TOWN OF PALM BEACH, FLORIDA 2010 HISTORICSITES SURVEY
Prepared For The Town of Palm Beach, Florida ResearchAtlantica, Inc. December2010 TOWN OF PALM BEACH, FLORIDA 2O1OHISTORIC SITES SURVEY
Table of Contents
ProjectStaff ii Acknowledgments ll
Introduction I The Purposeof Historicpreservation WhatAre HistoricResources? TheNational Register of Historicplaces andthe FloridaSite File Inventorv
SurveyMethod 3 The Growthand Development of the Town of palm Beach 4 ArchitecturalDescription of Sitesin palm Beach l9 Recommendations 22 Regulationof HistoricResources 3l Administrationof Historic Preservation 34 "PotentiallyEligible for the Local Register" 36 SeverelyAltered and Demolished Sites 52 Bibliography 54 PROJECTSTAFF
TheTown of PalmBeach 2010 Historic Sites Survev wasconducted by: ResearchAtlantica. Inc.
FieldSurvey: JaneS. Day, Ph.D. ArchitecturalHistory: JaneS. Day, Ph.D.
HistoricalResearch: JaneS. Day, Ph.D.
Photography: JaneS. Day, Ph.D. ComputerApplication: SandraL. Norman,Ph.D.
Written By: JaneS. Day, Ph.D.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TheTown of PalmBeach 2010 Historic Sites Survey was a cooperativeeffort performed by many people.Like all successfulsurveys, it wasonly with thecommunity's help and input that much of theinformation could be gathered and recorded.
TheTown of PalmBeach supported this project by fundinga specialcontract with longtime historic preservationconsultants Research Atlantica, Inc. to performthe work. Specialthanks should be given to Mayor Jack McDonald, and Town Council members:David A, Rosow, Town Council President,GailConiglio,GailConielio, President Pro Tem,Tem. William J. Diamond,Diamond.Richard M. Kleid and Robert N. Wildrick. Town Manager,Peter B. Elwell, and Directorof the Planning,Zoning & Building Department,Dgpartment,John Page,gave the projecttheir full support. The help of JohnC. Lindgren,Planning Administrator.Administrator, and CinCindy Delp, Office Manager,*is invaluable.Veronica Close, Paul Castro, Je-tlieyTaylor, Kathleen Rudderman, Jackie Kervi, and David Donta answered questions and lent a handwhenever asked.
ThePreservation Foundation of PalmBeach played an important role in thiseffort. Adam A. Pinter and Wallis W. McMillin, summerinterns from the foundation'sAnthony K BakerInternship Program,worked in thefield andthe archives with JaneDay helping to documentnew listings on EvergladesIsland. We thank them for their help and hope that this experiencewill benefit their careersin the field of historic preservation.SoecialSpecial thankst should alsobealso be givensiven to AlexanderC. Ives, JaniceG. Owens,and John Masheckfor their tirelesssupport of the Town's preservation program. EugenePandula. Chairman of the LandmarksCommission. was always there to answerquestions anddiscuss the philosophybehind historic preservation issues. His knowledgeof architectureand preservationis broad, and he has servedthe Town well fbr many years. Other Landmarks Commissioners:William Lee Hanley. Jr., William O. Cooley.Dudley L. Moore,Jr., Edward Austin Cooney.Charles Roberts. William P. Feldkamp,D. ImogeneWillis. WallaceRogers. and Rachel Lorentzen.serve tirelessly throughout the year.We thankthem for theirdedication.
We would also like to thank the staff at the Florida Division of HistoricalResources, Florida Departmentof State.Their leadership.suggestions and supporthelp all of us in Floridawho work lbr historicpreservation.
Withoutthe citizens and property owners of theTown of PalmBeach none of thissurvey could have beencompleted. They permittedphotographs and site inspections.and answered questions to the bestof their knowledge.An historicsites survey is a workingtool andas such is nevercomplete. Formsand recommendationsshould be updatedas new informationbecomes available. It is the hopeof the stafl'of ResearchAtlantica, Inc. that this surveywill be the basisfor futurehistoric preservationplanning in theTown of PalmBeach and will helpthe citizens recognize the important placetheir community holds in SouthFlorida history.
4
: ia
ni The PalmBeach Hotel and St. Edward's Church. date unknown
lil INTRODUCTION
The Purposeof Historic Presenation
Increasinglyin SouthFlorida, historic and cultural resources are threatened by destructiondue to rapidgrowth in populationand ensuing development. Resources are links with thepast, they make communitiesunique, giving them a "senseof place,"and providea sourceof pride. More importantly,historic resources allow for the education ofpresent and future generations oftheir place andtime in the continuumof the humanexperience and societaldevelopment. The purposeof historicpreservation is not to halt growthor change,because it is recognizedthat bothare needed to keepa communityalive. The purposeof historicpreservation is to integratethe pastwith the presentand the future.
What Are Historic Resources?
Historicresources as defined in Chapter267 of theFlorida Statues are:
"anyprehistoric or historicdistrict, site, building, object, or otherreal or personalpropety of historical,architectural, or archaeologicalvalue. These properties or resourcesmay include, but are not limited to, monuments,memorials, Indian habitation,ceremonial sites, abandoned settlements,sunken or abandonedships, engineering works, treasure trove, artifacts, or otherobjects with intrinsic historicalor archaeologicalvalue, or any part thereof,relating to the history, goverrrment,and culture of thestate." (s.267.021(3), F.S. 1986) Historicresources are the non-renewable visible remains of thepast. Oncethey are lost, they can neverbe replaced. The preservation and maintenance of historicresources results in a community's senseof stewardshipfor presentand future generations. The analysis and interpretation of historic resourcesare not undertakenjust to understandthe past,but to give a communitya senseof its uniqueplace in history.
The NationalRegister of Historic Placesand the Florida SiteFile Inventora Historicresources are defined in a nationalcontext by the NationalRegister of Historic Places whichis maintainedby theNational Park Service, under the Department of theInterior. The criteria usedby theNational Register to determinehistorical significance can also be used as a guidelinefor localdetermination and listing. The criteria for listingon theNational Register are:
l. A propertyis associatedwith eventswhich have made a significantcontribution to the broadpatterns of history;or 2. A propertyis associatedwith the livesof personssignificant in thepast;
3. A propertyis significantif it embodiesthe distinctivecharacteristics of a type, period,or methodof construction,for example,it representsthe work of a master, or if it possesseshigh artistic values,or if it representsa significantand distinguishableentity whose components may lack individual distinction, such as a district;or
4. A propertywhich yields,or may be likely to yield, informationimportant in prehistoryor history. The Florida Departmentof State,Division of Historical Resourcesutilizes the nationalcriteria but is lessrestrictive about what is includedin the FloridaMaster Site File. The FloridaMaster Site File (FMSF) inventory is maintained by the Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resourcesand is utilized as a first sourceinformation bank for local preservationplanning. The generalprocedure for generatingan inventory is to recordall resourceswhich arefifty yearsor older. However,a site does not necessarilyhave to be fifty yearsold if an importantperson or event is associatedwith the resource,nor does it have to be historically or architecturallysignificant for recording. All sites,buildings, structures and objects,no matterhow insignificantthey may seem, shouldbe recordedon a FMSF form to havea comprehensiveinventory of historic resourcesin a community.
Historic site surveysare important becausethey are the first step in establishinga community's historicpreservation program. Surveysare conducted to developan inventoryof historicresources in a community, and are used as the foundation for preservationplanning. Surveysidentiff styles of architecture,dates of construction,and conditionof historicresources. When available,surveys identifopast and present owners and their placein_a community's history. Surveys,therefore, build awarenessin a community of the scopeand significanceof their cultural resources.
Severaltypes of historic resourcescan be recordedon the FMSF such as buildings, engineering structures,objects, landscapes, and archaeologicalsites. In the presentsurvey of the Town of Palm Beach buildings and other architectural featuressuch as fountains, entrancepiers, and walls were recorded.Each site's physical characteristics and historic significanceare recorded in a systematic way on a Florida MasterSite File form. With few exceptions,a site needsto be fifty yearsor older to warrant recording. Each site is assignedits own identification number by the Division of Historical Resources,Florida Departmentof State. The site'slocation is indicatedon a map and a photographis taken.The forms, maps,and photographsare then sentto the Division of Historical Resourcesfor processing.The forms becomepart of a state wide informational data baseand are crossreferenced into the state'scomputerized Geographical Information System. Recording sites on the FMSF doesnot in any way provide protectionfor a site or imposeany restrictions.Surveys ile strictly a meansby which a communitycan inventorytheir historic resources.
Suruey Method
An historic sitessurvey is a systematicand detailedrecording of historic resources.Surveys may be either thematicin scopeor geographic.Examples of thematicsurveys would recordonly those resources of a predeterminedtype (i.e. all Mediterranean Revival Architecture within a predeterminedarea). A geographicsurvey, when properly conductedis comprehensivefor the area surveyedand includesall historic resourceswithin the area. In the caseof Palm Beach,Florida a geographic survey was conducted using the town's boundariesand every effort was made to be comprehensivein respectto the built environmentin that area. The surveyarea within the town's limits includes an irregular shapedarea bordered on the west by Lake Worth and on the eastby the Atlantic Ocean.The north end of the islandis terminatedby a man madechannel, the Lake Worth Inlet. The southend of the surveyarea was at the Town's southernboundary.
The methodof conductingan historic sitessurvey is logical and consistsof threeimportant steps. First the historicliterature is examinedto determinethe periodof developmentfor the town andthe pioneerfamilies involved in this development.Past surveys are reviewedso that comparisonscan be madebetween the oastpastand oresentpresentcondition of historic resources.In the Town of Palm Beach, fourpast surveys were completed. In 1981,the first "Historic Survey of PalmBeach" was conducted bybv LandmarksPlanninsPlanning Incomorated.Incorporated. This surveysurvev recorded 861 buildinesbuildings and man made landscape features.The Historic Palm Beach County Preservation Board updated the original survey in 1988. Although the secondsurvey only extendednorth to Country Club Road,the Board looked at propertiesthat were built prior to 1947. ResearchAtlantica, Inc. performedthe third and forth surveysin 1997and 2004, extending the boundaries ofthe surveynorth to theLake Worth Inlet. The 1997survey identified I I 5 I sitesbuilt before1947 . ln 2004,I 129sites were recorded that were built before1955. Since that time updatingthe survey has been incorporated as a requirementin the HistoricPreservation Element ofthe Town'sComprehensive Plan. It is hopedthat an update of the surveywill be madeevery five years.
Thesecond step in anhistoric site survey is thefield work. Windshieldand pedestrian surveys were conductedto determinewhat additional structures from thehistory of PalmBeach were still intact. Sitedata was recorded, photographs were taken and confirmation of buildingdates was attempted by interviewingproperty owners and by reviewingthe records available in theTown of PalmBeach Planning,Zoning & Building Department.This basicinformation was then recordedon Florida MasterSite File forms.Maps were also gathered forevery form sothat all propertiescould be easily foundby interestedparties. All informationwas entered on thecomputer by SandraNorman, Ph.D. on the requiredState of Floridacomputer program. All forms will be sentto Tallahasseein both digital andhard copies as required.
Final analysisof the propertieswas completed and recommendations were made for futureaction at a regularlyscheduled Landmarks Commission meeting on December16, 2010.The newly identifiedsites will be reviewedthe Landmarks Commission in an effortto identiff possiblenew locallandmarks. Final reports are availableto thepublic through the Planning,Zoning& Building Departmentof the Town of PalmBeach, Florida. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN OF PALM BEACH
A CHRONOLOGICALOVERVIEW
The topographicalarea which encompassesthe Town of PalmBeach is knownas the Atlantic CoastalRidge. This geographicalterm is usedto describea nilrow ridgethat extendsalong the thesouthern portion of DadeCounty. Palm Beach heridge where the rock formation is knownas the 00,000years ago, Anastasiais porous bedrock ,daquifer. The Atlantic Coastal Ridge, considered , is alsocalled the rim of the Everglades.' Priorto thesixteenth century discovery of Ftoridaby Spanish explorers, the area around today's Palm Beachwas inhabited by Native Americans. Nomadic hunters ro-amed throughout Florida foi | 0,000 years.before Eqropean settlement began. Although the specificIndian group that lived in this area is unknownit is believedthat theyiere eitheriheJaela or Ais Indiins./ Thesesemi-nomadic Indianswere hunters and gatherers who settlednear streams, inlets and coastal areas where fish and q?mewere plentiful. By thelate 1700sall of thenative population had died from either European diseases,wirfare or slavery.3
Spanishexploration and settlement of Floridabegan in l5l3 with Poncede Leon.Other sixteenth centurySpanish explorers included Panfilo de Narvaez and Hernando de Soto.While no definitive referenceshave been made to thePalm Beach area, it is quitepossible that Spanish ships returning to Spainladen with New World treasuressailed past Pa[m B6ach where Gulf Streamcurrents are close.to shore.Frequent hurricanes were resporisiblefor the wrecksof numeroustreasure ships whichin turnhave given Palm Beach County iis nicknameas the "Gold Coast" or "TreasureCoasi". Ownershipof Floridachanged frequently. Spain, Great Britain and France wrestled for controlof the.peninsulafrom the late 1500s through the early 1800s. By l8l4 theUnited States gained control andthe Adams-Otis Treaty of l8l9 solidifiedth6 American position.
