Science & Mathematics Education Centre School of Education Thomas Kuhn, Paradigm revolution possibilities, and Frausein: Patriarchy seen yet unseen Susan Maree Bunkum This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University July 2016 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: …………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………………. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I write to acknowledge all those who have joined me on the ‘road that I stepped into’ as I researched and wrote this thesis, I do so with a sense of gratitude so deep that the words I write will be a mere reflection of the gratitude I feel deep within my ‘Being-as- woman’, my Frausein. I begin by acknowledging the late Dr. Bevis Yaxley who guided my thinking and researching at the very beginning of my journey of thesis writing. It was through Bevis that I met his colleague, Dr Roya Pugh. Together, they facilitated regular colloquia, and it was through participation in these meetings that I began to consolidate the ideas that would become the basis for this thesis. I began my discussion about teachers and teaching in Chapter Ten by honouring all of the wonderful teachers who have been influential in my life. It is in this context that I acknowledge Roya as the most expert and influential of all of the teachers whom I have been privileged to know. She is a woman of great intelligence, wisdom, and integrity. It was Roya who helped me ‘find’ my thesis when I thought that it was lost. It has been Roya who has ‘walked this road’ to thesis with me. While, I have no words that can adequately express the deep sense of thanks that I feel, from my ‘Being-Woman’, my Frausein, I honour her ‘Being-Woman’, and her ‘Being-a-Woman-Teacher’. I also acknowledge and thank all of my colleagues, friends, and family members — especially my father, Alan — who have been sources of wisdom and support as I have ‘travelled this road’ to this thesis. I honour, too, my woman ancestors whose stories I have told in the telling of the lives of women — in particular, my great grandmother III Clara, whose birth certificate set me off on this road to explore patriarchy and the way it has shaped, and continues to shape, the ‘Being-of-women’, in every time and in every place. I also honour my mother, Shirley, and my sister, Sonia, two women who left my life-world too soon, but two women whose spirits have contributed to ‘the dance’ of this thesis. Finally, with a sense of gratefulness so deep that it cannot be conveyed in words, I thank my husband and best friend, Larry, and my daughter, Rebecca, a woman who has inspired me from the moment that she was born and the doctor said, “It’s a girl!” IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements III Table of Contents V List of Pictures X Abstract XVI Chapter One To see more clearly, To understand more deeply 1 Two guiding principles 5 Engaging an eclectic mix of inter-disciplinary knowledge, epistemologies, and hermeneutics 6 Acts of interpretation 9 A “narrative hermeneutical adventure” 13 Creating narratives using historical, phenomenological, and autoethnographic ‘acts of interpretation’ 14 Acts of interpreting historical events and contexts 15 Imaginatively interpreting lived experience 18 ‘Telling’ women’s lives 20 Scaffolding shape, form, cohesion, and coherence 22 “Any problem can be made clearer with a picture” 22 Introducing Frausein 23 Thomas Kuhn, paradigms, and paradigm revolution possibilities 24 An inquiry in the spirit of critical qualitative research 25 V Chapter Two Patriarchy seen yet unseen — Gesehen noch ungesehen 28 Every picture tells a story 29 The puzzling question of patriarchy 30 Awakenings and encounters with patriarchy 32 In the world of politics 38 In the world of religion 41 In the world of economics 46 In the world of education 50 In the world of culture 55 Summing up 74 Chapter Three In Search of Frausein 75 Frausein and the ‘Being-of-Woman’ 76 Reclaiming word power 77 In the spirit of ‘hagographic’ writing 81 Patriarchal control over the ‘being’ of Frausein 87 Chapter Four A New Way of Seeing — Eine Neue Art des Sehens 93 An encounter with a ‘must read’ book 96 A plethora of paradigms 98 ‘A new way of seeing’, Eine neue Art des Sehens — a patriarchal paradigm 101 ‘Looking into the frame’ — Hagar and Ishmael Expelled 105 ‘Looking into the frame’ — The murder of Hypatia 112 ‘Looking into the frame’ — Witch-Hunts in the Middle Ages 118 ‘Looking into the frame’ — Truganini 129 Closing the frames 138 VI Chapter Five A New Way of Seeing ‘Why’ and ‘How’ — Eine Neue Art des Sehens ‘Warum’ und ‘Wie’ 140 Vexations, crises, and paradigm revolutions 142 Paradigms — revolutions and shifts 144 