DOCSLIB.ORG

Styrax Grandifolius Ait.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) Steven R. Hill, Ph.D. Division of Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology Biotic Surveys and Monitoring Section 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Eastern Region (Region 9), Shawnee and Hoosier National Forests INHS Technical Report 2007 (65) Date of Issue: 17 December 2007 Cover photo: Styrax grandifolius Ait., from the website: In Bloom – A Monthly Record of Plants in Alabama; Landscape Horticulture at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/inbloomapril99.html This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on the subject taxon or community; or this document was prepared by another organization and provides information to serve as a Conservation Assessment for the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. It does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if you have information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service - Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 580 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. 2 Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................4 Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................5 Nomenclature and Taxonomy..........................................................................................................6 Description of the Species................................................................….……..................................7 Habitat and Ecology.........................................................................................................................7 Distribution and Abundance..........................................................................................................11 Protection Status............................................................................................................................13 Life History....................................................................................................................................14 Population Biology and Viability..................................................................................................15 Potential Threats............................................................................................................................17 Research and Monitoring...............................................................................................................20 Restoration.....................................................................................................................................22 Summary........................................................................................................................................23 References......................................................................................................................................24 Websites Consulted........................................................................................................................27 Contacts..........................................................................................................................................28 Appendix 1. Representative specimens of Styrax grandifolius examined or cited in the literature...............................................................................…................29 Appendix 2. The distribution of Styrax grandifolius. Information from herbarium specimens and the literature.........................................32 Appendix 3. Natural Diversity Database Element Ranking System..............................................33 3 Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the staffs of the United States Forest Service, Shawnee and Hoosier National Forests, for the opportunity to compile these conservation assessments and for their invaluable assistance with data and field opportunities. Beth Shimp and Steve Widowski have been particularly helpful in facilitating these cost share agreements. I would also like to thank the grants and contracts staff of the Illinois Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois, Champaign, for their assistance with logistics necessary to complete these reports. Curators of several herbaria, cited in the appendices to this report, were very helpful in allowing access to the collections to obtain data on this plant. Several people also assisted by contributing additional information on this locally rare plant, including George Yatskievych in Missouri, Mike Homoya in Indiana, and Mike Vincent in Ohio. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Eastern Region, under Cost Share Award No. AG03-CS-11090804-024. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Eastern Region. 4 Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Conservation Assessment is a review of the taxonomy, distribution, habitat, ecology, and status of the Bigleaf Snowbell, Styrax grandifolius Ait., throughout the United States and in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service lands, Eastern Region (Region 9), in particular. This document also serves to update knowledge about the potential threats, and conservation efforts regarding the Bigleaf Snowbell to date. The Bigleaf Snowbell is an individual small tree or colonial shrub varying from 1 – 4 meters tall, with showy, fragrant white bell-like flowers in axillary racemes, and it is normally found on slopes in shade near streams in mesic to dry-mesic upland forests. The species is known only from the United States, and it grows primarily in the southeastern states. It is known historically from fifteen states, from Virginia and Florida west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. The Bigleaf Snowbell has not been found in Missouri. It has declined in recent decades and is scarce at the margins of its range in the upper Midwest. Globally, its ranking is G5 (secure world-wide); its National ranking in the United States is NNR (not ranked nationally). It is most common in Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina. The Bigleaf Snowbell is listed as Endangered in Illinois and Indiana, and it is presumed Extirpated in Ohio. In Forest Service Region 9, the Bigleaf Snowbell is included on the Regional Forester Sensitive Species list (RFSS) for the Shawnee National Forest but not the Hoosier National Forest where it has not been found. It is at risk at the northern margin of its range. In addition to species listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), or species of Concern by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Forest Service lists species that are Sensitive within each region (RFSS). The National Forest Management Act and U.S. Forest Service policy require that National Forest System land be managed to maintain viable populations of all native plant and animal species. A viable population is one that has the estimated numbers and distribution of reproductive individuals to ensure the continued existence of the entity throughout its range within a given planning area. The objectives of this document are to: -Provide an overview of the current scientific knowledge on the species. -Provide a summary of the distribution and status on the species range-wide and within the Eastern Region of the Forest Service, in particular. -Provide the available background information needed to prepare a subsequent Conservation Approach. 5 Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY Scientific Name: Styrax grandifolius Ait. [1789; orig. Styrax grandifolium Ait.] Common Names: Bigleaf Snowbell; Big-leaf Snowbell; Bigleaf Snowbell Bush; Big-leaf Snowbell Bush; Large-leaf Snowbell; Large-leaved Storax Synonymy: none known Class: Magnoliopsida (Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons) Family: Styracaceae (The Storax Family) Plants Code: STGR4 (USDA NRCS plant database, W-1) http://plants.usda.gov/ The woody genus Styrax, described by Linnaeus in 1753, contains approximately 120 species worldwide, most of which are found in the Mediterranean region, Southeast Asia, western Malaysia, tropical America, and warm-temperate North America (Mabberley 1987). Four species grow in North America, north of Mexico, namely, Styrax americanus Lam. (widespread in the southeastern U.S.), Styrax grandiflorus Ait. (also southeastern U.S.), Styrax platanifolius Engelm. ex Torr. (Texas only; includes Styrax texanus Cory), and Styrax redivivus (Torr.) Wheeler of California (Kartesz and Meacham 1999). The genus is the type genus
Recommended publications
  • SALT TOLERANT PLANTS Recommended for Pender County Landscapes

