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PATRIARCHY, POWER, ISLAM and the POSITION of WOMEN in .Pdf PATRIARCHY, POWER, ISLAM AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SELECTED WORKS OF NURUDDIN FARAH BY MURJANATU RILWAN MUHAMMAD PH.D/ARTS/7268/2011-2012 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA AUGUST, 2018 PATRIARCHY, POWER, ISLAM AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SELECTED WORKS OF NURUDDIN FARAH BY MURJANATU RILWAN MUHAMMAD PH.D/ARTS/7268/2011-2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Literature Department of English and Literary Studies, Faculty of Arts Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria AUGUST, 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this Thesis titled: “Patriarchy, Power, Islam and the Position of Women in Selected Works of Nuruddin Farah”, has been written by me and that it is a record of my research work. It has not been presented in any previous application for a higher degree. All quotations are indicated and the sources of information are specifically and fully acknowledged by means of references. ii CERTIFICATION This Thesis titled: “Patriarchy, Power, Islam and the Position of Women in Selected Works of Nuruddin Farah”, meets the requirements governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Literature of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. _____________________ _______________ Prof. T.N. Abubakar Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee _____________________ _______________ Prof. A.A. Liman Date Member, Supervisory Committee _____________________ _______________ Dr. S. Jaji Date Member, Supervisory Committee _____________________ _______________ Prof. T.Y. Surakat Date Head of Department _____________________ _______________ Prof. S.Z. Abubakar Date Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies iii DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to the loving memory of my beloved son – UKASHA who never lived to see the completion of this work. May Al-Jannat Firdaus be your eternal resting place. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most compassionate, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in completing this work. This study would not have been successful without the dedication and consistent guidance of my supervisors, Professor Tanimu Abubakar, Professor A.A. Liman and Dr. Suleiman Jaji. Thanks to Professor Ibrahim Bello Kano (I.B.K.) for all the concern. I also would like to acknowledge Dr. Jonah Amodu, whose insightful comments shared with humour, pushed me forward. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Saminu Isyaku for all his support and constructive advice. Special regards to Dr. Isah Ibrahim, Dr. Joyce Agofure, Dr. Hauwa Sani and all members of staff of the Department of English and Literary Studies for making me feel at „home‟. Thanks to Malam Ya‟u Tanimu for attentive comments and fruitful intellectual conversations. I am also grateful to the staff of Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, whose unfailing support has inspired me to strive for excellence. Special thanks to my brothers Mal. Aliyu Rilwan and Professor Ahmed Babajo Kofa whose mentoring advice over the years has helped me to become a confident „old‟ scholar. Thanks to Mr. Elijah Agala for his typing expertise. Heartfelt gratitude to my Mum for teaching me perseverance and my husband who has more confidence in my ability than I have. To my children, Habiba, Aliyu, Nu‟uman, Aisha and Fadimatu, thank you for all your support and encouragement. v ABSTRACT In general terms, the works of Nuruddin Farah have received insufficient attention in literary circles. This is in spite of the profound insights his novels provide on the Somali society, especially in relation to the struggles of women for emancipation in its patriarchal Islamic context. This research evaluates selected novels of Farah as illustrations of the predicament of women in a patriarchal society in which religion and tradition have been manipulated to subject women to various forms of hardships. The study further focuses on the aspirations and struggles of women in the patriarchal clan structure of Somali society which the previous studies have not adequately explored especially in relation to the efforts of women at self-realisation. Feminist literary criticism is used to show that Farah‟s novels are circumscribed by reformism, recognising that women can wrest away the historic privilege of males as the sole interpreters of women‟s lives. The study argues that Farah‟s novels provide a realistic representation of the position of women in Somalia and submits that religion is not the sole embodiment and conveyor of patriarchal ideology. The study examines Nuruddin Farah‟s From a Crooked Rib (1970), and his trilogy titled: „Variations on the theme of African Dictatorship comprising of the novels: Sweet and Sour Milk (1992), Sardines (1981) and Close Sesame (1992). vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Title Page i Declaration ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Abstract vi Table of Contents vii Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem 5 1.3 Aim and Objectives 5 1.4 Justification of the Study 6 1.5 Scope and Delimitation 7 1.6 Methodology 7 1.7 Chapter Structure 8 1.8 Islam, Patriarchy and Power 8 1.9 Nuruddin Farah and the Development of Somali Novel 24 1.10 Farah and Female Genital Mutilation 29 Chapter Two: Analytical Framework and Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Postcolonial Feminist Literary Criticism as Analytical Framework 38 2.3 Western Feminist Theory 43 2.3.1 Liberal Feminist Theory 44 vii 2.3.2 Socialist Marxist Feminist Theory 44 2.3.3 Radical Feminist Theory 45 2.4 An Overview of African Feminist Discourse 46 2.5 Literature Review 59 Chapter Three: Two of a Kind: Somalia the Country, and Nuruddin Farah its Writer 3.0 Introduction - 68 3.1 A Biographical Sketch of Nuruddin Farah 68 3.2 An Overview of Somalia 69 3.3 Influence of Islam and Somali Customary Laws on Women 73 3.4 Religion and Secularism 77 3.5 Secularism and the Works of Nuruddin Farah 82 3.6 Women and Siyad Barre‟s Military Rule 90 Chapter Four: Feminism as a Challenge to Patriarchy in Farah’s From a Crooked Rib and Sardines 4.1 From a Crooked Rib 99 4.2 Sardines 114 Chapter Five: Representation of Gender, Tradition and Religion in Farah’s Sweet and Sour Milk and Close Sesame 5.1 Sweet and Sour Milk 128 5.1.1 Islam and the Position of Women in Sweet and Sour Milk 134 5.2 Close Sesame 138 Chapter Six Conclusion 147 References 151 viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study This study evaluates Nuruddin Farah‟s vision of empowering women through his artistic recreation of their struggles against domination, patriarchy and inequality both at the domestic and the social levels in an attempt to reconstruct the Somali society. In order to do this, Feminist Criticism is used as a theoretical framework for the analysis of the selected novels mainly because feminist writing is preoccupied with the issues of women as marginalised social group in Third World countries. Nuruddin Farah is one of the feminist writers whose main concern is the unyielding criticism of neo-colonial practices in contemporary Somali politics and the location of the predicament of women in the postcolonial legacies of oppression, subjugation and marginalisation. This study therefore examines Nuruddin Farah‟s vision of changing society which challenges many of the preconceived values of his society and questions long held beliefs in the subjugation of women. Practices like arranged marriage and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) are seen by Farah as deliberate acts of maiming women. The feminist perspectives of Farah‟s works are therefore depicted together with the social barriers that limit the quest for individuality among modern Somali women. Literary works reflect real life situations and in this context, the depiction of female characters in literary works invokes their roles in the society. However, the portrayal of female characters, beginning from early times, reflects male bias since the world has been male dominated. Some ancient scholars had negative attitudes towards women‟s role in the society as expressed in their writings. To cite some examples from Krishnaswamy et al (2001), Aristotle declared that „the female is female by virtue of a certain lack of quality‟, Aquinas believed that „woman is an imperfect man and female is a 1 mis-begotten male, and also Nitzsche is convinced that „woman is the source of all folly and unreason, the siren figure that lures the male philosopher out of his appointed truth- seeking path and that woman is God‟s second mistake‟. These examples show that even some well-known philosophers have a biased outlook towards females. Besides, the society‟s acceptance of this biased outlook paved the way for women to have a submissive role in society, thereby accepting patriarchy and its consequences. Convention and traditions set by the patriarchal society unfairly enable men to impose their supremacy in every aspect of women‟s existence. As is a fact of life in the world as a whole, the case of Africa is no different; it has a long history of predominated patriarchal nature in addition to postcolonial effect. In harmony with this, Reich (1977) describes patriarchy as: The power of the fathers: familial, social, ideological, and political system in which, by direct pressure or through tradition, law and language, custom, etiquette, education and division of labour – men determine what parts women shall or shall not play, and the female is everywhere subsumed by the male (Reich, 1977:202). Bearing this in mind, it is not as such difficult to see the problems women face due to the discriminatory attitude of men both within the family unit and the larger society.
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