A Visual History of St. Mary's Church of Ireland, Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo
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A Visual History of St. Mary’s Church of Ireland, Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo. Supervisor: Dr. John Mulloy. Student: Averil Dolan. Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway. Work submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts, 2010. Declaration I hereby declare this dissertation is entirely my own work. Neither the work nor parts thereof have been published elsewhere in either paper or electronic form unless indicated otherwise through referencing. S l Q t O . Averil Dolan. Acknowledgements I would like to express my grateful thanks to Dr. John Mulloy for supporting this work. His guidance, support and his capability of motivating this interdisciplinary work to conclusion is greatly appreciated. Special thanks to my family who supported me through these two challenging years. I would like to thank the library staff of GMIT for their unfailing willingness to help. A special thanks to: Mrs. Mary Farragher, Librarian, Ballinrobe Branch, Mayo County Library. Mr. Ivor Hamrock, Local History Dep. Mayo County Library, Castlebar. Dr. Raymond Refausse and his staff at the Representative Church Body Library, Terenure, Dublin. Mr. Gerry Delaney, South Mayo Family Research Centre, Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo. Mr. Austin Vaughan, County Librarian, Mayo County Library, Castlebar, Co. Mayo. All photographs are by the author unless otherwise stated: Appreciation to the National Gallery of Ireland, The National Library of Ireland, OS/, the Representative Church Body Library for permission to use their material. Textural Notes and Abbreviations While spellings are variable, for the purposes of this thesis, the originals have been used where possible throughout this work particularly in direct quotations. North and south of the River Robe while not geographically correct, are used to distinguish the sides closer to Galway in the south and Castlebar, Westport and Ballina to the north. Also Tempall v. Temple, Tempall Ruadan v Rudan, Ruadhan and Tempall Mor v Templemor are used. Abbreviations: RCBI Representative Church Body Library NLI National Library of Ireland, Dublin NAI National Archives of Ireland, Dublin NAB National Archives, Kew, England RIA Royal Irish Academy, Dublin NGI National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin BML British Museum, London OS i Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Dublin TCD Trinity College, Dublin NUIG National University of Ireland, Galway NUIM National University of Ireland, Maynooth. GMIT Galway Mayo Institute of Technology GCL Galway County Library, Galway RSAI Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Dublin BLL British Library, London MCC Mayo County Council MCL Mayo County Library COI Church of Ireland RCC Roman Catholic Church OPW Office of Public Works RSAI Royal Society of Architects of Ireland, Dublin UCD University College, Dublin. JGAHS Joumal-Galway Archaeological & Historical Society Textural Notes and Abbreviations 1GS Irish Georgian Society SMFRC The South Mayo Family Research Centre, Ballinrobe PRONI Public Records Office of Northern Ireland. GCL Galway County Library. IER Irish Ecclesiastical Records. BL Bodleian Library, Oxford. AU Author Unknown Abstract A Visual History of St. Mary’s Church of Ireland, Ballinrobe Co. Mayo explores the history of this previously under-researched ecclesiastical site in the west of Ireland. This project has uncovered the complex history of the church, tracking the significant changes to the architecture and use of the established ecclesiastical sites in the town which occurred following the Reformation. While the primary locus has been on a visual exploration of the material environments of St. Mary’s Church and its graveyard, there is also an examination of the social milieu of the vanished Protestant community of Ballinrobe, which centred on the town’s former function as a garrison town. As part of this research, the previous suggestion that St. Mary’s was a 19th century structure has been disproven, and the site is now placed as reflecting the Tudor conquest in the region. In addition to this written thesis, the project includes a digital archive, created with the assistance of the National Museum of Country Life, the development of a website exploring the heritage and history of Ballinrobe and the creation of the Ballinrobe Archaeological and Historical Society. As such, this thesis is part of a broader project using primarily visual means to explore heritage. Contents Acknowledgments Textural Note and Abbreviations Abstract Figure Numbers Introduction- Literature, Source Review and Methodology. 