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Exploring Greenville's Water Exploring Greenville’s Water An Interdisciplinary Educational Program Designed to Facilitate the Exploration of Water Quality in Greenville, South Carolina By Livability Educator, Jaclin DuRant Exploring Greenville’s Water A Compilation of Interdisciplinary, Place-based Educational Programming Designed to Facilitate the Exploration of Water Quality in Greenville, SC Water is one of the most essential natural resources that we have. Without water, plants, animals, and people would cease to exist. Water is also everywhere. Through the hydrologic cycle, water travels over and beneath the land, through the soil, through plants and animals, into the air, and back again. There is a finite amount of water on Earth and only a small amount available for human use and consumption. Unfortunately, many of the properties that make water so useful and important have also lead to exploitation and overuse of this resource. Rivers and streams are used as pipelines to flush industrial and municipal waste out to sea. Farmers, mining industries, and manufacturing plants pump huge amounts of water from underground aquifers and reservoirs to use. Development alongside rivers and streams degrade these habitats through alteration of natural flow regimes, erosion and sedimentation, nonpoint source pollution, and more. We know that our water resources need protection and careful management if they are going to be able to continue to sustain our society and environment. Planners, water managers, engineers, politicians, environmental scientists, and more are all working to help reduce our impact on water quality and find ways to clean and protect our water resources. It is essential that students are exposed to water quality issues, as this will continue to be a unifying thread in developing a more sustainable future. This booklet has been developed by the Livability Educator to provide formal and informal educators with the tools to implement an in-depth exploration of water quality and water issues specific to Greenville, SC. It includes lessons and activities excerpted from the Community Quest and Urban Naturalist programs, background information compiled by the Livability Educator, a list of local organizations that provide water quality education, links to lesson plans and materials from external sources, and more. A program of study that includes an exploration of stormwater runoff and nonpoint source pollution utilizing any of the appropriate lessons and activities within will qualify a school for the City of Greenville’s stormwater education credit. The inclusion of external links in this document is not an endorsement of any organization or product. Acknowledgments The development of this document has involved collaboration from a number of individuals including City of Greenville Staff, Planners, Engineers, Educators, Students, and many more. Thanks go out to all of the people who have helped to create, test, and edit the information and activities included in this program. Specifically, I would like to thank Furman University Intern Emily Hays, Lisa Wells, Environmental Engineer with the City of Greenville, and the Connections Project staff team members Wayne Leftwich and Christa Jordan. Without the hard work and dedication of these individuals, this program would not have been possible. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 INTRODUctiON 6 GREENVILLE IS A WATERSHED 9 W ATERSHED DEMONSTRATION: CONNECTING LAND USE AND WATER QUALITY 11 IMAGINE A WATERSHED 15 L AND USE AND WATER QUALITY 20 HOW LAND USE CHANGES 29 CONSIDERING LANDUSE LEGACY 38 THE URBAN WATER CYCLE 45 H OW WATER WORKS WEBQUEST 46 THE URBAN WATERCYCLE GAME 57 U RBAN SURFACES: PERMEABLE VS. IMPERMEABLE 60 IMPERMEABLE SURFACES SURVEY 62 PERMEABLE SURFACES EXPERIMENT 64 W ATER QUALITY AND CONSERVATION 67 HOME WATER USE AUDIT 73 WATER THROUGH THE AGES 76 N ONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION AND WATER QUALITY 82 S USTAINABILITY SPOTLIGHT ARTICLES 86 INTERPRETING WATER QUALITY DATA 94 M ACROINVERTEBRATE BIOASSESSMENT 99 STREAM MACROINVERTEBRATE BIOASSESSMENT DATA SHEET 100 AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES: DICHOTOMOUS KEY 106 TABLE OF GREENVILLE COUNTY ORGANIZATIONS THAT PROVIDE WATER QUALITY EDUCATION 108 EXTRA RESOURCES 109 GLOSSARY 3 Introduction About Exploring Greenville’s Water This program has been developed as a series of activities and background information related to water quality, the human aspects that contribute to water quality issues, water resource conservation and protection, and the pressures on water resources specific to the urban environment. The majority of the information and activities provided in this program have been excerpted from the Community Quest and Urban Naturalist Programs developed by the Livability Educator for the City of Greenville as part of the Connections for Sustainability project. An important aspect of this program is the compilation of external resources provided at the end of the document. Water quality is an important universal issue, and as such, many organizations locally and nationally provide educational programming and additional resources devoted to water quality education. Instead of creating entirely new programming, this booklet relies heavily on the resources already available for general education on water quality while focusing on providing place-based information and activities specific to Greenville, SC. This program can be used as part of an informal or formal education program as a stand-alone program or in coordination with other lesson plans. Program Objectives Exploring Greenville’s Water is designed to provide formal and informal educators with a variety of information and activities designed to: •Introduce students to the concept of a water quality as an essential aspect of a healthy natural environment and a healthy society •Foster a sense of responsibility for the future of our water resources through place-based activities designed to show students how land use and water quality is intricately connected •Integrate Livability Principles and Sustainability concepts into the formal and informal classroom •Emphasize the connections between an individual’s actions and water quality with a focus on the affects of the urban environment on water quality •Encourage teamwork, inquiry, observation, and curiosity while forming a connection to the urban environment •Develop an appreciation for Greenville’s water resources 4 How to use Exploring Greenville’s Water This program was developed to be a program that can span age groups and educational settings. Multiple activities are provided to relate each topic to the learner. Though designed with the formal classroom in mind, the activities and supplemental materials also fit well with afterschool programming, summer, and weekend camps. A wide range of suggested activities, writing prompts, background information, and links to external programming has been compiled in order to make this program flexible and comprehensive. Program Components: • Background information - the background information provided in Exploring Greenville’s Water is intended to provide the educator with the background information that they need in order to teach the program, including links to extra resources. It is suggested that teachers read the program in full before deciding how they wish to convey the information to their class. • Word Bank - the word bank list can be used as a vocabulary list, as a word bank for writing prompts, as a research tool, or for reference. Not all of the word bank words can be found in the program, but all are related to the topic. Some are common vocabulary, while others are specific to the fields of science, policy, and management related to water quality. • Journal Prompts - the journal prompts are meant to be ideas for creative writing exercises that tie into these lessons. • Student Handouts - where appropriate, student handouts are available for print, or to be saved and provided to the students electronically. • Activities- rather than providing lesson plans, this program offers suggested activities that relate to the background information provided in each section. Activities are meant to be a starting point, and can be altered by the individual educator however needed to fit their classroom objectives. *You will notice some repetition in topics, discussion prompts, and word banks between sections. Many water quality topics are interrelated and sections were written so that they could stand alone or be combined. It is up to the individual teacher how much or how little to use from each section. Photos page 4: Top: Students analyze the macroinvertebrate assemblage in a water sample taken at Paris Mountain State Park Middle: Greenville’s Livability Educator demonstrates how land use impacts water quality using a model watershed for Boys and Girls club students Bottom:Students at A J Whittenberg Elementary School observe aquatic animals from the school’s garden pond Photos page 5: Top: Fourth grade students decorate rain barrels as part of a water quality and conservation project Middle: A green team student shares her school’s water quality program with a resident at a local community event Bottom: A community center student shows off the recycled fish suncatcher he made as a reminder of the importance of keeping trash out of rivers and streams 5 Greenville Is a Watershed Word Bank Learning Objectives Students will • understand the concept of a watershed Aquatic • understand that human activity and development within a watershed Aquifer affects the quality of water in the water body Contaminant
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