    SALT TOLERANT PLANTS Recommended for Pender County Landscapes

    North Carolina Cooperative Extension NC STATE UNIVERSITY SALT TOLERANT PLANTS Recommended for Pender County Landscapes Pender County Cooperative Extension Urban Horticulture Leaflet 14 Coastal Challenges Plants growing at the beach are subjected to environmental conditions much different than those planted further inland. Factors such as blowing sand, poor soils, high temperatures, and excessive drainage all influence how well plants perform in coastal landscapes, though the most significant effect on growth is salt spray. Most plants will not tolerate salt accumulating on their foliage, making plant selection for beachfront land- scapes particularly challenging. Salt Spray Salt spray is created when waves break on the beach, throwing tiny droplets of salty water into the air. On-shore breezes blow this salt laden air landward where it comes in contact with plant foliage. The amount of salt spray plants receive varies depending on their proximity to the beachfront, creating different vegetation zones as one gets further away from the beachfront. The most salt-tolerant species surviving in the frontal dune area. As distance away from the ocean increases, the level of salt spray decreases, allowing plants with less salt tolerance to survive. Natural Protection The impact of salt spray on plants can be lessened by physically blocking salt laden winds. This occurs naturally in the maritime forest, where beachfront plants protect landward species by creating a layer of foliage that blocks salt spray. It is easy to see this effect on the ocean side of maritime forest plants, which are “sheared” by salt spray, causing them to grow at a slant away from the oceanfront.
  • Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax Grandifolius Ait.)

    Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax Grandifolius Ait.)

    Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) Steven R. Hill, Ph.D. Division of Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology Biotic Surveys and Monitoring Section 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Eastern Region (Region 9), Shawnee and Hoosier National Forests INHS Technical Report 2007 (65) Date of Issue: 17 December 2007 Cover photo: Styrax grandifolius Ait., from the website: In Bloom – A Monthly Record of Plants in Alabama; Landscape Horticulture at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/inbloomapril99.html This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on the subject taxon or community; or this document was prepared by another organization and provides information to serve as a Conservation Assessment for the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. It does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if you have information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service - Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 580 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. 2 Conservation Assessment for the Bigleaf Snowbell (Styrax grandifolius Ait.) Table of Contents
  • Survey for Special-Status Vascular Plant Species

    Survey for Special-Status Vascular Plant Species

    SURVEY FOR SPECIAL-STATUS VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES For the proposed Eagle Canyon Fish Passage Project Tehama and Shasta Counties, California Prepared for: Tehama Environmental Solutions 910 Main Street, Suite D Red Bluff, California 96080 Prepared by: Dittes & Guardino Consulting P.O. Box 6 Los Molinos, California 96055 (530) 384-1774 [email protected] Eagle Canyon Fish Passage Improvement Project - Botany Report Sept. 12, 2018 Prepared by: Dittes & Guardino Consulting 1 SURVEY FOR SPECIAL-STATUS VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES Eagle Canyon Fish Passage Project Shasta & Tehama Counties, California T30N, R1W, SE 1/4 Sec. 25, SE1/4 Sec. 24, NE ¼ Sec. 36 of the Shingletown 7.5’ USGS Topographic Quadrangle TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 II. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 III. Project Description ............................................................................................................................................... 4 IV. Location .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 V. Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................
  • Low Variability of Dna Fingerprints of Texas Snowbells: Conservation Implications

