The US Navy Japanese/Oriental Language School Archival Project The Interpreter Archives, University of Colorado at Boulder Number 156 Remember September 11, 2001 [email protected] February 1, 2011

Our Mission Giovonantonia Tagliente (1952), The JLS Experience flew from Peking to Shanghai in The Scholar-Printers (1964), and a DC-4, the first four-engined In the Spring of 2000, the The Circle of Knowledge (1968). of T. Howell Breece plane in which I had ever flown. Archives continued the origi- He has also contributed articles Lt. (j.g.) Willard Wright was nal efforts of Captain Roger to the Encyclopedia Britannica (Cont’d) The rest of my naval already in Shanghai. When I was Pineau and William Hudson, and to professional journals. career in China had nothing to do sent to Peking, he was sent to the and the Archives first at- with Japanese. JICA seconded in Hong Kong. tempts in 1992, to gather the me to OSS in Peking. I asked to When I reached the Cathay papers, letters, photographs, have Eddie Fei sent with me to House Hotel, Bill offered me a and records of graduates of Peking, an idea that delighted Scotch. I thought he was joking. the US Navy Japanese/ him because his parents had For a year and a half in China Oriental Language School, continued to live there all our only alcohol had been a University of Colorado at through the Japanese occupation. small ration of cheap bourbon (a Boulder, 1942-1946. We We spent our time going to liquor I detest) or Chunking gin, military headquarters all over the assemble these papers in a liquor distilled in Chungking recognition of the contribu- Stanley Morison (left) with James city, some of the Kuo Min Tang by a White Russian who tions made by JLS/OLS Wells, ca. 1960 (Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist according to rumor had one Newberry photograph Chinese Party), but some of them instructors and graduates to bottle of Gordon’s Gin which he the War effort in the Pacific A member of several were those of warlords hoping to used in tiny sips as a check on and the Cold War, to the professional societies, he was profit from the defeat of Japan. the flavor of the stuff he creation of East Asian awarded a Guggenheim Situation Maps were rolled down produced. Since he probably had language programs across Fellowship (1978-79). He joined for us and we were shown the no access to juniper, I don’t the country, and to the the Caxton Club in 1951, served locations of Communist and know how he could have even development of Japanese- on the Council (1959-67, 1970- Nationalist troop dispositions. come close to a correct flavor, American cultural rec- 71, 1974-75, 1984-86) and on All conversations were, of but all of us drank the stuff in a onciliation programs after the Publications Committee course, in Chinese and I was mixer made with water and the World War II. (1953-69), which he chaired glad to have Eddie with me. Army’s dried lemon powder. Bill Chinese is one of my two native from 1960 to 1962. He was did have a bottle of Black & elected vice-president (1966-67) languages, but because my adult White which a Royal Navy James M. Wells and president (1968-69). In 1958 education was in English, there wardroom had sold him for the 30 Years at the Newberry he read a paper before the Club, are English terms for which I do equivalent of 75¢ American. (to “William Caxton,” in which he not know the Chinese equivalent. be cont’d) 56 years a Caxtonian Although I had by then acquired And Enjoying Every gave a masterful summary of the T. Howell Breece life of the Club’s namesake. His considerable military vocabulary JLS 1944 Minute in Chinese, there were still words ______text was reprinted as a keepsake The entry for James M. Wells for Caxtonians in 1960. He also I did not know. Conversation [JLS 1944] in the Club’s 1995 spoke at three dinner meetings In the summer of 1946, Eddie Fei with his wife and infant son, Between Marines centennial is fairly on “Stanley Morison, A Portrait” extraordinary: WELLS, JAMES (1971); on “Do You Remember came to the US and stayed with To Resume: