Design of Conventional Aircraft
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Certification Process for Agricultural Aircraft Operators, Dated October 10, 2007, Is Cancelled
U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Certification Process for Agricultural Date: 8/21/17 AC No: 137-1B Aircraft Operators Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: This advisory circular (AC) describes an acceptable means, but not the only means, for an agricultural aircraft operator to apply for an Agricultural Aircraft Operator Certificate under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 137. The AC also addresses safety practices for agricultural aircraft operators. This AC is not mandatory and does not constitute a regulation. However, if you use the following means described, you must follow it in all important aspects. This AC does not change regulatory requirements; the provisions of applicable regulations control the AC. Interpretations of regulations are issued only under established agency procedures. This AC applies to the evaluation of applicants for an Agricultural Aircraft Operator Certificate. This AC also applies to agricultural aircraft operations using an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). A part 137 operator who wishes to use a UAS should have additional knowledge of Public Law (PL) 112-95, FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333, Special Rules for Certain Unmanned Aircraft Systems; the 14 CFR part 11 exemption process; 14 CFR part 107; and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 8900.1, Volume 16, Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Please be aware, the operator of a UAS either cannot comply with several sections in part 137, or those requirements are not applicable to UAS operations. Therefore, an operator proposing to use a UAS must receive a grant of exemption with relief of the appropriate sections of part 137 before the certification process reaches the Demonstration and Inspection Phase. -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College Design and Performance Evaluation of a Retractable Wingtip Vortex Reduction Device a Th
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A RETRACTABLE WINGTIP VORTEX REDUCTION DEVICE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Mechanical Engineering By Tausif Jamal Norman, OK 2019 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A RETRACTABLE WINGTIP VORTEX REDUCTION DEVICE A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BY THE COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF Dr. D. Keith Walters, Chair Dr. Hamidreza Shabgard Dr. Prakash Vedula ©Copyright by Tausif Jamal 2019 All Rights Reserved. ABSTRACT As an airfoil achieves lift, the pressure differential at the wingtips trigger the roll up of fluid which results in swirling wakes. This wake is characterized by the presence of strong rotating cylindrical vortices that can persist for miles. Since large aircrafts can generate strong vortices, airports require a minimum separation between two aircrafts to ensure safe take-off and landing. Recently, there have been considerable efforts to address the effects of wingtip vortices such as the categorization of expected wake turbulence for commercial aircrafts to optimize the wait times during take-off and landing. However, apart from the implementation of winglets, there has been little effort to address the issue of wingtip vortices via minimal changes to airfoil design. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a newly proposed retractable wingtip vortex reduction device for commercial aircrafts. The proposed design consists of longitudinal slits placed in the streamwise direction near the wingtip to reduce the pressure differential between the pressure and the suction sides. -
A Numerical Approach for Implementing Air Intakes in a Canard Type Aircraft for Engine Cooling Purposes
https://doi.org/10.1590/jatm.v13.1192 ORIGINAL PAPER A Numerical Approach for Implementing Air Intakes in a Canard Type Aircraft for Engine Cooling Purposes Odenir de Almeida1,* , Pedro Correa Souza1 , Erick Cunha2 1.Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica – Centro de Pesquisa em Aerodinâmica Experimental – Uberlândia/MG – Brazil. 2.Fábrica Brasileira de Aeronaves – Uberlândia/MG – Brazil *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT This work presents selected results of an unconventional aircraft development campaign. Engine installation at the rear part of the fuselage imposed design constraints for air intakes that should be used for cooling purposes. Trial and error flight tests increased the development cost and time which required a more sophisticated analysis through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques and robust semiempirical approach. The carried-out investigation of the air intakes started with an empirical approach from guidelines for designing NACA and scoops. Numerical studies via computational fluid dynamics were performed with the air intakes installed in the aircraft fuselage. An analysis based on the air intake efficiency, drag and the effect of angle of attack are detailed in this work. Different air intakes designs, such as scoops of different shapes, were evaluated seeking for improved air intake efficiency and low drag while providing enough air for cooling the engine compartment. The results showed that the numerical approach used herein decreased the development cost and time of the aircraft, providing a reasonable low-cost approach and leading to a design selection more easily. Based on the current approach the canard airplane geometry was changed to account for the new selected air intake for engine cooling purposes. -
