DOCSLIB.ORG

In Vitro Hair Dermal Papilla Cells Induction by Fagraea Berteroana, a Tree of the Marquesan Cosmetopoeia (French Polynesia)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Vitro Hair Dermal Papilla Cells Induction by Fagraea Berteroana, a Tree of the Marquesan Cosmetopoeia (French Polynesia) cosmetics Article In Vitro Hair Dermal Papilla Cells Induction by Fagraea berteroana, a Tree of the Marquesan Cosmetopoeia (French Polynesia) Kristelle Hughes 1, Raimana Ho 1, Claire Chazaud 2, Stéphanie Hermitte 3, Stéphane Greff 4, Jean-François Butaud 5 , Edith Filaire 3,6, Edwige Ranouille 3 , Jean-Yves Berthon 3 and Phila Raharivelomanana 1,* 1 UMR EIO 241, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de la Polynésie Française, BP 6570, 98702 Faaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (R.H.) 2 GReD Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; [email protected] 3 Greentech SA, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 Saint-Beauzire, France; [email protected] (S.H.); edithfi[email protected] (E.F.); [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (J.-Y.B.) 4 Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), UMR 7263 CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d’Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France; [email protected] 5 Consultant in Forestry and Polynesian Botany, BP 52832, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia; [email protected] 6 UMR 1019 INRA-UcA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), ECREIN Team, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Hughes, K.; Ho, R.; Abstract: Fagraea berteroana is a tree used in traditional medicine in various islands of the South Chazaud, C.; Hermitte, S.; Greff, S.; Butaud, J.-F.; Filaire, E.; Ranouille, E.; Pacific. Here, we studied its hair growth-inducing properties as suggested by one of its Marquesan Berthon, J.-Y.; Raharivelomanana, P. ethno-uses in haircare. The ethyl acetate extract of the fruits of F. berteroana (FEAE) and four resulting In Vitro Hair Dermal Papilla Cells fractions (FEAE-F0, FEAE-F1, FEAE-F2, and FEAE-F3) were tested on hair follicle dermal papilla cells Induction by Fagraea berteroana, a Tree to determine their cell proliferative activity. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis enabled gene modulation of the Marquesan Cosmetopoeia analysis, while immunostaining of the β-catenin protein was used to follow protein regulation. We (French Polynesia). Cosmetics 2021, 8, found that the plant extracts induced a controlled, dose-dependent cell proliferation. FEAE-F0 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ simultaneously down-regulated Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) mRNA expression and cosmetics8010013 upregulated Cyclin-D1 (CCND1) gene expression, which suggests an involvement in the regulation of the Wnt and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) pathways that control the hair cycle. FEAE-F0 Received: 14 December 2020 exhibited a 1.34-fold increase of nuclear β-catenin protein. This is indicative of an active hair growth Accepted: 28 January 2021 state. Thus, we conclude that FEAE-F0 could be an innovative candidate in hair care, which opens Published: 4 February 2021 interesting leads to promote the Marquesan cosmetopoeia. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: Fagraea berteroana; hair growth; ethnocosmetology; Marquesas islands; Gentianaceae with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Overall body care is an essential routine in Polynesian customs, as depicted by the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. confection and daily use of monoi and other natural preparations for embellishment [1–3]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Moreover, hair is an important physical feature in French Polynesia’s society; it is the This article is an open access article second most cited application area of cosmetics after the skin, in the Marquesas Islands [3]. distributed under the terms and As such, the imagery of Polynesians with long, luxurious, and silky dark hair is widespread, conditions of the Creative Commons even to this day (Figure1,[4,5]). Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Cosmetics 2021, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010013 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cosmetics Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 An effort to study French Polynesia’s cosmetopoeia [6] led to discovering one plant with an atypical traditional application. This scarcely known ethnocosmetic use was rec- orded in the Marquesas Islands where, during the embalming process, the crushed fruits of Fagraea berteroana were rubbed on cadavers head to prevent hair from shedding [7]. Fagraea berteroana A.Gray ex Benth. (Gentianaceae), sometimes wrongly spelled Fagraea berteriana, is a tree of moderate height, naturally distributed throughout the South Pacific, except for Hawaii where it has been introduced. It is known under several names such as pualulu in Samoa, pua kenikeni in Hawaii, pua ‘enana or ka’upe in the Marquesas Cosmetics 2021, 8, 13 2 of 14 Islands [3], or simply pua in Tahiti [8]. It produces fragrant tubular white flowers that later turn yellow and seasonally yield 5 cm-long and ellipsoid, orange fruits [9] (Figure 1). Figure 1. TahitianLeft: Tahitian woman woman with withhibiscus hibiscus flower flower and waist and waist-length-length hair. hair.Credit: Credit: T. Theophilus, T. Theophilus, 2021 2021.. Cente Center-left:r-left: White White and yellowand yellow FagraeaFagraea berteroana berteroana flowers.flowers. Credit: Credit: J.-F. J.-F. Butaud, Butaud, 2005. 2005. Center Center-right:-right: Unripe Unripe fruits fruits of ofF.F. berteroana berteroana andand white white flower. flower. Credit: K. Hughes, 2018. Right: Ripe Ripe F. berteroana fruit. Credit J.-F.J.-F. Butaud,Butaud, 2010.2010. AAn study effort focused to study on French the pote Polynesia’sntial of the cosmetopoeia flowers in the [6] ledfragrance to discovering industry onerevealed plant volatilewith an compounds atypical traditional benzyl acetate, application. methyl Thisbenzoate, scarcely benzyl known benzoate, ethnocosmetic myristic acid, use ben- was zylrecorded salicylate, in the (E) Marquesas-β-ocimene, Islands methyl where, salicylate, during acetoin, the embalming acetic acid, process, nerolidol the crushed, and hene- fruits icosaneof Fagraea as berteroanamain componwereents rubbed of the on essential cadavers oil head and to flower prevent headspace hair from [10]. shedding The fragrant [7]. flowersFagraea are traditionally berteroana A.Gray well known ex Benth. throughout (Gentianaceae), Polynesia. sometimes In Hawaii, wrongly they are spelled used Fa-to makegraea berterianaceremonial, is leis, a tree while of moderate in French height, Polynesia naturally they are distributed macerated throughout in coconut theoil Southto ob- tainPacific, scented except mon foroi Hawaii [11,12]. where Thus, itfurther has been demonstrating introduced. the It is importance known under of F. several berteroana names in Polynesiansuch as pualulu cosmetopoeia.in Samoa, pua kenikeni in Hawaii, pua ‘enana or ka’upe in the Marquesas IslandsLiterature [3], or simply showspua thatin little Tahiti is known [8]. It produces concerning fragrant the chemical tubular composition white flowers of thatthis laterspe- ciesturn or yellow its biological and seasonally activities. yield Studies 5 cm-long on other and species ellipsoid, of orangethe genu fruitss Fagraea [9] (Figure revealed1). di- verseA compound study focused families on thesuch potential as alkaloids, of the secoiridoid flowers in glycosides, the fragrance coumarins, industry flavanols, revealed othervolatile phenols compounds, and lignans benzyl in acetate, the stem methyl bark, benzoate, roots, and benzyl leaves benzoate, [13–21]. myristicThe only acid, chemistry benzyl- relatedsalicylate, study (E)- onβ-ocimene, the fruits methylis of F. fragrans salicylate, Roxb. acetoin, (now acetic named acid, Cyrtophyllum nerolidol, and fragrans heneicosane (Roxb.) DC.)as main and components focused on the of the amidation essential of oil ursolic and flower and oleanolic headspace acids, [10 ].two The components fragrant flowers natu- rallyare traditionally present in this well plant known part throughout[22]. Polynesia. In