    Low Variability of Dna Fingerprints of Texas Snowbells: Conservation Implications

    198 Phytologia (August 2011) 93(2) LOW VARIABILITY OF DNA FINGERPRINTS OF TEXAS SNOWBELLS: CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS Robert P. Adams Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 [email protected] and Jackie Poole Wildlife Diversity Program, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TX 78744 [email protected] ABSTRACT Texas snowbells (Styrax platanifolius var. texanus) is one of the most threatened native Texas plants. A preliminary study using DNA fingerprinting (RAPDs) was performed on plants from three natural populations. Almost no genetic variation was found, either within or between these three populations. Implications for conservation are discussed. Phytologia 93(2):198-202 (August 1, 2011) KEY WORDS: Styrax platanifolius var. texanus, Texas snowbells, RAPDs, conservation. Texas snowbells (Styrax platanifolius Engelm. ex Torr. var. texanus (Cory) B. L. Turner) is a shrub or small tree that grows out of crevices on steep limestone bluffs, rock ledges, or cliff faces along creeks. It can also grow in the dry gravel of streambeds. The flowers are clustered at the end of the branches and hang upside down. The flowers dangle and look like small white bells, thus the common name, snowbells. Texas snowbells are endemic to an area of a 64 km radius within the southwestern Edwards Plateau of Texas. All but two populations are on private land. The natural populations are represented by 15 sites, varying from one mature plant to about 350 individuals (seedlings, juveniles, and reproductive plants). The sizes of these sites range from a few square meters to about 100 acres. Texas Phytologia (August 2011) 93(2) 199 snowbells are in cultivation at the San Antonio Botanical Center and in seed storage at the Wildflower Center in Austin (as part of their Center for Plant Conservation collection).
  • Non-Native Trees and Large Shrubs for the Washington, D.C. Area

    Non-Native Trees and Large Shrubs for the Washington, D.C. Area

    Green Spring Gardens 4603 Green Spring Rd ● Alexandria ● VA 22312 Phone: 703-642-5173 ● TTY: 703-803-3354 www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/greenspring NON - NATIVE TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS ­ FOR THE WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA ­ Non-native trees are some of the most beloved plants in the landscape due to their beauty. In addition, these trees are grown for the shade, screening, structure, and landscape benefits they provide. Deciduous trees, whose leaves die and fall off in the autumn, are valuable additions to landscapes because of their changing interest throughout the year. Evergreen trees are valued for their year-round beauty and shelter for wildlife. Evergreens are often grouped into two categories, broadleaf evergreens and conifers. Broadleaf evergreens have broad, flat leaves. They also may have showy flowers, such as Camellia oleifera (a large shrub), or colorful fruits, such as Nellie R. Stevens holly. Coniferous evergreens either have needle-like foliage, such as the lacebark pine, or scale-like foliage, such as the green giant arborvitae. Conifers do not have true flowers or fruits but bear cones. Though most conifers are evergreen, exceptions exist. Dawn redwood, for example, loses its needles each fall. The following are useful definitions: Cultivar (cv.) - a cultivated variety designated by single quotes, such as ‘Autumn Gold’. A variety (var.) or subspecies (subsp.), in contrast, is found in nature and is a subdivision of a species (a variety of Cedar of Lebanon is listed). Full Shade - the amount of light under a dense deciduous tree canopy or beneath evergreens. Full Sun - at least 6 hours of sun daily.
  • Styrax Japonicus Japanese Snowbell1 Edward F

