DOCSLIB.ORG

BLUEPRINT of a NATIONAL FLAG 2 3 the Crescent the Ve Stars Red Ratio Represents a Young Nation on the Ascent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BLUEPRINT of a NATIONAL FLAG 2 3 the Crescent the Ve Stars Red Ratio Represents a Young Nation on the Ascent B28 HOME | THE STRAITS TIMES | FRIDAY, AUGUST 9, 2019 | Flying high THE JOURNEY Flags are national symbols – a form of Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye was tasked by It has been 60 years since then and Singapore BEHIND THE FLAG identity as well as a way to convey the ideas, then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew to create a now has its own unique and distinct ag as Despite its short history, ambitions and values of a nation or new ag and state crest to mark its well as identity. Celebrate this anniversary by Singapore has own several organisation. When Singapore became a fully independence. Dr Toh and his team completed learning more about Singapore’s history and ags since its modern founding self-governing state in 1959, then Deputy the special assignment in two months. ag with The Straits Times. in 1819. Below is a list of the past ags that have own over the island as well as key events leading up to the adoption of Singapore’s modern ag today. BLUEPRINT OF A NATIONAL FLAG 2 3 The crescent The ve stars Red Ratio Represents a young nation on the ascent. It They represent Singapore’s (Pantone 032) The Singapore ag can be 1819-1826 was added after discussions with Malay PAP ideals of democracy, The red stands for universal brotherhood and equality of reproduced in any size but it Flag of the British members and removed any apprehension that peace, progress, justice man. It was also picked by Dr Toh for its association with has to follow the ratio of 3:2 East India Company Singapore was a Chinese state. and equality. prosperity and happiness, suitable for a new nation. (length:breadth). When Sir Thomas Stamford Rafes landed in Malaya, a trading post was established in Singapore under the British East India Company. 1819-1826 Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (Union Flag) Flown as a sign of British conquest. 1826-1942; 1945-1946 Flag of the Straits Settlements This is the ag of the group of British territories in South-east Asia. Image is a design 1939 blueprint of the Start of World War II. Singapore ag (drawn in 1959) superimposed on ag colours. 1942-1945 White Flag of Japan (Pantone White) Japanese Occupation of Singapore. The white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue. It also represents unity as seven colours in the visible spectrum make white. 1942-1945 Flag of the Japanese Imperial Army 1945 End of World War II. WHAT THE FLAG COAT OF ARMS/ • The national coat of arms was 1946 NATIONAL IDENTITY designed by Dr Toh’s team along Straits Settlements COULD HAVE BEEN STATE CREST with the National Flag. dissolved. • Dr Toh and his team created I didn’t want any • It consists of a red shield bearing a various versions of the ag, conict. I wanted a white crescent moon and ve white including an all-red one, an stars, supported by a lion and a all-blue one, and a clear-cut Singapore tiger. Below the shield is a banner blue-and-white one with the inscribed with “Majulah Singapura” emblem at the left or centre. ag, unique to us only. (Malay for ”Onward Singapore”). 1946-1959 Initially, there were only three • The colours and symbols on the Flag of Colony of stars instead of the current ve. shield bear the same meaning as Singapore • He was initially not in favour those on the ag. of a red-and-white colour • The lion represents Singapore (Lion 1959 scheme as it was too DR TOH CHIN CHYE, Deputy Prime City), while the tiger symbolises the Singapore becomes a similar to the ags of Minister of Singapore (1959-1968) and close economic and political ties self-governing state; Poland and Indonesia. head of the team that designed between Singapore and the then current ag designed and ’’Singapore’s ag and coat of arms. Federation of Malaysia. endorsed, along with state crest and National Anthem. The National Flag * EXCEPTIONS: was unveiled on GUIDELINES FOR FLYING THE FLAG IN SINGAPORE During the period of National Day Dec 3, 1959, at the celebrations (July 1 to City Hall steps, Sept 30), there is greater during the exibility in the use of installation of then the National Flag to head of state Yusof encourage more people Ishak. The ag was to y the ag. In addition adopted as the to the exceptions made ofcal ag of here, the ag may also Must be own Must be in a Needs to be Should be Should be Must not be be own on vehicles and Singapore when it only from a ag position of properly lowered before cleaned when visible when displayed on costumes gained pole* honour (left or illuminated at bad weather if dirty and hung outdoors and personal attire as independence middle) night* safe* replaced when like laundry or long as it is treated with in 1965. faded disposed of respect. OTHER FACTS ABOUT THE FLAG 1959-Present Flag of Singapore 1963-1965 Flag of Federation of Malaysia 1965 Singapore gains 30m x 20m 1,247kg 1960 6 2002 independence. The size of the Singapore ag The weight of a fully rigged ag The rst time the ag was used to The number of countries which The year that some of the used during the National Day used for the ypast. It takes a represent Singapore in the adopted their ags in the same Singapore ags used in the Busan Parade state ypast since 1987. team of 25 soldiers one hour to Summer Olympics held in Rome, year as Singapore. The ag of the Asian Games medal ceremonies Sources: NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD, The ag size had been increased prepare the ag for the ypast. where Tan Howe Liang won Ivory Coast shares the same were printed wrongly, with the NATIONAL LIBRARY SINGAPORE, THE NEW PAPER through the years from a 3m by Singapore its rst silver medal. adoption day as Singapore stars inverted. 2m ag in 1970-1986. – Dec 3, 1959. ST GRAPHICS: BILLY KER, LEE YU HUI.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flags of Asia
