration, the rock my greatly expand, and this results in sliekening, giving the rook its characteristic greasy or slippery feeling. Serpentine is greeish in color, and is very soft. (e) Q rtite Quartzite is a metamorphosed sand or sandstone of pure silica. It is distinguished from sandstone by the almost complete lak of p" spaces, t# greater hardness, and it. crstalline structure. 1In 5, LIST ?F IQ EirdmzaOffice _mnn *tloles 1/Party Equipmet 'bo with look ('- / P Supply Letterhead statioary 3 2 Yellow eoratoh paper t,~ ~ heopa assorte use$t w' RWMIP*S &95t;l tSiXS~g n

2 Large pen holders -/ 1 Soripto pencil ard Indelible leads 8 g4 pencils / 2 ;apenoils o Nipple encore ff 2~~~RPI emxors ¢"bom" 2 ~~Poenil sand ink coabinatimn erasers 7 1 a Ruin pen

1 Flat rl- 1V / . I bottle Back waterproof ink X< ltbttle Carmine vbot4tal vl $tU Orange"r lbottle Blue , 0 1 I bottle Foutain pen ink 1- I can Oronite fluid for uottin& olors 2Contattig stnk lflx ~~~~~lieAbsrbant cott U- IIV*As bioremmt *on bcx I8V lwg

% Dtzp~y Tor 26 - Mmtbly Servio. Report

* ?Or 6 )*em* fravl s @8 U * Pr~hogres report forms - Vfling. report: form Ter -- lVOL - Le, slips * Torn 814-U- banerT *tOyslipsproper / -, ttatio **Mn eotddressards i/na Diary forms '- 1/na Por 289 PoDt notbook

1pM frekod nillg labels t" Qpticnl Mdititmi Offies Av4Iabl. TabulatIa paper Carbon paper $ml1 s~taIonery, evelopes sapdireetor Ink blotrtn No* 2 peofs 3S pencils 0s 0 0

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GlueVos /~~V 194 Minimum Mapping Amount Articles 1 Type Map for finished copy 1 Type Map for extra mapping 1 Supplementary Map for finished copy 1 (2t') Map for extra mapping 1 Geological overlay if available 1 Forest Service recreational map if available -1 Extensive Type Map if available 1 Forest Service Topographic Survey Type Map if available 1 Blister Rust Type Map if available 1 Forest Service Timber Survey Type Map if available 1 U. S. G. S. Type Map if available 1 Road map if available 1 Fire map if available 1 pad Township plats

1 copy Manual of Field Instructions 1 copy AA Manual of Flowering Plants of California" by Jepson

- 1/man Leather pencil holder for pocket k 1/man Canvas carrying case 1/man Letter-sized tatum l/man Abney hand level 1/man Diameter tape 1/man Increment borer

I- 1/man Pocket compass 1/man Ball chalk line 100' 1>1/mapper Binoculars 1/man Metal increment core container 195 1/na larc knpuack or pack bord ¢---~~in l *

N Plant prassea supply Blotters Per plant press Specirma papers Seed envelopes ' ample- plot for,, tth C.F'.Z. f and C.F*EE8. Bitendozeterinn~ioa errt - £ etu/apper 21tappin pencils 4 Penol ciPS . , m l Frest GSrvie badge I ~~Forast Service key l trnet padlock Optiali X&pping, fqUipsaot Raxzr notebook form 8l4eC wtn pencils ifor type" wrich coet larger aroas

Photographi form Antaobile fquipmat Axamot Article I i,? Shoveli large

3.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .At I Canvas tarpaulin for trak I book vtat 877 I I#epe to tie dckm Ilod 1 Large Thllard first aid kit "" 1 Set i$ked chains

1et fTools - rnohea, pliers. ja*k, etc

* Subjnt to approval of project lnter 198 3.box Uztn& fuse'yr" Iset btnr club

Article Aqua hoe (3 burner) I O~~~ookizi Otttilt -4-van 2/ian Canvs ooviweod oaV aft IAva single Oi *loth covered amtasecur. j been 2/na onzepintbt ottle type cmntee 2/mn Snake bit. X. 331 tirtbaid kit<

S Matel to

I £z~~Etn guniirator for Colown ILantem I Ca~frbcrnmdu a stone OptsiCawinc Zquipst A, maiUblo wattr Pail Ta -r £' Wash tub D~ih pan Wash pan Plashlict and batteries Ame may u), 1, 1935

IWEWDRAWVU OUI 0UE4 AlbertWR )torustn

Anrss (fllitle Gifford in order tf ti ant nn enitnt ed ters the ew inetrtwt WmosEel at"+tare aregon taSt All pUts itflI be black 4lro*ss Vwhee a gros plot Is tan witht water p~st It wUi be given the issm ue and cUlppd to the stewt plot. Them wiflbe no dittemtattsUx1 eels for gnus pUtse 8±t, wilgrewbe squees. oftSgral in th er- ohoml, be soid. gwen line hute Of trave bikng wil be brm gen lie.; Sew aI location which n b a bied bat. n-, Saw nil" oprtn, a s*l4 bleak derby hat. L Note should be talon on tbses tan possible. hgk~~~~ own& *SO AC4 *~~~~~~~~N