Helicopter Dynamics Concerning Retreating Blade Stall on a Coaxial Helicopter
Helicopter Dynamics Concerning Retreating Blade Stall on a Coaxial Helicopter A project presented to The Faculty of the Department of Aerospace Engineering San José State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering by Aaron Ford May 2019 approved by Prof. Jeanine Hunter Faculty Advisor © 2019 Aaron Ford ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Helicopter Dynamics Concerning Retreating Blade Stall on a Coaxial Helicopter by Aaron Ford A model of helicopter blade flapping dynamics is created to determine the occurrence of retreating blade stall on a coaxial helicopter with pusher-propeller in straight and level flight. Equations of motion are developed, and blade element theory is utilized to evaluate the appropriate aerodynamics. Modelling of the blade flapping behavior is verified against benchmark data and then used to determine the angle of attack distribution about the rotor disk for standard helicopter configurations utilizing both hinged and hingeless rotor blades. Modelling of the coaxial configuration with the pusher-prop in straight and level flight is then considered. An approach was taken that minimizes the angle of attack and generation of lift on the advancing side while minimizing them on the retreating side of the rotor disk. The resulting asymmetric lift distribution is compensated for by using both counter-rotating rotor disks to maximize lift on their respective advancing sides and reduce drag on their respective retreating sides. The result is an elimination of retreating blade stall in the coaxial and pusher-propeller configuration. Finally, an assessment of the lift capability of the configuration at both sea level and at “high and hot” conditions were made. -
Aviation Glossary
AVIATION GLOSSARY 100-hour inspection – A complete inspection of an aircraft operated for hire required after every 100 hours of operation. It is identical to an annual inspection but may be performed by any certified Airframe and Powerplant mechanic. Absolute altitude – The vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain. AD - See Airworthiness Directive. ADC – See Air Data Computer. ADF - See Automatic Direction Finder. Adverse yaw - A flight condition in which the nose of an aircraft tends to turn away from the intended direction of turn. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) – A primary FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about operating in the National Airspace System of the U.S. A/FD – See Airport/Facility Directory. AHRS – See Attitude Heading Reference System. Ailerons – A primary flight control surface mounted on the trailing edge of an airplane wing, near the tip. AIM – See Aeronautical Information Manual. Air data computer (ADC) – The system that receives and processes pitot pressure, static pressure, and temperature to present precise information in the cockpit such as altitude, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, vertical speed, wind direction and velocity, and air temperature. Airfoil – Any surface designed to obtain a useful reaction, or lift, from air passing over it. Airmen’s Meteorological Information (AIRMET) - Issued to advise pilots of significant weather, but describes conditions with lower intensities than SIGMETs. AIRMET – See Airmen’s Meteorological Information. Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) – An FAA publication containing information on all airports, seaplane bases and heliports open to the public as well as communications data, navigational facilities and some procedures and special notices. -
Elementary Level
Grades: K - 5 ELEMENTARY LEVEL CURRICULUM GUIDE Permission to distribute any part or the whole of this material via e-mail or individual copies is automatically granted on the condition it will be used for non- commercial purposes and will not be sold. To reproduce the Elementary Curriculum Guide in any other format, including Internet websites, written permission is needed from the Women of the National Agricultural Aviation Association [WNAAA]. AGRICULTURAL AVIATION: Critical Assist for the World’s Food Supply Elementary Education Curriculum Guide Presentation Outline I. The intent and purpose of the elementary agricultural aviation curriculum guide. A. To introduce the service industry of agricultural aviation to educators and students. 1. The history of agricultural aviation. a. The development/need for the service in agriculture. b. The evolution of the industry. 2. The agricultural aviation industry as it exists today. a. The people involved in agricultural aviation. b. The importance of the industry of agricultural (forestry, disease control) 3. The future of agricultural aviation. a. The role it plays in the continued production of food and fiber. B. To provide insight into the usefulness and importance of agricultural aviation. 1. Agricultural aviation assists the growers of food and fiber. a. Agricultural aviation impacts the lives of people through the food they eat and the clothes they wear. 2. Agricultural aviation provides service to Federal, State and Local Governments. a. The industry assists in protecting the forests, therefore affecting the shelter of many people. b. When called upon, the agricultural aviation industry assists in controlling insects considered health threats. C. -