Hawaii, they are used to make ceremonialThe peculiar leis, while ethnobotanical in French Polynesiause specific they to the are Marquesan macerated inIslands coconut and oil the to lack obtain of phytochemistscented monoiry [studies11,12]. on Thus, this furtherplant made demonstrating it an interesting the importancecandidate for of researchF. berteroana into itsin hairPolynesian growth cosmetopoeia.activity through modulation of the hair cycle. The latter consists of three pe- riodicLiterature phases, the shows anagen that phase little during is known which concerning the hair elongates, the chemical the catagen composition phase of whe thisn thespecies epithelial or its biologicalcells of the activities. hair undergo Studies apoptosis on other, and species telogen of the phase genus whenFagraea the hairrevealed rests thendiverse sheds compound [23,24]. Several families pathways such as alkaloids, have been secoiridoid reported glycosides,to intervene coumarins, during the flavanols, hair cy- cle,other namely phenols, Wnt/β and lignans-catenin, in Sonic the stem hedgehog bark, roots, (Shh), and Transforming leaves [13–21 ].Growth The only Factor chemistry- beta F. fragrans Cyrtophyllum fragrans (TGFB),related study Phosphoinositide on the fruits is3- ofkinase PI3K/AKT,Roxb. Bone (now namedMorphogenetic Protein (BMP)(Roxb.), and DC.) and focused on the amidation of ursolic and oleanolic acids,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant List 2016
    Established 1990 PLANT LIST 2016 European mail order website www.crug-farm.co.uk CRÛG FARM PLANTS • 2016 Welcome to our 2016 list hope we can tempt you with plenty of our old favourites as well as some exciting new plants that we have searched out on our travels. There has been little chance of us standing still with what has been going on here in 2015. The year started well with the birth of our sixth grandchild. January into February had Sue and I in Colombia for our first winter/early spring expedition. It was exhilarating, we were able to travel much further afield than we had previously, as the mountainous areas become safer to travel. We are looking forward to working ever closer with the Colombian institutes, such as the Medellin Botanic Gardens whom we met up with. Consequently we were absent from the RHS February Show at Vincent Square. We are finding it increasingly expensive participating in the London shows, while re-branding the RHS February Show as a potato event hardly encourages our type of customer base to visit. A long standing speaking engagement and a last minute change of date, meant that we missed going to Fota near Cork last spring, no such problem this coming year. We were pleasantly surprised at the level of interest at the Trgrehan Garden Rare Plant Fair, in Cornwall. Hopefully this will become an annual event for us, as well as the Cornwall Garden Society show in April. Poor Sue went through the wars having to have a rush hysterectomy in June, after some timely results revealed future risks.
    [Show full text]
  • ISB: Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
    Longleaf Pine Preserve Plant List Acanthaceae Asteraceae Wild Petunia Ruellia caroliniensis White Aster Aster sp. Saltbush Baccharis halimifolia Adoxaceae Begger-ticks Bidens mitis Walter's Viburnum Viburnum obovatum Deer Tongue Carphephorus paniculatus Pineland Daisy Chaptalia tomentosa Alismataceae Goldenaster Chrysopsis gossypina Duck Potato Sagittaria latifolia Cow Thistle Cirsium horridulum Tickseed Coreopsis leavenworthii Altingiaceae Elephant's foot Elephantopus elatus Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Oakleaf Fleabane Erigeron foliosus var. foliosus Fleabane Erigeron sp. Amaryllidaceae Prairie Fleabane Erigeron strigosus Simpson's rain lily Zephyranthes simpsonii Fleabane Erigeron vernus Dog Fennel Eupatorium capillifolium Anacardiaceae Dog Fennel Eupatorium compositifolium Winged Sumac Rhus copallinum Dog Fennel Eupatorium spp. Poison Ivy Toxicodendron radicans Slender Flattop Goldenrod Euthamia caroliniana Flat-topped goldenrod Euthamia minor Annonaceae Cudweed Gamochaeta antillana Flag Pawpaw Asimina obovata Sneezeweed Helenium pinnatifidum Dwarf Pawpaw Asimina pygmea Blazing Star Liatris sp. Pawpaw Asimina reticulata Roserush Lygodesmia aphylla Rugel's pawpaw Deeringothamnus rugelii Hempweed Mikania cordifolia White Topped Aster Oclemena reticulata Apiaceae Goldenaster Pityopsis graminifolia Button Rattlesnake Master Eryngium yuccifolium Rosy Camphorweed Pluchea rosea Dollarweed Hydrocotyle sp. Pluchea Pluchea spp. Mock Bishopweed Ptilimnium capillaceum Rabbit Tobacco Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Blackroot Pterocaulon virgatum