    Flags of Asia Item Type Book Authors McGiverin, Rolland Publisher Indiana State University Download date 27/09/2021 04:44:49 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10484/12198 FLAGS OF ASIA A Bibliography MAY 2, 2017 ROLLAND MCGIVERIN Indiana State University 1 Territory ............................................................... 10 Contents Ethnic ................................................................... 11 Afghanistan ............................................................ 1 Brunei .................................................................. 11 Country .................................................................. 1 Country ................................................................ 11 Ethnic ..................................................................... 2 Cambodia ............................................................. 12 Political .................................................................. 3 Country ................................................................ 12 Armenia .................................................................. 3 Ethnic ................................................................... 13 Country .................................................................. 3 Government ......................................................... 13 Ethnic ..................................................................... 5 China .................................................................... 13 Region ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Maritime Transport 2014
    UNCTAD UNITED N ATIONS CONFERENC E ON T RADE A ND D EVELOPMENT For further information on UNCTAD’s work REVIEW OF MA on trade logistics, please visit: http://unctad.org/ttl REVIEW and for the Review of Maritime Transport 2014: OF MARITIME http://unctad.org/rmt E-mail: TRANSPORT [email protected] To read more and to subscribe to the UNCTAD Transport Newsletter, please visit: R 2014 http://unctad.org/transportnews ITI M E TR ANSPO R T 2014 UNITED NATIONS ISBN 978-92-1-112878-9 Layout and printed at United Nations, Geneva 1418912 (E)–November 2014–2,062 UNCTADRMT2014 United Nations publication Sales No. E.14.II.D.5 : © Jan Hoffmann Photo credit UNITED N ATIONS CONFERENC E ON T RADE A ND D EVELOPMENT REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2014 New York and Geneva, 2014 ii REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2014 NOTE The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968 with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual or editorial corrections that may prove necessary, based on comments made by Governments, will be reflected in a corrigendum to be issued subsequently. * * * Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Use of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. * * * The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Grounds for Refusal of Registration
    OTHER GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL OF REGISTRATION Copyright © 2017 Intellectual Property Office of Singapore. You may download, view, print and reproduce this document without modifications, but only for non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved. This document and its contents are made available on an "as is" basis, and all implied warranties are disclaimed. The contents of this document do not constitute, and should not be relied on as, legal advice. You should approach a legal professional if you require legal advice. Version 3 (June 2017) Intellectual Property Office of Singapore Other grounds for refusal of registration OTHER GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL OF REGISTRATION Contents Page 1 Introduction 2 2 Relevant legislation 3 3 Section 7(11) – Marks protected under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention 9 (a) Section 56 – Emblems of Convention Countries 9 (b) Section 57 – Emblems of International Organisations 9 (c) Registrar’s Practice 10 (d) Wording of Registrar's Objection 10 4 Section 7(5) – Signs protected under other national legislation 12 (a) Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules 12 (b) Singapore Tourism Board Act 13 (c) Geneva Conventions Act – Red cross and other emblems 14 5 Section 7(1)(b), (c) and (d) – International non-proprietary names 16 (a) Registrar’s practice 16 (b) Wording of registrar’s objection 16 6 Section 7(13) – Signs protected under Trade Mark Rules 17 (a) Rule 11 – Representation of president 17 (b) Rule 12 – Singapore crest, presidential coat of arms, royal arms, etc. 17 (c) Rule 13 – Registration of mark consisting of arms, etc. 17 (d) Wording of registrar’s objection 17 Version 3 (June 2017) Page 1 Intellectual Property Office of Singapore Other grounds for refusal of registration 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is concerned with some other grounds for refusal of registration of a mark which are not covered in other chapters of this manual.
