The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan 1206— 1526
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THE RELATIONS OF DELHI SULTANATE WITH RAJASTHAN 1206— 1526 A Thesis submitted in the Department of History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarb for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Supervisor : By : PROF. IRFAN HABIB M. S. AHLUWALIA 1972 T1298 Th« stody of th« polltleal history of Ba^asthtfi during th« p«riod of tb« D«lhl Sulttfiat* hat bo«a undortckiii priM«. niy fo«eatt8« so f«r no oonnoetsd acootint of this phas« of B«|«sthan history wdsts. Although a nusbsr of monographs on tho history of the yarious olan dynastlas such as th« Chauhtfis Rathorsi Par«naras «te*, hava b««a %frlttan, yat no oonnaotad aeoount of Hajasthan as a whole exists and no atteapt has so far bam made to correlata the infomation derived froB the Sanslcrltt Persian and Bajasthanl literary md epigraphlo sources so far available* m attempt has been made in this thesis to utilise the souroe uaterlal available in the two xain langaagss md to fill the gap in ^e researches so far published and thus to present a connected account of the politioal history of Ra^asthsn during tha period under review. The source Material for the present stody aay he classified into eplgraphic, Persian and non-Persian. A study of the available Kuslin inscriptions throw new mA Interesting 11 ^t on the process of the pauetration end recession of the Delhi SultanU authority In Rajasthm. A number of Persian inscriptions found mostly at places liket Sadadi, Psndulchat Kandor and Lailnu, are indicative of the fact that ^e north eastern parts of Marwar region acknoidedged the central authority whereas the south-eastezn region probably remained iiatff«et«d by th^ saltifi«t«is lntlume%» Bi»lgr«plilo now ftvullabl* farther support to ttio faU of ivportant fort tonKi of oarXy aodlovaX Bajastbmt sueh %» B«raii*f Jalor, AjmertX^pdort Cbittor oto* Ag«i&) a Persiffi inscription of A«H« 709 oitalblishoa it boyond doubt that C3iittor vat landor th« af foeMira control of tha Khalji Saltans and thus rafutat tba hitbarto baliavad bardie account of Rana Maldao'a bold oirar Cbittor* Siiailarly, a sat of Sanskrit inseriptlont auloglsing tha Sultans or tbair opponontsy of far sosa diract avidsnea of tha natura of tha political control ovar tha araa of the find-spot of tha inscriptions* tha othar Sanslcrit inscriptions hava not onljr halpad in Imowing or constructing tha history of tha various Hajput clana, but also astablish that a nuMbar of ragions particularly tha south*vastani and tha south*aastam parts of Rajasthoo^ rtfsainad indapandwt of tha Huslin infiuanca. In ona particular casa at laastf tha Sanslcrit inscriptions hm halpad us in knowing tha Khalji attack on JaisalJiar, which otharwisa i« not nsntionad in tha Parsim chroniclas* Tha inscriptions, howavar, hava mora corroboratlva valua thsn adding substantially to tha already availabla infoxaationt for which wa haTa to dapand nostly on Farsian, Sanskrit and Rajasthani contanporary and latar sources* m attenpt has bean nada in tha present study to correlate mA utilise the information gathered fron the aval* liOila Persian chronicles| notably, TaSul^Maasiy* 1!abaqaVi» , ^jtSSJSkf Baraoi ind mf*» Yp^klwt^Ftrua^ihiihl, yji^^lr ffcrllth»1.4ittbarite»haht. jidr Khusrsa'a historical Ma»aayia and Babttr 9mm •te*| apart fxo« a nuabar of somrcas vritt«i during the Hughal pariod* informatloa fro* ttia eont«mporary aad the Xatar Sanskrit soureas« lueh as % Prithyirajaidiaarkayyai HaaaArMiahakaiqraf Yi¥idhatirthtetf.pat KhartaragachohhapatavaU > Paratariai>rahiatt<lha»s«agrahAt Prahandha- oio taatagii isad Pr^aadhsac0sa ato«| has haan eorralatad vith tha availahXa Parsian soura as aM aany Bajasthmi soureas, inoliid* K^yatst Chattpai3> Chhaada and Rasos> In tha bafiimiiig of the ^asisy apart fron tha avaluatioB of tha above souroa«matariaX| tha gaographieal and poiitioaX diirisions of Raj as than, the impaot of pi^siographjr m tha history of Rajast^ant tha rise of the various oXans in Bajasthsn during the pre-^SuXtsnata period, such as the Ourjara- ( Pratiharas, Chauhans, QuhiXas, Bhatis, Hastrakutas etc., nhich haXd the various parts of Rajasthan, has aXso be«i attenpted. An att«apt has aXso been made for the first tiae to disouss briafXy tha systsn of poXitieaX organisation of the so-eaXXad Rajput cXans and the eaergsnoe of distinct oategories of auto- noaous or seai-autonoaous faudaX chiefs going under tha nases, such as, lU^aputrat Rsnakat Rauta> Thakteura, Khats, Mu<^sddsas and Chaodharias etc., soaa of vhich titXes were originaX nhara- as the others vera avoXved to suit tha needs of the tiaa* The study of the poXiticaX history during the period under revieir reveaXs that the Turkish invasion of northern India m A long prooMS brlngliig sbout iKporttfit loeio^politioi^ ohttfiges in Hajiisthtfi* ^though tho regl^ m laportant 7ol« at th* eXosft of th« twftltth o«ntury« it did not «0qair« « polltleal