FORMULIR No F-08 Berlaku 1 januari 2013 FORMAT SAMPUL MUKA Revisi 0 LAPORAN PENELITIAN Unit LPPM

Perjanjian No: III/LPPM/2019-02/76-P

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC WASTE

UTILIZATION IN CIBODAS VILLAGE AS THE UPSTREAM PART OF TO PREVENT

FLOOD

Created by:

Dr. Jenny Novianti M. Soetedjo, S.T., M.Sc. (Leader) Angela Martina, S.T., M.T. Putri Ramadhany, S.T., M.Sc., PDEng. Kevin Wanta, S.T., M.Eng.

Supported by HMPSTK: Samuel Alvian, Hans Pratama, Cynthia Harris,Theana Leoma, Hendri , A. Putri D. P. Sari, Joshua Suhendra, Tristan, Vincentia C. J., N. Evan Prasetya, A. Andina, Eric,Karissa D. S., Willy Chandra, Catherine P., Alfonsius L., Stephen J., Yuana Yesika, Joan A. Nurjadi, Mira Puspa, Stephen Lim

Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Katolik Parahyangan 2019

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CONTENTS

COVER PAGE...... i CONTENTS ...... ii LIST OF FIGURES ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... iv ABSTRACT ...... v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 4 CHAPTER III METHODS ...... 8 3.1 Problem Identification ...... 8 3.2 Location survey and advocacy with community leaders and participants ...... 8 3.3 Sample collection of cattle manures from Cibodas Village ...... 9 3.4 Researches include construction of laboratory scale biogas digester and determination of manures composition for biogas production...... 9 3.5 Biodigester construction in Cibodas village...... 9 3.6 Socialization to local community in Cibodas Village...... 9 CHAPTER IV TIME TABLE ...... 11 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 12 5.1 Problem Identification ...... 12 5.2 Location survey and advocacy with community leaders and participants ...... 13 5.3 Sample collection ...... 14 5.4 Researches...... 14 5.5 Biodigester construction...... 15 5.6 Community Socialization or Training...... 17 CHAPTERVI CONCLUSIONS and ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... 19 References ...... 20

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Roadmap of researches in Renewable Energy Research Centre ...... 3 Figure 1.2 Roadmap of community services in Renewable Energy Research Centre ...... 3 Figure 2.1 Watershed of Cikapundung River ...... 5 Figure 5.1 Location survey to Cibodas village ...... 13 Figure 5.2 Biogas production with various composition of cow manures to organic wastes .... 15 Figure 5.3 Biogas production scheme ...... 16 Figure 5.4 The construction process of biodigester in the Cibodas village ...... 17 Figure 5.5 Training and socialization of manure management to produce biogas ...... 18 Figure 5.6 The needs distribution of Cibodas and Suntenjaya communities ...... 18

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LIST OF TABLES

Tabel 4.1 Schedule of community service project 2018 to 2019 ...... 11

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ABSTRACT

Cikapundung River is one of the resources of ’s water supply. Unfortunately, at the present time Cikapundung is heavily polluted by domestic waste, industrial waste and agricultural waste. In the upstream of Cikapundung, 30% of its population live from livestock as dairy farmers. Dairy farmers tend to dispose their livestock wastes to the river instead of utilized it for biogas and compost, albeit it plays role in ensuring the sustainability in dairy farming and farmers’ economic improvement. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, Chemical Engineering UNPAR and Student Association of Chemical Engineering UNPAR (HMPSTK) with the help of The Lodge Foundation constructed biodigester to convert livestock manures to biogas as part of community service project. The community service consisted of six parts: a) Problem identification; b) Location survey and advocacy; c) Sample collection; d) Research; e) Construction of biogas digester; f) Socialization to local community. Biogas digester with 5,000 L manures/day is constructed in Cibodas Village, Maribaya, Lembang with the help from PRIMARY. Livestock manures with ratio 3:1 to organic waste are proven to produce the largest gas production. Gas produced can be utilized as an alternative energy source to dairy farmers for lantern lighting and cooking, Manures residue can be utilized as fertilizer, consequently reducing waste to Cikapundung and improve water quality in the long term.