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Regeneration and Transformation of Blackstonia Perfoliata
    BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 48 (3): 333-338, 2004 In vitro regeneration and transformation of Blackstonia perfoliata A. BIJELOVIĆ*1, N. ROSIĆ**, J. MILJUŠ-DJUKIĆ***, S. NINKOVIĆ** and D. GRUBIŠIĆ** Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro* Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, 29. Novembra 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro** Institute for Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro*** Abstract In vitro root culture of yellow wort (Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds.) was initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. In the presence of benzylaminopurine (BAP) numerous adventitious buds formed, which developed into shoots. Presence of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in media significantly decreased number of buds, but increased development of lateral roots. On hormone-free medium shoots successfully rooted and developed flowers and viable seeds that formed another generation. Shoot cultures of B. perfoliata inoculated with suspension of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4M70GUS developed hairy roots at 3 weeks and they were cultured on hormone-free MS medium. Spontaneous shoot regeneration occurred in 3 clones. Additional key words: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, hairy roots, regeneration, root culture. Introduction Blackstonia perfoliata (yellow wort) (L.) Huds. (Chlora 1997a, Menković et al. 1998, Vintehalter and Vinterhalter perfoliata L., Gentiana perfoliata L., Seguiera perfoliata 1998, Mikula and Rybczynski 2001). O. Kuntze), Gentianaceae, is an annual plant, 10 - 60 cm Since B. perfoliata could be used in medicine instead high, with long internodes, triangular leaves, sometimes of Radix Gentianae, this plant can be produced in great narrowing towards the base (Jovanović-Dunjić 1973). It biomass in culture in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Centaurium Tenuiflorum (Gentianaceae) New to Arkansas
    Singhurst, J.R., J. Keesling, and W.C. Holmes. 2015. Centaurium tenuiflorum (Gentianaceae) new to Arkansas. Phytoneuron 2015-55: 1–2. Published 20 October 2015. ISSN 2153 733X CENTAURIUM TENUIFLORUM (GENTIANACEAE) NEW TO ARKANSAS JASON R. SINGHURST Wildlife Diversity Program Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 JIM KEESLING 83 San Juan Way Hot Springs Village, Arkansas 71909 WALTER C. HOLMES Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas 76798-7388 ABSTRACT Centaurium tenuiflorum , a native of Europe, is reported for the first time as naturalized in Arkansas. The species is known to be naturalized in the nearby states of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Mississippi as well as in California and Oregon. Based on the following specimens collected in southern Arkansas, we report Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch ex Janch., Figure 1, (Gentianaceae) as new to the spontaneous flora of that state. Arkansas . Miller Co. : E side of Hwy 49, 0.4 mi S of jct with Arkansas Blvd, slope right-of- way, near Texarkana Airport (33° 27' 15.93" N, 94° 0' 34.36" W), 20 May 2015, Singhurst 20995 (BAYLU). Saline Co. : N side of I-30, 0.8 mi W of jct with Hwy 67, right-of-way along access road, W side of the weigh station lane (34° 32' 30.34" N, 92° 38' 37.82" W), 27 May 2015, Keesling 54 (ANHC); W side of Hill Farm Road 0.8 mi from jct with South Reynolds Road and across from Central Arkansas Flying Club Airport (34° 35' 15.12" N, 92° 29' 10.52" W), 6 Jul 2015, Keesling 70 (ANHC).
