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THE SUITABILITY of NATIVE WARM-SEASON GRASSES for EQUINE Shayan M

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THE SUITABILITY of NATIVE WARM-SEASON GRASSES for EQUINE Shayan M THE SUITABILITY OF NATIVE WARM-SEASON GRASSES FOR EQUINE Shayan M. Ghajar Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop & Soil Environmental Sciences Benjamin F. Tracy, Chair Bridgett McIntosh Harold McKenzie John Fike June 5, 2020 Blacksburg, Virginia The suitability of native warm-season grasses for equine Shayan M. Ghajar Abstract (Academic) Introduced cool-season grasses are dominant in Virginia’s grasslands, but their high digestible energy and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels pose a risk for horses prone to obesity and laminitis. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) have lower digestible energy and NSC levels that may be more suitable for horses susceptible to laminitis. The overall objectives of this research were to 1) assess voluntary intake, toxicological response, and apparent digestibility of NWSG hays fed to horses; 2) evaluate the characteristics of three NWSG species under equine grazing; and 3) evaluate establishment strategies for NWSG and wildflowers in Virginia. For the first objective, a hay feeding trial was conducted with 9 Thoroughbred geldings in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Voluntary dry matter intake of indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) hays by horses were 1.3% and 1.1% of BW/d, significantly lower than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), an introduced cool-season grass, at 1.7% of BW/d. Biomarkers for toxicity remained within acceptable ranges for all treatments. Apparent DMD did not differ among hays, ranging from 39 to 43%. Non-structural carbohydrate levels were below the maximum recommended concentration for horses susceptible to laminitis. For the second objective, a grazing trial was conducted comparing indiangrass (IG), big bluestem (BB), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) (EG) yields, forage losses, changes in vegetative composition, and effects on equine bodyweight. Nine, 0.1-hectare plots were seeded with one of the three native grass treatments, and each plot was grazed by one Thoroughbred gelding in two grazing bouts, one in July and another in September 2019. Indiangrass had the highest available forage, at 4340 kg/ha, compared with 3590 kg/ha from BB (P < 0.0001). Eastern gamagrass plots established poorly, and had only 650 kg/ha available forage during the experiment. Grazing reduced standing cover of native grasses in IG and BB treatments by about 30%, and trampled forage constituted 36-68% of groundcover in those plots after each grazing bout. Horses lost weight on all treatments, but tended (P=0.09) greater weight loss on the indiangrass treatment at 1.5 kg/d compared to 0.5 kg/d in the BB and EG treatments. For the third objective, three experiments were conducted to evaluate different strategies for establishing NWSG and wildflowers. The first experiment compared large grazed plots with or without a 2 oz/acre rate of the herbicide imazapic. Imazapic led to higher biomass and percent cover in plots seeded only with NWSG. For plots seeded with a mix of NWSG and wildflowers, imazapic reduced wildflower establishment and resulted in higher biomass and percent cover of weeds over the course of the experiment. The second experiment examined four rates of imazapic application for NWSG and wildflower establishment in small plots seeded with either NWSG or a NWSG and wildflower mix, and found biomass and percent cover of weeds was lowest at a 6 oz/acre rate, while NWSG biomass and cover did not differ between treatments. Wildflower establishment was again reduced by imazapic. The third establishment experiment compared four site preparation strategies for wildflower establishment and found tillage resulted in the most cover and biomass of wildflowers. Abstract (Public) Introduced cool-season grasses are dominant in Virginia’s grasslands, but their high digestible energy and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels pose a risk for horses prone to obesity and laminitis. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) have lower digestible energy and NSC levels that may be more suitable for horses susceptible to laminitis. The overall objectives of this research were to 1) assess voluntary intake, toxicological response, and apparent digestibility of NWSG hays fed to horses; 2) evaluate the characteristics of three NWSG species under equine grazing; and 3) evaluate establishment strategies for NWSGs and wildflowers in Virginia. For the first objective, a hay feeding trial was conducted with 9 Thoroughbred geldings in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Voluntary dry matter intake of indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) hays by horses were 1.3% and 1.1% of BW/d, significantly lower than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), an introduced cool-season grass, at 1.7%. Biomarkers for toxicity remained within acceptable ranges for all treatments. Apparent DMD did not differ among hays, ranging from 39 to 43%. Non-structural carbohydrate levels were below the maximum recommended concentration for horses susceptible to laminitis. For the second objective, a grazing trial was conducted comparing indiangrass (IG), big bluestem (BB), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) (EG) yields, forage losses, changes in vegetative composition, and effects on equine bodyweight. Nine, 0.1-hectare plots were seeded with one of the three native grass treatments, and each plot was grazed by one Thoroughbred gelding in two grazing bouts, one in July and another in September 2019. Indiangrass had the highest available forage, at 4340 kg/ha, compared with 3590 kg/ha from BB (P < 0.0001). Eastern gamagrass plots established poorly, and had only 650 kg/ha available forage during the experiment. Grazing reduced standing cover of native grasses in IG and BB treatments by about 30%, and trampled forage constituted 36-68% of groundcover in those plots after each grazing bout. Horses lost weight on all treatments, but tended (P=0.09) greater weight loss on the indiangrass treatment at 1.5 kg/d compared to 0.5 kg/d in the BB and EG treatments. For the third objective, three experiments were conducted to evaluate different strategies for establishing NWSG and wildflowers. The first experiment compared large grazed plots with or without a 2 oz/acre rate of the herbicide imazapic. Imazapic led to higher biomass and percent cover in plots seeded only with NWSG. For plots seeded with a mix of NWSG and wildflowers, imazapic reduced wildflower establishment and resulted in higher biomass and percent cover of weeds over the course of the experiment. The second experiment examined four rates of imazapic application for NWSG and wildflower establishment in small plots seeded with either NWSG or a NWSG and wildflower mix, and found biomass and percent cover of weeds was lowest at a 6 oz/acre rate, while NWSG biomass and cover did not differ between treatments. Wildflower establishment was again reduced by imazapic. The third establishment experiment compared four site preparation strategies for wildflower establishment and found tillage resulted in the most cover and biomass of wildflowers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Behind every dissertation are countless hours of patience and guidance from advisors, committee members, friends, and family. This is especially true when a burgeoning scientist is dipping their toes into disciplines outside of their comfort zone. My immense gratitude for the guidance of my advisor, Dr. Ben Tracy, whose equanimity in the face of setbacks and patience in the face of my many mistakes was nothing short of saintly. Thank you to committee member and mentor Dr. Bridgett McIntosh, who shared my excitement about the possibility of improving horse and environmental health, and whose drive helped secure the funding to make this work possible. Committee member Dr. John Fike has been a vital source of insightful questions that improve my understanding of forage science and elevated the quality of this research. Dr. Harold McKenzie’s veterinary expertise ensured proper design of the toxicological aspect of the research, and just as vitally, helped ensure the safety of the research horses on the hay feeding trial. Without the help of colleagues Jennie Wagner, Kristine Ely, Katie Kaufman, and Katie DeLano, this research would not have been completed. The assistance of Tait Golightly and Rita Rollison of the Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension Center was vital to meeting the logistical demands of these studies. There are no words to describe how grateful I am to volunteers Maria Kimble and Lauri Olivieri for their help during the digestibility trial. They showed up in rain, snow, and below zero temperatures to empty fecal collection harnesses motivated simply by the hope that this research could provide safer diets for horses susceptible to laminitis. Finally, thank you to the research horses for their patience with the many inconveniences inherent to digestibility research. vi Table of Contents Abstract (Academic) _______________________________________________________ ii Abstract (Public) __________________________________________________________ iv Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________ vi Table of Contents ________________________________________________________ vii List of Tables ____________________________________________________________ viii List of Figures ____________________________________________________________ ix Chapter 1: Introduction _____________________________________________________1
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