    [Show full text]
  • The Loss of The'world-Soul'? Education, Culture and the Making
    The Loss of the ‘World-Soul’? Education, Culture and the Making of the Singapore Developmental State, 1955 – 2004 by Yeow Tong Chia A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Theory and Policy Studies in Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Yeow Tong Chia 2011 The Loss of the ‘World-Soul’? Education, Culture and the Making of the Singapore Developmental State, 1955 – 2004 Yeow Tong Chia Doctor of Philosophy Department of Theory and Policy Studies in Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the role of education in the formation of the Singapore developmental state, through a historical study of education for citizenship in Singapore (1955-2004), in which I explore the interconnections between changes in history, civics and social studies curricula, and the politics of nation-building. Building on existing scholarship on education and state formation, the dissertation goes beyond the conventional notion of seeing education as providing the skilled workforce for the economy, to mapping out cultural and ideological dimensions of the role of education in the developmental state. The story of state formation through citizenship education in Singapore is essentially the history of how Singapore’s developmental state managed crises (imagined, real or engineered), and how changes in history, civics and social studies curricula, served to legitimize the state, through educating and moulding the desired “good citizen” in the interest of nation building. Underpinning these changes has been the state’s use of cultural constructs such as ii Confucianism and Asian values to shore up its legitimacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Chapter 296)
    SINGAPORE ARMS AND FLAG AND NATIONAL ANTHEM ACT (CHAPTER 296) SINGAPORE ARMS AND FLAG AND NATIONAL ANTHEM RULES R1 G.N. No. S 650/2004 REVISED EDITION 2004 (31.12.2004) 31.12.2004 Singapore Arms and Flag and CAP. 296, R1]National Anthem Rules [2004 Ed. p. 1 SINGAPORE ARMS AND FLAG AND NATIONAL ANTHEM ACT (CHAPTER 296, SECTION 2) SINGAPORE ARMS AND FLAG AND NATIONAL ANTHEM RULES ARRANGEMENT OF RULES PART I PRELIMINARY Rule 1. Citation 2. Definitions PART II USE AND DISPLAY OF ARMS 3. Restricted use of Arms PART III USE AND DISPLAY OF FLAG 4. Display of Flag outside buildings 5. Flying of Flag on vehicles, vessels and aircraft 6. Manner of display of Flag 7. Hanging of Flag 8. Damaged Flag 9. Respect for Flag 10. Lowering to half-mast PART IV NATIONAL ANTHEM 11. Occasions for performing National Anthem 12. Respect for National Anthem 13. Musical arrangements of National Anthem 31.12.2004 Singapore Arms and Flag and p. 2 2004 Ed.][National Anthem Rules CAP. 296, R1 PART V MISCELLANEOUS Rule 14. Penalties The Schedules [1st January 2004] PART I PRELIMINARY Citation 1. These Rules may be cited as the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules. Definitions 2. In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires — ‘‘Arms’’ means the national coat of arms or State Crest of Singapore, which is depicted and described in the First Schedule; ‘‘authorised officer’’ means any public officer authorised in writing by the Minister to exercise the powers conferred, and to perform the duties imposed, on an authorised officer under these Rules; ‘‘display’’,
    [Show full text]
  • What Do National Flags Stand For? an Exploration of Value Associations Across 11 Nations
    1 What do National Flags Stand For? An Exploration of Value Associations across 11 Nations Julia C. Becker University of Osnabrueck, Germany David A. Butz Morehead State University, U.S. Chris G. Sibley University of Auckland, New Zealand Fiona Kate Barlow Griffith University, The University of Queensland, Australia Lisa Bitacola University of Western Ontario, Canada Sammyh Khan Keele University, UK Chan-Hoong Leong National University of Singapore Samuel Pehrson University of St Andrews, Scotland Narayanan Srinivasan University of Allahabad, India Aline Sulz TU Dresden, Germany Nicole Tausch University of St Andrews, Scotland Steve Wright Simon Fraser University, Canada Author note: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Julia C. Becker, University of Osnabrueck, Department of Psychology, Seminarstr. 20, 49074 Osnabrueck, Germany, email: [email protected] 2 Abstract We examined the attributes and emotions people associate with their national flag and how these associations are related to nationalism and patriotism across 11 nations. Positive emotions and democratic values were associated with national flags across most nations in our sample. However, notable differences between nations were found due to current and historical politics. In societies known for their peaceful politics (e.g., Canada, New Zealand) or nations that were currently involved in struggles for independence (e.g., Northern Ireland, Scotland), democratic associations were particularly important; in nations with a negative past (i.e., Germany), the primary association was sports; in imperialist nations (the U.S., the United Kingdom), the flag was associated with power as well as democratic values; in nations with disruption due to separatist or extremist movements (e.g., Northern Ireland, Turkey), associations referring to aggression were not fully rejected; in nations that emphasize hierarchies (India, Singapore, Turkey), obedience was an important association.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gradual Disappearance of Untouchability in Singapore 1825-1965