Launch Vehicle Design Process: Characterization, Technical Integration, and Lessons Learned
NASA / TP--2001-210992 Launch Vehicle Design Process: Characterization, Technical Integration, and Lessons Learned J.C. Blair, R.S. Ryan, and L.A. Schutzenhofer AI Signal Research, Inc. W.R. Humphries, Marshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama May 2001 The NASA STI Program Office...in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical conferences, science. The NASA Scientific and Technical symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored Information (STI) Program Office plays a key or cosponsored by NASA. part in helping NASA maintain this important role. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, or historical information from NASA programs, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by projects, and mission, often concerned with Langley Research Center, the lead center for subjects having substantial public interest. NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA STI Program Office provides access to the TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. NASA STI Database, the largest collection of English-language translations of foreign scientific aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The and technical material pertinent to NASA's Program Office is also NASA's institutional mission. mechanism for disseminating the results of its research and development activities. These results Specialized services that complement the STI are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Program Office's diverse offerings include creating Series, which includes the following report types: custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results...even TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of NASA For more information about the NASA STI Program programs and include extensive data or Office, see the following: theoretical analysis. -
Part 2 — Aircraft Type Designators (Decode) Partie 2 — Indicatifs De Types D'aéronef (Décodage) Parte 2 — Designadores De Tipos De Aeronave (Descifrado) Часть 2
2-1 PART 2 — AIRCRAFT TYPE DESIGNATORS (DECODE) PARTIE 2 — INDICATIFS DE TYPES D'AÉRONEF (DÉCODAGE) PARTE 2 — DESIGNADORES DE TIPOS DE AERONAVE (DESCIFRADO) ЧАСТЬ 2. УСЛОВНЫЕ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ ТИПОВ ВОЗДУШНЫХ СУДОВ ( ДЕКОДИРОВАНИЕ ) DESIGNATOR MANUFACTURER, MODEL DESCRIPTION WTC DESIGNATOR MANUFACTURER, MODEL DESCRIPTION WTC INDICATIF CONSTRUCTEUR, MODÈLE DESCRIPTION WTC INDICATIF CONSTRUCTEUR, MODÈLE DESCRIPTION WTC DESIGNADOR FABRICANTE, MODELO DESCRIPCIÓN WTC DESIGNADOR FABRICANTE, MODELO DESCRIPCIÓN WTC УСЛ . ИЗГОТОВИТЕЛЬ , МОДЕЛЬ ВОЗДУШНОГО WTC УСЛ . ИЗГОТОВИТЕЛЬ , МОДЕЛЬ ВОЗДУШНОГО WTC ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЕ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЕ A1 DOUGLAS, Skyraider L1P M NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL, Quail CommanderL1P L DOUGLAS, AD Skyraider L1P M NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL, A-9 Sparrow L1P L DOUGLAS, EA-1 Skyraider L1P M Commander NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL, A-9 Quail CommanderL1P L A2RT KAZAN, Ansat 2RT H2T L NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL, Sparrow CommanderL1P L A3 DOUGLAS, TA-3 Skywarrior L2J M DOUGLAS, NRA-3 SkywarriorL2J M A10 FAIRCHILD (1), OA-10 Thunderbolt 2 L2J M DOUGLAS, A-3 Skywarrior L2J M FAIRCHILD (1), A-10 Thunderbolt 2L2J M FAIRCHILD (1), Thunderbolt 2L2J M DOUGLAS, ERA-3 SkywarriorL2J M AVIADESIGN, A-16 Sport Falcon L1P L DOUGLAS, Skywarrior L2J M A16 AEROPRACT, A-19 L1P L A3ST AIRBUS, Super Transporter L2J H A19 AIRBUS, Beluga L2J H A20 DOUGLAS, Havoc L2P M DOUGLAS, A-20 Havoc L2P M AIRBUS, A-300ST Super TransporterL2J H AEROPRACT, Solo L1P L AIRBUS, A-300ST Beluga L2J H A21 SATIC, Beluga L2J H AEROPRACT, A-21 Solo L1P L SATIC, Super Transporter L2J H A22 SADLER, Piranha -
REPORT No. 201
REPORT No. 201 THE EFFECTS OF -SHIELDING THE THIS OF AIRFOILS By ELLIOTT G. IWD Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory 3-M REPORT No. 201 THE EFFECTS OF SHIELDING THE TIPS OF AIRFOILS By ELLIOTT G. REID SUMMARY Tests have recently been made at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory to ascertain whet her the aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil might be subst antiall-j -impro~ed by imposing certain limitations upon the airflow about its tips. AU of the moditied forms were slightly inferior to the plain airfoil at small lift coefikients; however, by mounting thin plates, in planes perpendicular to the span, at the W@ tips, the characteristics were impro~ed throughout the range above three-tenths of the masimum lift coefficient. With this form of limitation the detrimental effect was slight; at the higher lift .—— coefEcients there resulted a eorsiderable reduction of induced drag and, consequently, of pow-er required for sustentation. The s16pe of the curve of lift ~erws angle of attack was increased. OUTLINE OF TESTS These tests wwe directed to-ward the disco~ery of some economical means of increasing the “ effecti~e aspect ratio” of an airfol As it. is recognized that the induced drag of an airfoiI is inversely proportional to its aspect ratio and that elimination of the transverse velocity, components of the air.tlow about a wing reproduces, in effecfi, the conditions which wouId exist with Mnite aspect ratio, it was planned to investigate the effects of elimination of a portion of the transverse flow by. fln.ite barriers at. the tips and ‘also by the production of an aer~- dcynamic counterforee, in lieu of the com- straints:-by the localization of severe washout at the tzps. -