    [Show full text]
  • Sabatia Stellaris Pursh Sea Pink
    New England Plant Conservation Program Sabatia stellaris Pursh Sea pink Conservation and Research Plan for New England Prepared by Richard W. Enser Coordinator/Botanist, Rhode Island Natural Heritage Program Providence, Rhode Island For: New England Wild Flower Society 180 Hemenway Road Framingham, Massachusetts 01701 USA 508/877-7630 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.newfs.org Approved, Regional Advisory Council, May 2004 1 SUMMARY _____________________________________________________________ Sabatia stellaris Pursh, Sea Pink, is a member of the Gentian Family (Gentianaceae) that grows on open sandy soils at the upper edges of salt and brackish marshes and interdunal depressions. The plant is widely distributed in the states along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, and is considered to be abundant in the southern portion of its range. It is rare in New York and New England at the northeastern limits of its distribution. Sabatia stellaris is an annual that usually grows as one main stem with branching on the upper half. In the northern part of its range, plants grow to 20 cm. Flowers consist of a 4 to 7-lobed corolla that ranges from crimson-pink to light pink and sometimes white. The white-flowering form is widespread in the southern part of its range; however, this form constituted 75% of a Connecticut population in 2003, which is considered the first documentation of this form in New England. As an annual, S. stellaris exhibits extreme variability in the number of plants found at an occurrence in a given year. For example, in 2002 the estimated number of plants at three of the extant New England populations numbered about 1000, with an absence of plants from the fourth occurrence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications the Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications Gentiana Tibetica King
    Jan J. Rybczyński · Michael R. Davey Anna Mikuła Editors The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications Gentiana tibetica King. (Photograph A. Mikuła) Jan J. Rybczyński • Michael R. Davey Anna Mikuła Editors The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications 123 Editors Jan J. Rybczyński Anna Mikuła Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation Diversity Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Warsaw Poland Poland Michael R. Davey Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Loughborough UK ISBN 978-3-642-54101-8 ISBN 978-3-642-54102-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54102-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931384 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Inventory of the Proposed Ta'u Unit of the National Park of American Samoa
    Cooperative Natiad Park Resou~cesStudies Unit University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Botany 3 190 Made Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (808) 956-8218 Technical Report 83 BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF THE PROPOSED TA'U UNIT OF THE NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA Dr. W. Arthur Whistler University of Hawai'i , and National Tropical Botanical Garden Lawai, Kaua'i, Hawai'i NatidPark Swice Honolulu, Hawai'i CA8034-2-1 February 1992 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Tim Motley. Clyde Imada, RdyWalker. Wi. Char. Patti Welton and Gail Murakami for their help during the field research catried out in December of 1990 and January of 1991. He would also like to thank Bi Sykes of the D.S.I.R. in Chtistchurch, New Zealand. fur reviewing parts of the manuscript, and Rick Davis and Tala Fautanu fur their help with the logistics during the field work. This research was supported under a coopemtive agreement (CA8034-2-0001) between the University of Hawaii at Man08 and the National Park !&mice . TABLE OF CONTENTS I . INTRODUCTION (1) The Geography ...........................................................................................................1 (2) The Climate .................................................................................................................1 (3) The Geology............................................................................................................... 1 (4) Floristic Studies on Ta'u .............................................................................................2 (5) Vegetation
    [Show full text]
  • Living Encyclopedia