    IDENTITY EVOLUTION IN A DIASPORA COMMUNITY: THE GRADUAL DISAPPEARANCE OF UNTOUCHABILITY IN SINGAPORE 1825-1965 JOHN SOLOMON A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) School of Humanities and Languages University of New South Wales 2014 ! ! ! ! Abstract Untouchable migrants made up a significant proportion of Indian labour migration into Singapore in the 19th and 20th centuries. During this period, they were subject to forms of caste prejudice that powerfully reinforced their identities as untouchables overseas. Today however, untouchability has disappeared from the public sphere, replaced by other notions of identity, leaving unanswered questions as to how and when this occurred. This study takes this “disappearance” as a starting point to examine a history of untouchable migration and identity negotiation in Singapore amongst Indians who arrived in Singapore between its modern founding as a British colony in the early 1800s through to its independence in 1965. I argue that that practices of untouchability evolved in close relation to growth of translocal solidarities amongst migrants, their responses to life overseas in a plural colony, and the spread of transnational ideologies and movements. Untouchable identity was negotiated in relation to the development of competing Indian and Tamil identity discourses in Singapore during the colonial period, the Japanese Occupation of Malaya and the post-war period of decolonisation. In this study I argue that caste identities amongst Tamil migrants were eventually replaced by a linguistically defined ethnic Tamil identity in the 1950s and 1960s that was shaped by the emergence of the Dravidian movement in Singapore in the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Truth in Our Stars the Symbolism Behind Their Use in Flags
    The Truth in our Stars The Symbolism Behind Their Use in Flags by Amy Langston Abstract Stars may be the most commonly used geometric figure used on flags. Because of this distinction, they hold an important place not only in vexillology, but also in the field of symbology in general. In this paper, I explore the meaning of this symbolism and its frequency, then further detail the symbolism for the stars in flags used around the world. I also address how the properties of the stars relate to their symbolism, including the color, number of stars, number of points, arrangement, positioning within the flag, and other matters such as their political, mythical, and religious significance. This paper is an expanded version of a presentation delivered at NAVA 46 in 2012. Introduction Stars are one of the most common geometric symbols used today in vexillology. Among United Nations member states alone, nearly 45% of flags feature at least one star. They are also common in symbolism elsewhere; we see them on stickers, the Hollywood Walk of Fame, apparel, and furnishings. As such, addressing their signifi - cance, importance, and symbolism in flags is a highly relevant area of study. Why stars? Why are stars so frequently used in flags? - They are highly symbolic. Stars can be used to symbolize nearly anything. They have become a default symbol to stand for any desired value or object of impor - tance. Not only that, but the stars carry symbolism by themselves, namely a reminder of the celestial bodies, and the divinity they represent, that have served as fascination to humans for millennia.
    [Show full text]
  • West Meets East in Malaysia and Singapore. Participants' Papers
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 442 698 SO 031 674 TITLE West Meets East in Malaysia and Singapore. Participants' Papers. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program1999 (Malaysia and Singapore). INSTITUTION Malaysian-American Commission on Educational Exchange, Kuala Lumpur. SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 347p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC14 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; Art Education; Asian Studies; *Cultural Awareness; Developing Nations; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Global Education; Higher Education; *Political Issues; Social Studies; Study Abroad; Undergraduate Study IDENTIFIERS Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; *Malaysia; *Singapore ABSTRACT These projects were completed by participants in the Fulbright-Hays summer seminar in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999.The participants represented various regions of the U.S. anddifferent grade levels and subject areas. The seminar offered a comprehensiveoverview of how the people of Malaysia and Singapore live, work, and strivetowards their vision of a more secure east-west relationship withoutsacrificing their history or culture. In addition, seminars were presentedabout Malaysia's geography and history, the political structure, culturalplurality, religions, economy, educational system, aspirations and goalsfor the future, and contemporary issues facing the society. The 15 projects' are: (1) "Rice Cultivation of Malaysia" (Klaus J. Bayr); (2) "Mahathir of Malaysia" (Larry G. Beall); (3) "The Politics of Development of Malaysia: A Five Week Course Segment for an Undergraduate Course on Politics inDeveloping Areas" (George P. Brown); (4) "Patterns of Urban Geography: A Comparison of Cities in Southeast Asia and the United States" (Robert J. Czerniak); (5) "The Domestic and Foreign Effects of the Politics of Modernization inMalaysia" (Henry D.
