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AP2-Lesson10 Applied Phytotherapeutics II Human Flower: Reproduction By Terry Willard ClH, PhD; Todd Caldecott ClH Lesson 10 The Human Flower Part One: Human Reproduction Introduction The area of reproductive health provides a large divergence between Western bio-medicine and modern herbal practice. From a bio-medicine point of view the reproductive system (especially female) is one of the most challenging areas. With complex physiology and constant hormone fluxes, Western medicine finds this area hard to treat. This is very apparent in the use of birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), where instead of continuous fluctuations, a constant level of hormones is delivered. This is like making all the hormones, receptor sites and tissues march to the same drummer, instead of a naturally continuous dance of harmony, with the natural ebbs and flow of an inner rhythm. On the other hand historically a very large percentage of herbalists have been women, making up the wise-women, midwives and local rural practitioner of the past. They, of course, focused much of their attention on matters of reproduction, fertility, childbirth and child rearing. In modern bio-medicine treatment solutions are not satisfactory; with surgery, and hormone ‘bullying’ being the major options. Repeated use of antibiotics is often used to treat infection and inflammation. The main characteristic of the female reproductive system is that of mobility and changeability. This makes it quite complex to understand from a bio-medical model and thus dysfunctions seem hard to treat. On the other hand from an herbalist’s point of view it is usually simply a matter of strengthening the underlying tissue and restoring rhythm. You will therefore notice many of the herbal treatments protocols are the same for what appear to be different health issues (e.g. the same herbs are used for no menstruation, excessive menstruation, menstrual cramps or other menstrual irregularities). This concept of self-organization is almost foreign to modern bio-medicine, but quite prominent in herbal programs. By taking away stresses on the system, feeding the proper nutrients and supporting the underlying ©2012 Wild Rose College of Natural Healing 1 All Rights Reserved. Applied Phytotherapeutics II Human Flower: Reproduction By Terry Willard ClH, PhD; Todd Caldecott ClH Lesson 10 tissue, most rhythmic conditions will fix themselves. This is very true of many of the reproductive issues dealt with in this lesson. The reproductive system often only requires a ‘herbal nudge’ to encourage the underlying hormone systems and tissue to regain a state of health. There is a long list of botanicals that have an effect on female or male reproductive tissues. A list of these can be found in the appendix of this lesson. Most practitioners will rely on just a few favourites to accomplish the desired effect. For the female system the herbs most used at Wild Rose are Dong quai (Angelica sinensis), Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), Blue Cohosh (Caulphyllum thalictroides), squaw vine (Mitchella repens) and Chaste berry (Vitex agnus- castus). For male issues Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens), Buchu (Agathosma betulina), Nettle roots (Urtica dioica) and pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo). In this lesson we will deal with the area of: Female: • irregular menstruation • painful menstruation • heavy menstruation • Premenstrual syndrome • menopause • ovarian cysts • vaginal infections • fibroids • endometriosis • pelvic inflammatory disease Male: • Inguinal and scrotal inflammation • Prostatic infection and inflammation • Hormonal dysfunction and male infertility • ©2012 Wild Rose College of Natural Healing 2 All Rights Reserved. Applied Phytotherapeutics II Human Flower: Reproduction By Terry Willard ClH, PhD; Todd Caldecott ClH Lesson 10 Female Reproductive system The female reproductive organs can be divided into external organs, including the vulva and the breasts, and internal organs such as the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes. Female external anatomy More information can be found in previous courses you have taken, or in your mandatory text: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology by Tortora and Grabowski. The term vulva refers to the mons pubis, labia minora, labia majora, the clitoris, and the vestibule. The mons pubis is an elevation of adipose tissue covered in pubic hair, located anterior to the vaginal and urethral openings, ©2012 Wild Rose College of Natural Healing 3 All Rights Reserved. Applied Phytotherapeutics II Human Flower: Reproduction By Terry Willard ClH, PhD; Todd Caldecott ClH Lesson 10 and helps to cushion the pubic symphysis during sexual activity. The labia majora are large fleshy folds of skin and adipose tissue that encompass the inner structure of the vulva. Pubic hair grows on the external surfaces of the labia majora, and its inner surfaces are lined with mucus membranes, sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands that help to lubricate the vagina during sexual activity. The labia minora are contained within the labia majora and are joined