    PROJECT FEATURES 94 Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum: Living Encyclopedia Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum LIVING ENCYCLOPEDIA Text by Sandhya Naidu Janardhan Images as credited 1 CITYGREEN #11 A Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology Publication 95 PROJECT CREDITS Location: 2 Conser vator y Drive, Singapore Client:Raf fles Museum of Biodiversity Research , National University of Singapore (NUS) Completion Date: 2015 Estate Management: Office of Estate Development, NUS Architect: W Architects Pte Ltd Landscape Architect: Tierra Design (S) Pte Ltd Curator & Interior Designer: Gsmprjct Creation Pte Ltd Civil & Structural Engineer: T.Y. Lin International Pte Ltd Mechanical & Electrical Engineer: T.Y. Lin International Pte Ltd Quantity Surveyor: Quant Associates Main Contractor: Expand Construction Pte Ltd Landscape Contractor: Flora Landscape Pte Ltd Site Area: 4,424 m2 GFA: 8,500 m2 PROJECT FEATURES 96 Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum: Living Encyclopedia There was a constant dialogue and tension between choosing plants for their educational value or for how accurately they expressed a particular habitat over their visual appeal or alternative plants that are more familiar or available commercially. nvisioned to be a leader in Southeast Asian biodiversity the visitors to trees and shrubs that they are unfamiliar with research, education, and outreach, the Lee Kong as well as familiar ones that they would easily identify from E Chian Natural History Museum plays host to research other parts of the island. Critically endangered trees such as laboratories and a vast museum with rotating interactive Calophyllum inophyllum and Eurycoma longifolia known for exhibits that celebrate native species and biodiversity. The first their medicinal properties are used across various levels of the natural history museum in Singapore, the museum houses three cliff.
    [Show full text]
  • The Garden's Bulletin
    Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 64(2): 301–332. 2012 301 Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae I: Fagraea sensu lato―complex genus or several genera? A molecular phylogenetic study M. Sugumaran1 and K.M. Wong2 1Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [email protected] 2Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569 [email protected] ABSTRACT. Phylogenetic studies of Fagraea s.l. based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of gene sequences for the nuclear ITS region and a number of chloroplast regions (trnL intron, trnL–F spacer and two partial sequence regions of ndhF) were carried out. Separate experiments with an ingroup of 29 taxa of Fagraea s.l. (8 from section Cyrtophyllum, 16 from section Fagraea and 5 from section Racemosae; all new sequences) were made with individual gene-region and combined data sets; and with 43 taxa using only an ITS data set that included published gene sequences of other recently revised, well-established genera of the same tribe (Potalieae). Reasonably consistent clade composition was obtained with all analyses: two clades could be equated to sections Fagraea and Racemosae, another two (Elliptica and Gigantea clades) are different portions of the section Cyrtophyllum, and the solitary F. crenulata resolved basal to the Fagraea clade in the chloroplast gene analyses but was a distinct lineage in a polytomy with the Fagraea, Racemosa and Gigantea clades in the ITS analyses. The equivalence of these clades and the F. crenulata lineage to other monophyletic groups represented by established genera in the expanded-ITS analysis, as well as considerations of potential morphological synapomorphies for these individual entities, suggest that Fagraea s.l.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae III: Cyrtophyllum Reapplied to the Fagraea Fragrans Alliance
    Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 64(2): 497–510. 2012 497 Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae III: Cyrtophyllum reapplied to the Fagraea fragrans alliance K.M. Wong1 and M. Sugumaran2 1Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569 [email protected] 2Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [email protected] ABSTRACT. Cyrtophyllum Reinw., one of several distinct lineages among the Fagraea complex, is the correct genus to which five species of Southeast Asian trees should be assigned, including the widespread F. fragrans. Cyrtophyllum minutiflorum K.M.Wong is a new species described here. Two new combinations are made: C. caudatum (Ridl.) K.M.Wong and C. wallichianum (Benth.) M.Sugumaran & K.M.Wong. Keywords. Cyrtophyllum, Fagraea fragrans, Gentianaceae, Malesia, Potalieae, Potaliinae, Southeast Asia Introduction The results of a molecular phylogenetic study of the Fagraea complex (Sugumaran & Wong 2012) demonstrated the distinctness of a number of