idttntitar during th« period of the Saltans of iioihi, 4 number of *Bajput* dans which eaargad before tdie p^^-iod of the Sultans of OeXM, ended tbeir poliUoaX eareer even beforo tho Cihori^ oeoupatl<»& of Delhi* Some of l^ese iiere Uqoidated W the Turkish md the KhaXJi Saltans of Oeihi* 3ome of thtt&f however« t^ing advantage of the poll tie al eondi* tions of the post^Tlnur period reasserted ^eir independenee and oontlnued to play on iaportant role in the region for a oonsiderehle period* PolittealX/y the (%orisn invasion of northern India directly resulted in a feverish oilitary aetivity aaongst these elga chiefs* The Delhi Sulttfi*s pressure on Bajasthm continued in various degrees during the entire period under review* A nusber of Saltant| partloularly, gutbuddin Aibak| Xltutaishf Balbani Alauddin Khalji succeeded in reducing KaJaethm princi- palities, such as Ajii«r« Kanthsnbhor* Chittor, Jalor^ Jaift«l»er end Baysna, thus Annexing important * Rajput* ruling houses like the ChauhanSf Gkihilas, Bhatis, Rathors and the Parawaras* The period under study^ however, witnessed tha rise of a ntanber of new ruling houses in Rajasthin such as fiundi, Marwar, Eanthanbhor and Bayona* In the last principality, the Jadon Bhatls were replaced by the loahadi and the Khansada chiefs, who continued to rule over the region in seai-independent capacity tail the coMing of the Mughaie* Sone other prinoipalities» such •» (Mttor, ^eh bad •«;rll«r bm ana«x«d to tb« sultanat* duri&g th« Kbal.il period, ro-astortod Indopandoneo. It also b«eoB«8 eloar frm tho oontiiiporaxy aecounts that not only tba HusXlH chl«f«» Mostly postad In aaatom i^jaatbanf but also tba Hajput eblofs in dista&t araas soeh as Havart daolarad Indapao- Wh^r^na thts Ebmaada chief a of Howat (wixLah ineludad tba modam diatxlGts of aad Biiaratpor) ramolaod a souroa of ooDstant troubia aad saditlous aictlvitlas during Balban's p^iod and again during tSia Saiyyid md l*odi Sultantf the Mawar TuXarst partloularijri Eaoa H^aiBlrat Kunbha and Itaaa 3anga» not only suceeedad in 2^agai^^ng tbaiJ^ lost tarritorlesy but also in extaading tbalr territories at the oost of tba Sultans of DAbi, '£hQ Saiyyid and tho l»odi atlt^s failed to eurb ttieir growing power* But the latter suoeaeded in oonaolidating ^air position by forming a Hajput oonfadaraeyt on the mo band, and the BaJput • Hugbal allianoai on tba otbeTf in a bid to olala supra. KdOy. This raduead tba Oalbi Sultanate drastioally and laft tba field open to Babur, who finally suooeeded in defeating and killing both the serious rivals to so^rereifaty and thus as tab* lishing bis om enpira* Zb« soeio-politieal struotura did not undergo a substan- tial obange during this period, fat there are several instances whin the Sultans took the Rajputs in confidence and left the con(|itered territories Hke Aj»er end KantbsMbbor a to in their possession and axso appointed thcH to soMa high posts* The Jain aonks of Rajastbant siMilarlyt are reported daring the Tughluq period to have eulogised the Sultans and secured liberal eonoMtions trm then t&T pilgriaag* and propagating roligloii. thia it elearijr indieatad on tli« basis of a f«v ilttrary soureas such as Kh«y tayagachchhagatavall and Inserip. tlons^ sueh asy the R^akpar Jain tenple inscription of f*S* 1496/1440 A«D« A mnQbar of Jain wxokM Ilka Scatar Sin^t Hahmdra Surl^ Sonprabha mri and scholars lika Ralatilchra and Jinprabha Burl «iioyed royal patronagat as Is avidint frcMi Jain chronicles lik«, VivldhaUrthdfealpa* Kathakoaa, Pratoandhaeinta^ and firabandh^o^a ate* It sa^ carta!n from thasa and tha other sources that igoac^ of th« l«iin ncmks and scholars vara hald In high astaiPi at tha rofeil court as mth thay miccaaded in securing cartnin eocicasslons for the JalJi conau* nlt^ through the favour of the Sultans* A large number of Sanskrit inscriptions too spe^ highly about the tughluq 8»lt«is and their liberal appointaonts of the Hindus to the k^ posts, such as Va^r> Sese of the billing or forcible converciens of the important Bajput suoh ast the Bhatls, Kyam Khani Chauhens and the Khansada chieft of Movati are known on the basis of literary and epigraphlc ovidenoe during this period* Probably, thes^^ 'secular* elements vere the foreziinmtrs of the ontis that ifsm ii^to osdsiteooo in the Hughal empire. 1 - ti ill - iv AbbreviaUoQs V - Yll ggAPTBR I. *Ifitroauotl<n* 1-72 iU SouroM} B. Raj at than t the asographleal baokground and polltloaX divisions I C* Else of various elana in Bftjaathan during the pre^Suitanata period ^ D* fha Rajput ruling order* | OHAPTSfi II. tba (Bsoritn Ckmquest 73 91 of BaJwithan* CHAPTER III. XltiitMish's operations 92 116 in BftJastHao* mjism M, Suoeassori of Xitutsiah 116 236 quii^tisfi X JaXalud*BLn Flraz Khalji 337 144 md fiajastbtn* Smm U KhaXji iMparlaUss 145 206 CHAPTEH m The Sew KingdoBs of 807 ZIB Bundl and Marwar QtiAPTiai VIII The Barwars 819 -> 287 CKAPtgR yt Qaltm (Mytfud-Otn 228 - Tughiuq* ^AWSR as Ra3»«thin mAw - Ctm»YiSII Jffit Sult«i PiJPU* fogtoluq.