    Styrax Japonicus Japanese Snowbell1 Edward F

    Fact Sheet ST-605 October 1994 Styrax japonicus Japanese Snowbell1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Japanese Snowbell is a small deciduous tree that slowly grows from 20 to 30 feet in height and has rounded canopy with a horizontal branching pattern (Fig. 1). With lower branches removed, it forms a more vase-shaped patio-sized shade tree. The smooth, attractive bark has orange-brown interlacing fissures adding winter interest to any landscape. The white, bell-shaped, drooping flower clusters of Japanese Snowbell are quite showy in May to June. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Styrax japonicus Pronunciation: STY-racks juh-PAWN-ih-kuss Common name(s): Japanese Snowbell Figure 1. Middle-aged Japanese Snowbell. Family: Styracaceae USDA hardiness zones: 6 through 8A (Fig. 2) DESCRIPTION Origin: not native to North America Uses: container or above-ground planter; large Height: 20 to 30 feet parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide Spread: 15 to 25 feet tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized parking lot Crown uniformity: symmetrical canopy with a islands (100-200 square feet in size); medium-sized regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer or less identical crown forms strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings Crown shape: round; vase shape in the highway; near a deck or patio; trainable as a Crown density: moderate standard; small parking lot islands (< 100 square feet Growth rate: slow in size); narrow tree lawns (3-4 feet wide); specimen; Texture: medium sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree; no proven urban tolerance Availability: grown in small quantities by a small number of nurseries 1.
  • Styrax Japonicus Japanese Snowbell, Snowbell Tree

    Styrax Japonicus Japanese Snowbell, Snowbell Tree

    http://vdberk.demo-account.nl/trees/styrax-japonicus/ Styracaceae Styrax Styrax japonicus Japanese snowbell, Snowbell tree Height 10 - 15 m Crown broad pyramidal to oval, half-open crown, capricious growing Bark and branches twigs yellow-brown to brown, bark dark grey, slightly grooved Leaf oval, ovate, diamond-shaped to elongated-ovate, glossy green, 3 - 11 cm Flowers in pendent racemes, white with yellow stamens, 1.5 - 2.5 cm, June/July, fragrant flowers Fruits ovoid drupe Spines/thorns none Toxicity non-toxic (usually) Soil type light loamy and humic soil Paving tolerates no paving Winter hardiness 6b (-20,5 to -17,8 °C) Wind resistance fairly Wind / frost / salt resistant to frost (WH 1 - 6) Fauna tree valuable for bees (honey plant), provides food for birds Application parks, tree containers, cemeteries, roof gardens, large gardens Type/shape clearstem tree, specimen shrub Origin Eastern Asia Somewhat variable width, large shrub to medium-size tree with a broad pyramidal to oval crown that grows to 10 to 15 m. Young twigs yellow-brown to brown, older bark dark grey, slightly grooved when mature to reveal orange bast. The leaves are vary greatly in shape and size. From oval to elongated- ovate or diamond-shaped and 3 - 11 cm long. They are glossy green and scarcely change colour in autumn. The flowers hang in racemes from short lateral branches and open in June and July. They are 1.5 to 2.5 cm and white with yellow stamens. They have a strong, pleasant fragrance. This species blossoms very richly and is therefore very bee friendly.
  • Volume 90 Number 4 2003 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

    Volume 90 Number 4 2003 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

    Volume 90 Annals Number 4 of the 2003 Missouri Botanical Garden A REVISION OF THE Yelin Huang,2 Peter W. Fritsch,3 and 2 IMBRICATE GROUP OF Suhua Shi STYRAX SERIES CYRTA (STYRACACEAE) IN ASIA1 ABSTRACT Several taxonomic treatments of Styrax (Styracaceae) exist in regional ¯oras of Asia, but the Asian species of the genus have not been comprehensively revised since 1907. To help rectify this, we conducted a taxonomic revision of the Asian species of Styrax series Cyrta with imbricate corolla aestivation. Our revision comprises 17 species with a combined distribution from Japan south to Sumatra and west to Nepal. The circumscriptions of the heretofore poorly de®ned species S. hookeri and S. serrulatus are clari®ed. Styrax agrestis var. curvirostratus is elevated to the species level, and lectotypes are selected for S. duclouxii, S. ¯oribundus, S. hemsleyanus, S. hookeri, S. hookeri var. yunnanensis, S. hypoglaucus, S. japonicus, S. limprichtii, S. macranthus, S. obassia, S. perkinsiae, S. serrulatus var. latifolius, S. shiraianus, S. supaii, and S. wilsonii. Keys, descriptions, and distribution maps are provided for all species. Key words: eastern Asia, Styracaceae, Styrax, Styrax series Cyrta. Styrax L. comprises about 130 species of trees ern Argentina and Uruguay (Fritsch, 1999, 2001). and shrubs distributed in eastern and southeastern Styrax is by far the largest and most widespread of Asia, the New World, and the Mediterranean region the 11 genera in the Styracaceae sensu Fritsch et (Fritsch, 1999). The range of this genus is typical al. (2001) and Fritsch (in press a). Characters of many plant groups distributed among the refugia unique to Styrax in relation to the family include a of Tertiary mixed-mesophytic forests in the North- stamen tube attached high (vs.
  • (American Snowbell). Graduate Theses and Dissertations