generic lineages from Fagraea Thunb. s.s. (Wong & Sugumaran 2012). Among these, Cyrtophyllum Reinw. and Picrophloeus Blume were readily distinguished from Fagraea s.s., Limahlania K.M.Wong & M.Sugumaran and Utania G.Don because the first two genera have flowers with conspicuously exserted styles (typically more than 40% of their length) and filaments (greater than 70% of their length) (Sugumaran & Wong 2012). Also, Cyrtophyllum and Picrophloeus frequently have cymes bearing numerous small flowers (corollas narrow, the mouth often not more than 10 mm wide), compared to the other genera, which typically have larger flowers (corollas typically much wider) in variable numbers. However, Cyrtophyllum has axillary cymes and Aubréville’s tree architectural model, whereas Picrophloeus and the other three genera all have terminal cymes and consistently other architectural models (Scarrone’s in Picrophloeus and Fagraea s.s., Fagerlind’s in Limahlania, Roux’s in Utania) (Sugumaran & Wong 2012; Wong & Sugumaran 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Chapter 1
    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General introduction and taxonomic complexities in Fagraea sensu lato: three distinct subgeneric groups; variance in species delimiting concepts The genus Fagraea Thunberg is pantropical, with a distribution from Sri Lanka and India, through tropical South East Asia, reaching as far east to Polynesia (Struwe et al. 2002). The genus is centered in Malesia, where of over 70 species described (Struwe et al. 2002), around 50 species are distributed within Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Leenhouts 1962; Wong & Sugau 1996). Species of Fagraea have a variety of life forms. They are tall canopy trees, smaller understorey trees reaching only a few meters tall, or are epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes. They occur from sea level to about 3000 m in very moist montane conditions, mostly in forest gaps, forest edges, rocky outcrops, along stream beds in wet tropical forests but less commonly in mesic forests, mangrove swamps and savannas (Motley 2004). With a large diversity in habit and form, Fagraea have species that are both conspicuous and ecologically important in natural landscapes. The widespread F. fragrans is a common pioneer on sandy sites, a frequent secondary forest species in the lowlands, and can persist in mature forest. In Peninsular Malaysia, F. racemosa is also a common secondary forest species and the large-leaved F. auriculata with long-tubed flowers is often conspicuous in coastal sandy sites and on quartz ridges in the lowlands. Throughout the lowland and lower montane forests of Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, the frequent 1 presence of Fagraea epiphytes or hemi-epiphytes is detected by fallen corollas on the ground at different times during the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Vegetation Occuring on Santo
    in BOUCHET P., LE GUYADER H. & PASCAL O. (Eds), The Natural History of Santo. MNHN, Paris; IRD, Marseille; PNI, Paris. 572 p. (Patrimoines naturels; 70). Types of Vegetation Occurring on Santo Jérôme Munzinger, Porter P. Lowry II & Jean-Noël Labat The Santo 2006 expedition was Table 5: Vegetation types in Vanuatu proposed by Mueller- designed to carry out detailed explo- Dombois and Fosberg. ration of the botanical diversity 1. Lowland rain forest present on the island. A wide diver- sity of vegetation types were there- a. High-stature forests on old volcanic ash fore studied, covering the full range b. Medium-stature forest heavily covered with lianas extending from what can be regarded c. Complex forest scrub densely covered with lianas as "extremes" on a scale from natu- d. Alluvial and floodplain forests ral, nearly undisturbed areas to those e. Agathis-Calophyllum forest that have been profoundly modified f. Mixed-species forests without gymnosperms and by man. Large areas have been trans- Calophyllum formed by humans — partially or completely — through clearing, fire, 2. Montane cloud forest and related vegetation Principal and other means, in an effort to meet basic needs for food, shelter, fiber, 3. Seasonal forest, scrub and grassland grazing land for livestock, etc., although such a. Semi-deciduous transitions forests habitats exist only because they are created and b. Acacia spirorbis forest maintained by man or by domesticated animals. c. Leucaena thicket, savanna and grassland At the other extreme, Santo’s vegetation includes nearly pristine formations that result from the 4. Vegetation on new volcanic surfaces natural processes of evolution and succession and are self-maintaining, provided they are not subject 5.
    [Show full text]