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Dissertation PhD-FSHE-2020-27 The Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences DISSERTATION Presented on 28/09/2020 in Esch-sur-Alzette to obtain the degree of DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU LUXEMBOURG EN SCIENCES SOCIALES by Santiago MEJÍA IDÁRRAGA Born on 26 March 1984 in Colombia ANALYZING SUSTAINABLE AND EMERGING CITIES: THE INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AND SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS ii Abstract This research analyzes the Inter-American Development Bank’s (IDB) Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) through examination of the transfer of innovation between an influential city, Medellín (Colombia), and a host city, Xalapa (Mexico) which participated in the ESCI. It uses categories of quality of democracy to evaluate decision-making in the regionalization process of urban transformation initiatives. The study illustrates how Medellín’s experience of social urbanism is not exportable due to particular existing conditions which are not repeated in other Latin American cities, such as Xalapa. Furthermore, this research demonstrates the existence of a dysfunctional standardized region embodied by the processes proposed by the IDB. The Inter-American Development Bank developed the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative between 2012 and 2019 in 77 cities of the American continent. This initiative is influenced by Medellín, which institutionalizes a model of spatial intervention known as 'social urbanism' or 'transformation of Medellín.' The IDB exports the publicized success of the Medellín model to intermediate cities in various countries with varying results. In the case of Xalapa, Mexico, the initiative had a negative effect because it did not go beyond the implementation stage. The causes of non-execution are symptoms of a problem in the design of the regionalization strategy that fails to homogenize urban planning techniques between diverse territorialities. The objective of the research was to analyze a transfer of urban development programs between territories at the nano-level and regional institutions at the macro-level, which create a new regional integration system through urban planning projects. The analysis of the implementation of macro-regional programs in nano urban regions was carried out through a multilevel analysis and a comparative study, combining qualitative and iii quantitative mixed approaches in Medellín and Xalapa. Data collection included a literature review utilizing the PRISMA method, elaboration of a map of actors, and semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed through the categories of Quality of Democracy. As a result, I developed categories extracted from the Quality of Democracy for the analysis of urban projects. The results of a triangulation of interview-type sources, a review of indicators, and press releases yielded values that show no incidence of democratic quality in decision-making processes for the implementation of regionalized projects. This opens discussions on legality, accountability, freedom, equity, and auditing in the implementation of regional initiatives. I conclude that there is a parabola of regionalization of citizen initiatives whose origin is in nano territories. This initiative is regionalized by the Inter-American Development Bank through the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, in a dysfunctional standard regionalization process. This process fails due to structural divergences in political culture, normative design, decision-making processes, and normative incoherence among the cities participating in the parabola. Keywords: Inter-American Development Bank, quality of democracy, regionalization, social urbanism, Medellín, Xalapa iv v Acknowledgments I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Harlan Koff, who remarkably guided this investigation. Thank you, Harlan, for allowing me to be your student and friend. I would like to thank Professor Dr. Carmen Maganda, at Instituto de Ecología, for her professionalism in teaching me the value of research with rigor and respect for others. I also want to thank Professor Dr. Conchita D'Ambrosio, at the University of Luxembourg, for her patience, willingness to share her knowledge, and contribution to the methodological success of this project. The Consortium for Comparative Research on Regional Integration and Social Cohesion and the Institute of Ecology in Mexico, through the Environment and Sustainability network, participated in this research. I am grateful to colleagues from both institutions for their assistance and interest in this project. Rafael Aguilar and Israel Portillo helped me during the fieldwork. Thank you for showing me Veracruz. I would also like to thank the municipal, academic, citizen institutions and friends in Xalapa de Enríquez who kindly shared their experiences with me, especially the Mayor's Office, the Universidad Veracruzana and the Colegio de Veracruz. Thank you to the social organizations and public officials of Medellín who showed solidarity by courageously sharing information and joining workshops despite the challenges of a city in conflict. vi This research was mainly possible thanks to the permanent, fraternal and enriching accompaniment of the Koff-Maganda Family. A special thanks to Carmen, Zenyram and Harlan; I am eternally grateful for your sincere teachings. Thanks to my family, especially Mauro Pizziolo, Jose Miguel Sánchez and Luz Marina Monsalve, and my parents and relatives in Colombia. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Catherine Pérez for walking through life with me and building the world through her cosmic language. Santiago Mejía Idárraga Medellín September 2020 This research was carried out with the financial support of Uniremington Corporación Universitaria, the Foundation for the Future of Colombia, the Sapiencia Fund from the Medellín Mayor's Office and the Research Support Grant from the University of Luxembourg. vii List of abbreviations CAN: Comunidad Andina. COREQ: Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research. DSR: Dysfunctional standard region. ESCI: Emergent and Sustainable Cities Initiative. EPM: Empresas Públicas de Medellín. IDB: Inter-American Development Bank. LAC: Latin American cities. MERCOSUR: Mercado Común del Sur. MSU: Medellín’s Social Urbanism model. NRT: New regionalism theory. OAS: Organization of American States. POT: Plan de ordenamiento territorial (Land use plan). PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. PUR: Polycentric urban region. QoD: Quality of democracy. SDG: Sustainable Development Goals. UNASUR: Unión de Naciones Suramericanas. ZCX: Zona conurbada de Xalapa. ZMX: Zona Metropolitana de Xalapa. viii List of tables Table I.2-1: Research question linked to specific objective. ........................................................ 13 Table I.2-2: Number of interviews by country. ............................................................................ 14 Table I.3-1: Search results in databases on previous works. ........................................................ 20 Table I.4-1: Global relevance of emergent cities. ......................................................................... 31 Table I.4-2: Prominent donors of the ESCI .................................................................................. 45 Table I.5-1: Housing density in Medellín ..................................................................................... 64 Table I.5-2: Population of Medellín, 2005- projection 2020 ........................................................ 68 Table I.5-3: Medellín’s urban planning tools. .............................................................................. 73 Table I.5-4: Medellín’s Social Urbanism categories for intervention. ......................................... 76 Table I.5-5: Local poverty estimation, Xalapa 2010-2015. .......................................................... 83 Table II.1-1: Goals of democracy ……………..………………………………………………… 91 Table II.1-2: Quality of Democracy categories by dimension ...................................................... 93 Table II.2-1: Connections between city, region, and rural area.. ................................................ 108 Table II.2-2: Concepts and their disciplinary use: region, regionalism, regionalization ............ 117 Table II.2-3: An explanation frame for understanding regionalism, regionalization, regioness, and inter-regionalism ......................................................................................................................... 124 Table II.2-4: Region conceived as spatial practice, concrete, and perceived ............................. 127 Table II.5-1: Types of Multi-level Governance .......................................................................... 147 Table II.5-2: Democracy rank position for Colombia and Mexico ............................................ 154 Table II.5-3: Scores of Colombia in the IDD-LAT ranking ....................................................... 156 Table II.5-4: Scores of Mexico in the IDD-LAT ranking ........................................................... 157 Table II.5-5: Table of common measures of the QoD ................................................................ 162 Table II.5-6: Meanings of the QoD scores.................................................................................. 178 Table III.1-1: MSU main projects. .............................................................................................. 193 Table III.1-2: Homogeneous and functional
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