at the top to form the clitoral hood or prepuce, and encompass the vaginal and urethral openings. The labia minora is typically devoid of hair and fat tissue, and contains fewer sudoriferous glands. The clitoris is a small, cylindrical mass of erectile and nervous tissue. The exposed portion of the clitoris is the glans, is capable of enlargement during tactile stimulation, and plays a role in sexual excitement in the female. The vestibule is the cleft between the labia minora, containing the hymen (if present), the vaginal orifice, the urethral orifice and the openings of several glands. The bulb of the vestibule is two elongated masses of erectile tissue deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal opening. During sexual arousal the bulb becomes engorged with blood, narrowing the vaginal opening. Anterior to the vaginal opening and posterior to the clitoris is the external urethral orifice. It is surrounded by the paraurethral glands that secrete mucus. On either side of the vaginal opening are the Bartholin’s glands that secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina during sexual activity. ©2012 Wild Rose College of Natural Healing 4 All Rights Reserved. Applied Phytotherapeutics II Human Flower: Reproduction By Terry Willard ClH, PhD; Todd Caldecott ClH Lesson 10 The breasts contain modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands called mammary glands that produce milk. They are paired and lie over the pectoral region of the chest. Internally, each mammary gland consists of lobes that are separated by adipose tissue. The size of the breasts is determined by the presence of adipose tissue, but fat tissue has nothing to do with milk production itself. Each lobe is divided into smaller lobules, which in turn are composed of clusters of milk-secreting glands called alveoli. Arranged in grape-like clusters, the alveoli convey the produced milk into secondary tubules and then into mammary ducts. As these ducts approach the nipple they expand to form sinuses called lactiferous sinuses, where the milk is typically stored if it is being produced. The sinuses contain lactiferous ducts that terminate in a pigmented projection called the nipple. Surrounding each nipple is circular pigmented area called the areola that has a roughened appearance due to the many modified sebaceous glands contained within it. Female internal anatomy The internal organs of the female reproductive system are composed of the uterus and endometrium, fallopian tubes, cervix, ovaries, and vagina. The uterus is a powerful muscular organ, considered to be one of the strongest in the body. It is about the size and shape of a slightly flattened pear, but can stretch to accommodate a developing fetus and rhythmically contract during childbirth. The shape of the uterus is affected by polyps, fibroids, as well as current and repeated pregnancies. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, is shed every three to four weeks as menstrual fluid. It is divided into two layers, the basal layer that always covers the uterine muscle and is unchanging, and the functional layer that changes with hormonal activity, becoming glandular ©2012 Wild Rose College of Natural Healing 5 All Rights Reserved. Applied Phytotherapeutics II Human Flower: Reproduction By Terry Willard ClH, PhD; Todd Caldecott ClH Lesson 10 and developing microscopic spiral arteries that supply it with nutrition. The functional endometrium develops under the influence of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. It is thinnest during the first part of the cycle after menstruation, and estrogen initiates its development. If and when ovulation occurs, progesterone is produced in increasing amounts, thickening the endometrium and promoting glandular changes. Although the regular shedding of the endometrium is an indication of hormonal change, it does not necessarily indicate ovulation. The fallopian tubes are paired muscular organs lined with microscopic hair-like projections called cilia. The fallopian tubes are on average about 10 cm long and end in small finger-like projections called fimbria (pl. fimbriae). The fimbriae are funnel-shaped, wide at the ovarian end and narrow at the uterine end, about the width of a needle. The regular contraction of the fallopian tubes conveys the expelled ovum during ovulation into the uterus, preventing the back flow of menstrual fluid and the infection of the pelvic cavity. The cilia function to sweep the released ovum along the fallopian tube from the ovaries to the uterus, and are enhanced by the influence of estrogen. The fimbriae act like tiny fingers, constantly in motion, sweeping the expelled ovum into the end of the fallopian tubes, where the cilia and the rhythmic contraction of the tubes take over. If one fimbria is damaged from surgery, infection, or endometriosis, the other can actually cause the ovum released by the opposite ovary to be drawn toward it. The ovaries are the paired, oval-shaped gonads of the female reproductive tract, about the size of a small, slightly flattened egg. The ovaries are not attached to the end of the fallopian tubes, but to the uterus by the ovarian ligament.
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