M. (b. 1917). The librarian was John Calhoun? A Brief History me for a few days in Berkeley. The 6th Marine Division, minus born in West Virginia and of ” (1975); and He told me then that he had the temporarily absent Yokosuka received a B.S. from on “Daniel Berkeley Updike and learned that the situation maps detachment, sailed to Tsingtao, Northwestern University (1938) the Merrymount Press” (1982). which we had been shown at the North China though calm seas. and a M.A. in English from He wrote chapter 1 of RHM various headquarters were all An advance party had already Columbia University (1939). Robert Hunter Middleton (1985), fabricated for us. The Chinese come in by air to identify After serving as an English an essay entitled “The Man and Nationalists had no intention of buildings that could be used for instructor, he entered the United His Career.” He also wrote the letting the Americans find out billeting troops and house the States Navy during World War II introduction for An Alphabet what was really happening in the staff elements. A number of the (1942-46) and served as a Stone Cut, published by the Club war with the communists. They many schools in the city were Japanese-language officer in the in 1963. He was elected kept two sets of maps, one for tagged for billets and the Pacific campaigns, rising to the honorary member in 1984. (to be themselves that showed the true Japanese instructed to rank of . cont’d) situation, and another to fool us put everything in order. The In 1951 he joined the staff of Robert McCamant into thinking they were column of troops with which I the as the The Caxtonian prevailing against the marched into the city went custodian of the John M. Wing Vol. XV, No. 9 communists. I have wondered through a street which had many September 2007 ever since if any intelligence Foundation. He subsequently ______shops with displays of foreign reports can be trusted. (not Chinese) liquor. I recall held a number of posts in his Recent Losses: long and distinguished career Finally, in November 1945, I White Horse Scotch as the brand there, including that of vice- was ordered to Shanghai to wait most offered. The bottles were president (1975-84). He is the for transportation to the US for perfectly duplicated and labeled. author of Opera di discharge from the Navy. On my We had been warned not to drink birthday, December 6, 1945, I the stuff, but, predictably, some of the vehicles in town. I the Shiites and the Sunnis Kunming, I met General thirsty adventurers did, and got remember thinking that this together; you couldn’t do it. Chenault, and he thanked me for sick, though no deaths were seemed like a good outfit to be in. I was transferred from the “valuable intelligence” I was announced. The troops soon Prophetically, several years later Chongqing after a relatively sending from the coast! found a "safe" substitute, I was in the SSU, which short time, and was assigned to While I was there, the the locally made vodka, which succeeded the OSS and was in monitor Japanese operations Japanese captured the city of was made without toxic turn succeeded by the CIA. along the Fujian coast. My own Wenzhou, down the coast from ingredients. There was also a "90 The OSS mission in China had experiences there regarding the Shanghai, with no opposition Year Old" (sic) Chefoo Brandy, been to gather intelligence about Guomindang’s reluctance to from the Guomindang. Rollo which was quite good. the ChiComs. fight Japan were similar. Rouse, the English customs Semper Fi At that time, the Japanese officer, was asked by the Glenn Nelson controlled all the treaty ports Inspector General to make a JLS 1944 ______except Fuzhou. The Min River report. Rouse’s report was runs through Fuzhou to the sea. something to this effect, “I have An EAA Interview Just off the coast is Sharp Island, forgotten whether Wenzhou was with where the Japanese had 120 captured by six Japanese on marines monitoring shipping, so bicycles at seven a.m. or seven Houghton Freeman they really didn’t need to go into Japanese on bicycles at six a.m.”

