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Failure of Biological Control of Frankliniella Occidentalis on Protected Eggplants Using Amblyseius Swirskii in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

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Failure of Biological Control of Frankliniella Occidentalis on Protected Eggplants Using Amblyseius Swirskii in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Turk J Agric For (2016) 40: 13-17 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/tar-1407-153 Failure of biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis on protected eggplants using Amblyseius swirskii in the Mediterranean region of Turkey 1, 2 2 3 Halil KÜTÜK *, Mehmet KARACAOĞLU , Mustafa TÜFEKLİ , Raul T. VILLANUEVA 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey 2 Biological Control Research Station, Adana, Turkey 3 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and Texas AgriLife Extension, Weslaco, TX, USA Received: 25.07.2014 Accepted/Published Online: 13.02.2015 Final Version: 01.01.2016 Abstract: The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is one of the most important insect pests in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Thrips infestation is the main cause of vegetable crops losses in low polythene tunnels and plastic greenhouses. Chemical control has been the primary means to control F. occidentalis in protected cultivation systems in Turkey. A search of alternatives to conventional insecticides for the control of F. occidentalis has drawn increased interest in the use of biocontrol agents. This study evaluated the control efficiency of F. occidentalis on eggplants through releases of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias- Henriot) at a rate of 50 adults per m2 in plastic greenhouses or low polythene tunnels. Samplings of F. occidentalis from flowering to harvesting of the eggplants revealed that neither preventative nor curative releases of the predatory mite reduced the thrips population densities below a mean of 3 thrips per flower (i.e. control threshold). We discuss various factors that may have affected the efficiency of the predatory mite on eggplants or the failure of the biological control. Key words: Frankliniella occidentalis, Amblyseius swirskii, biological control, low polythene tunnels, plastic greenhouse, eggplant 1. Introduction programs for pepper and cucumber pests in greenhouses Vegetable crops are grown throughout the year in plastic by using the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias- greenhouses and open fields along the Mediterranean coast Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (Teich, 1966; Nomikou et of Turkey and are damaged by a number of insect pests al., 2001; Messelink et al., 2005; Kutuk and Yıgıt, 2011), (Yücel et al., 2011). The western flower thrips, Frankliniella this mite was recently used for the control of F. occidentalis occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is one and tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in of the most significant insect pests of vegetable crops in commercial greenhouses in Turkey. Some commercial this region (Tunç and Göçmen, 1994; Ulubilir and Yabas, companies have also suggested using A. swirskii for 1996; Bulut and Gocmen, 2000; Keçeci et al., 2007). the control of F. occidentalis on eggplants. However, an Chemical agents are used as the primary means to control experimental evaluation of the control efficiency of this the populations of F. occidentalis in protected cultivation predatory mite for F. occidentalis on eggplants is lacking. systems in Turkey. Thus, this study sought to investigate the ability of A. In Turkey and several other Mediterranean countries, swirskii to establish and build up a population on eggplants the structures adopted for protected cultivation systems to suppress F. occidentalis during the autumn, winter, and vary considerably from simple to sophisticated. Low spring months in plastic greenhouses or low polythene polythene tunnels, whose height is generally 1 m or less, have tunnels. no aisle for walking therefore the cultural practices must be performed from outside. Plastic greenhouses, whose 2. Materials and methods height is sufficient to permit a person to conveniently stand 2.1. Cultures upright and work within, have been the most commonly The predatory mite A. swirskii was obtained from Koppert used structures for the production of protected vegetables Turkey Ltd. Sti., Antalya, Turkey, 6 months prior to and flowers on the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. this study. A colony of A. swirskii was maintained on Following the development of successful biological control Carpoglyphus lactis (Acarina: Acaridae) in a climate room * Correspondence: [email protected] 13 KÜTÜK et al. / Turk J Agric For (25 °C, 60% RH, 14-h photoperiod) at the Biological Mediterranean coast of Turkey. “Çukurova topağı” Control Research Station in Adana, Turkey. The mites were eggplants were planted on 20 February 2011 and covered cultured in plastic arenas (8 × 15 cm) placed over a wet with low polyethylene tunnels. The polythene tunnels were sponge in a plastic tray containing water (Overmeer, 1985). removed