Exploration and Early Settlement
Becauseof Lake Worth's remote location and the diffrculty of transportation,settlement of the area !g9uY.known as Palm Beachdid not occur until the last-halfof the nineteenthcentury. General Worth, whosenilne was given to the lakecamped on the islandat the end of the SecondSeminole War in l84l "but left the placeunknown and unnamed."a
rJohn EdwardHoffmeister, Land from theSea: The Geologic Story of SouthFlorida, (Coral Gables:1974\,21. 2lnterview with RobertCarr, Dade County Archaeologist, Miami, FL, 8 April 1996. rJoan E. Gill andBeth R. Read,eds., Born of theSun, (Hollywood, Florida: Florida BicentennialCommemorative Journal, Inc., I 975\41. a"Pioneer Life,"Palm Beach Life, 15,March , 1932. 4 Thefirst evidence of settlementon PalmBeach Island occurred under the Armed Occupation Act. This.legislationoffered 160 acres to settlerswho wouldlive in anddefend the area in i.rpong to a still threatening_lndianPre_sence. Three men stacked claims: James H. Russell,John S. Hufhinson, andWilliam W. Loring.'_9t_!qt-q*ly settlerswho livedin thearea include a fugitivenamed Lang e who wasmurdered in 1870,williani Lanehart,M. B. Lymanand H.F. Hammofr.u
arrivedin 1876.The original intent of themove rrePonce de Leonso faithfullysought the fabled hofthe family'spatriarch, Moore W. Dimick,who rghthis wife, Partheni4 sons, Elisha "Cap" Newton ughterMarion (Mrs. Albert) Geer and family. The 1.f,
Th9 early settlerspurchased land for $l.00 an acre in sectionsthat went from Lake Wofth to the Atlantic Ocean. The island was a jungle of foliage with a fresh water slew in the center.The pioneersbuilt their homeson the laki front. All diI not go well, howeverduring the frrst r.".on. Marion Geerwrote:
A placewas quickly cleared-for our first house,which wascompleted in three weeks.A hurricane,soon after our arrival, scatteredour goodshither and yon - table, stove,chairs and bureauwere blown about and d-roppedfar and near, which was not in accordancewith our ideasof the sentli'zeohws we had beentold fannedthe checksof thosewho live in thisTavorediejion.o
rred.Each family hada small sailboat.They grew 'rce.They tried to plant sugarcane, but the harvest e. To supplementwhat they could grow, the men turtles. Life was simple and the settlementwas ined to seethe area grow and expand. r0
Oneofthe improvementsthat enhanced the island quiteby ac^cidert.In l878, the 175+onbrig provic on the reef with twenty thousandcoconutJaboard H.F. Hammon,the coconutswere sold to the seftler
sunited StateHo-use of Representative.Document #70, "Actuat Settlements in Florida,Under Armedoccupation Law." (washington D.c.: 28thcongress, lst Session,lg43) p.42. u"Pioneer Reminiscences,"Palm Beach Life. l5 March, 1932,pp.22-23. tMarion DimickGeer, The Lake Worth Historian. l g96.n.p. sSusan J. Oldfather,.ElilhaJeylonQimi.ck,and His Influenceon theDevelopment of palm Beach.(Boca Raton, Florida: Florida
'olb.id..and ,,. "Daysof Early Settlementon Lake Recalled."l5 January,1937, On file at the Historical Societyof Palm BeachCounty. thousand.Later Lanehart wrote, "they seemed like a Godsendto thepeople."rr It hasalso been noted, however,that the Providencia also carried a cargoof "aquadente," aCu'ban rum, and the settlers had a livelyparty.r2
In 1880conditions on the shoreof Lake Worth were still tenuous. Frank Dimick became disco.uraggdand sold his land to brothersEdmund and John Brelsfordbefore rnouing to Nortti Carolina.In an effortto bring.inextra income, E.N. "Cap"Dimick andhis wife Ella roomsto their houseand took in "first classboarders"'in their newly formed"Coconut "ia"dGro-ve "igtrt Hotel."ll
Ther ne Brelsfordrlrelsrorq brothersDromers builtDullt a housenouseand began a numberof businessenterprises. Realizing the need forimproved transportation, they built athiity ton schoonercalled the "Bessie B" thatsailej,between Jacksonvilleand Palm Beach. Whenwhen the naturalinlet closedbetweenhetween LakeI -ake worthWnrrh andrnd therhe ocean.ocean the Brelsfordsorganized a group of pioneersto solve the problem. In 1937,R.K. Brown remembered:
Oncethe inlet conn_ecJing l4ke Worthwith theOcean was closed, hindering transportationand fishing.Thereupon the pioneers organized and dug a new inlet,about a mile northof theforher inl6t...Havingio machinery,ina Uut onemule, we wereforced to do thework by hand.We succeeded,-however, in openinga cut over four hundredfeet long, eight feetwide, and nearly twentyfeet deep in onepart. pv l-88+the Brelsfoldshad.gqgne-d a store that wasadvertised in The TropicalSun as "Breslford Brothers,dealers in GeneralMerchandise."rs It wasin this storein-ls8ilm;Est postOffice wasestablished and Palm Beach got itsrame.Although the name applied for wasoriginally "Palm City," thatname was already in u-seso it wasdecidedihat "Palm Bidch" shouldbe uIed.
The 1880salso brought the beginnings of a continuousstream of wintervisitors to PalmBeach and sowedthe seeds for thearea's first real estate boom. C.l. Cragin,a wealthy "front.'6soapmanufacturer from Philadelphi4was the first out-of-townerto builda house-on'thelake In 1886.Denver o-oceanfront tract from AlbertGeer for $10,000 ; constructedin the Shinglestyle with building ohave cost $30,000. Restored by the Preservation Sundayschool use by the Royal Poinciana Chapel
rrJan Tuckwood and Eliot Kleinberg.Pioneers in Paradise.(Marietta" Georgia: Longstreet Press,1994) p.21. r2Oldfather, p. 19. '3lbid. 21. rt"Days of EarlySettlement on LakeRecalled." r5"Business Advertiserson Lake Worth in 1891,"Tropical Sun, 26 February,1937. n.p. 'o"Pioneer Reminiscences,"p. 22. in 2009,the house is theoldest standing house in PalmBeach and is nowcalled Sea Gull Cottage.rT
As visitorsvtsttors startedto arrive in greaternumber, E.N. "Cap" Dimick added more rooms to the CocoanutGrove House. Eventually he addedfifty roomsin the twelve yearsof the hotel'soperation. TheI he two and a halfhalt'story story wood frame structure faced Lake worthWorth and had wrap-around porches. ThereI'herewas a cisternand outdoor plumbing. Because maid service was not provided, guests broughtbrough theirown servants. Rooms including meals were $2.00 per day or $ 10.00per week. The public was warned that "snakes,bears, allialligators and wildcats lurked in the wood-sand swampy areas."r8 Despitethe waming, the hotel had 2.J8 guest from Januaryto March 1892and "when the-roomsfiller lled tentswere used"fol the overflow.re
As the economyimproved,_the pi_oneers added the institutionsthat were needed to improvedaily life in a growin_gcommunity. In 1886,Palm Beachresidents built the first public school in what was th.enDade-County. The countygave them $200 for suppliesand the local men providedthe labor. The schoolopened in Marchwith twelvestudents and a sixteenyear old teachernamed Hanie Gale.20
Beth^esda-by-The-Seawas the first churchin Palm Beach.Organized in 1889by the Rev.Joseph N. Mul{or{ from Troy, New York, the first sanctuarywas constructedof wood fo; $600. It seatedone hundredpeople, but becauseit was the only houseof worshipon the Lake,there was often a crowd. One contemporarywrote:
The Churchwas generallyfilled and sometimeswhen there was no room for everyone in the Church, part of the congregation sat on the grass outside listening to the service through the open windows. Naturalty all denominationscilne to service. As in thosedays all transportationwas by water...itwas a beautifulsight to seethe Lakedotted here and there with sails and all finally assemblingat the churchpier.2l
The beginningsof the real estateboom in Palm Beachstarted in 1892. CharlesJ. Clarke who first saw the islandaboard his yachtAlma originally boughttwo and a half acresof land for $800.Then He1ryM. Flagler,who hadalso visited the areaby boat,received a charterfrom the Stateof Florida to build a railroad south to Miami. Rumorsof Fiagler'sarrival causedprices to rise. In March of !Sfl Qlarlg purchaseda secondproperty, the Dimick hotel,and twenty acres from oceanto lake for $49,000. The Tropical Sun reported:
During the pastten daysthere have been the liveliesttimes in real estatethat were ever experiencedin the Palm Beachand Lake Worth region .... C.J. Qlarke'spurchase of the CocoanutGrove hotel propertyfrom CaptainE.N. Dimick gaverise to much speculationamong the old guests,who are much
't "SeaGull Cottage,The Oldest Housein Palm Beach."Brochure by the Preservation Foundationof Palm Beach.
rsoldfather,p.24.
rolbid.29.
