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The Impacts of Casino Development on Demographic and Land Use Changes Over Time: Planning for Palmer Massachusetts

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The Impacts of Casino Development on Demographic and Land Use Changes Over Time: Planning for Palmer Massachusetts University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Masters Projects 9-2009 The mpI acts of Casino Development on Demographic and Land Use Changes Over Time: Planning for Palmer Massachusetts Erin E. Wilson [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/larp_ms_projects Part of the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Wilson, Erin E., "The mpI acts of Casino Development on Demographic and Land Use Changes Over Time: Planning for Palmer Massachusetts" (2009). Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Masters Projects. 13. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/larp_ms_projects/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Impacts of Casino Development on Demographic and Land Use Changes Over Time: Planning for Palmer Massachusetts A Master Project Presented By Erin Wilson Submitted to the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF REGIONAL PLANNING September 2009 The Impacts of Casino Development on Demographic and Land Use Changes Over Time: Planning for Palmer Massachusetts Master’s Project Erin Wilson Summer 2009 Committee Members _________________________ Chair, Professor Henry Renski _________________________ Committee Member Ellen Pader Department Head Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning ___________________ Dr. Elisabeth Brabec ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to personally thank Professor Henry Renski (Chairman) and Professor Ellen Pader of the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning for their advice and assistance in the preparation of this thesis. A special thank you is extended to Professor Mark Hamin of the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning for the extra time and effort that was given for review of this project. In addition, special thanks is extended to Katherine Jones who helped inspire this research project. Lastly, special thanks go to the town planners and all those people and organizations who in their field of work and expertise have provided insight and information contained in this project. iii ABSTRACT This project uses spatial analysis tools to examine the impact of casino development on the demographic make-up of local communities. This was conducted in order to inform future casino communities as to how their communities may be impacted by casino development. First, this project uses Geographic Information System (GIS) based methods of descriptive spatial analysis to analyze demographic changes over time to see what, if any, economic and demographic impacts may likely occur around a casino. Second, this project also interviews key local officials in casino communities to gain on the ground incite regarding the impacts of casinos. While the GIS data suggested that some demographic changes occurred over time, most of the measures selected for this study did not show noticeable spatial shifts. The GIS spatial analysis and the interviews combined provided different perspectives on what to expect when legalizing casinos, although, both approaches yielded the same basic conclusions. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................7 The Economic Perspective................................................................................7 The Social Perspective....................................................................................12 Chapter 3: The Casino Debate in Massachusetts...............................................19 The race to ‘Racinos’ in Massachusetts?........................................................19 A Casino in Palmer?........................................................................................21 Chapter 4: Research Methods ............................................................................24 Phase 1...........................................................................................................24 Phase 2...........................................................................................................30 Chapter 5: Analysis.............................................................................................32 Case Study Sites.............................................................................................32 Analysis...........................................................................................................33 Demographic Change in, Montville, CT...........................................................40 Demographic Change in Verona, NY ..............................................................43 Chapter 6: Interviews with Connecticut Stakeholders.........................................47 General Findings.............................................................................................49 CLEAR Research: Connecticut’s Changing Landscape..................................55 Chapter Seven: Key Findings and Conclusions..................................................58 Major Findings.................................................................................................58 Recommendations for Palmer, Massachusetts and Similar Communities ......61 Directions for Future Research .......................................................................62 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE: PAGE Table 1: Case Study Criteria 28 Table 2: Summary of Results 38 Table 3: Clear Research Developed Land in Connecticut Towns 56 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE: PAGE Figure 1: Reference Map of New York 34 Figure 2: Reference Map of Connecticut 35 Figure 3: CT % White 20 Miles 1990 41 Figure 4: CT % White 20 Miles 2000 41 Figure 5: CT % Hispanic 20 Miles 1990 41 Figure 6: CT % Hispanic 20 Miles 2000 41 Figure 7: CT % Non-Relatives 20 Miles 1990 42 Figure 8: CT % Non-Relatives 20 Miles 2000 42 Figure 9: NY % Hispanic 20 Miles 1990 43 Figure 10: NY % Hispanic 20 Miles 2000 43 Figure 11: NY % Foreign 20 Miles 1990 44 Figure 12: NY % Foreign 20 Miles 2000 44 Figure 13: NY % Non-Relatives 20 Miles 1990 45 Figure 14: NY % Non-Relatives 20 Miles 2000 45 vii Chapter 1: Introduction This project uses spatial analysis tools to examine the impact of casino development on the demographic make-up of local communities. In early 2008, the original idea for this project came from the Town Manager of Palmer, Massachusetts. He presented the question to Professor Henry Renski and myself: What would likely happen to my community if a casino were to be developed? From that initial question emerged the idea to compare the demographic impacts before and after a casino was developed across a number of different communities that are similar to Palmer. More specifically, I use Geographic Information System (GIS) based methods of descriptive spatial analysis to analyze demographic changes over time to see what, if any, economic and demographic impacts may likely occur around a casino. Given the current debate in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and many other states over whether to legalize casino gambling, the project is both appropriate and timely. Today, all but two states in the United States offer some form of state- sanctioned gambling, whether it be lotteries, video gaming, racetracks, etc. Twelve states host commercial casinos. And while some states may not legalize gambling, some, such as Connecticut, have contractual agreements with sovereign Indian tribes to allow casinos on tribal reservations. Many other states are considering bringing casinos to their states as a source of tax revenue and potential economic impacts. 1 The gambling industry in general, and casinos in particular, have grown tremendously since World War II. Gambling in the United States, in the form of betting and lotteries, has its roots in the colonial period of the late 1700s. Not much fundamentally changed until 1931, when the State of Nevada legalized most types of gambling and casinos opened a new era in gaming. However, it was not until after World War II that casinos and gambling really began to expand into what they have become today. States began to legalize gambling in the form of state lotteries, bingo, peri-mutuel betting, casinos, riverboat casinos, and racinos. The most recent and largest surge of casinos occurred after 1988, when Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). The IGRA allows for Class 1 gambling and Class 2 gambling under strict regulation from the IGRA on tribally-owned lands that are under trust. Class 1 gambling includes small-prize games among tribal members, and Class 2 gambling involves forms of gambling such as bingo, non-banking poker, pull tab, punch boards, etc. However, Class 2 gambling is only allowed on tribal lands if allowed within the State they reside in (Thompson, 2001). Land that is in trust is land that has been federally recognized as tribal territory and is under
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