(Cont’d) Lynn Parisi: Much has Fuzhou. Fuzhou was wide open This is just an illustration of how been written about divided and the center of activity in “free ineffective the Guomindang was Turning in arms, Tsingtao opinion among American policy China.” I was sent down with a as a fighting force. Our position http://www.haroldstephens.net/image wireless operator to transmit in Fuzhou became unstable after /tid/51?page=13 makers on the leadership and factions in China during the reports back to Chongqing. a US submarine made the The senior Japanese Sino-Japanese War, including There was a good little Allied mistake of sinking a Japanese government official in the city Stilwell’s frustration with the community operating there. We medical ship. The crew and the was Consul General Hara. He Guomindang war effort. Based joined the British Acting Consul patients made it to shore and set had served as Consul General in as you were in Chongqing, do General, Murray MacLehose, up there. Everyone in Fuzhou got Honolulu and was afraid the you have recollections of the later to be governor of Hong nervous. The Guomindang had Americans would string him up. environment in which Americans Kong. He was also British Secret 2,500 to 3,000 troops. They So he claimed illness and took to were working at that time in Service. Everyone down there could have easily dealt with this his bed, handing off his functions China? Did you see any of this in was in the Intelligence business. handful of Japanese, but they to a deputy. The senior Japanese your own work or at the It was also headquarters for didn’t. The Japanese became military officer was Brigadier American headquarters at Chinese Customs, Telephone and bolder as time went on, and General Eiji Nagano who Chongqing? Telegraph, and the Salt eventually, we had to leave commanded the troops in the Houghton Freeman: In Administration. An Englishman, Fuzhou, all because of this Tsingtao region. Farther inland Chongqing, I lived in the naval Charles George Gordon Pearson, handful of Japanese stragglers the 43rd Army held sway. attaché mess with about four was head of the Salt against whom the Guomindang Our division had two other officers. We were just five Administration. A Dane by the troops seemed helpless. It was missions. First, organize and houses up from General name of Kierkegaard was somewhat ridiculous because manage the repatriation of the Stilwell’s office and heading the Telephone and anyone with a machinegun could thousands of Japanese military headquarters. Stilwell was very Telegraph, and Customs was probably have saved Fuzhou – and civilians in North China. The friendly. He would invite us being run by a man named Rollo but no one did. The British First Marine Division had down whenever he got a new Rouse. ambassador, Murray MacLehose arrived in the Tientsin-Peiping movie; that is how I got to know The Japanese were all over used his launch to evacuate his area, similarly charged. Stepping him. About five years ago, the place, but there were wide staff and mine. We were fired up to the strategic level, the Doreen and I became involved in gaps in their control. I had a upon as we headed upriver, but Americans were to hold the renovating the Stilwell Museum network of agents up and down we assumed the shots came not North China coast until Chiang in Chongqing because of that the coast, even a man in from Japanese but the Kai-Shek could get his forces early connection. Shanghai and on Taiwan. None Guomindang. We resettled up there and march inland to Some of our people in had radios, so they had to pass upriver in Nanping at a former forestall its conquest by the Chongqing went on assignment through Japanese lines once a American missionary compound, Chinese Communists. Our to Yan’an and came back very week to send me information. I set up radio communications, immediate mission was to free a impressed. Their impressions traveled up and down the coast, and resumed business as usual. bunch of assorted foreign were that the people in Yan’an which was quite open. Twice We’re now getting into 1945 internees, including women and were actively fighting the daily, I would relay messages on and the war was at a stalemate in children, who were being held Japanese. Meanwhile, we the day’s activities back to China. I was due for home leave at Weihsien, some miles inland. Chongqing. In addition, I had and was asked to report to couldn’t get anyone in the th It turned out that the OSS had Guomindang to take much been asked by the 14 Air Force, Washington. I also needed already parachuted into the camp interest in doing so. This was General Chenault’s outfit, to surgery on my shoulder, which I with supplies and got everyone Stilwell’s problem, and he was send weather reports. I had no had dislocated, so the time back to the city. Unlike the very frustrated. Barbara weather equipment, no training seemed right to return. military PW camps, the people Tuchman’s on Stilwell in weather reporting, so I would When the war ended, I didn’t