in early May. Colonization and control efficiency Strips of wet tissue were placed over the plastic arena along of A. swirskii were evaluated in 4 plots of 100 eggplants its periphery so that the predators had access to water. C. each. Each plot was divided into two same-size sections lactis was reared on dried apricots, and apricots infested and each section served as one replicate. A. swirskii reared with all stages of C. lactis were supplied to A. swirskii. from the stock cultures were evenly released at a rate of 2 2.2. Plastic greenhouse experiment 50 adults per m on all plants, in one of the two sections, The experiment was carried out in a 120-m2 plastic on 22 March (when the plants started flowering), 27 April, greenhouse at the Biological Control Research Station, and 26 May 2011, respectively. The other section was used Adana, Turkey. “Faselis” eggplants were planted in the as a control for each plot. greenhouse on 8 October 2010 in rows of 0.8-m spacing, Weekly sampling to monitor the population dynamics each with 10 plants spaced 0.4 m apart. The plants were of F. occidentalis and the predatory mite in all four plots watered individually with drip irrigation and fertilized started on 30 March 2011 and ended on 15 June 2011 (a total according to the grower’s practice. The greenhouse was of 12 samplings). Samples of 13 leaves and 6 flowers were heated to protect the plants from cold stress (minimum 7 randomly collected from each section, and the numbers of °C in winter). The field within the plastic greenhouse was F. occidentalis and A. swirskii were determined using the divided into two plots separated by a barrier of 2-mm thick methods described in the above greenhouse experiment. clear polyethyene film. Each plot was further divided into The mean weekly temperature during the experiment five sections of 3 rows each, and each section served as a ranged from 21.8 °C on 30 March 2011 to 26.7 °C on 15 replicate for sampling. Colonization and control efficiency June 2011, whereas the minimum value during this period of A. swirskii were evaluated in one plot, while the other was 16.5 °C. Mean weekly relative humidity fluctuated plot was used as a control treatment without the release between 82.1% and 75.1%, whereas the minimum value of A. swirskii. Three releases of A. swirskii, at a rate of 50 during this period was 67.8%. adults per m2 each, were conducted in the release plots on The fields used for both of the above experiments were 22 October 2010 (when the plants started flowering), 17 treated with compatible insecticides chlorantraniliprole March 2011, and 7 May 2011, respectively. The mites were (Altacor) and pymetrozine (Plenium) against Spodoptera released evenly and directly on different plants. littoralis and Aphis spp. Neither insecticide had a negative Three weeks after the first release of A. swirskii, effect on A. swirskii (Kutuk and Karacaoglu, 2012). sampling was conducted once every 10 days to monitor 2.4. Data analysis the population dynamics of F. occidentalis and the Mean densities of F. occidentalis of the release and control predatory mite. A total of 28 samplings were conducted treatment were compared for both experiments using from 11 November 2010 to 8 June 2011. Samples of 10 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), with leaves and 5 flowers were randomly collected from each the sample date as the repeated measure. section, wrapped in a paper towel to prevent moisture buildup, placed into plastic ice bags, and returned to the 3. Results laboratory. The numbers of F. occidentalis (nymphs and 3.1. Plastic greenhouse experiment adults) and A. swirskii (all mobile stages) from each leaf The mean number ofF. occidentalis per flower was not or flower were examined under a binocular microscope at significantly different between the release and control plots 30× magnification. (F = 0.29; df = 1, 8; P = 0.869) (Figure 1). The population Temperature and relative humidity were monitored in density of F. occidentalis remained very low in both plots experimental plots with HOBO (Onset Computer, Bourne, throughout the autumn and winter. However, the thrips MA, USA). The mean 10-day interval temperature during population increased gradually after mid-April, and on the experiment ranged from 23.3 °C on 22 September 2010 18 May it reached a peak of 24.5 thrips per flower in the to 24.8 °C on 8 June 2011, whereas the maximum and control plot and 26.4 thrips per flower in the release plot minimum values during this period were 24.8 °C and 12.1 with A. swirskii. °C, respectively. Mean 10-day interval relative humidity Population densities of A. swirskii rapidly declined fluctuated from 30.3% to 83.6%, whereas the minimum following the first release on 22 October and remained values during this period were 30.3%. very low throughout the autumn. The predatory mites 2.3. Low polythene tunnel experiment disappeared during the winter months. After the second This experiment was conducted in a commercial release in early spring, the population density of the eggplant field in Tarsus, Mersin Province, on the eastern predatory mite remained very low until the third release 14 KÜTÜK et al.
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