Keywords : Manure, biodigester, Citarum, biogas, organic fertilizer, Cibodas

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The Citarum River is third longest river in after Bengawan Solo and Brantas, and the longest and largest river in , (Greenpeace, 2013). It has an important role in the life of the people of West Java, as it supports agriculture, water supply, fishery, industry, sewerage, and electricity. Ironically, it is now reported as one of the most polluted river in the world (Natahadibrata, 2013). It is heavily polluted by organic materials from cows farming and human activities and by non organic materials both from domestic and industrial activities with the intensity and type of pollution which is different from one part to the others. In the upstream of Citarum River, in Cikapundung river, the pollution usually comes from organic materials that are mainly from the local cow farming in the villages that do not have a good cleaning system. They clean the cow and manure and directly throw the dirty water to the outlet stream that finally end up to the river stream that leads to Citarum River. In fact some efforts have been applied by the government but no outstanding success story has been reported so far due to inorganized and unsupervised green project that leads to miscommunication between the government and the dairy farmers. In fact, some equipment installed frequently is not placed in the right position and some of them are also not in good condition that leads to inefficient and insignificant result for the dairy farmers. The lack of supervision is also the main problem so far that make the equipment is not used properly as what it should be. In fact these problems have led to the distrust on the villagers on the technology such as the biodigester system that actually can give a win win solution both for the dairy farmers as well as the environment. In addition to the organic waste, the non organic waste such as plastic, tetrapak and polilaminate have been reported to be the other domestic contaminants in Citarum river. In fact about 70% of Citarum river was covered with plastic waste and people can stand on the waste and walk on the middle of the river on the top of the waste. According to the facts, this project is aimed to guide and to help the dairy farmers in managing the cow manure properly in order to give more benefits both for the increase of economy condition for the farmers as well as the decrease of the organic pollution to the river. As the reference, there is a digester installed as the prototype for the utilization of biogas both for cooking and for lighting. Some laboratory studies have also been applied to evaluate the best composition between cow manure and organic waste in order to give an optimum result in the volume of biogas produced. Additionally, this project is trying to develop a simple and ready to apply technology as

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well as to build up a good behaviour practice among villagers in relation to the non organic waste management that includes waste separation, cleaning and recycle processes.

1.1 Project Objectives 1. To study the best composition between cow manure and organic waste for the optimum volume of biogas produced. 2. To build up a biodigester for organic waste and cow's manure processing 3. To deliver a training of good management in cow manure to 60 dairy farmers in Cibodas village

1.2 Project Rationale At this moment the condition of Citarum river is terrible. About 70% of Citarum river was covered with plastic waste and people can stand on the waste and walk on the middle of the river on the top of the waste. In addition the contamination from cow manure from the upstream of Citarum river has made the condition of Citarum river ever worse. A serious effort and attention is needed to solve this problem. Some efforts to manage the inorganic waste have been implemented but it is not fully organized yet. Therefore the comprehensive training needs to be implemented to maximize the amount of waste in the recycling process. The improvement of recycling technology also needs to be explored especially for inorganic waste that is not yet recycled such as polylaminate packaging waste which is produced daily in tremendous amount from domestic waste. Regarding the organic waste, there are two sources of organic waste detected in this area, which are the manure produced by the local dairy farms and the organic matters produced by domestic waste. In fact both of them have not been treated yet until now. The local dairy farms are scatteredly located in Cibodas area producing manure that is still being thrown away directly to the river. As for the organic domestic waste, no treatment has been applied and together with un- recycled inorganic waste, it goes to the landfill area. A simple method and tools for organic waste treatment needs to be developed in order to decrease the organic contamination in Citarum river.

1.3 Project Engagement in the Roadmap This project support the main roadmap in the Renewable Energy Research Centre, Chemical Engineering Department, UNPAR considering the biogas from cow manure and pirolisis oil from the plastic waste ast the source of renewable energy. In fact the community service and research in renewable energy is one of the 10th major fields of researches in the university's main research planning or 'rencana induk penelitian' (RIP) 2016-2019 which is part of the strategic plan 2

of UNPAR in research and community service.

