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Yellowstone Resources & Issues 2006 YELLOWSTONE RESOURCES &ISSUES 2006 The new Canyon Visitor Education Center opens this year. Division of Interpretation • Yellowstone National Park The National Park Service and Yellowstone National Park wish to thank the Yellowstone Association, which funded this full color edition. Contributors Production of Yellowstone Resources and Issues 2006 is made possible through the efforts of many people in Yellowstone National Park and beyond. These include: Karen Angermeier Roy Renkin Lane Baker and staff Ann Rodman & staff Tami Blackford Jo Suderman Tom Cawley Brian Suderman and staff Diane Chalfant Virginia Warner Clare Cloghessy Tammy Wert and staff Jennifer Conrad Dr. Lisa Morgan, U.S. Geological Survey Katy Duffy and staff Dr. Toni K. Ruth, Wildlife Conservation Judy Knuth Folts Society Bob Fuhrmann and staff The Yellowstone National Park staff experts Deb Guernsey who contributed updates to this edition are Henry Heasler listed at the end of each chapter in “For More Judy Jensen and staff Information.” Craig Johnson Editing, design, production: Beth Kaeding Carolyn Duckworth, Publications Program Manager, Division of Interpretation Steve Miller Managing Editor: Linda Young, Deputy Peggy Olliff Chief of Interpretation: Planning and Media Jim Peaco Produced by the Division of Interpretation, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming. All material is in the public domain unless noted below. Front cover: NPS/Austin & Jones Most photographs from Yellowstone National Park collection. Individuals or organizations contributing photos: title page—CTA Associates; p. 35, 53 (3), 54, 55 (top), 57 (bottom), 60, 63, 66, 80, 81, 151, 171, 179, 187, 190 (bottom), 199—Carolyn Duckworth; p. 43—UWS/UWM Great Lakes Water Institute; p. 44—Dr. Russell Cuhel; p. 49—Robert Smith; p. 53 (bottom), 56 (bottom), 58 (left top & center)—Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University; p. 57 (2nd from bottom), 68—Jennifer Whipple; p. 98, 141—Tom Cawley; p. 102—Toni K. Ruth, Hornocker Wildlife Institute & Wildlife Conservation Society; p. 144, top left—Eric Engbretson, USFWS; p. 144, middle left—David Riecks, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; p. 144, bottom left—Charles Ramcharan, Wisconsin Sea Grant; p. 144, right—Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services; p. 146—Thomas Brock; p. 157—Michael S. Sample. Most maps and illustrations produced by the staff of Yellowstone National Park, including the Spatial Analysis Center, or are from other National Park Service sources. Exceptions: p. 7—Dan Chapman; wildlife illustrations on page 16 and Chapter 7—© Zachary Zdinak; p. 21— adapted from map first appearing in Yellowstone Science, Fall 2001; p. 37, 38, 39, 40, 46—courtesy Robert Smith, from Windows Into the Earth (co-authored with Lee J. Siegel), 2000, Oxford Press; p. 43–44, Dr. Lisa Morgan, U.S. Geological Survey; p. 52—Dr. Jack Farmer, first appearing in GSA Today, July 2000; p. 55 (bottom)—Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University; p. 125—Debra Patla; p. 163—CTA Architects & Engineers CONTENTS 2006 Introduction...................................................7 3 Geology.................................................37 The Beginning of an Idea . 7 What Lies Beneath . 37 Today’s National Park System . 8 Ancient Yellowstone . 38 NPS Mission Statement . 9 Magma & Hotspots. 38 YNP Mission Statement . 10 Future Volcanic Activity. 40 Significance of YNP . 10 Geyser Basin Systems. 41 Park Facts . 11 Hydrothermal Features . 42 Frequently Asked Questions. 12 Beneath Yellowstone Lake . 43 Earthquakes . 45 1 History of the Park...............................19 Glaciers . 46 Earliest Humans in Yellowstone. 19 Sedimentation & Erosion . 47 Increased Use . 20 Fossils . 48 The Little Ice Age. 22 Research . 49 Historic Tribes. 22 Yellowstone Volcanic Observatory. 49 “Sheep Eaters” . 22 European Americans Arrive . 23 4 Life in Extreme Heat ............................51 Expeditions . 23 About Microbes . 52 Birth of a National Park . 24 Thermophiles in the Tree of Life . 52 The Formative Years. 25 Thermophilic Bacteria . 53 The Army Arrives . 26 Thermophilic Archaea . 54 The National Park Service Begins . 27 Thermophilic Viruses . 55 Boundary Adjustments . 28 Thermophilic Eukarya . 56 The 1940s . 28 Thermophilic Communities . 58 Mission 66. 28 Thermophiles by Place and Color . 60 From Managed to “Natural”. 29 Thermophiles in Time & Space . 61 Complex Times . 29 The Legacy of Yellowstone . 30 5 Vegetation.............................................63 Major Types . 63 2 Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.........31 Effects of Disturbances. 65 Biological Diversity . 33 Trees . 66 Cycles & Processes. 33 Endemics . 68 Community Complexity . 34 Exotics. 69 Winter . 35 Management Challenges. 