    [Show full text]
  • Name of Department (Times New Roman 12Pt/Bold)
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2010 Voices of the fallen: Singaporean and Australian memories of the fall of Singapore Jung Yun Kwok University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Kwok, Jung Yun, Voices of the fallen: Singaporean and Australian memories of the fall of Singapore, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2010. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3639 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Voices of the Fallen: Singaporean and Australian Memories of the Fall of Singapore A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by JUNG YUN KWOK, BA (Hons) School of History and Politics 2010 Thesis Certification I, Jung Yun Kwok , declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. ____________________________ Jung Yun Kwok 6 August 2010 i ii ABSTRACT The Fall of Singapore was a significant event in Australia and in Singapore. The memory of defeat occupies a difficult place in each nation’s history. Since the end of the Second World War, Australians and Singaporeans have refashioned the event, and memories of the event to displace the reality of defeat.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPREME COURT of INDIA Page 1 of 16
    http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 1 of 16 CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 867 of 2006 PETITIONER: Mayar (H.K.) Ltd. & Ors. RESPONDENT: Owners & Parties, Vessel M.V. Fortune Express & Ors DATE OF JUDGMENT: 30/01/2006 BENCH: RUMA PAL & P.P. NAOLEKAR JUDGMENT: JUDGMENT [arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 17906 of 2004] P.P. NAOLEKAR, J. : Leave granted. This appeal is preferred by the plaintiff-appellants challenging the judgment of the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court dated 23.8.2004 whereby the plaintiffs' suit filed in Admiralty jurisdiction was directed to remain permanently stayed and the bank guarantee furnished by the defendant-respondents in the suit was directed to stand immediately discharged. The plaintiff-appellants were also directed to pay the costs. Appellant No. 1 Mayar (H.K.) Limited filed admiralty suit in the High Court at Calcutta on 27.3.2000 in admiralty jurisdiction along with appellants Nos. 2 to 5 with whom a contract to sell the goods was entered into by plaintiff / appellant No.1, against the defendant-respondents alleging, inter alia, that plaintiff / appellant No. 1 (hereinafter called "A-1") is a company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and engaged in the business of export and import of timber logs. By and under a Charter Party Agreement entered into on 7.1.2000 between plaintiff No. 1-Mayar (H.K.) Limited and defendant No. 2-Trustrade Enterprises PTE Ltd., a company incorporated under the appropriate laws of Singapore and carrying on business, inter alia, at 101, Cecil Street 10-04 Tong.
    [Show full text]
  • Images of Singapore
    For ReviewimAges Of SingApore only imAges Of SingApore imAges of SingApore is the definitive collection of photographs capturing the kaleidoscope of spaces and places that make Singapore a destination like no other. Filled with stunning snapshots of Singapore’s vibrant blend of culture, cuisine, architecture, nature and the arts, imAges of SingApore presents a panoramic look at the dynamic ‘Little Red Dot’, its people and their lifestyles. • Features the newest attractions such as the National Gallery, the National Stadium, the S.E.A. Aquarium at Resorts World Sentosa and the Gardens by the Bay • The perfect souvenir for tourists, locals and anyone with a love for photography Marshall Cavendish • 4 bonus postcards in vibrant colour TRAVEL Editions ISBN 978-981-4751-23-0 ,!7IJ8B4-hfbcda! For Review only imAges Of SingApore photos by bernArd go © 2016 Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited For Review only Concept & Series Editor: Melvin Neo Design & Photographs: Bernard Go Kwang Meng Published 2011, reprinted 2012; 2nd edition published 2013, reprinted (twice); 3rd edition published 2014, reprinted 2015. This 4th edition published in 2016, reprinted 2018, 2019 by Marshall Cavendish Editions An imprint of Marshall Cavendish International All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-wise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Requests for permission should
    [Show full text]