Figure 1.1 Roadmap of researches in Renewable Energy Research Centre

Figure 1.2 Roadmap of community services in Renewable Energy Research Centre

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Water is crucial and basic necessities for living organisms. Water consumption include domestic consumption (drinking, bathing, washing), industrial consumption, and agricultural consumption. Since the increase of economic growth in Indonesia, the demand of clean water supply increasing. Deforestation, drainage in wetlands, and conversion into agricultural and livestock reducing the water quality. The freshwater resources in Indonesia are classified as groundwater and surface water, in which rivers and lakes as the most common source for surface water. There are 80 of groundwater basins in Java and Madura that cover area of 81,147 km2 (Geological Agency, Bakusurtanal & Sistem Informasi Air Tanah Badan Geologi. 2008). The accessibility of groundwater depends on the hydrogeological condition. In many of the urban area, deep groundwater is over exploited. Deficient water supply coupled with the absence of the regulation leads to depletion of the deep groundwater. This affect water supply gravely in North , Bandung, and Semarang (Asian Development Bank, 2016). For decades, the river is used as municipal water supplier, agricultural irrigation, hydropower, drainage, sewage for domestic and municipal waste industries, and tourist attraction. Citarum river is considered as one of the major rivers in Java. One of the stream ending at Citarum river is Cikapundung river with the length from the upstream to estuary is 39 km, passing through three administrative areas namely Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Kabupaten Bandung, and Kota Bandung (Sofyan, 2014). At present time, Cikapundung river is used as an alternative source of fresh water due to the depletion of deep groundwater in Bandung (Sabar, 2006). Despite the significant importance of Cikapundung as fresh water source in Bandung, the water quality of Cikapundung is very poor due to heavy pollution (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2017). The main pollutant includes domestic waste, industrial waste, and agricultural waste. Due to extensive farming in the basin, Cikapundung is also loaded with silt (Asian Development Bank, 2016).

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Figure 2.1. Watershed of Cikapundung River (Source: Citarum.org (2016)

In the upstream of Cikapundung, 30% of its population live as dairy farmers. The amount of dairy cows is estimated at 6,800 by the end of 2009. The solid wastes from dairy cows farming reach around 204 – 306 Tons per day, while liquid wastes reach 680 - 1,700 L per day (Bachrein 2012). The solid and liquid waste from dairy farming or manures contain a wide variety of nutrient such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), micronutrient such as Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) (Manitoba Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, 2015). With these excellent source of nutrients, manures can be used as natural fertilizer to improve soil quality. However, when these rich nutrients disposed into the water, it will contaminate and reduce water quality. According to Ribaudo et.al (2003), Nitrogen and Phosphorous are pollutant in the rivers, the lakes, and the estuaries. Nitrogen and Phosphorous accelerate the development of algae, leading in a multitude of issues including clogging, damaging aquatic ecosystems, and decreasing possibilities for recreation. Manures also contain pathogen bacteria, such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Protozoa that can harm human. Other threats if manures not treat effectively is the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), such as Methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and Ammonia (NH3) (Depdagri, 2008).

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Manure waste management becomes crucial method to reduce the pollution threat to environment. According to Pell (1997), composting and drying the manures can reduce the amount of feasible pathogens. Anaerobic decomposition of manures can also be one of the solutions for reducing pathogenic bacteria, reducing smell, increasing the value of compost and generating alternative energy called biogas (Holm-Nielsen et.al., 2009). Biogas is potential renewable energy source that can be easily obtained from wastes. It contains heating value of 6 kWh/m3, which equals to half liter of diesel oil (ISAT, 1999). Biogas consists of Methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide

(CO2), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and Ammonia (NH3) (Depdagri, 2008). Methane and Hydrogen can be combusted with oxygen releasing energy, thus enables biogas usage as fuel that can be used for heating, cooking, and even can be converted as electricity. Indonesia is the world largest archipelagic country with approximately 17,000 islands, thus the biggest economy in the ASEAN region. Currently Indonesia encounter major challenge supplying sufficient energy to satisfy increasing demands and maintain economic development and in the same time improving the quality of environment. Conventional energy can no longer response for the long term solution. Indonesia has been actively encouraging the use of Renewable Indigenous Energy (RE) resources since 2009. Renewable Indigenous Energy are energy generated from renewable resources and sustainable that includes geothermal, biofuels, hydropower, solar and wind energy, biogas, and oceans (Peraturan Presiden RI No.5 Tahun 2006). Through PERPRES No. 5/2006, the government intends to increase the share of RE. Between 2006 – 2012, Indonesia also has been allocating funds for solving environmental issues and 4% of it was allocated for Biogas. Indonesia has a powerful agricultural sector and thus a great potential to use residues from the agro-industry as feedstock. The Indonesia government has been encouraging local communities to produce biogas from their own yard’s wastes. Between 2011 and 2014, Indonesia Ministry of Energy has constructed around 206 biogas digester through BIRU (Biogas Rumah) program, cooperation between Indonesia and Netherland governments (Direktorat Bioenergi, 2015). In 2019, Perum Jasa Tirta II also constructed 35 biogas digester in the upstream of Citarum to improve Citarum water quality and encourage biogas and compost producing (Bisnis, 2019). During 2007 to 2011, Indonesia has been focusing on reduction of pollution through small- scale businesses sector using waste treatment from the tofu and livestock industries. Reductions of GHG emissions with biogas digesters in 13 livestock centers close to 2,424.33 tons per year (Ministry of Environment, 2012). Indonesia’s livestock populations have reached to 15.6 million at 2017 that generates 88 million tons of manure wastes. If these wastes are converted to biogas, it

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can achieve around 4.4 million m3 (Pusat Data Teknologi Informasi ESDM, 2017). According to Wahyuni (2010), 1 m3 of biogas is equal to 0.6 – 0.8 L of kerosene or Rp 7,200 – 9,600. Unfortunately, not all communities of livestock industries have fully embraced biogas as solution of waste management. This is due to lack of information that leads to false misconceptions. Most of local community thinks that biogas technology is very complex to be applied in their households and requires high investment and sometimes it does not give significant result that gives a significant impact in improving the economy condition. This community service activity aims on the reduction of manure waste disposals in Cikapundung area, specifically in Cibodas Village. Biogas technology is applied as part of the solution for farmers to promote cleaner water ecosystem and improve farmer’s economy. This project also aims to educate dairy farmers in Cibodas Village about biogas. Expectantly, this will lead to improvement of water quality in Cikapundung and ensuring the sustainability in dairy farming as well as to give a significant impact on economy by saving in energy cost and getting additional income from the organic fertilizer.

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CHAPTER III

METHODS

The community service project is specifically conducted in Cibodas Village, Maribaya, Lembang. Activities included in this community services consist of seven steps: 1) Problem identification 2) Location survey and advocacy with community leaders and participants 3) Sample collection of cattle manures from Cibodas village 4) Researches include construction of laboratory scale biogas digester, determination of manures composition for biogas production and determination of the best digester manufacturer surrounding Bandung area 5) Biogas digester construction in Cibodas village 6) Socialization to local community in Cibodas village In fact, there are some parts of activities (1,2,3) conducted earlier using the funding from Alumni Grant Scheme from Australia government. The explanation of each activity is given as follows:

3.1 Problem Identification In this stage, students and docents sit together to discuss and identify the problems so far in Cikapundung river, the scope of problems, the resources both funding, authority involved and persons involved as well as the time frame. The references are used in this identification process in order to sharpen the overview of problem and to measure the capability and capacity available to contribute in the project. The result of this stage is the agreement among the team members to focus on the upstream area of Citarum river, specifically on Cibodas and Suntenjaya villages. These two villages were chosen considering the local cow farming available that are scattered without any proper handling on the cow manure and sanitary of the farming. Another result is that the formation of two divisions i.e. division of research and development vs division of survey to make the members more focus on the activities.