36 contents continue . 6 Fire ........................................................71 9 Park Issues .........................................141 Fire Ecology . 71 Aquatic Invaders . 141 Fire Management . 72 Bioprospecting . 145 The Fires of 1988 . 75 Bison Management . 148 Results of Research. 79 Grizzly & Black Bear Management. 153 Northern Range. 158 7 Wildlife ..................................................83 Sustainable Practices. 161 A. Mammals Wilderness. 165 List of Mammals in Yellowstone . 83 Winter Use. 167 Small Mammals . 86 Wolf Restoration . 174 Bear, Black . 93 Bear, Grizzly . 94 10 Major Areas of the Park ....................179 Bears, Comparison . 95 Canyon. 179 Beaver . 96 Lake & Fishing Bridge . 182 Bighorn Sheep. 97 Madison/West Entrance . 185 Bison . 98 Mammoth Hot Springs . 187 Cats: Bobcat & Lynx . 100 Norris. 190 Cougar . 101 Old Faithful . 193 Coyote . 103 Tower–Roosevelt. 196 Deer, Mule & White-tailed. 104 West Thumb & Grant . 198 Elk . 105 Fox. 107 Moose . 109 Pronghorn . 111 Wolf . 113 B: Birds . 115 C: Fish . 121 D: Reptiles & Amphibians . 125 8 Cultural Resources............................133 Archeology . 133 Cultural Landscapes . 134 Ethnography . 134 Associated Tribes . 134 By Word of Mouth . 135 Historic Structures & Districts . 136 Collections. 139 Cultural Resource Laws . 139 PREFACE 2006 In this book, you will find concise information about the park’s history, natural resources, cultural resources, issues, and major areas. This material was provided and reviewed by park researchers, resource specialists, and staffs of Planning, Public Affairs, and Interpretation. Organization of Chapters: • Summary box containing key facts • Main text providing overview of subject • Resource list for more information Some material is repeated in the book to accommodate users with varying needs. New/revised in margin arrows point to . 2006: Ch. 4 revised new Ch. 9 bioprospecting & and/or changed winter use revised information Updating the Information Information about Yellowstone constantly changes; the information provided here is current as of March 2006. You can find updates and comprehensive information on the park website (www.nps.gov/yell), in park publications and exhibits, or by asking the park’s interpretive rangers who staff the visitor centers. We welcome your feedback and comments. INTRODUCTION The Beginning of an Idea One of the most enduring legends of Yellowstone National Park involves its beginning. In 1870, explorers gathered around a campfire at the junction of two pristine rivers, overshadowed by the towering cliffs of the Madison Plateau. They discussed what they had seen during their exploration and realized that this land of fire and ice and wild animals needed to be preserved. Thus, the legend goes, the idea of Yellowstone National Park was born. It is a wonderful story—and a myth. But The management of Yellowstone from 1872 those men were real, and so is this land they through the early 1900s, which is described in Law information explored. Thanks to their reports and the work Chapter 1, helped set the stage for the creation revised of explorers and artists who followed, the of an agency whose sole purpose was to United States Congress established Yellow- manage the national parks. Promoters of this TWO “ORGANIC stone National Park in 1872. The Yellowstone idea gathered support from influential journal- ACTS” National Park Protection Act says “the head- ists, railroads likely to profit from increased The laws creating waters of the Yellowstone River . is hereby park tourism, and members of Congress. The Yellowstone National reserved and withdrawn from settlement, National Park Service Organic Act was passed Park and the occupancy, or sale . and dedicated and set by Congress and approved by President National Park apart as a public park or pleasuring-ground for Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916: Service are both the benefit and enjoyment of the people.” In There is created in the Department of called “The Organic Act” because each an era of expansion throughout the young the Interior a service to be called the nation, the federal government had the fore- was significant National Park Service, [which] . enabling legislation. sight to set aside land deemed too valuable to shall promote and regulate the use develop. However, the name of the Federal areas known as national most often refers to For the following 18 years, Yellowstone was parks, monuments, and reservations the law that created “the national park.” Then in 1890 Congress . by such means and measures as the National Park established three more national parks: conform to the fundamental purpose Service. To avoid Sequoia, General Grant (now part of Kings to conserve the scenery and the natural confusion, in this Canyon), and Yosemite. Mount
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