Les Moteurs FARMAN
Les moteurs FARMAN Le plus puissant moteur Farman fabriqué fut le 18-cyl en W développant 700 ch (1931). (Archives municipales de Boulogne-Billancourt). Les moteurs FARMAN 1 Les moteurs FARMAN fin 1920 au Grand Palais à Paris : trônent sur le Nés de la guerre stand Farman un V8 à 90° de 180 ch, un V12 à 60° de 300 ch et un 18-cyl en W (trois rangées à Incités par le ministre de la production de 40°) développant 500 ch. Ces trois moteurs pos- guerre1 Louis Loucheur à sortir plus de matériel sèdent des pistons de mêmes cotes. Le visiteur aéronautique, le talon d’Achille étant les mo- peut admirer des merveilles nées de la guerre et teurs, les industriels français décident fin 1917 de encore jamais présentées : les V12 Renault de mettre les bouchées doubles. Les frères Farman 450 et 600 ch, le moteur 18-cyl en double étoile acceptent en octobre 1917 de produire dans leur Salmson de 550 ch, les moteurs Anatra-Peugeot usine de Boulogne-Billancourt des moteurs et Panhard-Levassor de 500 et 600 ch, un V12 d’avion. En avril 1918, après avoir réalisé des in- Lorraine-Dietrich de 500 ch et surtout les mythi- vestissements considérables en machines-outils, ques (leur développement a duré toute la guerre) leur usine moteurs est prête. Les moteurs deman- 16-cyl de Dion et 32-cyl Breguet-Bugatti de 900 dés sont un V8 de 190 ch, un V12 de 280 ch et ch. Un W12 de 400 ch vient bientôt compléter la un gros 18-cyl en W de 500 ch. -
100 Years of Aerial Crop Dusting By: FAA Historian Terry Kraus in August
100 Years of Aerial Crop Dusting By: FAA Historian Terry Kraus In August, the agricultural and aviation th communities quietly celebrated the 100 anniversary of the first use of the airplane for crop dusting. On August 3, 1921, Army Air Corps pilot Lieutenant John A. Macready, piloting a specially modified Curtiss JN4 Jenny, spread lead arsenate over a six acre grove of 6,000 catalpa trees at Postmaster Harry Carver’s farm Troy, Ohio. Catalpa trees First known crop dusting effort, 1921 were harvested for their hardwood used for Courtesy: National Agricultural Association of America (NAAA) railroad ties and fence posts. The plane, fitted with a small makeshift hopper (a metal container) and a release mechanism attached to the side of the plane, flew 20 to 35 feet over the orchard, spreading the powdered insecticide in an attempt to kill caterpillars eating the leaves of the trees. Macready relied on the wind and currents from the propeller to carry the poisonous power to the rear of the plane and then down to the grove. The plane landed five times to refill the hopper. The dusting proved successful, demonstrating a plane could do in minutes what it would take ground-based workers days to complete. The idea of using an airplane for crop dusting came at the suggestion of Charles R. Nellie, an Ohio Department of Agriculture forester in Cleveland, who shared his thoughts with entomologist John S. Houser at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in Wooster, Ohio. Wooster officials contacted the Army at McCook Field to see if they could create a device for spreading insecticide from a plane. -
Aviation Week & Space Technology Student Edition
STARTS AFTER PAGE 34 How Air Trvel New Momentum for My Return Smll Nrrowbodies? ™ $14.95 APRIL 20-MAY 3, 2020 SUSTAINABLY Aviation Week Workforce Initiative Supported by: The Wings Club Digital Edition Copyright Notice The content contained in this digital edition (“Digital Material”), as well as its selection and arrangement, is owned by Informa. and its affiliated companies, licensors, and suppliers, and is protected by their respective copyright, trademark and other proprietary rights. Upon payment of the subscription price, if applicable, you are hereby authorized to view, download, copy, and print Digital Material solely for your own personal, non-commercial use, provided that by doing any of the foregoing, you acknowledge that (i) you do not and will not acquire any ownership rights of any kind in the Digital Material or any portion thereof, (ii) you must preserve all copyright and other proprietary notices included in any downloaded Digital Material, and (iii) you must comply in all respects with the use restrictions set forth below and in the Informa Privacy Policy and the Informa Terms of Use (the “Use Restrictions”), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Any use not in accordance with, and any failure to comply fully with, the Use Restrictions is expressly prohibited by law, and may result in severe civil and criminal penalties. Violators will be prosecuted to the maximum possible extent. You may not modify, publish, license, transmit (including by way of email, facsimile or other electronic means), transfer, sell, reproduce (including by copying or posting on any network computer), create derivative works from, display, store, or in any way exploit, broadcast, disseminate or distribute, in any format or media of any kind, any of the Digital Material, in whole or in part, without the express prior written consent of Informa.