had not been mistreated but their goes into the politics of this very just look out the window and have enough points to leave the rations were sparse. The OSS well. There was really a lot of say, “sunny, partly sunny,” or Navy, so I was assigned to detachment, first on the scene, effort by the Americans to try to whatever, and would put my Shanghai with a group of had taken over a couple of the bring Chiang Kai-shek and Mao finger out and say, “Wind from Annapolis captains and an finest houses in the city and together, but it was like bringing the southwest.” Later, when I admiral responsible for commandeered some of the best went back on a trip through transferring excess US naval vessels to the nationalist amazing place. He would be of EO-9066, the US Navy family returned to their native Chinese. I was the only reservist, amazed at its growth. Japanese Language School had . They lived in Terra a lieutenant, the only one who Ethel A. Tamburello to move to the University of Linda, Marin County. In 1977, knew Shanghai, so I became ______Colorado, taking Hummel and they bought their present home their “go to guy.” I remember his Berkeley class with him] near the Sonoma Plaza and that we stayed at the Cathay Robert Stuart Hummel When he finished the year of moved to the City of Sonoma. Hotel, now the Peace Hotel, and 1915-2007 Japanese-language training, he Stuart and his son, Bill, they didn’t like the toilet paper. I was sent to Pearl Harbor where established the family's business, was requested to go out to one of he was stationed at Admiral the Sonoma Book Bindery, in our naval vessels moored in the Nimitz's headquarters and spent 1983. It will celebrate its 25th Whangpoo to get some. I was his days doing cryptographic anniversary in April of 2008. walking up the Bund with an work, translating Japanese coded Stuart Hummel not only armload, and of course ran into messages. knew the joys of a life well lived, half my fiends. I had been trying When the war ended he he also earned the satisfaction to impress them with my joined the State Department that comes from preserving the position, and there I was fetching Office of Chinese Affairs in details of every day of it. toilet paper. I lost a lot of face. Washington, D.C., and soon after In his Sonoma home there are By the end of January, I had found himself in charge of all of shelves and shelves of matching enough points to get out of the the United States libraries in the bound , holding almost his Navy, so I got permission to go Far Eastern countries, supplying entire life in their pages of back to Washington to be them with English-language typewritten prose. Stuart created demobilized. The admiral and books and translations. He went a diary account of every single the captains were finished giving to Japan for three months in day of his life, starting at age 12. our vessels to the Guomindang. Robert Stuart Hummel, 92, 1952 to visit the 21 American It is the complete story of his life Of course, six months later the passed away peacefully at 6 a.m. libraries that had been - the people he met and communists probably had all on Sunday, Dec. 16, 2007, after a established there and to everything he did. And he those ships. It was a worthless yearlong struggle with cancer. recommend what should be done always took the attitude that he exercise. (to be cont’d) Stuart was born on Sept. 30, with them. didn't care who read it, he said.

Education About ASIA 1915, in Los Angeles, to Mildred Stuart's eclectic past includes It's not a life that you'd nod off Vol. 12, No. 2 Esther Hummel and William service with Naval Intelligence; about - there are five Fall 2007 Frederick Hummel, who were a postwar stint with the State universities that would love to Reprinted with permission of the Methodist missionaries in China Department's Office of China obtain his , including Association for Asian Studies, Inc. for many years. Stuart was born Affairs; supervisor of 65 United the prestigious Bancroft Library ______in Los Angeles when his parents States information centers from at UC Berkeley and Stanford Captain returned from China on a Korea to Burma; director of University. furlough. Chinese language broadcasts for After traveling the world, Gaspare B. Taburello, Stuart and his wife, Kathleen, the Voice of America broadcast holding important posts in the USN, JLS 1944 who passed on in March 2003, network; and as a Civil Defense federal government and were high school classmates in official who prepared all Capitol establishing the Sonoma Book My husband, Gaspare B. Los Angeles. Both were Hill buildings, the Supreme Bindery, he started accumulating Tamburello (1921-1998), was a valedictorians of their graduating Court and Library of Congress valuable investment real estate. Japanese student at Colorado. He for manmade and natural He has real estate in Marin and did go in with the Marines to class. It was not until two or three years later as students at disasters. Sonoma counties, as well as in translate and interrogate UCLA