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Fertilizers 3 Fertilizers 3 Fertilizers Heinrich W. Scherer, Agrikulturchemisches Institut, Universitat¨ Bonn, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 1 and 2) Konrad Mengel, Institute for Plant Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-Universitat¨ Giessen, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 1 and 2) Heinrich Dittmar, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 3 and 5) Manfred Drach, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3) Ralf Vosskamp, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3) Martin E. Trenkel, Eusserthal, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 4.4 and 4.5) Reinhold Gutser, Lehrstuhl fur¨ Pflanzenernahrung,¨ Technische Universitat¨ Munchen-Weihenstephan,¨ Freising, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 4.6) Gunter¨ Steffens, Landwirtschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalt, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 4.7) Vilmos Czikkely, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 6) Titus Niedermaier, formerly BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 6) Reinhardt Hahndel¨ , BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 7) Hans Prun¨ , formerly BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 7) Karl-Heinz Ullrich, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 8) Hermann Muhlfeld¨ , formerly Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH, Koln,¨ Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 8) Wilfried Werner, Agrikulturchemisches Institut der Universitat¨ Bonn, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 9) Gunter¨ Kluge, Bundesministerium fur¨ Ernahrung,¨ Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 10) Friedrich Kuhlmann, Institut fur¨ Betriebslehre der Agrar- und Ernahrungswirtschaft¨ der Justus-Liebig- Universitat¨ Giessen, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 11.1) Hugo Steinhauser, formerly Lehrstuhl fur¨ Wirtschaftslehre des Landbaues, Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Freising, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 11.1) Walter Brandlein¨ , BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 11.2) Karl-Friedrich Kummer, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 11.3) See also: Individual fertilizers are also described under the separate keywords → Ammonia, → Ammonium Compounds, → Nitrates and Nitrites, → Phosphate Fertilizers, → Potassium Compounds, and → Urea 1. Introduction .............. 5 2.2.2. Nutrient Retention in Soils ..... 15 2. Plant Nutrition and Soil Science . 7 2.2.3. Soil pH, Buffer Power, and Liming 18 2.1. Plant Nutrients ............ 7 2.2.4. Soil Water – Plant Relationships .. 19 2.1.1. Definition and Classification .... 7 2.2.5. Organic Matter of Soils and Nitrogen 2.1.2. Function of Plant Nutrients ..... 8 Turnover ................. 20 2.2. Soil Science ............... 13 ......... 2.2.1. Soil Classes, Soil Types, and Parent 2.3. Nutrient Availability 23 Material ................. 13 2.3.1. Factors and Processes ......... 23 Ullmann’s Agrochemicals, Vol. 1 c 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31604-5 4 Fertilizers 2.3.2. Determination of Available Plant 4.4.5.3. Polymer-Encapsulated Nutrients in Soils ........... 24 Controlled-Release Fertilizers ... 54 2.4. Physiology of Plant Nutrition ... 25 4.4.6. Anti-Float Materials .......... 55 2.4.1. Nutrient Uptake and Long-Distance 4.4.7. Controlled-Release Fertilizers on Transport in Plants ........... 25 Carriers ................. 55 2.4.2. Effect of Nutrition on Growth, Yield, 4.4.8. Supergranules .............. 55 and Quality ............... 26 4.4.9. Legislation ............... 56 2.5. Nutrient Balance ........... 27 4.5. Nitrification and Urease 2.5.1. Gains and Losses of Plant Nutrients 27 Inhibitors ................ 56 2.5.2. Alternative Plant Nutrition ...... 28 4.5.1. Introduction ............... 56 3. Standard Fertilizers ......... 28 4.5.2. Types of Nitrification and Urease 3.1. Solid Fertilizers ............ 28 Inhibitors ................ 57 3.1.1. Straight Fertilizers ........... 28 4.5.3. Pyridines ................. 58 3.1.2. Multinutrient Fertilizers ....... 28 4.5.3.1. Nitrapyrin ................ 58 3.1.3. Lime Fertilizers ............ 31 4.5.3.2. Other pyridines ............. 58 3.1.4. Magnesium Fertilizers ........ 32 4.5.4. Dicyandiamide ............. 59 3.2. Liquid Fertilizers ........... 32 4.5.5. Pyrazoles ................ 60 3.2.1. Nitrogen Liquids ............ 33 4.5.5.1. 1-Carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole .. 60 3.2.2. Multinutrient Liquids ......... 36 4.5.5.2. Outlook ................. 61 3.2.2.1. NP Liquids ............... 36 4.5.6. Neem/Neem-Coated Urea ...... 61 3.2.2.2. NPK liquids ............... 