3.2 Location survey and advocacy with community leaders and participants In this stage, there are several visits conducted in order to collect information regarding number of dairy farmers, farming and village condition, waste management, and location topography. After several time of visits, there is some difficulties face if the biodigester installed in

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Suntenjaya village due to the limitation of location and resistance of the villagers. According to the result, it is decided to locate the biodigester in Cibodas village. In fact due to the limitation of funding, it is decided to install the biodigester for a small cow farming owned by the villager in RW2, Cibodas village for approximately 8 to 10 cows for the prototype. The next survey was to interview the farmers regarding the need of energy at the moment and the survey showed that the cooking is not the most major need at this moment since it is only occurred twice per day. However they need the light for the cattle stall since the electricity is available but unstable.

3.3 Sample collection of cattle manures from Cibodas Village In this stage, the sample of cattle manure was collected for the research and development activity conducting in UNPAR. Several visits were done in order to get several sample of cow manure to have representative data on the real condition of manure time by time.

3.4 Researches This stage is divided in three i.e. the construction of laboratory scale biodigester, the study of manure to organic waste composition for biogas production and the determination of the best biodigester manufacturer surrounding Bandung area. The construction took most of the time since many trial and error took places until the team can find the best construction to represent the condition of the real biodigester that is going to be installed.

3.5 Biodigester construction in Cibodas Village After the manufacturer was decided by team, the biodigester began to be constructed. The team involve from the decision of place considering the output of the wastewater stream, the location of grass field and the best practice for the farmers. The team involve in the leveling of the biodigester, the output and the utilization of biogas, which is not only for cooking but also for lighting by applying the petromax lamp system with the inlet fuel of biogas produced. To ensure the safety, the team advice the manufacturer to modify the open petromax lamp into a closed bottom one so that no drop of fabric may occur that can cause fire in the stall.

3.6 Socialization to local community in Cibodas village The final step of the project is the workshop and socialization of the project to the community both dairy farmers in Cibodas village and Suntenjaya village. About 60 dairy farmers were invited with some honarable guests from local partner the Lodge foundation, Mr. Gerhard Fischer from

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Germany, representatives from Ciburial village, representatives from Bank Sampah Bersinar, journalists and others. In this stage, there are some knowledges shared regarding the biodigester, the utilization for lighting, the best combination with organic waste to produce biogas efficiently and several group discussions in order to get insight about what the community really need at this moment in relation to the manure issue.

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BAB IV TIME TABLE

This project was conducted as the part of the Renewable Energy Research Centre, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Parahyangan Catholic University from February until November 2019. In fact part of the activities were conducted earlier using the funding from Alumni Grant Scheme from Australia government. The time table of activities is presented in Tabel 4.1.

Tabel 4.1 Schedule of community service project 2018 to 2019

2018 2019 Kegiatan Nov Des Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov

Problem identification Location survey and advocacy with community leaders and participants Sample collection of cattle manures from Cibodas village Researches include construction of laboratory scale biogas digester, determination of manures composition for biogas production and determination of the best digester manufacturer surrounding Bandung area Biogas digester construction in Cibodas village Socialization to local community in Cibodas Village Writing a report

Writing a draft for publication Note  is funded by Australia Grant Scheme from Australia  is partly funded by this grant from LPPM

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BAB V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Problem Identification Most of local communities, who live in Maribaya, Lembang, work as agriculture and dairy farmers. Unfortunately, the disposal of their wastes is not manage well and end up in The Cikapundung River. This leads to the water pollution and limiting its use for daily needs and recreation. Manure waste management is one solution to reduce water pollution in Cikapundung. Biogas production as manure waste management is not a new technology for dairy farmers in Maribaya, Lembang. Previously, Indonesia Ministry of Energy has been actively encouraging the use of Renewable Indigenous Energy (RE) through BIRU program and constructed biogas digester around the area. However, the program is short-lived due to several reasons. The first problem encountered is due to the location selection erroneous. The constructed biogas digester was built in a higher altitude than the dairy farms. It created difficulties for farmers to transport the cow manures to the biogas digester. The second problem is due to the material of biogas digester. The most common material for construction of biogas digester are concrete, steel, paraffin, and plastics; depending on the location and surrounding forces. The previous constructed biogas digester used concrete as material. It has advantages such as inexpensive and its practicality. However, biogas digester should be resilient to two forces, internal earth pressure forces and inner hydrostatic and gas pressures forces (Nkoi and Lebele-Alawa, 2018). Unfortunately, Maribaya area is susceptible to earthquake due to its location surrounded by active volcanoes. The inner hydrostatic also plays role to tensile stress of biogas digester material. Thus, in a short period of time the constructed biogas digester was no longer in good condition. Misconception of local community to biogas also regressed the problem. Biogas is produced from fermentation of cow manures and is proposed to replace the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) for cooking. However, local communities assume that biogas is filthy product since it is produced from cow manures and using it for cooking will contaminate their foods. Thus, they still do not want to replace the LPG for biogas. Using biogas for lighting the lantern and replacing kerosene is more acceptable for local communities. Even though the electricity is already available in the village, the current is still fluctuating. Hence, the locals still rely on kerosene lanterns for lighting. However, they also encountered problems since the lantern needs to be modified further to support biogas.

