Synthetic Greenhouse Gases

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Synthetic Greenhouse Gases How are they different to What are ‘synthetic greenhouse gases’? ‘greenhouse gases’? Synthetic greenhouse gases are man made Greenhouse gases are naturally occurring. chemicals. They are commonly used in They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane refrigeration and air conditioning, fire (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Synthetic extinguishing, foam production and in greenhouse gases are man made chemicals medical aerosols. When they are released, and generally have a much higher global synthetic greenhouse gases trap heat in warming potential than naturally occurring the atmosphere. greenhouse gases. What is global warming potential? Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere over a specific time compared to a similar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2, with a global warming potential of 1, is used as the base figure for measuring global warming potential. The higher the global warming potential number, the more heat a gas traps. The most common synthetic greenhouse gas in Australia is HFC-134a, which is mostly used in refrigerators and air conditioners. It has a global warming potential of 1430; this means the release of one tonne of HFC-134a is equivalent to releasing 1430 tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere. Which synthetic greenhouse gases does 22,800 Australia regulate? SF6 the global warming potential of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) • perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) Synthetic • nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) greenhouse gases account for around 2% of all greenhouse gas emissions in Australia How do we use synthetic greenhouse gases? They are man made chemicals with a wide variety of uses. They are commonly used as refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioning, as fire extinguishing agents, propellants in aerosols, insulating gas in the electricity supply industry, foam blowing agents, solvents and in magnesium production. They are also a by-product in some chemical manufacturing and aluminium production. environment.gov.au.

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Nitrogen Trifluoride Hazard Summary Identification
Common Name: NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE CAS Number: 7783-54-2 RTK Substance number: 1380 DOT Number: UN 2451 Date: March 2001 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY * Nitrogen Trifluoride can affect you when breathed in. * Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinely * Contact may irritate the skin and eyes. evaluated. This may include collecting personal and area * High levels can interfere with the ability of the blood to air samples. You can obtain copies of sampling results carry Oxygen causing headache, fatigue, dizziness, and a from your employer. You have a legal right to this blue color to the skin and lips (methemoglobinemia). information under OSHA 1910.1020. Higher levels can cause trouble breathing, collapse and * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health even death. problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational * Repeated high exposure can cause weakness, muscle diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. twitching, seizures and convulsions. * Nitrogen Trifluoride may damage the liver and kidneys. WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Repeated high exposure can cause deposits of Fluorides in OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit the bones and teeth, a condition called "Fluorosis." This (PEL) is 10 ppm averaged over an 8-hour can cause pain, disability and mottling of the teeth. workshift. * The above health effects do NOT occur at the level of Fluoride used in water for preventing cavities in teeth. NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is 10 ppm averaged over a 10-hour workshift. IDENTIFICATION Nitrogen Trifluoride is a colorless gas with a moldy odor. It ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is is used as a Fluorine source in the electronics industry and in 10 ppm averaged over an 8-hour workshift.
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NF3, the Greenhouse Gas Missing from Kyoto Michael J
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L12810, doi:10.1029/2008GL034542, 2008 NF3, the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto Michael J. Prather1 and Juno Hsu1 Received 5 May 2008; accepted 27 May 2008; published 26 June 2008. [1] Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) can be called the missing chemical industry are following: Kanto Denka produces greenhouse gas: It is a synthetic chemical produced in 1,000 tons per yr; DuPont is setting up a manufacturing industrial quantities; it is not included in the Kyoto basket of facility in China; Formosa Plastics and Mitsui Chemicals greenhouse gases or in national reporting under the United are expanding production. Data on total production is not Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change freely available, but based on press releases and industry (UNFCCC); and there are no observations documenting its data, we estimate 2008 production to be about 4,000 tons, atmospheric abundance. Current publications report a long with a likely range of ±25%. Planned expansion could lifetime of 740 yr and a global warming potential (GWP), double this by 2010. which in the Kyoto basket is second only to SF6.Were- [3] The published global warming potentials (GWP) of examine the atmospheric chemistry of NF3 and calculate a NF3 are 12,300, 17,200 and 20,700 for time horizons of shorter lifetime of 550 yr, but still far beyond any societal 20, 100, and 500 years, respectively [Forster et al., 2007]. time frames. With 2008 production equivalent to 67 million The increasing GWP with time horizon reflects the longer metric tons of CO2,NF3 has a potential greenhouse impact atmospheric residence time of NF3 compared with that of larger than that of the industrialized nations’ emissions of CO2.