39 4.5.7. Urease Inhibitors ............ 61 3.2.2.3. UAS Liquids .............. 39 4.5.8. Environmental Aspects ........ 62 3.2.3. Suspensions ............... 40 4.5.9. Legal Requirements .......... 62 4. Special Fertilizers .......... 42 4.6. Organic Fertilizers (Secondary 4.1. Water-Soluble Nutrient Salts ... 42 Raw Material Fertilizers) ..... 63 4.2. Foliar Fertilizers ........... 42 4.6.1. Fertilizers Based on Peat or 4.2.1. Production ................ 42 Materials of Similar Stability .... 64 4.2.2. Application ............... 43 4.6.2. Fertilizers Based on Waste Materials 4.2.3. Combination with Agricultural of Animal Origin ............ 64 Pesticides ................ 44 4.6.3. Fertilizers Based on Wastes of Plant 4.3. Micronutrients ............ 44 Origin .................. 65 4.3.1. Micronutrient Forms ......... 44 4.6.4. Fertilizers Based on Municipal 4.3.2. Production ................ 45 Waste ................... 66 4.3.3. Commercial Fertilizers ........ 46 4.7. Manure ................. 67 4.3.4. Use .................... 46 4.7.1. Composition .............. 68 4.4. Slow- and Controlled-Release 4.7.2. Manure Nutrient Efficiency ..... 68 Fertilizers ................ 47 4.7.3. Environmental Aspects ........ 69 4.4.1. Introduction ............... 47 5. Fertilizer Granulation ....... 70 4.4.2. Urea – Aldehyde Slow-Release 5.1. Introduction .............. 70 Fertilizers ................ 48 5.2. Granulator Feedstocks ....... 72 4.4.2.1. Urea – Formaldehyde Condensation 5.3. Granulation Equipment ...... 77 Products. ................. 48 5.3.1. Pug Mill ................. 77 4.4.2.2. Other Urea – Aldehyde 5.3.2. Drum Granulator ............ 77 Condensation Products ........ 49 5.3.3. Pan Granulator ............. 81 4.4.2.3. Further Processing of Urea – 5.3.4. The Granulator – Mixer ....... 81 Aldehyde Condensates ........ 50 5.3.5. Roll Presses ............... 82 4.4.3. Other Organic Chemicals ...... 51 5.4. Costs of Agglomeration ....... 82 4.4.4. Inorganic Compounds ........ 52 5.5. Bulk Blending ............. 83 4.4.5. Coated and Encapsulated 5.6. Quality Inspection .......... 84 Controlled-Release Fertilizers ... 52 5.7. Fertilizer Conditioning ....... 85 4.4.5.1. Sulfur-Coated Controlled-Release 5.8. Environmental Aspects ....... 86 Fertilizers ................ 52 6. Analysis ................. 86 4.4.5.2. Sulfur-Coated, Polymer-Encapsulated 6.1. Sampling and Sample Preparation 86 Controlled-Release Fertilizers ... 53 6.2. Determination of Nitrogen ..... 86 Fertilizers 5 6.3. Determination of Phosphate ... 88 9.1.4. Biosphere ................ 107 6.4. Determination of Potassium .... 89 9.1.5. Pedosphere (Soil) ........... 108 6.5. Analysis of Calcium, Magnesium, 9.1.6. Countermeasures ............ 108 and Trace Elements ......... 89 9.2. Phosphorus ............... 109 7. Synthetic Soil Conditioners .... 89 9.2.1. Eutrophication ............. 109 7.1. Foams .................. 89 9.2.2. Heavy Metals Buildup ........ 111 7.1.1. Closed-Cell Expandable 10. Legal Aspects ............. 111 Polystyrene Foam ........... 90 11. Economic Aspects .......... 113 7.1.2. Primarily Open-Cell Urea – 11.1. Economics of Fertilization ..... 113 Formaldehyde Resin Foams ..... 90 11.1.1. Input – Output Relationships: 7.2. Colloidal Silicates .......... 91 The Yield Function .......... 113 7.3. Polymer Dispersions and Polymer 11.1.2. Factors Controlling the Optimal Emulsions ................ 92 Nitrogen Fertilization Level ..... 114 7.4. Tensides ................. 93 11.1.3. Factors Influencing the Optimal 8. Storage, Transportation, and Nitrogen Fertilization Level ..... 115 Application ............... 93 11.1.4. Environmental Aspects of 8.1. General Storage Requirements .. 93 Fertilization ............... 115 8.2. Application ............... 96 11.2. World Consumption, Production, 9. Environmental Aspects of and Trade ................ 116 Fertilizer Application ........ 98 11.3. Future Outlook ............ 119 9.1. Nitrogen ................. 99 11.3.1. Food Situation ............. 120 9.1.1. Ground Water .............. 100 11.3.2. Development of Fertilizer 9.1.2. Surface Waters ............. 104 Consumption .............. 122 9.1.3. Atmosphere ............... 104 12. References ............... 123 Fertilizers are products that improve the lev- post, peat), or products from waste treatment els of available plant nutrients and/or the chemi- (composted garbage, sewage sludge). cal and physical properties of soil. An overview 3) Synthetic soil conditioners are products is given over the chemical and physical aspects whose main function is to improve the physi- of plant nutrition uptake and soil properties. The cal properties of soils, for example, friability different categories of fertilizers are discussed, and water
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