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Study of Energy Dissipation Capacity of Rc Bridge

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Study of Energy Dissipation Capacity of Rc Bridge STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY OF RC BRIDGE COLUMNS UNDER SEISMIC DEMAND by SYED MOHAMMAD ALI Advisor: Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan, Professor of Civil Engineering DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, 2009 © Syed Mohammad Ali 2009 Copyright © 2009 by Syed Mohammad Ali All rights reserved. No part of this work may be translated, copied, reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. i ABSTRACT Field studies were carried out to investigate various parameters of bridges found in northern part of Pakistan. After the large Kashmir earthquake of Mw7.6 in 2005, detailed field investigations to study the seismic performance of bridges was also undertaken. A mathematical function to define the functionality of bridges was developed which is helpful for quantifying the seismic resilience of bridges. Criterion for minimum required functionality for different bridges and limit states were defined for extremely large rare earthquake and for moderate occasional earthquakes. From the field data, typical parameters of reinforced concrete bridges were established. A series of experimental studies were undertaken in the laboratory on four scaled models of a typical bridge that consists of pier having single column. The pier column was of low strength concrete with solid circular cross section. The objective of the study was to experimentally determine the energy dissipation capacity of low strength concrete piers. Two types of tests were done on the four bridge piers: quasi-static cyclic tests and free vibration tests before, during and after the quasi-static tests. From the experimental results on four scaled low strength bridge piers damping was seen to decrease with increase in damage, natural period of piers doubled near failure, energy degradation was seen to be more in low strength piers. Energy based strength degradation and pinching is predominant in low strength concrete piers along with large permanent deformations. Response modification (R) factors based on natural period of bridge are found to better represent the energy dissipation and are accordingly proposed. The values of R-factor calculated for low strength concrete piers are lower than AASHTO LRFD 2007 thus more conservative. The fragility curves plotted for the bridge columns indicate that for peak ground accelerations (PGA) of seismic Zone 3 and above of the seismic hazard map of Pakistan (for 475-years return period) pushes the bridge in to damage state that is allowed for large earthquakes only (with return period of 2,500 years). Mathematical function for the quantification of seismic resilience of bridges is proposed for the first time. It is demonstrated that using the general guidelines of AASHTO LRFD 2007 quantification of seismic resilience is possible. ii Dedicated to my parents, wife and children for their support and encouragement. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Almighty Allah for giving me the strength and courage to successfully complete this challenging research. This study was materialized only because of the sincere guidance of my advisor Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan who is a very kind person. He has been a consistent support to help in times when I needed it. Because of his untiring hard work and wonderful teaching, I was able to do things which I believe would have not been done otherwise. I am extremely grateful and obliged to my foreign thesis evaluator Prof. Shamim A. Sheikh of the University of Toronto for his keen interest and guidance. Prof. Sheikh has given me the great privilege in visiting NWFP UET Peshawar in Jan 2008 during the lab testing of my research. I believe that he made history by visiting UET Peshawar to see my research. I am also thankful to Prof. Sheikh for his time and visit to State University of New York at Buffalo in Dec 2008 to see the results of my research and his guidance in the outline of my dissertation. I am especially thankful to him for his encouragement which gave me huge confidence. I am thankful to Prof. Zia Razzaq of Old Dominion University my foreign thesis evaluator for his kind guidance and especially hosting me to stay for a week in Norfolk, Virginia with him in March 2006 at the stage of preparation of proposal for this study. I especially thank him for taking me to the cemetery where the famous Prof. Hardy Cross is buried in Smithfield, Virginia. I am thankful to Prof. Andrei M. Reinhorn for his marvelous guidance during my training at UB (SUNY) New York. His wonderful teaching in experimental testing, control systems, guidance in writing a paper related to seismic resilience of bridges and honoring me to be a co-author in this paper are appreciated with sincere thanks. I thank Prof. George C. Lee of UB (SUNY) for his teaching in class of Bridge Engineering in Spring 2009. His consistent support since 2006 has made possible many things materialize including a MOU that our university signed with MCEER. iv I am thankful to Prof. Anil K. Chopra of UC Berkeley for his wonderful gift of his famous text book of Earthquake Engineering and his guidance when I visited him in Dec. 2007 in Berkeley. I am also grateful to Prof. V.V. Bertero of UC Berkeley for giving me his time when I visited his office in Dec. 2007 at Richmond Field Station in Berkeley, California. In this meeting he explained to me the history and background of Response Modification Factor and encouraged to work in the field of earthquake engineering for my country for which I am obliged. I also thank Prof. G. M. Calvi for providing me the opportunity to attend a course in Pavia, Italy and for accepting to be my Co-Supervisor. I pay lot of thanks to Prof. Kawashima for his wonderful course in Bridge Engineering in which he exposed me to bridges and seismic issues. His encouragement for working on Indigenous Bridge Design Code for Pakistan is highly appreciated. I am thankful to Prof. Qaiser Ali, Prof. Zahid Saddiqque, Dr. Tabbsum Zahoor and Prof. Irfan Ullah for their sincere support and kind suggestions as members of my doctoral committee. I thank Col. (r) Iqbal Haq of MIHA, Islamabad, Prof. Andre Filiatrault, Prof. M. Brneu, Mark Pitman and other faculty and staff of SUNY Buffalo for their hospitality. I also thank Mr. Mian M Ali of Khybers for his kind support to provide data related to bridges. I am thankful to my uncle Dr. Noor M. Shah, his wife Dr. Tasneem Shah and their children for being our host during our stay at Buffalo. Their generous support and encouragement is appreciated by all of us. I am grateful to my fantastic colleagues Adeel Arshad, Pervaiz Khan and Yasir Manzoor for their untiring support during the most difficult times and challenges of my research work. They did miracles in terms of experimental work as the testing was demanding. Without the sincere help of my dear colleagues, this research would not have been possible. v I am thankful to Mr. Shaukat Rasool Pandit and his wife for their unforgettable hospitality during our field visits after the 2005 earthquake. He hosted many of my collogues and foreign guest researchers who visited and made their home a base-camp. I thank all those for their support, whose names are not mentioned here, especially to the staff of Civil Engineering Department. I also thank my wife for her patience throughout this study and my parents for their prayers. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... xii LIST OF SYMBOLS ....................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement and Research Objectives ....................................................... 3 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................... 4 1.4 Outcome of Present Study .................................................................................... 5 1.5 Dissertation Organization ..................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Field Survey and Seismic Resilience ................................................................... 8 2.2.1 History of Seismic Design and Specifications ............................................ 9 2.2.2 Bridge Engineering and Seismic Hazard in
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