    (American Snowbell). Graduate Theses and Dissertations

    Final Recovery Planning Outline with Listing Status Review Triggers for the Illinois Threatened Storax (Styrax americana) Bob Edgin, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission Anne Mankowski, Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board July 2013 Approved by the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board at the February 20, 2014 Special Meeting. Common Name: Storax Scientific Name: Styrax americana (Lam.) Family: Styracaceae Synonyms: American Snowbell, Downy Snowbell, Mock Orange Status Storax (Styrax americana) is listed as threatened in Illinois (17 Ill. Adm. Code 1050). It was first listed in 1980 as a threatened species due to restricted habitats or low populations in Illinois (Mankowski 2012). The species is not listed as federally endangered or threatened. NatureServe gives the species a global rank of G5 (secure) and it is not ranked at a national scale. It is ranked as S2 (imperiled) in Illinois. Other state rankings include an S1 rank (critically imperiled) for the species in Oklahoma and an S3 rank (vulnerable) Indiana, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. It is not ranked in the remaining states with its distribution (NatureServe 2013; Figure 1). Total Range Storax ranges across the southeastern United States from Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas, north to Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana (Figure 1). Illinois Distribution In Illinois, the species is historically known from primarily southern and southeastern Illinois, with one northern population in Kankakee County (Herkert and Ebinger 2002). There are historic museum and/or the Illinois Natural Heritage (Biotics 4) Database (Database) element occurrence records (EOs) from 11 counties (EOs have been established from 8 of the 11 counties) and 5 Natural Division Sections (EOs have been established in 3 of the 5 Sections) (Herkert and Ebinger 2002, INHD 2013; Tables 1 and 2, Figure 2).
  • Botanical Name Common Name

    Botanical Name Common Name

    Approved Approved & as a eligible to Not eligible to Approved as Frontage fulfill other fulfill other Type of plant a Street Tree Tree standards standards Heritage Tree Tree Heritage Species Botanical Name Common name Native Abelia x grandiflora Glossy Abelia Shrub, Deciduous No No No Yes White Forsytha; Korean Abeliophyllum distichum Shrub, Deciduous No No No Yes Abelialeaf Acanthropanax Fiveleaf Aralia Shrub, Deciduous No No No Yes sieboldianus Acer ginnala Amur Maple Shrub, Deciduous No No No Yes Aesculus parviflora Bottlebrush Buckeye Shrub, Deciduous No No No Yes Aesculus pavia Red Buckeye Shrub, Deciduous No No Yes Yes Alnus incana ssp. rugosa Speckled Alder Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Alnus serrulata Hazel Alder Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Amelanchier humilis Low Serviceberry Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Amelanchier stolonifera Running Serviceberry Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes False Indigo Bush; Amorpha fruticosa Desert False Indigo; Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No No Not eligible Bastard Indigo Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Aronia melanocarpa Black Chokeberry Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Aronia prunifolia Purple Chokeberry Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Groundsel-Bush; Eastern Baccharis halimifolia Shrub, Deciduous No No Yes Yes Baccharis Summer Cypress; Bassia scoparia Shrub, Deciduous No No No Yes Burning-Bush Berberis canadensis American Barberry Shrub, Deciduous Yes No No Yes Common Barberry; Berberis vulgaris Shrub, Deciduous No No No No Not eligible European Barberry Betula pumila
  • Illustrated Flora of East Texas Illustrated Flora of East Texas