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Nitrogen Trifluoride
Nitrogen trifluoride (CAS No: 7783-54-2) Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands No. 2000/15OSH/125, The Hague, June 8, 2004 Preferred citation: Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. Nitrogen trifluoride; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2004; 2000/15OSH/125. all rights reserved 1 Introduction The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of nitrogen trifluoride by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this document was prepared by MA Maclaine Pont, M.Sc. (Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands). In November 1999, literature was searched in the databases Toxline, Medline, and Chemical Abstracts, starting from 1981, 1966, and 1937, respectively, and using the following key words: nitrogen trifluoride, nitrogen fluoride (NF3), and 7783-54-2. In February 2001, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the document for public review. No comments were received. An additional search in Toxline and Medline in January 2004 did not result in information changing the committee’s conclusions. 2Identity name : nitrogen trifluoride synonyms : nitrogen fluoride; trifluoroamine; trifluoroammonia; perfluoroammonia molecular formula : NF3 CAS number : 7783-54-2 3 Physical and chemical properties molecular weight : 71.0 boiling point : -129oC melting point : -208.5oC flash point : - vapour pressure : at 20°C: >100 kPa solubility in water : very slightly soluble log Poctanol/water : -1.60 conversion factors : at 20°C, 101.3 kPa: 1 mg/m3 = 0.34 ppm 1 ppm = 2.96 mg/m3 Data from ACG91, NLM04, http://esc.syrres.com.
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Cleaning Gas Mixture for an Apparatus and Cleaning Method
Europäisches Patentamt *EP001529854A1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 529 854 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.7: C23C 16/44, H01L 21/00 11.05.2005 Bulletin 2005/19 (21) Application number: 04256591.1 (22) Date of filing: 26.10.2004 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR • Isaki, Ryuichiro, HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation Designated Extension States: Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo (JP) AL HR LT LV MK • Shinriki, Manabu, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation (30) Priority: 04.11.2003 JP 2003374160 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo (JP) (71) Applicant: Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation (74) Representative: Smyth, Gyles Darren Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo (JP) Marks & Clerk 90 Long Acre London WC2E 9RA (GB) (54) Cleaning gas mixture for an apparatus and cleaning method (57) A cleaning gas improves the etching reaction and an integer from 1 to 3, y is an integer from 1 to 12, rate of cleaning gas including a fluorocarbon gas, and and z is selected from 0 and 1 and oxygen gas, to which increases the cleaning effect. And the cleaning method is added at least one selected from the group of nitrogen uses the cleaning gas. A mixed gas of a fluorocarbon trifluoride, fluorine, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, and rare gas- gas represented by the general formula of CvHxFyOz, es up to 10% by volume based on the total gas volume. wherein v is an integer from 1 to 5, x is selected from 0 EP 1 529 854 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) 1 EP 1 529 854 A1 2 Description ciency since these are raw materials for producing fluor- ocarbon type resins such as TEFLON (trademark), and BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION are used in significantly large amounts in the chemical industry.
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1. Hydrogen Forms Compounds with Most Non-Metallic Elements and with Some Metals
PMT 1. Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals. (a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial rubber which has the following composition by mass. Hydrogen 11.1% Carbon 88.9% (3) (b) The boiling temperatures of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are: Hydrogen chloride ±85ºC Hydrogen iodide ±35ºC Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride. ............................................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................................................. ... (2) (c) Draw and explain the shapes of: (i) the PH3 molecule; .......................................................... ............................................................ ...................................................................................................................... (2) 1 PMT ± (ii) the AlH4 ion. ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... (2) 3 (d) Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room temperature and pressure. (The molar volume of
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Methane Emissions from Forests Ecosystems Enhance Global Warming? : Keppler Et.Al.(2006)
Methane emissions from forests ecosystems enhance global warming? : Keppler et.al.(2006). Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature 439: 187-191 Quantifications of possible effects and comments Summary The results of this study could affect attractiveness and returns of CDM carbon offset projects and future negotiations about carbon sinks in the second commitment period. If confirmed independently, they represent a paradigm shift regarding methane formation in plant physiology. When extrapolated, net greenhouse gas removals by growing forests, e.g. existing forests or forests created by afforestation projects under the Clean Development Mechanism, could be reduced by maximally 4-8% though aerobic emissions of methane by trees. Net actual effects are likely to be lower. However, transposing and up-scaling results obtained in containers on small samples, seedlings, and on only one tree species to global forests and other biomes is not a valid “first estimate”, but at best a hypothesis which should be tested. Results do not invalidate the role of forests as carbon sinks; they also do not support the view that deforestation mitigates global warming via reduced emissions of methane. Background The paper postulates a sizeable, previously unknown methane source of 60-240 Mt from forests and other biomes, and an additional source of 1-7 Mt CH4 from litter. Plant physiology has up to now not recognized the possibility of aerobic methane formation by intact plants or litter. Methane, a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 23 times that of CO2, has been thought to originate in rice patties, natural wetlands, landfills, natural gas reservoirs, biomass burning and in the digestive tracts of cattle.If these methane emissions can be corroborated, the discovery amounts to a paradigm shift in plant physiology.