1 0.1 Methodology 3 0.2 Review of Sources 5 1.2.1 Secondary Sources - Theoretical 5 1.2.2 Secondary Sources - Irish Studies 10 1.2.3 Secondary Sources - Architectural and Local 11 1.3 Primary Sources 13 1.3.1 Original Manuscripts 14 1.3.2 Artworks 16 1.4 Digital Archiving 23 1.5 Thesis Structure 24 Chapter 1- Ballinrobe. 1.0 Introduction - Image Ballinrobe Town 27 1.1 Introduction 28 1.2 Location of Ballinrobe Town 29 1.3 The origins. 32 1.4 Killeenatrave Church. 35 1.5 Killoshine Church 35 1.6 St John’s House. 35 1.7 Tempall na Lecca 37 1.8 St. Columbcille’s Church. 38 1.9 The Augustine Abbey. 38 1.10 Tempall M6r Carnalecka Church or Iloly Rood 39 1.11 Tempall Ruadan (later becoming St. Mary’s.) 41 1.12 Medieval Fragments at St. Mary’s. 48 1.13 Tracing the oldest sites and ruins in Ballinrobe. 52 1.14. Conclusion Chapter 2 Ballinrobe and St. Mary’s from medieval times to the late 18th century. 2.1 Introduction 62 2.2 The Cambro-Normans 64 2.3 Pre-reformation Irish Churches 69 2.4 The impact of the Reformation on Art 72 2.5 Prayer Books, Pulpits, Preaching and Bibles. 76 2.6 Altars, Rood Screens, Chancels, Naves and Communion 78 2.7 The New English - conquest to colony. 81 2.8 Tombs and Gravestones 86 2.9 Parish Boundaries 98 101 Conclusion 101 Chapter 3 - Life at St. Mary’s since the late 18th century 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 St. Mary’s Church 104 3.3 Life in the Town 116 3.4 The Congregation 122 3.5 Seating arrangements within the Church 127 3.6 Other Church of Ireland Families not mentioned on list 145 3.7 Schools 146 3.8 Property and Glebes 154 3.9 Records 158 3.10 Vestry Minute Book 158 3.11 Visitation Questionnaire 159 3.12 Birth/Baptismal Records 160 3.13 Preacher’s Book 161 3.14 Marriage Records 161 3.15 The Clergy 162 3.16 Conclusion 169 Chapter 4 - St. Mary’s today. 4.1 Introduction 172 4.2 The Graveyard 173 4.3 Architectural Style of current building. 175 4.4 The Commemorative Plaques 178 4.5 The Ruttledge Plaque 179 4.6 The James Cuff Plaque. 181 4.7 Asst. Surgeon G. R. Watson and H.S.G. Bowles 181 4.8 Richard Humphrys Garrett Plaque. 182 4.9 Mary Anderson Plaque. 182 4.10 James Cuff d 1851. 183 4.11 Courtney Kenny died 1863 and his wife Louisa 1841. 184 4.12 Miss Dorothy Hearne d. 2002 plaque. 184 4.13 Christopher Bowen and Anne Bowen (Allen) 185 4.14 Memorial stained-glass windows. 186 4.15 Conclusion 192 Conclusion 193 Appendices Pull out Map Bibliography Web Pages. List of Figures Introduction i. Plan of Kabyle House ii. Interior of vernacular Irish cottage iii. Cover of Knox Estate Map Book MS 22014 NLI with a map detail Chapter 1 4 Aerial photo of Ballinrobe c. 1950. 5 Location of Ballinrobe and water access. 6 Ballenerob [Ballinrobe| John Browne’s Map of Mayo 1584 7 Mayo Baronys 8 William Bald’s Maritime Map of Co. Mayo 1809-1830 9 George Taylor’s Map. 1778 Headford by Shrule. 10 Shroule [Shrule]- detail from Petty’s 1685 Map 11 Castlebar - detail from Petty’s 1685 Map 12 Croa [Crough], Patrick detail from Petty’s 1685 Map 13 Ballinrobe detail from Petty’s 1685 Map 14 Killeenatrave Church 15 Killoshine Church 16 Shield of the Knights Hospitallers 17 Tempall na Lacca & detail of entrance doorway. 18 Map Innish Robe in Lough Mask 19 Note of Ballinrobe Seal from Detail from Rees ’s New Cyclopaedia 20 The Mill by James Arthur O’Connor 21 Detail of Augustine Abbey doorway 22 Carrownalecka Church 23 Holy Rood detail from Knox Map 24 Details from OS/ Historical Map 1837-1842 Historical Map 25 Copies of three details from Michael O Duigeanndin article 26 Copy of H. T. Knox as to the original name of St. Maiy’s 27 St. Ruadän’s copper alloy bell 28 St. Ruadän’s Church at Lorrha, Co. Tipperary. 29 Ruin of Augustine Abbey, Ballinrobe 30 Lough Mask and Partly mountains. 31 Death notice for James Lardner 1894 32 Two images of detail of townland of Ruane in Ballinrobe 33 Photo of old Gothic arch in \St.Marys 34 Piscina x 2 35 Burriscarra Piscina and sedilia. 36 Rosserk double piscina with detail of carving over one arch. 37 Drawing of piscina at Cunmore Church, Berkshire, England 38 Photo of piscina and sedilia at Augustine Abbey, Ballinrobe c 1933. 39 Hole design in piscina 40 Symbol of Medical profession & 12 century scene of Tau mark 41 An example of a 12th century scene from St. Denis 42 Photo of ruin of Infantry Barracks, Ballinrobe 43 Detail from Knox Map of Infantry Barracks and bridge over Robe River. 44 Detail from Knox Map showing Military and Infantry Barracks. 45 Photo. The New Castle, Ballinrobe renovated by James Cuff, Lord Tyrawly in 1752 46 A view of the interior of the Castle 47 Plaque in Ballinrobe Castle 48 Photo of plaque rubbings 49 Close up of dates on plaque. List of Figures 50 Photo of Cherry Castle, Abbey Street. 51 George Petrie Pencil drawing c 1820 of Bridge, Ballinrobe 52 Clapper Bridge at Louisburg. 53 Photo.