2oTuckwoodand Kleinberg.p.27. 2rKqthryn _ E. Hall, M.A. "The Pictorial History of The EpiscopalChurch of Bethesda-By-The- Sea."(Palm Beach, Florida: 1986) p. 5. attachedto thebeauties of theplace. In growthand possibilities the spot has no equal,and Mr. Clarkeis to'becongritulated on frit il. p";riirio'n.r1"--
lcCormickCottage with tenacres for $75,000,and fordbrothers for $50,000.When Flagler attended ; agentsasked that the PalmBeachers contribute th greatenthusiasm they raised the money and the
The Flagler Eru
The RoyalPoinciana Hotel took nine months to completeand opened in February,l g94 beforethe two months railroadgT.. thr.o.u_g^hto the west side ;alrk; worth. Thehotel *"r'th" largestwooden structurein the worldwith I 150rooms. It hadsix stories,"ith t*o additionalattic dormer floors. A contemporaryguest wrote to a friendin 1903:
Really,my dear,you can't imagine anything so huge as this hotel. Mama has gottenlost two or threetimes in iti halis,but-there is alwavs patrolling iorn.on, the corridorsto seethat everything-e ii-- i" oiaii. ni tiey say thesemen make the rounds on bicyclesi2i "itrrt
NovelistHenry James visited the hotel at theturn of thecentury and wrote:
Activitiesincluded on thebeach at the smallocean front palm Beach Cocoanut lath.ilg Inn, golf, teaat the Groveand a dai-ly-byconcert in thehoteiiotunau.liritors traveledin wheelchairsknown as"Afromobiles," pedaled blacktrotet wort 22"FirstReal Estate BoomHere Started in Springof 1893,"Tropical Sun, l9 March, lg37. 2rotdfather,p.45. 2otbid.4s-48. 2s"Letters Froman old Scrapbook,:The palm Beach Sun, 2 March,1951. 2uJames palm R. Knott, BeachRevisited. (palm Beach, lggT)pp. l6-17. Washington'sBjrthday. By 1901.Flagler expanded the Palm BeachInn to nearlydouble its sizeand renamedit the Breakers." The CottageColony, north of the BreakersHotel, unknown date Also in l90l Henry M. Flaglerbuilt a private residencein Palm Beachfor his own use. Called "Whitehall" the housewas a wedding presentto Flagler'sthird wife, Mary Lily Kenan. The architectsfor the housewere John M. Carrereand ThomasHastings, who also designedbuildings for Flaglerin St.Augustine and later designed the New York PublicLibrary. Situated on a six acre lake front site,the NeoClassicalmansion cost $2,500,00 to build and $1,500,000to furnish. On March30. 1902,the New York Heraldpublished a pictureof the houseand called it the "Taj Mahal of North America.":*-' In 1895,George Lainhart and "Cap" Dimick supervisedthe building of theRoyal Poinciana Chapel, a nondenominationalchurch that served the guestsof the hotel.The FloridaEast Coast Hotel Co. supportedE.B. Webb asthe seasonalpastor. Belle Dimick's marriageto ThomasReese was the first weddingin the chapel.re Another early institutionthat contributedto the growth and glamourof Palm Beachwas Bradley's BeachClub. The stagewas setfor this typeof establishmentin 1894when "Cap" Dimick helped Flaglerpush through the countycommission a law that allowedthe saleof liquor. Then in 1895, 2'lbid.l6-19 and40-43. 28"Whitehall,The HenryMorrison Flagler Museum," (Palm Beach: 1988). 2nOldfather,p. 51. andWhitehall. The HenryMorrison Flagler Museum. EdwardR. andJohn Bradley arrived in PalmBeach aboard a commercialschooner. The brothers already.rana 9asjn9in St. Augustinecalled the BacchusClub and in 1899opened a similar establishmentin PalmBeach. At first therewas strongopposition, but Bradley-'soperated as a privateclub and Florida residents were not allowed in. E.R.-Bradley'shonesty, poiiticdl favors and open.The club was located on thepresent site of ralrailroad bridge. Despite the fact that gambling r until 1946.When Bradley died in 1946,Joseph peroo." 30 lm Beach. PalmBeach County was created out of alm Beachas the county seat.The Town of Palm rethirty-five eligible votersvoting in favor. E.N. wn Council includedWilliam Fremd,Dr. JohnW. Doe, Enoch Root, and J.B. Donnelly. John P. McKenna was chosenas Town Clerk.ll The early real estate-development of Palm Beach consistedof the suMivision of jungles and agricultura!ptop"tty for the saleof lots and home sitesto winter visitors.J.R. and E.R. Bradley's "Floral Park" was the first. Bradley announcedplans for his developmentin 1910. The proj6ct consistedof 230 fifty foot lots laid out along SunsetAvenue from the lake to the ocean.Iiradley filled in the marsh in the centerof the island and clearedout what remainedof the "Styx," the neighborhoodof black hotel workers and their families. He hired a Mexican bom realtor from California,Lewis HenryGreen, to promotethe projectand auctionoffthe lots.Green offered prizes for potential buversrlike rugs, pianos and china and sold out the project within a few hours on Febiuary19,19i2J "Royal Park" development,which he marketed nt Company.Dimick's land consisted of 150acres I south to today's Worth Avenue. It spannedthe ver, with the "Royal Park" tract was it's remote leansto transport materials and customersacross ;atorsand tropical jungle all hadto be eliminated. that a dredgehad to dig a half million yardsof fill the competitionfrom Bradley's"Floral Park"also p!mi9k, however,solved these problems and eventuallymade "Royal Park" a success.The Lake lVortf_Bri.dgeCompany was formed in 1910,secured apermit from the countyand completedthe Royal Park Bridgeon October l, l9l L This allowed oui of town buyersto drive to the site. Next, becauseof "Floral Park's"success, Dimick hired Lewis Green,the auctioneer,to sell his projectas auctionat the foot of the new bridgein 1913. 175. Among the buyerswurs Paris Singer,of the ,areawith landscaping,roads, street lamps, water lacewas set aside for a shoppingarea in the center locationof Town Hall. Bv 1918.Roval Park was r0 Knott, pp.75-87and Oldfather, p. 5l-52. 3rOldfather,69. 32oldfather,74-75. completed.33 As theUnited States headed into WorldW- I.the euphoria of theearly development of PalmBeach slowedbut did notstop.. A localheadline read, "Building Goes Forwata in PalmBeach past Season DespiteWar."34 The article went on to say: Thewar broughtpeople of greatwealth to PalmBeach who hadnever been herebefore. The comhon comment among them is, "l did not knowAmerica hada placeof sowonderful a climate.It subassesthe Meditenanean Riviera. You saythey will go abroadafter the war. But they arethe verv oneswho havebuilt themagnificent homes in palmBeach.rs' Anothermore middle class type of buyerwas also interested in PalmBeach and Oscar A. Jose,an Indianapolisdeveloper, cgleied to thii market.Jose's City Buildersneatty Co. r.ruf - om.! in WestPalm Bgach, offered free boat rides to theisland andbromoted "Poinciana Park.."' Advertised eally-located," Poinciana Park's developer encouraged buyers not just to speculation tt"it rsesbut to build andspend the winter. Brochuresi'romisid a locition cl6seto ttretrotiii, private llllq,*".[*9. a schoolso that families could bring the children south for thi alsopromised: No businesf..property.will be pgrminedin the additionand no cheap structures_willbe permittedon anylot in theaddition. Every house will havb to setback a certaindistance frorir the streetline.r Forthose who neededto,finance their purchase terrns were available: " l0olo down, l0%o onsigning contract'Balance month.ly, quarterly oi semi-annually."r7If you did not wantto buy,homes were alsoavailable for lease,"furnished iomplete from laie curtuinrto kitchenui.nrifr, 6i-a-;;;.;r'i- Evenwith theincreased housing starts visitors still cameto thehotels during the season but attention tumedto thewar. PalInBeactr Life reportedthat "the great war in Europeilnicn trasoccasioned the :acrifice o.f"so-ma1Ylives andso muih suffering,has"been the basic for mostof the charity tuncttons.""Funds were raised for TheAmerican Ambulance Fund and "Lusesoldiers blinded in banle.{o 33tbid.7t-77. sn"Building , GoesForward in PalmBeach Past Season Despite War," palm Beach post, l9 January,1919. r5lbid. su"Take a FreeBoat Ride to the RealEstate Auction at PoincianaPark," Tropical Sun, 20 February,1915. Itlbid. 3s"Poinciana Park,Palm Beach," Tropical Sun,24 January,1916. Itcora E. Morlan,"Among the palms," palm Beach Life, 20 March,lgl7. nnlbid. Addison Mizner and The Florida Land Boom In l9l 8 beforethe end of World War I, AddisonMizner, an establishedNew York architectwho was born in Californiaand studiedin Spain,accepted an invitation from ParisSinger to recuperatefrom a leg injury in PalmBeach. Singer,who hadboughta lot in Dimick's "Royal Park"had Suilt a small bungalowon PeruvianAvenue. As Mizner'shealth improved his boredomturned into creativityand he transformedSinger's bungalow into a Chinesevilla. The conversionwas a successbut Singer lookedforward to a largerproject. Havingalready established two hospitalsin France,Paris Singer decidedto build a convalescenthome in Palm Beachfor servicemen ieturning from the war. The blildings were completed but before the opening of the club house inlanuary, 1919, the "TouchstoneConvalescent Club" had beentransfonied into the exclusive"Evergladis Club.;o' lub was an importantmilestone. The Club itself :ls and Bradley'scasino into an exclusiveprivate ecture introducedbv Addison Mizner with the outhFlorida in the Sfanishstyle"a2 and it changed s for Mizner to build private homesin this style pou^redin. On a technicallevel the EvergladesClub alsoproved that even without skilled European craftsmen,the stylecould be built with hollow clay tile cohstruction,stucco and cast cement details. Mizner even openeda business,called Mizner lhdustries,to manufacturethe tiles neededfor the Spanishstyle roofs and to produceinstant antiques to furnishthe hugeMediterranean Revival style mansions.{l At the end of World War I, only two architectshad offices in Palm Beach,Addison Mizner and August Geiger. Geiger,however, closed his Palm Beachoffice in 1920and moved to Boca Raton. D-u1ngthe 1920sother great twentieth century architects settled in Palm Beachto take advantage ott-ttq!.gilaing boom. MauriceFatio, who was born in Genev4 Switzerland,formed a partnership with William A. Treanorin New York in l92l . Fatiomoved to Floridain 1925,established a Palrir Beachofftce in PhippsPlazaand practiced in the Town until his deathin 1943. In 1925,Austrian born JohnL. Volk cameto PalmBeach by way of Key Westand Miami. Volk had madesome money speculating with Miami's "Boom ana fiinaer Boysfi(the real estatecommunity) and stated,"All seemedtoo good and easyand could not last, I took my profits and left for Palin Beach."aaVolk formedthe pitnership of Craig,Stevens and Volk, andsuciessfully built five house in the Northwood Subdivisionof W6st PalmBeach. With an office in the DailyNews Building, Volk was full of optimism but this provedto be short lived. In Juneof 1926the Palm BeachBan-k arD_onald _. Curl, Mizner'sFlorida. American Resort Architecture. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press,1984) pp. 38-60. o2lbid..p. _60.It shouldbe notedthat althoughthe EvergladesClub was the first largebuilding complex in SouthFlorida to be built in the MediterraneanRevival style,a privateresidence in i gimjlar stylewas built for JamesDeering in Miami in 1914."Yizcaya" was designedby F. Bunal Hoffman and concentratedon Italian details.Canere & Hastingshad also usedi Spanishtheme in the Poncede LeonHotel in St. Augustine. o'lbid. illoll L._Volk,"Questions, how to startmy book," Notes in the privatecollection of Jane Volk, PalmBeach, Florida. L2 and Trust closedcausing a mn on areabanks. After a banking moratorium elevenPalm Beach County bankswent under. Volk noted,"l had money in threebanks, all closed.No Money. Had $5.00.Gave Bill Gray (his contractor)$3.00 and $2.00for a bottleof gin."a5Despite the slow start, however,John Volk survivedthe recessionand establisheda careerthat changedthe faceof Palm Beach.By completingover onethousand commissions before his deathin 1984,Volk was the most prolific of the great Palm Beacharchitects. His longevity attestedto his ability to adaptto both fashionand economicswithout sacrificingstyle. One of the greathouses of Palm Beachand the nation was built in 1925for Marjorie Merriweather Postand her husbandEdward F. Hutton. Called "Mar-A-Lago" becauseof its seato lake site, the housewas startedby Marion Sims Wyeth (who laterdenied responsibility for it) and completedby JosephUrban, a Viennesearchitect who hadworked for FlorenzZiegfelddesigning stage sets. Urban took the prevailing MeditenaneanRevival style of the Town and addedMoorish details with a theatricalflair to the overall design. Both the exteriorand interior of the housewere elaborate with rows of Egyptianrams'heads under the eaves,a two story living room with a gold leaf ceiling and a dining room that was adapted from the Chigi Palace in Rome to name just some of the prominence lppointments. But Yar-A-L?g.ow.as more. than a g{ald ho}sr?.It "gaveadded to Mrs. Postand helpedproduce the island'sgrandest grand dame."' The Bath and TennisClub with Mar-a-Lagoto the North ln 1926,Urban receiveda commissionto designthe Bath and TennisClub southof Mar-A-Lago. Organizedby Anthony Biddle, the Club would protectthe Hutton'shouse from unwantedprivate developmentin te area. Similar in feel to Mar-A-Lago the Bath and Tennis Club openedto the beachand becameone of Palm Beach'smost exclusiveclubs. After the 1949hunicane, John L. Volk rebuiltmuch of the structure.aT 45lbid. a6Donald W. Curl. "JosephUrban's Palm BeachArchitecture," @ Ouarterly,Volume LXXI, Number 4, April 1993,pp. 445-445.Quote page457. otlbid. 