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Due to these challenges, the community service team decided to build biogas digester near the farmer’s house and cow pens for easy access and the biogas produced will be used for replacing kerosene in lighting lantern.

5.2 Location Survey and Advocacy to Local Community The location survey was conducted to observe the topography of location, the transportation access, the resources (raw materials, electricity), and the communities condition. From the advocacy of The Lodge Foundation, two villages were observed. But conclusively, Cibodas Village is selected due to its location near Cikapundung River, abundant agricultural and cow manure wastes as raw materials, and good cooperation and advocacy between community service team and local communities. Cibodas village is located in Lembang Municipality with area of 1,273.44 Ha and altitude of 1,260 m above the sea level. Most of its population work as agriculture and dairy farmers. Cibodas Village is divided into three hamlet areas (Dusun), where hamlet 1 consists of 6 citizen associations (RW), hamlet 2 consists of 5 citizen associations (RW), and hamlet 3 consists of 6 citizen association (RW). With the assistance of The Lodge Foundation, the community service team met with the local community’s leaders of five citizen associations (RW) from three hamlet areas. From this meeting, it was found that the locals previously have used biogas as LPG replacement but due to low capacity, the biogas only lasted for two hours. The lack of information also plays role to the low enthusiasm for biogas. The locals tend to dispose the manure residues, they did not know that the manures residue from biogas production can be used as fertilizers.

Figure 5.1 Location survey to Cibodas village

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5.3 Sample Collection After location survey and advocacy with local communities, it was found that the low enthusiasm of using biogas is due to its low capacity, consequently only last for two hours. Thus, research was conducted to formulate optimum biogas production and minimize leakage in biogas digester. Beforewards, samples of manure were collected several time to ensure the good sampling that can represent the whole manure condition from time to time.

5.4 Researches Preliminary investigation was conducted as the consideration of the biodigester’s design. At the beginning several simple reactors were tried to be built up using used plastic drum and used tyre but all failed and the reactor kept on leaking all the time. At the end, the modified used zeppeline flasks were choosen since they were originally designed for leak free purposes. In fact several modification needed to take place since the modification did not go as smoothly as the theory and some leakage were detected. Afterall, finally the flasks were successfully modified. After the flasks were successfully modified as leakage free, the member of research and development team conducted experiments using several composition between manure and organic waste. One flask was dedicated for 100% cattle manure as the standard. Manure waste decomposition in the air tight or anaerobic condition will produce biogas. A comparative study was carried on biogas production for 15 days from the cow manures and agricultural / organic wastes with four different ratio. Composting process was conducted in the plastic reactor equipped with pressure device. From Error! Reference source not found., it can be seen that the mixture of manure and organic wastes can increase the amount of biogas produced. The ratio of cow manures to organic waste, 3:1, generates the largest biogas. Enhancement of biogas production can be linked to several parameters, such as organic loading rates, mixing, and monitoring & control. According to Budiyono et. al (2015), low biogas production can be caused by the lag of microbial activities. The microorganisms need nutrients (i.e carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous). The organic waste (i.e agricultural waste) provides good nutrient. The appropriate C/N ratio and sufficient microorganisms might attribute to the enhancement of biogas production. According to Yan, J et. al (2018), mixing the manures with organic waste will slow the degradation process thus prolong the biogas.