Paradigm revolution possibilities and Frausein 147 Invoking “the Garage-Sale Principle” 150 Chapter Six In the Light of Day — Im Licht des Tages — Early Christianity 153 Women rendered invisible 154 Presence and absence-within-presence 157 Paradigm revolution possibilities 159 The lived experience of two communities — a paradigm shift and a paradigm revolution at play 162 Religious paradigm revolution actualised, Patriarchal paradigm revolution averted 165 Making invisible connections visible 167 Conspiring to relegate women to the margins 174 Patriarchal paradigm boundaries relaxed 179 Patriarchal paradigm boundaries reinforced 186 Chapter Seven In the Light of Day — Im Licht des Tages — ‘Conflict Under Arms’, ‘Other-ising Others’, and the Patriarchal Paradigm 190 An existential realisation 191 A master narrative of the ‘other’ 196 The ‘other’ in juxtaposition to ‘me’ and ‘mine’ 199 VII Ruling through force or the threat of force 200 Conflicting ideas resolved by conflict under arms 202 War … what is it good for? 206 Seeing old things in a new way as they are illuminated ‘in the light of day’ 209 Conflict under arms used to settle conflict of ideas 211 Chapter Eight In the Light of Day — Im Licht des Tages — Women on the Front and on the Home Front 216 Fascism — An ideology steeped in patriarchy 219 Women complicit in their own subordination 222 Conflict under arms — an anomaly for the patriarchal paradigm 225 Women on the Home Front 228 The Crusades 229 World War I, World War II 234 Paradigm revolution possibilities, paradigm revolution possibilities doused 246 Chapter Nine In the Light of Day — Im Licht des Tages — Woman’s Work 249 A new way of seeing ‘woman’s work’ 251 Childhood memories of a widow’s work 253 When the war was over 257 Targeting ‘her’ Achilles’ heel 260 Change but no change 263 Women become a ‘fixture’ in the world of work 267 VIII Working 9 to 5 and 5 to 9 270 Issues confronting women who work 273 Chapter Ten In the Light of Day — Im Licht des Tages — Woman’s Work —I am A Teacher 279 Education and male hegemony 281 Teaching: woman’s true profession? 283 Women’s status affects the status of women’s work 285 Gendered understandings extend beyond practices 287 Teaching: the essential profession? 290 ‘Speak to me of teaching’ 293 The Road goes ever on and on … 300 Reference List 310 Reference List – Pictures 382 IX LIST OF PICTURES Picture 1 G20 Leaders at Brisbane meeting 2014 38 Picture 2 The Australian Cabinet 2013 38 Picture 3 The College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church (Christianity) 41 Picture 4 Muslim Clerics 41 Picture 5 Jewish Rabbis 42 Picture 6 Buddhist Sangha 42 Picture 7 Hindu Brahmins 43 Picture 8 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting 46 Picture 9 G20 Washington Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors 46 Picture 10 Finance Ministers in Washington for 2014 International Monetary Fund and World Bank Spring Meetings 47 X Picture 11 Washington State University – Collaborative Teacher Education Program holds commencement for 25 local Graduates 50 Picture 12 Key to Franco-Ontarian Education for 20 years: The Faculty of Education’s Toronto Campus 50 Picture 13 Northwest Florida State College hono[u]rs teacher education graduates 51 Picture 14 Group of Eight Vice-Chancellors and China 9 Research-intensive Universities 51 Picture 15 Monaco’s royal couple shows off Grace Kelly’s Grandchildren 59 Picture 16 Kenya legalises polygamy without wife’s consent 60 Picture 17 Burqa-clad Afghan women show identification cards as they wait to cast their votes 62 Picture 18 3 Pakistani men rape, strangle, hang woman from tree 63 Picture 19 Still no trace of 200 kidnapped girls in Nigeria 64 Picture 20 Too Young to Wed – The secret world of child brides 64 XI Picture 21.1 Manly cheerleaders at ANZ Stadium 66 Picture 21.2 Manly Sea Eagles: NRL Premiers 66 Picture 22 Winner: Bartoli was attacked by Trolls on Twitter criticising her looks and branding her ‘manly’ 67 Picture 23 Child Pageant headed Down Under 69 Picture 24 Barbie Doll History – Types of Barbies 69 Picture 25 Bratz 70 Picture 26 ‘Sexist’ new SuitSupply ad campaign 72 Picture 27 Lily Allen Performs New Single ‘Hard Out There’ For First Time 72 Picture 28 Hagar and Ishmael Expelled 105 Picture 29 The murder of Hypatia 112 Picture 30 Witch-hunts in the Middle Ages 118 Picture 31 Truk[g]anini, 1866 by Charles Woolley 129 XII Picture 32 Episcopa Theodora, Saint Praxedes, Mary the mother of Jesus, Saint Prudentia, the Chapel of Zeno, Church of Saint Praxedes, Rome 167 Picture 33 Newly restored Italian frescoes have revealed what could have been women priests in the early Christian church 168 Picture 34 Women as Deacons 168