that they began dating, When Stuart's World War II Hawaii, and he and his wife, prisoners of war. th leading to their marriage on Oct. Naval assignment in Hawaii was Kathleen, made more than 45 He passed away on the 19 of transferred to Washington, D.C., trips to Hawaii over a 30-year November 1998. He eventually 6, 1940. Their more than 62 years of marriage were filled in mid-1945, it became possible period. They loved it there. became CO of Corry Station with love, companionship, much for Kathleen to join him and for Stuart grew up in Nanking, (Naval Technical Training travel and a very close family him to see their daughter, Anne, China, where his parents were Center) in Florida and retired in for the first time. She was 17 Methodist missionaries and 1969. He then went to relationship. They were their own best friends. months old. In the late 1950s, educators. He loved China and Pennsylvania Junior College as Stuart received his BA from Stuart took a federal assignment learned to speak fluent Chinese. an administrator. the University of California, in Santa Rosa. They returned to He remembered traveling around At the present time I have Washington, D.C., in the early on camelback, surviving typhoid given most of his memorabilia to Berkeley, in 1939 where he studied Chinese and international 1960s when Stuart was asked to fever and eventually fleeing Corry Station for the museum relations, while residing at the take the position of preparing the during the in and I have been told that a International House during part United States Capitol and the 1927. Before his mother could building will be named for him. surrounding government load him onto the American He actually was the one found of his university education. In October 1941 he was buildings for possible nuclear ship USS Noa, which Corry Station when BUPERS recruited back to the university attack. He held this position for brought them down the Yangtze sent him to find a location to to attend the rigorous Japanese eight years, with his office in the River to Shanghai where a move the Long Beach Station Capitol. steamer ship returned them to from California to the East Language School being These were pleasant years for Los Angeles, he saw atrocities of Coast. His location was Corry conducted by the . After the attack on Pearl Stuart as he renewed past war that still lingered vividly in Station. It is now called the Harbor in December of that year, friendships and found new his brain. Center of Dominance. It trains it became imminent that he friends. Stuart has grandchildren and all forces. It is absolutely an would play an important role in When Stuart retired from great-grandchildren, the huge World War II. [Also as a result federal service in 1970, their collection of family records, and feels he has been very fortunate smoke signals instead, She has my structures on other islands, send you documents and photos in his life to have long-lived and empathy. ] including the Marshalls and for your JLS archives. ______interesting parents and Marianas. Robert B. Sheeks grandparents of whom he feels Martin Edward Orlean In regard to another obituary, JLS 1943 so proud. He felt his main It is with regret that I have I am grateful to have been able interest was to perpetuate the to read about the background of [Ed. Note: I searched The Interpreter learned of the death of Martin E. on the computer and found memory of those who went Orlean, Boulder JLS 15/4/44, Ensho Ashikaga, described in the Nakamura Sensei mentioned in before him, who lived interesting who died last June 2007 in January 1, 2007 issue (#107) of Issues: #21, #23, #33, #37, #44, #53, and loving lives. "The saddest London where he lived. I met The Interpreter. Professor #53, #75, #102, #104, #110A, #111, thing would be for their memory him on Peleliu in September Ashikaga was a revered sensei. #117, and in upcoming #121, and not to go on," he said. 1944 and many years later in He not only instructed me in #142. He is mentioned by his family Stuart is survived by his son, Japanese; but on his own time as well as by JLS/OLSers. But the London for lunch a couple of longest story about Nakamura Sensei William Merrett Hummel, of times, the last time being in taught me ink-brush calligraphy. Sonoma, daughter, Anne Stuart It is an honor to have been one of was Charles D. Sheldon's "From the 1995. His wife told me about his Bottom of the Barrel: A Tribute to Kessler, and her husband, death in a return postcard. He his students. Susumu Nakamura", from the Richard Dale Kessler, of Granite had been in the oil business until I wonder if The Interpreter Hudson Collection, carried in Issues Bay, their daughter Tori his retirement. A real loss in his will be printing a biographical #77A, #78A, and #79.] Elizabeth Arnold, and her article about senior sensei ______passing. [RIP Bill] husband, William Arnold, M.D., William Hudson Nakamura Susumu? As you Thanks for the of Phoenix, their two children JLS 1944 know, he was a close colleague ______Memories Carson and Kyle, son John Stuart of Professor Ashikaga, and a