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0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

Pressure Gauge Pressure [MPa] 0.05

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time [Days] Ratio 1:0 Ratio 1:1 Ratio 3:1 Ratio 3:2 Figure 5.2 Biogas production with various composition of cow manures to organic wastes

Finally the survey on the best biodigester manufacturer was conducted. The determination includes the cost efficiency, after sales service and field visit to users to gain testimony directly from users.

5.5 Biodigester Construction The common type of biogas digesters are fixed dome, floating drum, and polyethylene tube digesters. Measures for distribution, installation and maintenance rely on the type of biogas digester used, the distinct requirements for space, equipment used, and labor input for each type. The biogas digester was constructed in Cibodas Village RW 2, Kampung Areng, Lembang with the help from Indonesia PRIMARY. The reactor or digester selected for this project is fixed- dome Tenari model capacity of 5M3 from fiberglass. The fixed-dome digester has minimum lifespan of 15 years and it is easy for maintenance. The fiber glass is used due to its fast installation and resiliencies to internal and external forces.

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Figure 5.3 Biogas production scheme (source: Parlin Siregar, Gerai Arsitek)

The biodigester is constructed near the cow pens and farmer’s house for easy access. One biodigester has capacity of 5000 Liter manures with manure flow rates 100 Liter per day. The biogas produced is around 1000 Liter per day or equals to eight hours if used continuously for lantern lighting. There are several main parts of biogas digester: inlet tank (mixing), inlet pipe, digester, outlet chamber, and gas carrier system (as can be seen in Figure 5.3). The digester content is mixed to ensure even temperature distribution and alkalinity buffering, improve effective transfer of nutrients to microorganisms, release trapped gas bubbles, and to prevent sedimentation of particulate matter. However, excessive mixing can reduce the production of biogas by disturbing microorganism aggregation and granulation.

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Figure 5.4 The construction process of biodigester in the Cibodas village

5.6 Community Socialization / Training The community socialization/training was held in The Lodge Foundation on May 18, 2019. Around 60 villagers from two villages, Cibodas and Suntenjaya, were invited. The socialization aims to eliminates misconception about biogas and inform villagers regarding ―Manure Management Training to Produce Biogas Effectively and Efficiently Toward Smart Eco-Social Village‖.

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Figure 5.5 Training and socialization of manure management to produce biogas

From this socialization local communities showed positive enthusiasm, however villagers encounter some limitations to commit fully to the program. It can be seen in Figure 5.6 that around 34% do not have proper equipment and biogas digester chamber, 21% of sample population do not have enough space to build biogas digester, while 20% of population is apprehensive to the continuation of the program. They feel the needs to be monitored and evaluated periodically. Around 12% of population lack of fund. The manure transportation or logistic also becomes major problem and it shows around 7% of population. Around 6% of population does not know how to manage worm to produce fertilizer from the residues.

Figure 5.6 The needs distribution of Cibodas and Suntenjaya communities

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CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS and ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is implemented in Cibodas village and successfully proved to the community that cattle manure can be used as the source of energy for cooking and lighting. Additionally the slurry produced can be used as high quality fertilizer which is beneficial for own usage for grass farming or commercially sold as organic fertilizer. According to the survey, there is a high interest int the cattle manure management and utilization. The survey shows that 34% of attendants feel the need to have proper equipment of biodigester, 21% need the land for equipment, 20% of population is apprehensive to the continuation of the program including the guidance such as monitoring and evaluation periodically, 12% of population need the funding, 7% of population needs the logistic for manure transportation and around 6% of population feels the need of knowledge to use the worm to produce fertilizer from the residues. This inputs are valuable and will be the initial point for the next program as the continuance of this project.

5.1 Acknowledgements The community service and engagement project is sponsored by Alumni Grant Scheme 2019 from Australia government, The Lodge Foundation and Parahyangan Catholic University. This project is developed and conducted together with Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Kimia (HMPSTK) UNPAR, Heni Nurhaeni Smith and Yuni from The Lodge Foundation, Dandi Budiman (PRIMARY), Aryanita Sembiring (The Local Enablers), and Cibodas Local Community and Municipality.

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References

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