    Illustrated Flora of East Texas Illustrated Flora of East Texas

    ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS IS PUBLISHED WITH THE SUPPORT OF: MAJOR BENEFACTORS: DAVID GIBSON AND WILL CRENSHAW DISCOVERY FUND U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, USDA FOREST SERVICE) TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT SCOTT AND STUART GENTLING BENEFACTORS: NEW DOROTHEA L. LEONHARDT FOUNDATION (ANDREA C. HARKINS) TEMPLE-INLAND FOUNDATION SUMMERLEE FOUNDATION AMON G. CARTER FOUNDATION ROBERT J. O’KENNON PEG & BEN KEITH DORA & GORDON SYLVESTER DAVID & SUE NIVENS NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF TEXAS DAVID & MARGARET BAMBERGER GORDON MAY & KAREN WILLIAMSON JACOB & TERESE HERSHEY FOUNDATION INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: AUSTIN COLLEGE BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS SID RICHARDSON CAREER DEVELOPMENT FUND OF AUSTIN COLLEGE II OTHER CONTRIBUTORS: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK HOLLEMAN, W.B. PETRUS, ELAINE J. BATTERBAE, SUSAN ROBERTS HOLT, JEAN & DUNCAN PRITCHETT, MARY H. BECK, NELL HUBER, MARY MAUD PRICE, DIANE BECKELMAN, SARA HUDSON, JIM & YONIE PRUESS, WARREN W. BENDER, LYNNE HULTMARK, GORDON & SARAH ROACH, ELIZABETH M. & ALLEN BIBB, NATHAN & BETTIE HUSTON, MELIA ROEBUCK, RICK & VICKI BOSWORTH, TONY JACOBS, BONNIE & LOUIS ROGNLIE, GLORIA & ERIC BOTTONE, LAURA BURKS JAMES, ROI & DEANNA ROUSH, LUCY BROWN, LARRY E. JEFFORDS, RUSSELL M. ROWE, BRIAN BRUSER, III, MR. & MRS. HENRY JOHN, SUE & PHIL ROZELL, JIMMY BURT, HELEN W. JONES, MARY LOU SANDLIN, MIKE CAMPBELL, KATHERINE & CHARLES KAHLE, GAIL SANDLIN, MR. & MRS. WILLIAM CARR, WILLIAM R. KARGES, JOANN SATTERWHITE, BEN CLARY, KAREN KEITH, ELIZABETH & ERIC SCHOENFELD, CARL COCHRAN, JOYCE LANEY, ELEANOR W. SCHULTZE, BETTY DAHLBERG, WALTER G. LAUGHLIN, DR. JAMES E. SCHULZE, PETER & HELEN DALLAS CHAPTER-NPSOT LECHE, BEVERLY SENNHAUSER, KELLY S. DAMEWOOD, LOGAN & ELEANOR LEWIS, PATRICIA SERLING, STEVEN DAMUTH, STEVEN LIGGIO, JOE SHANNON, LEILA HOUSEMAN DAVIS, ELLEN D.
  • Adaptation to Seasonality and the Winter Freeze

    Adaptation to Seasonality and the Winter Freeze

    REVIEW ARTICLE published: 03 June 2013 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00167 Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze Jill C. Preston1* and Simen R. Sandve 2 1 Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA 2 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway Edited by: Flowering plants initially diversified during the Mesozoic era at least 140 million years ago Madelaine Bartlett, Brigham Young in regions of the world where temperate seasonal environments were not encountered. University, USA Since then several cooling events resulted in the contraction of warm and wet environments Reviewed by: and the establishment of novel temperate zones in both hemispheres. In response, less Rishi Bhalerao, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Sweden than half of modern angiosperm families have members that evolved specific adaptations Ben Trevaskis, Commonwealth to cold seasonal climates, including cold acclimation, freezing tolerance, endodormancy, Scientific and Industrial Research and vernalization responsiveness. Despite compelling evidence for multiple independent Organisation, Australia Erika Edwards, Brown University, USA origins, the level of genetic constraint on the evolution of adaptations to seasonal cold is not well understood. However, the recent increase in molecular genetic studies examining *Correspondence: Jill C. Preston, Department of Plant the response of model and crop species to seasonal cold offers new insight into the Biology, University of Vermont, 111 evolutionary lability of these traits.This insight has major implications for our understanding Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, of complex trait evolution, and the potential role of local adaptation in response to past and Burlington, VT 05405, USA e-mail: [email protected] future climate change.