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Accounting for the Climate–Carbon Feedback in Emission Metrics
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 235–253, 2017 www.earth-syst-dynam.net/8/235/2017/ doi:10.5194/esd-8-235-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Accounting for the climate–carbon feedback in emission metrics Thomas Gasser1,2,a, Glen P. Peters2, Jan S. Fuglestvedt2, William J. Collins3, Drew T. Shindell4, and Philippe Ciais1 1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA – CNRS – UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 2Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo (CICERO), 0349 Oslo, Norway 3Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK 4Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA anow at: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria Correspondence to: Thomas Gasser ([email protected]) Received: 4 November 2016 – Discussion started: 10 November 2016 Accepted: 20 March 2017 – Published: 10 April 2017 Abstract. Most emission metrics have previously been inconsistently estimated by including the climate– carbon feedback for the reference gas (i.e. CO2) but not the other species (e.g. CH4). In the ﬁfth assessment report of the IPCC, a ﬁrst attempt was made to consistently account for the climate–carbon feedback in emission metrics. This attempt was based on only one study, and therefore the IPCC concluded that more research was needed. Here, we carry out this research. First, using the simple Earth system model OSCAR v2.2, we establish a new impulse response function for the climate–carbon feedback. Second, we use this impulse response func- tion to provide new estimates for the two most common metrics: global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature-change potential (GTP).
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Global Warming Potential Values
Global Warming Potential Values The following table includes the 100-year time horizon global warming potentials (GWP) i relative to CO2. This table is adapted from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014 (AR5) . The AR5 values are the most recent, but the second assessment report (1995) and fourth assessment report (2007) values are also listed because they are sometimes used for inventory and reporting purposes. For more information, please see the IPCC website (www.ipcc.ch). The use of the latest (AR5) values is recommended. Please note that the GWP values provided here from the AR5 for non-CO2 gases do not include climate-carbon feedbacks. Global warming potential (GWP) values relative to CO2 GWP values for 100-year time horizon Industrial Second Fourth Fifth Assessment designation Chemical formula Assessment Assessment Report (AR5) or common Report (SAR) Report (AR4) name Carbon dioxide CO2 1 1 1 Methane CH4 21 25 28 Nitrous oxide N2O 310 298 265 Substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol CFC-11 CCl3F 3,800 4,750 4,660 CFC-12 CCl2F2 8,100 10,900 10,200 CFC-13 CClF3 14,400 13,900 CFC-113 CCl2FCClF2 4,800 6,130 5,820 CFC-114 CClF2CClF2 10,000 8,590 CFC-115 CClF2CF3 7,370 7,670 Halon-1301 CBrF3 5,400 7,140 6,290 Halon-1211 CBrClF2 1,890 1,750 Halon-2402 CBrF2CBrF2 1,640 1,470 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 1,400 1,400 1,730 Methyl bromide CH3Br 5 2 Methyl chloroform CH3CCl3 100 146 160 GWP values for 100-year time horizon Industrial Second Fourth Fifth designation Chemical formula assessment Assessment Assessment or common report (SAR)
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Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2015
ANNEX 6 Additional Information 6.1. Global Warming Potential Values Global Warming Potential (GWP) is intended as a quantified measure of the globally averaged relative radiative forcing impacts of a particular greenhouse gas. It is defined as the cumulative radiative forcing–both direct and indirect effectsintegrated over a specific period of time from the emission of a unit mass of gas relative to some reference gas (IPCC 2007). Carbon dioxide (CO2) was chosen as this reference gas. Direct effects occur when the gas itself is a greenhouse gas. Indirect radiative forcing occurs when chemical transformations involving the original gas produce a gas or gases that are greenhouse gases, or when a gas influences other radiatively important processes such as the atmospheric lifetimes of other gases. The relationship between kilotons (kt) of a gas and million metric tons of CO2 equivalents (MMT CO2 Eq.) can be expressed as follows: MMT MMT CO2 Eq. kt of gas GWP 1,000 kt where, MMT CO2 Eq. = Million metric tons of CO2 equivalent kt = kilotons (equivalent to a thousand metric tons) GWP = Global warming potential MMT = Million metric tons GWP values allow policy makers to compare the impacts of emissions and reductions of different gases. According to the IPCC, GWP values typically have an uncertainty of 35 percent, though some GWP values have larger uncertainty than others, especially those in which lifetimes have not yet been ascertained. In the following decision, the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed to use consistent GWP values from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), based upon a 100 year time horizon, although other time horizon values are available (see Table A-263).