13 The Floridabanking crisis was one of the reasonsthat realestate development changed^in-Palm Beachat the end of ihe 1920s.In thenine years before the 1929stock market crash, over 5500 banks closednation wide. "Florida's boom wai the greatestspeculative freruy in history....Th9fi$agg betweenbankers, promoters and politic.^s led to ihereckleis expansion of theeconomy which inflated realestate values to inationallevels.""' AddisonMizner fared poorly during the days ofth ' failedBoca Raton project south of PalmBeach. theeconomy suffered. Smaller houses and less e> of theearly boom. In September,1928 a terribleh $l I millidn dollarsworih of damageushered in thenationwide Depression of 1929. Depression/NewDeal Ere Althoughthe frenzyof developmentand the real estate boom slowed with the GreatDepression, nothing-stoppedin Palm Beach as it did in othercommunities. Palm Beach residents also saw the needfdr planningand architectural control as a wayto keeptheir community beautiful and livable. TheArt jury, iniiiatedin the 1928,was charged with safeguardingthe town's architecture: To thevisitor here there is alwaysan air of serenity.Back of thatexterior thereis constantlyat work brainsand brawn that go to createthis unique andmost individual of all resortcommunities... this serenityupon the surfacemade possible by mostable co-operation and co-ordination of everychap who hasa homehere and the-executive working forceof that sentimeniisparticularly manifested in this Art Jury,created for Qe- expresspurpose of proiectingproperty owners and the beautyof Palm Be'ach.oe Earlymembers of thejury inctudedarchitects, Addison Mizner, Marion Sims Wyeth, Maurice Fatio,engineer Halpiri Smittr and landscape architect, Charles Perroechet. The approval "tldof theAtt Jury waslssentialfbr any new projectarid jurors had the right to enforcecompulsory changes in ptairs. Althoughsometimes ciitiiized, most citizensand ihe pressapproved of the Art Jury's controls: The world goeson and somemay criticize the strict supervisionPalm Beachresidlnts maintainover their chosenwinter havenof pleasureand enjoyment,but they of the colony sit serenelyby and smile, contentin the knowledgethat radical ideasmay come and go, but conservatism,as always,*ill remainsupreme here just so long as the Art Jury continuesto funciion.sn Anotherimportant and early planning effort was sponsoredby the GardenClub of Palm Beach. On April 8, t929 the Club hired'Bennett-,Parson & Fiost, ConsultingArchitects of Chicagoto devise atRaymondB. Vickers, Panicin Paradise,(Tuscaloosa, Alabama: 1994)p. 17. 4e'4n JurySafeguards Property Owners in PalmBeach Against Unartistic Euilding Erections."Palm Beach DailyNews. On file at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County. 50lbid. a Planfor the Town of PalmBeach. Presentedin book form, the planwas approved by the Town Councilon December19,1929. The plan provided for a publicbath, public gardens, a systemof trailsand walkways, public buildings and the improvementof thestreet system. Although not all ofthe projectswere carried out, the Plan of PalmBeach was an important document that set the stage for futureplanning activities within theTown.sl Newspaperarticles of thetime period also stressed beautification projects and city improvements. In | 930,wooden light poles on North Palm Beach Avenue were replaced with steeland a newsewer outletwas built. North PalmBeach Avenue (County Road) was widened from WellsRoad to the CountryClub at propertyowners' expense in exchangefor the evacuationof the old Ocean Boulevard.r2 Buildingactivity picked up in PalmBeach as the 1930swore on. By 1937the press was reporting that "ResortBuilding Activities Already Top 1936Record in Constructionof 66 Homes."tl Developmentwas still drivenby a handfulof builderssuch as E.B. Walton and Arnold Construction Company.Even the well knownarchitects like Volk, Fatioand Wyeth often designed houses on speculation.The press also reported the "general tendency towards the smaller, simpler homes," and notedthat building centered toward the Inlet SuMivision, Pendleton Avenue, Coconut Grove and NorthLake Trail.n Housingstyles changed as well. Thelarge Mediterranean houses of the 1920sgave way to British Colonial,Bermuda, Georgian and Montereystyles. Dining roomsbecame smaller as the buffet replacedthe largedinner party. Servantsareas were reduced and the garagebecame an important andnecessary feature of everyhome. The Societyof the Four Arts, a non-profitorganization dedicated to promotinginterest in art, literature,drama and music, was incorporatedin 1936by Maud Howe Elliot. At first the group movedinto a vacantstore provided by Col. E.R.Bradley in a buildingknown as the Embassy Club thathad been designed by AddisonMizner. The first art exhibitsponsored by the Societywas a displayof fifty Old Mastersowned by members. Highlightingthe exhibit was Rembrandt's "AristotleContemplating the Bust of Homer." In 1938Maurice Fatio completed a newSociety of theFour Arts Buildingwith muralsin thefront loggiaby AlbertHerter. ln 1947,when the Society was able to purchasethe Embassy Club and the adjoiningland after Bradley's death, architect John Volk convincedthe membershipto renovate ratherthan demolish the old building.Volk's adaption was masterfrrl. He enclosed the courtyard and addeda718 seattheater, a galleryand boardroom. Later Marion Sims Wyeth redesigned Fatio's buildingfor a libraryp"glltg Ravenskybuilding (another 1924 Mizner commercial design) was addedto thecomplex in 1993as a children'slibrary and administration offices.s: srBennett,Parson & Frost,The Plan of PalmBeach (Palm Beach: 1930). 52"1930Saw Drastic Changes in Layoutof Town Beautiful,Palm Beach Post, I January, 193r. 5r"Resort BuildingActivities Already Top 1936Record in Constructionof 66 Homes."b!: Times,5 December,1937. 54lbid, ss"Four Arts Pla7a," Designation Report, Town of Palm Beach, 1995. 15 ln 1937,anew Post Office was built at 95North County Road. Decorated with muralsdepicting life il-"gly Fl_qrida,the buildingwas placed on theNational Regisrer of HistoricPlaces in t qgf;. tn 1938,the Flagler Memorial Bridge replaced the old railroadu--ridge. World War II The 1940sbrought.the Wg1 years and a new kind of living for Palm Beachresidents. Local newspapersreported that, "War work is upperrnostand this resorthas tumed the full powerof its vastresources both of wealthand talent fof warrelief measures and civilian defense."56 Palm Beach cut downits socialcalendar like therest of thenation as the sacrifices of thewar hit home.Parties werescaled down and some of PalmBeaches most famous hostesses changed their life styles,at least for thetime being.s7Small parties and at homeentertaining became the-trend. I grouPcalled."Volunteers for Victory" was formedat the homeof Mrs. Henry Rea. With headquartersat theParamount Theater on NorthCounty Road, the group aimed to have"one wartime olganizationwhich combines and coordinates all activitiesfoithe iomfort, entertainment and morale of theAmerican forces."5t A "Relaxation".committeearranged for entertainmentfor thetroops and abouttwo hundredand fifty womenknitted garments forthe-soldiers.re In 1943, a Soldiers'Cinteen yvasgryn$.on thecornerofWorth Avenue and County Road, and a BathHouse was opened on the beach.- Otheractivities for servicemenincluded Sun-day night buffet-dances at theSbciety of the FourArts andweekly informal dinners at theEvergladei Cl;b.u' The Bath and Tennis Club held a Christmasday p3rty for theRAF cadets stationed in e lewistonin I 941.52 Private citizens also opened their heartsto the troopsstationed in SouthFlorida and entertained them in someof the to*n's T. Stotesburyopened "El Mirasol"for swimming servicemen.whenthanking their hostes, on" rorl€Jl'#:ff""rTlt?HH:'1toT[J$;iJ|li; a grandperson, I'd like to kissyou!" And hedid.63 Mrs. Frederick E. Guesttumed "Vilia Artemis" tuHelen ^ Yg Ugy Smith,"War WorkTakes Place of PartiesAt PalmBeach. " Miami News,6 December.1942. N.P. t'The P34nEgach,?a|ly \gys reportedthat in | 943Mrs. Stotesburycould only openone sectionof "El Mirasol."(April 3, 1943,n.p.) rs"Volunteers for VictoryAgain Enlarge Quarters." Palm Beach Daily News. I January,1942. n.p. rnlbid. 60"Volunteers for Victoryin SecondSeason." Palm Beach Daily News, 8 January,1943, n.p. t'ETilig .. KeyesEvans, "soldier Thanks Mrs. Stotesbury - With a Kiss."Palm Beach Daily s'l2January,|21i.n.p.''U.S.So|diersGuestAtEverg|adesInform"l.@u News,13 January,1942. o2"Palm BeachersWill EntertainSoldiers." Palm Beach Daily News.24 December, 1941. n.p. 61n-EVans. 15 over to the Naly as a convalescenthome.n In 1943,a Soldiers'Canteenwas openedon the cornerof Worth Avenueand County Road During the War total blackoutswere orderedby the United Statesmilitary all along theAtlantic Oceancoast. Horse and dog patrolskept watch on the beacheswhich were off-limits at night and partially limited in the day. A passand identificationwere requiredto crossthe bridgesto Palm Beach.Curfews were setat twelve o'clock a.m. excepton Saturdaynight when they wereextended to one-thirty a.m. Civilians who volunteeredas coastal patrol and aircraft spottersrecounted eveningswhen they could hearGerman submarines surface to chargetheir batteries.Allied ships becamethe targetsof GermanU-boats. During one four monthperiod sixteen ships were torpedoed betweenCape Canaveral and Boca Raton.u5 The Town Council underMayor JamesM. Owens,Jr. appointeda committeeto carry out civilian defensework. Fundswere allocatedfor two town operatedfirst-aid stations.James F. Riley of the BessemerCompany donated office spacefor the air raid wardenheadquarters at244 SouthCounty Road.ooln December 1942, the famed resort hotel, The Breakers,was turned over to the War Departmentto be usedas the ReamGeneral (Army) Hospital.6T *"Doing Bit for Defense."n.d. on file at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County. 65Tuckman and Kleinberg, pp. 140-148. uu"TownCouncil Names Group to ConsiderDefence Money." Palm Beach Dail), News. 7 January,1942. n.p. 'Were," 67"TheWay We PalmBeach Daily News. 6 May,1994. n.p. I7 All of the war effortslrad a positiveeflect on the gromh anddevelopment of PalmBeach. The Town^hadopened its doorsto thousandsof menand women from aroundthe countryand setthe -stagefor a postwar buildingboom. In its lastissue of the 1943-44season the Palm Beach Daily N.yt reported,-"Muchproperty has changed hands and a generalreal estate "boom" indicates that in theperiod of postwarconstruction, Palm Beach will bea growingand flourishing colony."6t The ModernEra PalmBeach did flourishafter World War II andhousing styles again changed. Many of the large estatesof the 1920swere torn down and subdivided to mafe roomfor a moiecasual-life style and "El Mirasol"was torn down. The fumishings were rangup wherethe groundsof the greathouse had Roadappeared through what oncehad beenthe : originalhouse were cut into individualhousing 'ach.o'In the placeof the MeditenaneanRevival mansions,ranch style houses filled thenew streets. In an effort to protectthe historicresources in the Town a movementdeveloped to establisha LandmarksPreservation Ordinance. The movementgained strength in 1974with the publication of BarbaraHoffstot's book. It wasnot enough,however, for preservationto be a mov€mentby privatecitizens and concerned individuals. In orderto designate buildings and reg_ulatetheir condilion, it was essentialthat the local governmentbe involved. In 1978,the Town Council of Palm Beachcreated the first LandmarksPreservationOrdinance. In rers of the LandmarkCommission included John ls Knott, Philip Hulitar, Paul Maddock, Jr., and theTown of Palm Beachis still in the forefrontof actingwithin the frameworkof the ordinancefor e Florida Trust Award for Historic Preservation becomingthe first municipalityto receivesuch recognition. As the Town of Palm Beachcelebrates its Centennialin 201I, two hundredand sixty-eigh1structures, districts and historic vistas have beendesignated as local landmarksand proteited-forthe future. ot"War-Time PalmBeach." Palm Beach Dail), News. 9 April, 1944. o'Gilbert M. Thompson,"El Mirasol," Brochure,l99l and "King's RoadNow TraversesA OnceFamous Living Room,"Palm Beach Daily News,6 February,tqS6. See also "Lagamar DesignationReport, Town of Palm Beach. 