Kessler, and his wife, Masayo, Reprise on Hummel, and leading figure of the JLS To Carla & her fellow Student and their three children Gene, Senseis Ashikaga, Administration and of the Assistants: Erin and Shaun, who live in teaching faculty. I believe a I am now on the 88th floor of Tokyo, Richard Anthony Kessler, Nakamura and Inouye biographical sketch about him my life (3/06/08), and I want to and his wife, Laura, and You are no doubt aware of the and his background would be of tell you that the air is pretty daughter, Bailie, who live in death, on December 16, 2007, in much interest to JLS alumni [We damn thin up here. Without Roseville and Gary David Sonoma California of Navy would be glad to print such an Subway sandwiches, peanut Kessler, and wife, Rachel, and Boulder JLS graduate, Robert article]. butter, spell check, and a real twins Ryleigh and Jackson, who Stuart Hummel. I believe the JLS There is another outstanding wife, I’d be in bad shape. live in Pennsylvania. Also Stuart Alumni would find Stuart’s sensei, one who I am happy to This note is to thank you all is survived by his brother achievements inspiring, and report is still with us [as of for that picture of the long ago William Frederick Hummel Jr. would enjoy knowing about his January 2008]. I wonder if you Okinawa helmet gag. I don’t III, of Los Angeles, and many career and life [Yes, we had keep in touch with Sensei Ari remember most of the names of other relatives who live in received the obituary from Harry Inouye [Yes, he is on the mailing the guys, but the picture surely southern California and Sonoma. list and has sent us letters in the Pratt a few days earlier and awakens a warm feeling about Sonoma News posted it in this issue, see past. Nothing has arrived them as I look at it. They were December 24, 2007 previous page]. lately.]. He and his wife, Ida, good dudes to go to a battle with, ______live in Roseville, California. Dan Stuart Hummel and I were not that we were more than Note Provided by Navy JLS classmates, first at Williams and I and our families office staff when you consider Berkeley, then at Boulder. have visited the Inouyes several what was going on with many of Phil Burchill times in recent years. Ari Although we both had China the others. rd birthday on [Phil sent along this note from backgrounds, we took up celebrated his 93 As we used to sing with Bob September 24, 2007. He stays in Polly Fleming in December Japanese language training. After Hope, “Thanks for the 2007.] Boulder graduation, our paths good spirits, but his health is memories”. Dear Phil: next converged at the Pearl frail. Edgar Whan An interview with Ari, for It’s most flattering when you are Harbor headquarters of Admiral JLS 1943 The Interpreter, about his life ______103 to be remembered when you Nimitz (CINCPAC). Stuart had were younger! Maybe I have gone into the Navy; I into the and times I feel ought to be done. $Donations Accepted improved – I hope. I read the Marine Corps. Stuart was If you agree, I would be able to interview him, although it might If you wish to support the JLS/OLS news from the University of working at FRUPAC (Fleet have to wait until spring weather Archival Project in ways other than Colorado and appreciate your Radio Unit) translating coded giving papers you may contribute returns [absolutely!]. It is very input – but I didn’t know very Japanese radio communications. donations to our US Navy JLS/OLS many. In an adjoining CINCPAC interesting and admirable that Fund. We hire work-study students after WWII, Ari went to Japan, I gave a luncheon for us: Paul office, I was on detached duty to on this fund, tripling its value. To nd studied and practiced landscape Kramer, Marty Packman and the Navy from the 2 Marine donate, make your check out to the University of Colorado, writing US Erma and Hope Efron with a Division. That was during the architecture and construction; Navy JLS Fund on the memo line to nurse…. interim between the Division’s then returned to California and headed the landscape program the bottom left of your check, and I tried to light a fire, and the Tarawa battle in November 1943 for the UC Berkeley campus mail it to our contact address. It will damper was stuck – SMOKE. I and its /Tinian campaigns go straight to our project. until his retirement. was so disappointed that in mid-1944. While at Although my communication something went wrong. CINCPAC for several months, I David Hays with you over the years has been prepared a two-volume, photo- Archives Polly Fleming minimal, I am a dedicated JLS illustrated catalog of the University of Colorado at Boulder [Ed. Note: I like to place such notes. fortifications at Tarawa. It was graduate, and, thanks to you, 184 UCB Many have been the times that I have Boulder, Colorado 80309-0184 used subsequently for aerial greatly enjoy reading each issue bungled setting a fire and sent indoor of The Interpreter. I still plan to ______photo identification of Japanese