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Heat of Formation of Nitrogen Trifluoride
4j*m *" ARREN i' NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT 6363 HEAT OF FORMATION OF NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE by Sidney Marantz, Charles F* Coyle, and George T. Armstrong Order No. IPR NOrd 03168 Technical Report to U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance <NBS> U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions find Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended hy Congress in Public Paw 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy Commission. The scope'of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Reports and Publications The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program.
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Safety Data Sheet Nitrogen Trifluoride
Safety Data Sheet Nitrogen Trifluoride Section 1: Product and Company Identification Middlesex Gases & Technologies 292 Second Street P.O. Box 490249 Everett, MA 02149 (617) 387-5050 (800) 649-6704 Fax (617) 387-3537 http://www.middlesexgases.com/ Product Code: Nitrogen Trifluoride Section 2: Hazards Identification Warning Hazard Classification: Gases Under Pressure Hazard Statements: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated Precautionary Statements Storage: Protect from sunlight. Store in well-ventilated place. Section 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients CAS # 7783-54-2 Middlesex Gases & Technologies page 1 of 4 Generated by the SDS Manager from AsteRisk, LLC. All Rights Reserved Generated: 06/01/2015 Chemical Chemical Trade Names Substance Family Nitrogen Trifluoride inorganic halide Nitrogen fluoride, trifluoroamine, trifluoroammonia, Perfluoroammonia; NF3; UN 2451; N,N,N- Trifluoroamine Section 4: First Aid Measures Skin Contact Eye Contact Ingestion Inhalation Note to Physicians Flush skin with plenty of water for 15 Flush eyes with plenty of Not likely Remove victim to fresh air. Provide Consider minutes. Remove contaminated clothing water for 15 minutes. Get route of artificial respiration if breathing is oxygen. and shoes, wash before reuse. Get medical attention exposure. difficult. Consider oxygen. Contact medical attention immediately. immediately. medical personnel immediately. Section 5: Fire Fighting Measures Suitable Extinguishing Media Products of Protection of Firefighters Combustion Non-flammable. Use extinguishing media suitable for Non-flammable § Wear self-contained breathing apparatus. surrounding fire. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures Personal Precautions Environmental Precautions Methods for Containment Isolate area. Contact emergency personnel. Eliminate ignition Avoid contact with soil, waterways, drains Shut off flow if possible sources if it is safe to do so.
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Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming Potential Excerpt from U.S. National Emissions Inventory
GREENHOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL VALUES EXCERPT FROM THE INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS AND SINKS: 1990-2000 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Program Office of Atmospheric Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency April 2002 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential Values Original Reference All material taken from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2000, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, EPA 430-R-02- 003, April 2002. <www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions> How to Obtain Copies You may electronically download this document from the U.S. EPA’s Global Warming web page on at: www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions For Further Information Contact Mr. Michael Gillenwater, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Tel: (202)564-0492, or e-mail [email protected] Acknowledgments The preparation of this document was directed by Michael Gillenwater. The staff of the Climate and Atmospheric Policy Practice at ICF Consulting, especially Marian Martin Van Pelt and Katrin Peterson deserve recognition for their expertise and efforts in supporting the preparation of this document. Excerpt from Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000 Page 2 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential Values Introduction The Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions elements of the Earth’s climate system. Natural and Sinks presents estimates by the United States processes such as solar-irradiance variations, government of U.S. anthropogenic greenhouse variations in the Earth’s orbital parameters, and gas emissions and removals for the years 1990 volcanic activity can produce variations in through 2000.
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