'nEllen Koteff, "Commissionto ProtectLandmarks, Palm BeachDaily News, 26 October, 1978. l8 ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTIONOF SITESIN THE TOWI\I OF PALM BEACH DomesticArchitecture A reviewof domesticarchitecture in theTown of PalmBeach Historic Sites Survey revealed examplesof every major twentiethcentury architectural style. From the eleganceof the MediterraneanRevival to thesimple forms ofthe FrameVemacularand Bungalow styles, Palm Beachis a text bookfor architecturalstudy. Manyof thesestyles are typical of othersites in SouthFlorida, but in few othercities are the examplesso numerousor so well maintained. Besidesstyle, the inventory also represents most time periods of theTown's history so thatthe builtenvironment of thearea reflects everything from the tum of thecentury through World War II andthe 1950s. Another important way to classifuPalm Beach architecture is byarchitect. The architectsof PalmBeach shaped the Town's growth and fabric. Representationsof their work, in a varietyof styles,are important examples not only of individualcareersbut as milestones in thedevelopment of theTown of PalmBeach. FrameVernacular Wood framevernacular buildings represent the mosttypical methodof constructionused by pioneersin SouthFlorida. Vernaculararchitecture is ordinaryarchitecture. It doesnot adhere to a particularschool of design.The builder's experience coupled with localmaterials creates a usefuland practicalbuilding. In manysurveys Frame Vernacular buildings are the most prevalentstyle in an historicarea. Because of intensivedevelopment and an affluent life style this is not truein PalmBeach. The areas of woodframe houses were for themost part destroyed to makeway for othermore academic styles. MissionStyle Inspiredby l8th centurySpanish Mission churches, the Missionstyle had its beginningsin Californiaduring the I 880s.In Floridathe style reached its peak in popularityduring the 1920s. TheMission style is notedfor its simplicity.The most prominent feature of thisstyle is a curved parapetat the roof line. The roofsare traditionally flat, with interestgiven to an occasional secondaryroof featuresuch as a dormeror slopingporch. Sometimesthere is a bell tower. Exteriorwalls are generally block or woodframe which is coveredwith smoothor roughcast stucco. Archedopenings are common. Windowsare either double hung sash or casement. Porchesare a prominentfeature. Scuppers are also frequently found below the roof line. MediterraneanRevival TheMediterranean Revival style of architecturewas inspired by Europeanstructures that were built aroundthe basin of theMediterranean Sea. Themes were borrowed from Spanish,Italian, NorthAfrican and Moorish examples. This stylewas very popular in Californiaand Florida duringthe | 920s.It adaptedwell to Florida'swarrn climate and Spanish heritage. The style is expressedwith appliedornamentation, carved decorations, twisted columns, balustrades, and ceramictile. Exteriorwalls are stuccoed in a light color. Low pitchedterra cotta tile roofs, eithergabled or hipped,are typical. Windowsand doors are arched and includea varietyof shapessuch as semi-circular, pointed, ogee or segmented.This is anextremely important style in PalmBeach architecture and variations range from large beach front mansions by well known 19 architectsto smallerversion by unknownbuilders. It was broughtto the Town by Addison Miznerand Paris Singer inl919. Bungalow TheBungalow became an architectural style at t Crafts Movement.This movementadvocate simplicity,honest expression of materials,and hat styleof homein middleclass suburbs throughout is modestin scale,one or oneand a halfstoriEs in high,with a low pitchgable roof, a largefront porch,and a simpiefloor plan. Few of thesebuildings have registered architects and many were built from mail-orderkits. GeorgianRevival The Georgianstyle of architectureis one of the most long-livedin Ameri.canhistory. .lt dominated"the Englishcolonies of the l8th century. Variitions o! thg glyle.yerg popultr throughoutthe C;ribbean and were adaptedin r&ival form in South Florida. Examples sometimeshave broken pediments and paired, triple or baywindows. BritishColoniel Sometimescalled the Bermudastyle, this West Indian adaptationof Georgianarchitecture featurespedimented dormers, quoiris and a hip roof. Woodsh[ners and "welcomi-ng arm".walls leadto thefront door. It waspopularized in PaimBeach by theworks of HowardMajor andJohn L. Volk. ColonialRevival TheColoniat Revival style of architecturewas popular throughout the United States from about 1885to 1995.Based on Georgianand Adam froiotypesfrom the northeasternstates, the style featuressymmetrical facades with an accentuatedfront door. Pedimentsare common, as are doublehung sash windows and decorative shutters. Art Deco Art Decoderives its namefrom the "Exposition Intemationale des Arts Decoratifset Industriels Moderne"held in Parisin 1925.It wasthis cen Essentially,it was a style of applieddecorat pattems,industrial symbols, and historical mo symmetricalor asymmetrical,exteriors were sr wasflat with towersand vertical projections. V continuousaround corners. Glass block and circular windows were common. MinimalTraditional This simplestyle of housingwas popular immediately preceding anq after.World War II. It is usuallyone stbry in scaleriith a lbw pitchedroof anda minimumof details.Often there isa frontfacing gable. 20 Ranch Monterey itecturethat waspopular throughout the United re SpanishColonial architecture of Northern d CreoleFrench design details to theprototype. yle is thesecond-story balcony whicli is usuilly NeoclassicalRevival CommercialArchitecture Beachare One-Part and Two-Part Commercial togetherso that the facadesare unified in func masonryor woodframe. Windows are used for, detailsvary accordingto the style of the bui commercialsections of thetown are pedestrian friendly. 9lS q.fthe mostimportant commercial areas in theTown is WorthAvenue. There are seven street ,.:if..:f_"1gllt: someof themconnected by courtyards.These areas combine public walkways,commercial space and private residencei to producea uniqueold worldcharin. n commercialdesign. The Plazastarted as a 2L RECOMMENDATIONS Oncea surveyis completedand an overviewof a town'shistory is recorded,it is importantto use the information that hasbeen gathered in the planningand decisionmaking process.Historic resourcesare irreplaceable. It is imperativethat government move quickly andcarefully into the implementationstage of historic preservation. Historic preservation,however, will not be successfulif implementedstrictly by government action and control. Citizen and community supportis vital. Workshopsshould be set up for interestedproperty owners and convincing argumentsfor historic preservationneed to be made both to supportersof the preservationmovement and their opponents. Basicallythere are threemain reasonsto pursuehistoric preservationin any community. Tradition - Maintainingacommunity's sense oftime and placewithin the development of an areaor regionis importantfor citizensof all ages. SouthFlorida in particularhad been criticized as a transientcommunity with much of its population coming from differentcountries and regions of the United States.Promoting the uniquehistory of the Town of Palm Beach,through the remainingbuilt environment,helps establish a basis of tradition for the future developmentof the town. Pioneer families have their for bearersrecognized, school children better understandlocal history and the naming of streets, parks and schools, and newcomers immediately beccome aware of the community'sroots, through its historic structures. Aesthetics - Maintaining historic structuresand developingplans for restorationand adaptivereuse make a neighborhoodmore livable, while continuing to build on the traditions of a community. By implementing design guidelines and beautification programs,such as the recentrevitalization of Worth Avenue,owner and tenantpride is increased. Distinct propertiesthat merit listing on the National Registerof Historic Placesalso contributeto this effort. Thesespecial properties become a focus for civic pride and an anchorto hold togetherneighborhoods. The restorationof Town Hall, a National Registerlisted property,is a good exampleof this effort. Economics- One importantreason to pursuehistoric preservation in the Town of Palm Beachis economic.Contrary to somethought, preservation is not anti-development.In our profit mindedsociety, it is clearthat peopleneed economic incentives to restoreand rehabilitatehistoric structures. At this time, Federaltax law doesallow somebenefit for rehabilitationof eligible commercialstructures. This is a direct economicincentive to the owner/developer.On a local level,the Town of PalmBeach and PalmBeach County Tax Abatementprograms allow ownerswho rehabilitatehistoric properties the ability to recoupa portionof their investmentby a reductionof the increasein their propertytaxes for a tenyear time period. This benefitis tied to the propertyand may be transferredwith any transferof ownership. Resultsand Recommendationsfor the Town of PalmBeach ArchitecturalSuney This report,with its accompanyingFlorida Si HistoriCBuilding Survey. In total,I129 previou reviewed50 haveeither been demolished or ar theirarchitectural integrity. In additionto revier to the SiteFile. These include buildings that are^ liu-pGr oi buildingsthat are lessthai fifty y9?ls9ld. In total,after lfe n-eybuildings i.ui.i.a by the StatZif Florida,there will Ui,iff g HistoricResources listed for the Town of PalmBeach. TheseFlorida Site File forms shouldbe reti Departmentof theTown of PalmBeach. They s availableand used as a basisfor decisionmakinl Notationsshould be madeon theforms when a Structuresshould be added to theinventory as nr five to sevenyears. Recognitionof Historic Properties After completinga survey,the next step in historicpreservation is the formalrecognition and protectionof HistoricProperties. THENATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORIC I requiredbefore federal funds can be used. One concretebenefit of listing an incomeproducing property ol tf9 NationalRegis-ter or inciudingitin a NationalRegistEr District is ttie Tax Re-habiliiati6n Credit offered by the Federal listedon the gou"*r""nt. Residentialstrictures do not qualifr fo11hi;PTogr?m but any building ilationalRegister is automaticallyconsidered a certified historic structure. Nominatinga propertyto theNational Register cql bedone in a numberof formats.The first andmost c6mmon is ihe individualnomin-ation. Historic Districts can also be nominatedwith definedboundaries and a commonhistory. And finally,multiple Prop€rty nominations cover scatteredresources that have a commonhistory, pre-history or architecture. NationalRegister Nomination forms may bt consultant.These forms require a history,legt andarchitectural analysis. Photographs and r Libraries,local historicalsocieties, the Coun buildingpermits should all be consulted. Newsl alsobe read for moreinformation. The finishe 23 Offrcer,Bureau of HistoryPreservation, R.A. Gray'for Building, 50_Q _S.grutl.t Bp1t99Sh Street, Tallahassee,Florida 32399-0250(S00-i|47-7278) review. While in Tallahasseethe nominationis reviewedby theNational Register Review Board, whose members are appointed by the Secretaryof State.'If the nominatioi is passedit is forwardedto the Departmentof the Iriteriorfor a finaldetermination on eligibility. both Stateand Federal Grant money is available to helpdefray the cost of a NationalRegister nomination. At thepresent time, thirteen properties from theTown of PalmBeach have been listed in the Nationil Register.Two of those-propertieshave been demolished. * BinghamBlossom House - 1250South Ocean Boulevard demolished I BreakersHotel r BrelsfordHouse - I SouthLake Trail demolished I whitehall I Mar-a-Lago t Palm BeachDaily News '204 Brazilian Avenue * ParamountTheater t U.S. PostOffice - 95 North County Road + Via Mizner I ChesterfreldHotel - 363 CocoanutRow t WardenHouse - I l2 SeminoleAvenue + Town Hall - 360 SouthCounty Road * Palm BeachHotel - 235 SunriseAvenue Local Recognition In the Town of PalmBeach, the process for localrecognition and protection was established with the passageof the Landmarks Ordinance in 1979. With a successfulpreservatio-n- program tn plac'etheiown hasdesignated 268 local landmarksand vistasas of December2010. Districts Two typesof districtsmay de developedunder a local Historic PreservationOrdinance. LOCAL ORDINANCE CERTIFIED: A localdistrict that is certifiedmust be createdby ordinanceor statestatute, and must meet the criteria of the National Register. The enablinglegislation must'be endorsed by -within the SHPO and certified by the 59.P:t of the Nationa'iREgister. Historic structures this distri-ct.are. not.eligible for grant monies,but incomeproducing properties are eligible for federaltax incentives. LOCAL ORDINANCE: Historic districts may be createdby local ordinanceand be entirely under the jurisdiction of the local government. The local governmentmay establiih their own-architecturalreview procEduresand zoning laws. Privatelyowned propertiesare not eligible for grantmonies or federaltax incentives.Property owned by i riot-for-profit or[anizatioi or gouernmental agencies may apply for monies administeredby the Division of Historical Resources. In the Town of PalmBeach establishing Local F Although in many cities and towns creating otherwisenoncontributing structures, this hasr In Palm Beach. constructionand alteration r 24 ArchitecturalCommission. This Architectural Commission is thelegacy ofthe Art Jurythat was establishedin 1928. In 1988,the Palm Beach Historic Building Survey suggested that there were "two strategies"for designation: (a)site-by-site, that will resultin a patchworkquilt of designatedproperties in theTown; or (b)districts, that will resultin entirecommercial blocks or residentialneighborhoods that aredesignated and protected in the Town, Althoughthe previoussurveys have not beenI review-ofthe preservation movement in PalmI havemore concrete results. Pastefforts to der PendletonAvenue as districts resulted in recom an individualbasis. Also, by workingon a si documentedmaking their protection more defensible in thefuture. UsingPreservation Incentives There are a variety of legal instrumentsand governmentsand citizens in theirhistoric- presr federaland state law, othersneed to be adoptet economicincentives are often the most powerf FederalIncentives REHABILITATIONTAX CREDITS:Federal tax creditsfor theexp€nses incurred in the rehabilitationof an incomeproducing historic structure have been present for a decade.present ta* itq86 i* frCfo.. Act) providesfor a twenty percent€reditfor certifiedhistoric structures and a ten percentcredit for structuresmore than tlfty years old that do not rr"t iirting criteriain the NationalRe-gister or contributeto an NR District. Theseare the fede-ralTa,rIncentives already refened to in this report. In order io q""f ify, in"or. producingstructures must be listed on theNational Register or bepart of i NationalRegister Historic District. HISTORICPRESERVATION FUND: Authorizedunder the 1966National Historic pi.r.*utlonAct, this fundwas established by thefederal government to financehistoric ;;;;il;i;" tt"""gttout thenation.'The annual ippropriatiql,frgp^lle-United Siil;; Congi"rr".ii"ity ftndn.ir states'sHistoric Preservation Offrce and the National Trust for HistoricPreservation. "u-.tt COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT FUNDS: Rehabilitationof historicstructures is a elopmentBlock Grants(CDBG) or similar ehdbilitationof low and moderateincome 1974and is oneof theFederal government's l localand state governments forcommunity amhas the primary objective of developing 3 decent liousin[ and a suitable living environment. 25 Stateof Floridalncentives AD VALOREMTAX RELIEF:The State of Floridapermits counties and cities to offer propertytax abatementto propertyowners the are either individuallylisted or are in historicdistricts. This program was been adopted by theTown of PalmBeach in 1997. It is alsoin placein PalmBeach County. Since the program was adapted in PalmBeach, thirty-twoprojects have been completed. CERTIFIEDLOCAL GOVERNMENT PROGRAM (CLG): The 1980 amendments to theHistoric Preservation Act of 1966established a means by whichlocal governments couldcreate an Architectural Review Commission. This Commission is empoweredto enforcethe municipality's preservation ordinances, to conducthistoric site surveys and to reviewand approve all NationalRegister nominations. The Commission must include as members:professionals in architecture,architectural history and history. The State HistoricPreservation Office will workclosely with theCertified Local Government and will providetechnical assistance to theCommission. The CLG is eligiblefor matching grantsfrom the StateHistoric Preservation Office to carryout their duties. The money comesfrom a sourceof fundsthat equalsat leastten percent of themoney each state receivesfrom the HistoricPreservation Fund. The Town of PalmBeach is partof this proglam. LEGISLATIVESUPPORT: The State of Floridais currently one ofthe largestinvestors in historicpreservation in thenation.'ln 1983,a HistoricPreservation Trust Fund was establishedas a depositoryfor legislatedfunds. Grants are reviewedby the Florida HistoricPreservation Advisory Council (HPAC), awarded by theSecretary of State,and administeredby the Divisionof HistoricalResources, Department of State. In two annualgrant cycles, funding is providedfor acquisitionand development, survey and planning,educational programs, and the Main Streetprogram. Some of the fundsare distributedthrough a 50/50match of in-kindservices and cash. Once a year,Special Categoryfunds are available for largescale restoration projects. Units of govemment andregistered non-profit organizations are eligible to apply.Future grant cycles include: Federaland StateGrant Cvcles HISTORICPRESERVATION GRANTS.IN-AID SMALL MATCHTNGGRANTS Authority: Section267 .0612 and267 .0617, Florida Statues. ChapterlA-35, FloridaAdministrative Code. Purpose: To assist and encouragethe identification, excavation, protection, rehabilitation, and public knowledge of historic and archaeological propertiesin Florida and to encouragehistoric preservationin Florida's smallercities throughthe Main StreetProgram. Eligibility: Departmentsor agenciesof the State(including state universities), units of county, municipal, or other local governments; not-for-profit corporations,institutes, organizations, and othernon-profit entities. There is one grant cycle annually: Solicitations begin October I and ends 26 December15. Applicationsmust be receivedor postmarkedby the deadline. Criteria: All applicationsare evaluated using criteria relating to thesite, grantee, andpublic benefit. These include historic significance, endangermenl, apprbpriatenessofwork, local cost share, educational potential, economic impact,public use or otherpublic good. The maximum matching g9nt awardia $40,000;however, most grant awardsrange from $5,000to $25,000. ReviewProcess: All grantapplications are evaluated on a competitivebasis by the Historic Preservati6nAdvisory Council in publicmeetings. Projects are ranked in priority order with a recommendedlevel of funding for each applicatioh.Grants are awarded by the Secretaryof State,based on the recommendationsof the HistoricPreservation Advisory Council. The membersofthe Historic Preservation Advisory Council are appointed by theSecretary of State. Local Match: 50o/oof projectcosts which may includecash, allowable in-kind and donatedservices and allowable donated materials. Contact: Foradditional information and grant applications contact: Grantsand EducstionSection Bureauof Historic Presenation (904)487-2333 or Toll Freeet I-800-847-PAST. HISTORICPRESERVATION AND HISTORICALMUSEUMS GRANTS.IN.AID SPECIALCATEGORY GRANTS Authority: Section267 .0612 and 267 .0617. Florida Statutes. ChapterlA-35, Florida Administrative Code. Purpose: To assistmajor restoration of historicstructures, major archaeological excavations,and major museum exhibit projects involving the developmentand presentation of exhibitionsand educational materials on thehistory of thehuman occupation of Florida. Eligibility: Criteria: 27 ReviewProcess: Availability of Funds: Fundsare availableafter July I of the year in which the fundsare appropriatedby the Legislature. Funding Source: StateGeneral Revenue Fund. Contect: For additionalinformation and grant applications contact Grentsand EducationSection Bureauof Historic Preservation (e04)487-2333 Local GovernmentIncentives In mostcases, the incentives and legal instruments available to localgoverrlments and citizens aretools utilized in realestate andiax law. Someof theseincentives may be in place,others needto be consideredfor futureaction. All of theseconcepts, however, have been successful in otherareas. EASEMENTS:An easementis a restrictionplaced against the future development of a properry.In historic preservation,an easimentcin be placedwith a nbn-profit orlanizationthat is qualifiedto maintainit over a periodof time. Tax advantaggsare aviilablefor someeasements. Federal law permits, for example,the donation of a facade easementfor the purposesof preservingihe exteriorintegrity of a qualifiedhistoric building.Scenic oi oien spaceeasements are used to preservearchaeological sites. RESTRICTIVECOVENANTS: Restrictive covenants are prohibitions against particular usesof a property. A covenantattached to a deed,for example,might prohibit subdivisionof theproperty or demolitionof a structure. PURCHASEOF DEVELOPMENTRIGHTS: This device, equivalent to aneasement, involvesthe acquisitionof certainrights to a property.The valueof thedeve^lopment rightis defined as the difference between the property's market value and its useful value. TRANSFEROF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS: This legal instrument isutilized to protect historicresources, such as archaeologicalsites, by permittingthe right to developa propertyto be transferredto anothei location, sparing the original property from destructionor alteration. 28 REVOLVINGFUND: A revolvingfund, normallyadministered by a non-profitor govemmentalagency, establishes a monetary basis on whichproperty can be bought, improved,maintained, and sold. Revolving fund monies are subsequently returned and reused.The funds act to createa neweconomic and social force in thecommunity. INTEREST-FREELOAN PROGRAM: A tool of CommunityRedevelopment, this programassists the propertyowner in obtaininginterest free loans for periodsof up to fiveyears for certainimprovements on the exterior of buildings.For example, loans may beup to $7,500for singlefamily homes, or $ 15,000for incomeproducing property, and may be appliedto permit fees,roof repair,painting, landscaping, or other exterior restorations.A localbank participates in theproject, and the work done is in accordance with designguidelines for thesite or historicdistrict. BOOTSTRAPPROGRAM: This programis a grantawarded by a city to property ownersfor thesame type of restorationsas the interestfree program, except that there is no payback required. The grants are usually a smalleraward, and some can be a 50/50 match.To beginthe program, specific restorations can be designated, such as painting, landscapingand roofing. PERMITFEE WAIVER: A municipalitycan create the means by whichpermit fees for restorationwork on certifiedhistoric properties, either individual or withina designated district,can be waived. ZONING AND BUILDINGCODE RELIEF: Historicrehabilitation projects may be consideredfor exemptionfrom certainzoning code regulations or building codes, providedlife and safetyare not threatened.This relief shouldbe reviewedon an individualbasis. EducationalPrograms Oneof thegreatest benefits of historicpreservation are the countless educational opportunities createdfor schools,community, and the visiting public. Historicpreservation is a tool in the classroomused to teachmany subjects including urban studies, math, and science. Communities benefitthrough the knowledge and appreciation for theirpast, and the field of heritagetourism is extremelyimportant to theState of Florida. DESIGNGUIDELINES: In orderfor a preservationprogram to besuccessful, the community needstechnical assistance in restorationprojects. For this reason, Design Guidelines need to be updated.The guidelines would serve as a resourcemanual for propertyowners to understand thetype of buildingthey have, and what kinds of windows,doors, roofs, and fixtures that are neededto restoretheir buildingback to its originalcondition. The guidelineswould contain instructionsfor restoration,types of materialsto useand descriptions of architecturalstyles, plus a list of resourcesavailable to owners. 29 IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN l. Continueto designatehistoric propertiesunder Chapter54 of the Code of OrdinancesoftheTown ofPalm geath (HistoricPreservation Ordinancq). Work- on a site-by-sitebasis unless strong neighborhood support, yit! a majority of consentinghome owners, is brough'tforilard to the LandmarksCommission. 2. Lobby StateLegislature to encouragefunding of the 201I SpecialCat"gory Granis list. ThE Town appliedfor-$350,000 for the restorationof Addison Mizner'sMemorial Fountiih and was ranked 13 out of a field of 57 applicants. 3. Passan ArchaeologicalOrdinance to protectprehistoric archaeological sites so thatcontrol of thesesites remains in localjurisdiction. 4. Planto updatethe HistoricSites Survey and reevaluate goals for the Landmarks programevery five to sevenyears. 5. Assist local property-orowners who wish to apply for the National Registerof Historic Proleriies participatein the Town and County Tax Abatement progfttms. 30 REGULATION OF HISTORIC RESOURCES In responseto a growing demand to protect historic resources,various federal, stateand local historic preservation laws and regulations have been promulgated. An awarenessof the applicablelaws and regulationsis critical to effectivepublic participationand to development of an effective plan. There are more than 40 federal laws and 20 state laws with historic preservationelements. The following are limited to those laws which are of interestto local governmentcomprehensive planning efforts. FederalLaws NATIONAL HISTORICPRESERVATION ACT OF 1966: The nation'sprimary historic preservationlegislation with respectto activitiesaffecting state and local governments.This act detlares a nationalpolicy of historicpreservation and establishes the AdvisoryCouncil on HistoricPreservation. It providesfor an expandedNational Registerprogram established in the office of the StateHistoric Preservation Officer (SHPO).In Floridathe positionof the SHPOis establishedwithin the Departmentof State,Division of HistohcResources and is occupiedby the Chief of the Bureauof HistoricPreservation. SECTION 106 of this act requiresthat all projectswhich are federallyfunded or requirea federallicense or permittake into accountthe potential impactof the projectupon archaeological sites, historic structures and other historic resourceslisted or eligibleon theNational Register of Historic Pleces.The Advisory Councilreviews the actions under Section 106 and encourages the variousagencies to considermeasures that will protecthistoric properties. DEPARTMENTOF TRANSPORTATION ACT OF 1966:This act mandates a national policy that special effiorts be made to preservehistoric sites. The Secretaryof Transportationcannot approve any programor projectwhich requiresuse of any land fromhistorical or archaeologicalsites for national,state or localsignificance unless there areno feasiblealternatives. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY ACT OF 1969: This act establisheda nationalpolicy for the protectionand enhancement of the environmentincluding the preservationof importanthistorical, cultural and natural aspects of nationalheritage. COASTALZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972: This act encouragesstates to undertakecomprehensive planning and management for wiseutilization of theland and waterresources of thecoastal zones. Full considerationshould be givento ecological, cultural,historic and aesthetic values. SteteLews FLORIDAHISTORICAL RESOURCES ACT, CHAPTER 267: Florida Statute,267 is Florida'sprimary historic preservation legislation. Florida's policy concerning historic resourcesis stated in s.267.061(l),F.S.1986: (a) The rich and unique heritageof historic propertiesin this state, representingmore than 10,000 years of humanpresence, is animportant legacyto bevalued and conserved for presentand future generations. The destructionof thesenonrenewable historical resources will engendera significantloss to the state'squality of life, economy,and cultural environment. In addition,s.267.061(l) also requires the state to: 3. Contributeto thepreservation of nonstate-owned historic resources and to give encourag-ementto organizations and individualsundertaking preservationby privatemeans. 6. Assist local governmentsto expand and acceleratetheir historic preservationprogftrms and activities. Subsection267 .061(2\ F.S. 1986, requires that each state agency ofthe executive branch SubsectionSubsectton 26-l.O0l(J),267.067Q; F.S.1986F.S.lyUO establishesestabllsnes andano givesgtves thetne Divisionulvlsron Resources of the Department of State the responsibility for the care and protectionof Florida'shistoric resources. OUTDOORRECREATION AND CONSERVATION,CHAPTER 375: Section 375.021establishes an OutdoorRecreation Advisory Committee. The director of the Divisionof HistoricalResources of theDepartment oi'State is a statutorymember. This act also gives the Departmentof Naturil Resourcesthe right to -acqyileland and identifies-"historicaland archaeologicalsites" among the typesof land that may be acquired. FLORIDAENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENTACT OF lgT2,CHAPTER380,F.S.: Section 380.05 addresses Areas of CriticalState Concern. An areathat contains significant historical resources that would be adverselyimpacted by publicor privatedevelopment 'the may be designatedas a1 area of criticalstate concern. Siition 380.06addresses Develbpmentof RegionalImpact (DBIs). This section statesthat historic preservation isto beconsidered in theevaluation and approval process of developments. OFFENSESCONCERNTNG DEAD BODIESAND GRAVES,CHAPTER 872: ThiS legislationprotects prehistoric and historic burial sites either marked or unmarked.It is co'nsidered'afelony to knowinglyremove, injure or disturbthe contentsof a tombor grave. LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING AND LAND DEVELOPMENTREGULATION ACT, CHAPTER 163: This act originated in 1975, wasamended in 1985and 1986 and mandatt comprehensiveplans. The act requirer preservationconcerns in at leasttwo elemen CoastalElement for localgovemments in I creationof anoptional separate element for governmentComprehensive Plan must be consistent with the State Compre- - TheDepartment ofCommunity Affairs, Division of ResourcePlanning-and Management is thefiinctionalagency assigned to overseelocal gove_rnment.comprehensive planning. Chapter9J-5, F.A.C. iontains the Minimum Criteria for Reviewof LocalGovernment ComprehensivePlans and Determination of Compliance. 32 A summaryof the minimalrequirements for historicpreservation in localgovernment planningare as follows: FutureLand Use: The plan statesthat "the landuse maps or mapseries shall generally identiSand depict historic district boundaries and shall designate historically significant propertiesmeriting protection." Also required are objectives and policies concerning the identification,designation and protection of historicresources. ;tandards,plans, and principles" for the I otherhousing for purposesofconservation, :r 9J-5.010(lXg),F.A.C. also requires "an rg listedon the FloridaSite File, National Registerof HistoricPlaces or designatedas historically significant by or in accordance with a localordinance, and shall include their generalized locations." Coastal:All coastalmunicipalities must have a provisionfor the "preservation, including sensitiveadaptive use of historicand archaeological resources" and must show historic preservationareas on the landuse and inventory map. STATECOMPREHENSIVE PLAN, CHAPTER 187,F.S.: One of thegoals addressed in s.I 87.201(I 8) Culturaland Historical Resources in thestate's comprehensive plan is to "increaseaccess to historicaland cultural resources and programs and encourage the developmentof culturalprograms of nationalexcellence." Hisioric preservation ii also addressedin Housings.187.201(5Xb), and in tourisms.187.201(23Xb). The policy in Housingis to recycleolder homes to increasethe supply of housing.Tourism policy (b) promotes"awareness of historicplaces and cultural and historic activities." EASTCOAST FLORIDA REGIONAL PLAN, CHAPTER 186, F.S.: As mandatedby the StateComprehensive Plan, Florida's eleven regions must prepare comprehensive regionalplans. Preservation concerns are addressedin two policyclusters, numbers 6l and62. RegionalIssue 6l: Accessto Culturaland HistoricalResources encourages protection,preservation, and increasedpublic awarenessof the region'ssignificant historic,archaeological, architectural, and culturalresources. The Developmentof Historicaland CulturalPrograms are addressedin RegionalIssue 62 which states "provisionsfor ensuringthe developmentof adequate,accessible and fiscallysound historicaland culturalfacilities and programsin the region,while encouragingthe developmentof historicaland cultural programs of nationalexcellence." 33 ADMINISTRATION OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION Thereare several public and private organizationq n9y in placeon thefederal, state and local levelswhose responsibility is'to implerientand administeihistoric preservation programs' PublicOrganizations FederalGovernment NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: The nation'sprincipal preservation age-ney' It is i.iponiiU[ for thenation.al park system as well as'administeringthe National Register of HistoricPlaces. NATIONAL REGISTEROF HISTORICPLACES: A list of thosebuildings, structures andsites that have fristoricaf importance to the localcommunity, the State.andto the ratplaces no restrictionon privateprop€rty noniesmust be reviewedfor theirpotential rnalRegister listing. TheNational Register vationOfficer in eachstate. Stateof Florida STATE HISTORICPRESERVATION OFFICE: This is the-agency^charged with rtut" r trGtori. pr.r.*ution';-l;^'^^:---^ program. It employ:sprofessionals'Tho., who ud1nin[t"ring.-*h ^-,r rr:i^i, 'cviprv qnd h;;;'il;l;ii';t'kil{-i;-i;h;;6'."o, Architectire,*q,T:logi ll-"v-:',:::.*: ;;;;.;i N;iI";;i'R.eirt.i'--i'7ti"* anareviiw att [ede11l i:li:l: iryl:.':g til;;; rii;"ll i;l;;; ."fipii*.. withThe Historic Preservation Act of 1966.The state Historic PreservationOfficer alsoconducts property owners who are rehabilitating invistment Tax Credit Act. In Florida,the Departmentof State,Division of Historical for'administering federal and state grant ft locatedin Tallahassee,(904) 487-2333. Privste Organizations Thereare severalnot-for-profit organizations at the federal,state and local level which pi""ia. u*iou, typ"t oi servicis to preservationinterests. In Palm Beach, The good Freservationpouni'uiil" i"ir geach'and the John L. Volk Foundationsare resourcesfor researchand "f educationalopportunities. The Historical Society of Palm B;;h a;"ntyalso hasa strongcollection bf historicalmaterial for review' Federal NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION: ThC NAIiONAITruSt fOT Historic Preservationwas charteredby Cc national lobbying group for preservation assistance,advice, and somefunding to pr activities, and produces educational at 34 publications.The National Trust maintains several historic properties, and conducts an innual fall conferenceto shareexpertise. NATIONAL ALLIANCE OF PRESERVATIONCOMMISSIONS: A NCTWOTKOf i*ar.f.r, hirtori, aititi.tr, -a Uoarasof architecturalreview in the United States orovidinemembers with informationthro@ newsletters,conferences, seminars and an Innuufni..ting hetain conjunctionwith th--eNational Trust conference' State FLORIDATRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESI Trust is the stateequivalent of the Nati assistanceto individiralsand organization fulfilling its historicpreservation responsil serveas-a recipient foi charitabledonations reachedat (904) 224-8128. 35 ..POTENTIALLY ELIGIBLE FOR A LOCAL REGISTER'' What Doesthis Mean? When conductingan Historic SitesSurvey, one of the documentsthat is completedis the "Historic StructureForm." This form providesgeneral information, mapping data, a physicaldescription of the propertybeing assessed, and a brief historyof the site.In a field entitled"surveyor's Evaluation of the Site," the personrecording the informationmust judge the potentialfor listing eachbuilding on the local register.In the caseof the Town of Palm Beach,that local registeris governedby Chapter54 of theCode of Ordinancesof the Town of PalmBeach (Historic PreservationOrdinance) which outlinesthe criteria for designationof historic structuresand districts,and statesthat at least one criterion must be met to justiff the designation. Making a judgementon a site's probability for landmarkingduring a field surveyis often difficult. BecauseHistoric StructureForms are recordedfrom the public right of way, walls, gates,and landscapingsometimes block a clearview of the subjectproperty. It is also importantto considera property'spotential for landmarkingin the contextof a community'shistory or as an exampleof a particular architect'swork. Not all of this can be determinedin the field. What can be seenis potential. When the LandmarksCommission decides that a propertyon the Florida Master Site File (their planning tool) may, in fact, be potentially eligible for the local register,they may vote to put it i'Und", Consideration."This actiontriggers more research and the completionof a full designation report with the property's history, architecturalanalysis and a justification of how the subject propertymeets the criteria for landmarking.Two public hearingsare scheduled. First the Landmarks Commissionhears a presentationfrom both the Historic PreservationConsultant and the property ownersor their experts.At this time the Commissionvotes to eitherrecommend the propertyto the Town Council for designation or votes against designation.If the Landmarks Commission recommendsdesignation, the Town Council hearsthe item at a regularly scheduledmeeting and makesthe final decisionon whetheror not to landmarkthe property.If it is landmarked,a Resolution is passedand this action is recordedin the Palm BeachCounty Court House.The propertyis then listedon the Existing DesignatedLandmarks list andall futurealterations and repairs come before the LandmarksCommission rather than the ArchitecturalReview Commission. It shouldbe notedthat calling a property"potentially eligible for a local register"does nothing to its legalstatus. The Historic SitesSurvey and FloridaMaster Site File Formsare just planningtools that arerequired by theTown's ComprehensivePlan and help the LandmarksCommissioners make more informeddecisions. The Existing Designated.Landmarkslist is availableto the public at the Planing,Zoning and Building Department. Photographsand addresseson the following pagesrepresent 90 propertiesthat are includedin the 2010 HistoricSites Survey that were listed as "potentially eligible for a localregister." OceanicCottage, Flagler Drive, @1900 SeasideCottage, Flagler Drive@l 900 SeasprayCottage, Flagler thive@l 900 MauriceFatio, 1934 l24 BraziliaruMarion Sims Wyeth, 1923 333 Brazilian,Howard Chiltoru 1948 337tlrazilian. ljnknown Architect. 1924 167Clarendon. Howard Maior. 1935 177Clarendon. [Jnknown Architect. 1929 320Island Road. Maurice Fatio. 1928 1 IslandDrive. Maurice l;atio, 1939 350 lslandRoad. Maurice Fatio. 1940 670 IslandDrive, GustavMaass, 1940 130Chilian Avenue, John Volk, 1928 220Jungle Road, Maurice Fatio, 1934 240Jungle Road, Maurice Fatio, 1929 i t 254Jungle Road, Maurice Fatio, 1935 320E1Vedado,Clarence Mack, 1940 209Sanford Avenue, Howard Chilton, 1945 210Sanford Avenue, Howard Chilton, l94l 235 SanfordAvenue, Wyeth and King, 1940 261 SanfordAvenue, Howard Chilton, 1945 272 SanfordAvenue, Howard Chilton, 1942 130El Brillo, UnknownArchitect, 1928 200El Brillo. UnknownArchitect. 1929 201El Brillo, MauriceFatio, 1929 218El Brillo,Gustav Mnass, 1950 234E|Brillo, HowardMajor, 1940 t-.=1;',-*lio'b *:.;^ - - - 343El Brillo. UnknownArchitect. 1928 100El Bravo,Marion Sims Wyeth,1922 215 El Bravo,Howard Major, 1940 221El Bravo,Volk & Maass,1933 237 El Bravo,Marion SimsWyettL 1920 251 El Bravo,John L. Vok, 1945 144Everglades Ave, Unknown Architect, l9l0 222BvergladesAve, Unknown fuchitect, 1927 127Dunbar, Cooper Lightbown,1922 159Dunbar. John L. Volk. 1938 260Dunbar. John L. Volk. 1936 267Dunbar, Bruce Kitchell, 1936 236Dunbar, Unknown ,1924 l7 MiddleRoad, Maurice Fatio, 1934 28 Middle Road,Unknown Architect, 1926 l4l BartonAve, UnknownArchitect, 1930 229BanonAve, John L. Volk 1935 300Barton Ave, Volk & Maass,1933 327Barton Ave, E.B. Walton, 1924 334Barton Ave, Gustav M"ass, 1936 135Seminole, Unknown Architect, l910 1070So Oc€anBlvd, BelfordShoumate, 1952 'IF 272Wells Roa{ UnknownArchitect, 1928 220Yia Bellaria,Maurice Fatio, I 929 261Yia Bellaria,John L. Volh 1937 125Via Del kgo, Marion SimsWyettu 1928 4 Via Yizcaya"Maurice Fatio, 1934 130Cocoanut Row, John L. Volk, 1937 256So Ocean Blvd, Volk & Mnass,1929 345 Seaspray,Gustav Marss, 1937 415 Seaspray,E.B. Walton, 1930 216Garden Rd, MauriceFatio, 1936 120Clarke Ave., Unknown 726HighMount"Maurice Fatio, 1938 323Ridgeview, John L. Volk, 1940 300Clarke Ave, JohnL. Volk, 1936 260 So Ocean,Addison Minrer,1923 1047So Ocean, John Volk, 1935 475North County, Maurice Fatio, 1937 218Merrain. Gustav Maass, 1938 315Tangier, John L. Volk, 1939 241Tangier,Howard Major, 1936 125Root Trail, Unknown Architect @ 1900 126Root Trail, UnknownArchitect @ 1900 l 1950So Ocean Blvd., Volk & Maass,1934 656No County,Burral Hoffinan, 1924 854So County Rd, HowardMajor, 1936 1545No OceanWay, Wyeth &Y'tng,1937 501No LakeWay, John L. Volk, 1939 333Pendleton [.ane, John L. Volk, 1940 303 Pendletonl,ane, John L.Volk,1937 306 PendletonLare, JohnL. Volk, 1939 3l I PendletonLane, John L. Vo[q 1938 315Pendleton Lane, John L.Volk,1939 322Pendleton Lane, John L.olk, 1940 345Pendleton l-ane, John L.Volk, 1940 324 Barton.John L. Volk. 1939 l5 l0 No OceanBlvd. Unknown.1926 173Royal Poinciana Way, Unknown,@1900 l0 TarponIsland, Howard Major, 1937 400 SouthOcean. Edward Durell Stone.1962 TheColony Hotel, 1946, Simeson & Holley SeverelyAltered and DemolishedSites Thefollowing list includesproperties that have been demolished since the last historic sites survey in 2004.Also includedare sites that have been so completely altered that the building no longerhas its architecturalintegrity. There are a totalof 50sites that have been destroyed since the 2004 survey. 8PB04283 I PelicanWay, John L. Volk, 1936 8PB04445 439Worth Avenue, Unknown Architect, l9l9 8PBO7833 1695North Ocean Way, John L. Volk, 1937 8PB04266 516South Ocean Boulevard, John L. Volk, 1938 8P804276 1902South Ocean Boulevard, Unknown Architect, 1930 8P807828 1473North Ocean Boulevard, Unknown Architect, 1937 8P807836 I 100North Lake Way, Treanor and Fatio, 1936 - thisbuilding was removed in 1993 andmistakenly carried on theSite File 8PB07837 I l4l NorthLake Way, John L. Volk, 1936 8PB094l7 I l9l NorthLake Way, Treanor & Fatio,1936 8PB07835 1255North Lake Way, Volk & Maass,1935 8P807900 242KenlynRoad, Kemp Caler, 1949 8PBO7875 236Esplanade Way, Draper Babcock, 1945 8PB09389 120Seagate Road, Belford Shoumate, 1945, altered beyond recognition 8P804208 210Emerald Lane, John L. Volk, l94l 8P812848 271Orange Grove Road, Draper Babcock, 1952 8P804408 254Tangier Avenue, Treanor & Fatio,1936 8PBl287l 216Colonial Lane, Paul Kohler, Jr. 1946 8PB12894 125Dolphin Road, Howard Chilton, 1950 8P807873 271LaPuerta Way, John Lawson, 1940 8P807891 203 La PuertaWay, DraperBabcock, 1947 8P809377 231Nightingale Trail, Votaw, 1947 8P809379 I l5 NightingaleTrail, Gerard Pitt, 1948 8PB04348 237Seabreeze Avenue, Volk & Maass,1934 8P806706 218Seabreeze Avenue, City BuildersRealty, l9l9 8P804346 228Seabreeze Avenue, Gustav Maass, 1930 8P806707 225Seabreeze Avenue, Unknown Architect, l9l9 8PB04392 429Seaview Avenue, O.T. Graham,1946 8PB04393 439 SeaviewAvenue, Sherman Childs, 1937 8P804425 9 Via Yizcaya"Treanor & Fatio,1934 8PB04428 235Via Yizcaya,Treanor & Fatio,1936 8P806835 204Yia Del Mar,Treanor & Fatio,1928 8P806842 242Wells Road, Unknown Architect, 1928 8PB07862 318Caribbean Road, Henry Harding, 1940 8PB04397 224Seminole Avenue, Belford Shoumate, 1946 8P806491 158Dunbar Road, Unknown Architect, 1925 - alteredbeyond recognition 8PB04l85 167Dunbar Road, John L. Volk, 1938 8PB06573 l7l RoyalPoinciana Way, Unknown Architect, l9l0 8PB06575 177-179Royal Poinciana Way , Unknownarchitect, unknown date 8PB09453 l0l El BravoWay, Unknown Architect,1923 8P812858 240Sanford Avenue, Howard Chilton, 1950 8PB04234 241Jungle Road. Clarence Mack, 1936 8P809427 333Peruvian Avenue, Unknown Architect, 1940 8P809432 240Park Avenue, Unknown Architect, 1920s 8PB04ll9 215 BrazilianAvenue. Plaza Inn 52 8P804I 27 416BrazilianAvenue. Marion Sims Wyeth. 1935 8P806400 3 l9 ChileanAvenue, Unknown Architect, 1924 8P804083 235 AtlanticAvenue, Unknown Architect, | 910 8P806432 134Cocoanut Row, L.P. Clarke. 1930 8P804145 45 CocoanutRow, UnknownArchitect, @1900 8P80643s 308Cocoanut Row, E.B. Walton,1924 The OasisClub, 147Royal Poinciana Way, Maurice Fatio, Architect The OasisClub wasdesigned by MauriceFatio for ColonelE.R. Bradleyin 1928.This photographwas taken by EugenePandula in the mid l970s.The buildingwas demolishedbefore it could be landmarkedIn its placeis a new duplex. 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY Booksand Articles Ash,Jenniferand Alex McLean,Tropical Style. Private Palm Beach. New York: AbbevillePr€ss, t992. Bennett,Parson & Frost.The Plan of PalmBeach. Palm Beach, Florida: The Garden Club of Palm Beach,1930. Chandler.David Leon. NewYork: Macmillan Company,I Curl,Donald W. Mizner'sFlorida: American Resort Architecture. Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1987. PalmBeach County: An IllustratedHistory. Northridge, California: Windsor Publications,Inc., I 986. Fatio,Alexandra" Editor. Maurice Fatio. Architect. Stuart, Florida: Southeastern Printing, 1992. FromWildemessto Metropolis: The HistoryandArchitectureofDadeCounlv(18?5-1940). Second Edition.Metropolitan Dade County, Historic Preservation Division, 1992. A Guideto Florida'sHistoric Architecture. Gainesville, Florida: University of FloridaPress, 1989. Harris,Cyril M. Dictionaryof Architectureand Constnrction. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1975. Henshall,James A., M.D., Camping and Cruising in Florida.Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co.,1884. TheHistoric Highway Bridges of Florida.Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Department of Transportation,Environmental Management Offi ce, N.D. Hoffmeister,John Edward. Land from the Sea: The Geologic Story of SouthFlorida. Coral Gables, Florida:Universiw of MiamiPress. 1974. Hoffstot, Barbara D. RevisedEdition. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:Ober Park Knott,James R. PalmBeach Revisited. James R. Knon, 1987. TheMansion Builders. James R. Knott, 1990. McAlester,Virginia and Lee. A Guide to AmericanHouses, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.,1984. Mclver,Stuart B. Dreamers.Schemers and Scalawags The Florida Chronicles Volume L Sarasota: PineapplePress, Inc., 1994. Oldfather,Susan. Elisha Newton Dimick and His Influenceon the Developmentof Palm Beach. BocaRaton, Florida: Florida Atlantic University, 1989. Master's Thesis. Tebeau,Charlton W. A Historyof Florida.Coral Gables: University of Miami Press,1971. Travers,J. Wadsworth.History of BeautifulPalm Beach. Palm Beach, Florida, 1929. Tuckwood,Jan, and Eliot Kleinberg.Pioneers in Paradise.Marietta, Georgia: The Palm Beach Post, t994. Vickers,Raymond B. Panicin Paradise.Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The Universityof AlabamaPress, 1994. Newspapers "Art Jury SafeguardsProperty Owners in Palm BeachAgainst Unartistic Building Erections."On File at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County. Brown,R.K. "Daysof EarlySettlement on LakeRecalled." l5 January,1937. On File at thePalm BeachCounty Historical Society. "BuildingGoes Forward in PalmBeach Past Season Despite War," Palm Beach Post, l9 January, 1919. "BusinessAdvertisers on LakeWorth in 1891,"The Tropical Sun, 26 February,1937 . Evans,Emilie Keyes. "Palm Beach Club Open For Men in Service,"I 7 January, 1943. On File at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County. ''SoldierThanksMrs.Stotesbury.withAKiss,''@.3April'l943. "ExcellentStrides Have Been Made in NewConstruction Here During Summer Months," 1930. On file at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County, "First PermanentSettlers Landed on Shoreof LakeWorth in the Year 1865."Tropical Sun,26 February,1937. "FirstReal Estate Boom Here Started in Springof 1893,"Tropical Sun, 19 March, 1937 - ' h Foel,J. Stanley."The War YearsSaw Palm Beach Socialites," Palm Beach Daily News. 7 5 AnniversarySpecial. January, I 969. Keyes,Emilie. "Found in PiercePapers List of LakeWorth Pioneers," Palm Beach Post-Times. 8 July,1951. King,Leone. "First School Here Destined to BecomePioneer Memorial," Palm BeachPost-Times. l3 September,1959. p.25. KotefT,E||en,',CommissiontoProtectLandmarks,''@,26,october,l978. "LettersFrom an Old Scrapbook,"@,2 March,1951. Morlan,Cora E. "Amongthe Palms," Palm Beach Life, 20 March,1917. "PalmBeach Building Tops Million-Dollar Figure," Palm Beach Daily News, l4 Decemb€r,lqll. 55 "PalmBeach in theVy'ar," Palm Beach Daily News. l2 December,1943. "PalmBeachers Will EntertainSoldiers." 24 December,1941. On file at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County. "PalmBeach Trends in Architecture,"Palm Beach Daily News, Historical Edition, 1936. " PioneerReminiscences," [email protected], I 5 March, 1932.pp. 22-23. "PoincianaPark," Tropical Sun, 25 January,1916. "PoincianaPark, finest Addition in PalmBeach," Tropical Sun, l2 February,1915. Ra|ls'Charles'''AvenueArcadetoComeDown.NewoneConstructed,''@, l5 February,1965. Rose,Harrison. "Millions Brought in EachYear For Palm Beach Homes," Palm BeachDaily News, I I April,1948. "ResortBuilding Activities AlreadyTop 1936Record in Constructionof 66 Homes,"Ihg- PalmBeach Post-Times, 5 December,1937. "Takea FreeBoat Ride to the RealEstate Auction at PoincianaPark," Tropical Sun, 20 February, 1915. "TownCouncil Names Group to ConsiderDefense Money," Palm Beach Daily News,7 January, 1942. "TremendousDevelopment in Palm BeachThis SeasonWill Total Many Millions," Palm BeachPost, l6 March,1920. "UnprecedentedBuilding Activity Forecastin City DuringYear 1919,"On file at the Historical Societyof PalmBeach County. Van Hoy Smith, Helen,"War Work TakesPlace of Partiesat Palm Beach,"Miami News. 6 December,1942. "soldierParties Occupy Society at PalmBeach," Miami News.l3 December,1942. Volk, JohnL., "SpanishArchitecture, " P.fu-E!dL!b, 6 March,1928. p.23. "VolunteersFor Victory Again Enlarge Quarters,"Palm Beach Daily News. I January,1942. "VolunteersFor Victory in SecondSeason," Palm Beach Daily News. 8 January,1943. "TheWay We Were,"Palm Beach Daily News. 5 June,1994. "WarTimePalm Beach,"@.9 April, 1944. Wesley,Sandra, "Jersey Coast Houses Are'Just Houses,"'The Palm Beach Post-Times, l2 September,1976. 56 White,Garland. "pioneer Who Tended its Historyrecalls "Lake Worth'Before It wasPalm Beach," ThePalm Beach Post. I MaY,1958. "WinterColonists Give Orders for ManyNew Houses,"&h0l!94b5!,17 Apil,1927' " 1930Saw Drastic Changes in Layoutof TownBeautiful," Palm Beach Post, I January,193 I . Journals Curl, DonaldW. "Joseph'sUrban's Palm Beach Architecture," The FloridaHistorical Ouarterly, VolumeLXXI, Number4, April 1993.pp. 436'457. Mattson,Richard. "The Bungalow Spirit," Journal of CulturalGeography, l98l .75'92. Brochures Hall, Kathryn8., M.A. "ThePictorial History of The EpiscopalChurch of Bethesda-By-TheSea, PalmBeach, Florida." 1986. "PoincianaPark, The Prefened Location," City BuildersRealty Company. On file at the PreservationFoundation of PalmBeach. "SeaGull Cottage,The Oldest House in PalmBeach." Preservation Foundation of PalmBeach' Thompson,Gilbert M. "El Mirasol."1991. On file at theHistorical Society of PalmBeach County. "Whitehall:The Henry Morrison Flagler Museum, Palm Beach." Palm Beach, Florida, 1988. GovernmentSources Stateof FloridaDivision of HistoricalResources, Florida Master Site File Forms Townof PalmBeach: Planning, Zoning& Building- BuildingPermits Townof PalmBeach: Planning, Zoning& Building- LocalDesignation Reports PrivateCollections TheHistorical Society of PalmBeach County PreservationFoundation of PalmBeach TheJohn L. Volk Foundation.Palm Beach, Florida Maps SanbornFire Insurance Maps. On file with the HistoricalSociety of PalmBeach County. Townof PalmBeach: Planning, Zoning & Building- PlatMaps 57