Kurt Danziger's Publications
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Leibniz on Consciousness and Self-Consciousness Rocco J
Leibniz on Consciousness and Self-Consciousness Rocco J. Gennaro [Final version in NEW ESSAYS ON THE RATIONALISTS, Oxford U Press, 1999] In this paper I discuss the so-called "higher-order thought theory of consciousness" (the HOT theory) with special attention to how Leibnizian theses can help support it and how it can shed light on Leibniz's theory of perception, apperception, and consciousness. It will become clear how treating Leibniz as a HOT theorist can solve some of the problems he faced and some of the puzzles posed by commentators, e.g. animal mentality and the role of reason and memory in self-consciousness. I do not hold Leibniz's metaphysic of immaterial simple substances (i.e. monads), but even a contemporary materialist can learn a great deal from him. 1. What is the HOT Theory? In the absence of any plausible reductionist account of consciousness in nonmentalistic terms, the HOT theory says that the best explanation for what makes a mental state conscious is that it is accompanied by a thought (or awareness) that one is in that state.1 The sense of 'conscious state' I have in mind is the same as Nagel's sense, i.e. there is 'something it is like to be in that state' from a subjective or first-person point of view.2 Now, when the conscious mental state is a first-order world-directed state the HOT is not itself conscious; otherwise, circularity and an infinite regress would follow. Moreover, when the higher-order thought (HOT) is itself conscious, there is a yet higher-order (or third-order) thought directed at the second-order state. -
What Is a Polycentric History of Psychology?1
CLIO-PSYCHÉ What is a polycentric history of psychology?1 O que é uma história policêntrica da psicologia? ¿Qué es una historia policéntrica de la psicologia? Adrian C. Brock* Independent Scholar ABSTRACT The term, “polycentric history of psychology” was originally used by Kurt Danziger and it has since been adopted by other historians of psychology. The article provides an introduction to this approach. The trend towards the internationalisation of psychology has led to the history of American psychology being supplemented by other local histories. Polycentric history is contrasted this approach. It is concerned with the interrelationships between centres and not individual centres considered in isolation. The article concludes with some examples of history that has been written from a polycentric perspective. Keywords: polycentric, history, Danziger, internationalisation, interrelationships. RESUMO O conceito "história policêntrica da psicologia" foi originalmente utilizado por Kurt Danziger e, desde então, tem sido adotado por outros historiadores da psicologia. O artigo faz uma introdução a esta perspectiva. A tendência à internacionalização da psicologia implicou que a história da psicologia norte- americana pudesse ser complementada com outras histórias locais. A história policêntrica contrasta com esta abordagem, pois se preocupa com as inter-relações entre os centros, e não pelos centros considerados isoladamente. O artigo finaliza com alguns exemplos de história que tem sido escritos a partir de uma perspectiva policêntrica. Palavras-chave: policêntrica história, Danziger, internacionalização, Inter- relações. RESUMEN El concepto “historia policéntrica de la psicología” fue originariamente utilizado por Kurt Danziger y, desde entonces, ha sido adoptado por otros historiadores de la psicología. El trabajo brinda una introducción a este enfoque. -
"Danziger, Kurt" In: the Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural
1 Danziger, Kurt century. This may be typical of psychological concepts and categories in general but there are Adrian C. Brock some exceptions to the rule and, in his next University College Dublin , Ireland book, Marking the Mind: A History of Memory (2008), he examined the history of one of the Kurt Danziger (b. 1926) is Professor Emeritus oldest psychological concepts in existence. of Psychology at York University in Toronto, Danziger was born in Germany and Canada. He is a Fellow of the Canadian emigrated to South Africa at the age of 11. Psychological Association (CPA) and the Royal He continued his education in Cape Town up Society of Canada. He received the CPA to the masters level and then completed a Education and Training Award in 1994, having doctorate in experimental psychology at the played a major role in establishing the graduate University of Oxford in England. His first program in history and theory of psychology at teaching position was at the University of York University. Melbourne in Australia. He subsequently spent Danziger began his career in comparative eight years at two South African universities, a psychology but he became skeptical of the period that was interrupted by a two-year stay value of much of this research and began to do at Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia. His Piagetian-style research with children. A long- active opposition to the apartheid system in lasting engagement with social psychological South Africa led to threats and reprisals on the topics produced two books, a widely used part of what was becoming a repressive police textbook on socialization, which was translated state. -
The Positivist Repudiation of Wundt Kurt Danziger
Jouml of the History ofthe Behuvioral Sciences 15 (1979): 205-230. THE POSITIVIST REPUDIATION OF WUNDT KURT DANZIGER Near the turn of the century, younger psychologists like KUlpe, Titchener, and Eb- binghaus began to base their definition of psychology on the positivist philosophy of science represented by Mach and Avenarius, a development that was strongly op- posed by Wundt. Psychology was redefined as a natural science concerned with phenomena in their dependence on a physical organism. Wundt’s central concepts of voluntarism, value, and psychic causality were rejected as metaphysical, For psy- chological theory this resulted in a turn away from Wundt’s emphasis on the dynamic and central nature of psychological processes toward sensationalism and processes anchored in the observable peripher of the organism. Behaviorism represents a logical development of this point orview. I. PSYCHOLOGYAS SCIENCE What makes the early years in the history of experimental psychology of more than antiquarian interest are the fundamental disagreements that quickly separated its prac- titioners. These disagreements frequently concerned issues that are not entirely dead even today because they involve basic commitments about the nature of the discipline which had to be repeated by successive generations, either explicitly, or, with increasing fre- quency, implicitly. In the long run it is those historical divisions which involve fundamental questions about the nature of psychology as a scientific discipline that are most likely to prove il- luminating. Such questions acquired great urgency during the last decade of the nineteenth and the first few years of the present century, for it was during this period that psychologists began to claim the status of a separate scientific discipline for their subject. -
Hermann Cohen's History and Philosophy of Science"
"Hermann Cohen's History and Philosophy of Science" Lydia Patton Department of Philosophy McGill University, Montreal October, 2004 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree ofPh.D. © Lydia Patton 2004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-06335-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-06335-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Perception and Representation in Leibniz
PERCEPTION AND REPRESENTATION IN LEIBNIZ by Stephen Montague Puryear B.S., Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina State University, 1994 M.A., Philosophy, Texas A&M University, 2000 M.A., Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY This dissertation was presented by Stephen Montague Puryear It was defended on December 5, 2005 and approved by Nicholas Rescher University Professor of Philosophy Robert B. Brandom Distinguished Service Professor of Philosophy Stephen Engstrom Associate Professor of Philosophy J. E. McGuire Professor of History and Philosophy of Science Dissertation Director: Nicholas Rescher University Professor of Philosophy ii Copyright °c by Stephen Montague Puryear 2006 iii PERCEPTION AND REPRESENTATION IN LEIBNIZ Stephen Montague Puryear, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Though Leibniz’s views about perception and representation go to the heart of his philosophy, they have received surprisingly little attention over the years and in many ways continue to be poorly understood. I aim to redress these shortcomings. The body of the work begins with an exploration of Leibniz’s proposed analysis of representation (Chapter 2). Here I argue that on this analysis representation consists in a kind of structural correspondence— roughly an isomorphism—between representation and thing represented. Special attention is given to the application of this analysis to the challenging cases of linguistic and mental representation. The next two chapters concern what I take to be the central issue of the work: the nature of distinct perception. -
Helmholtz's Physiological Psychology1
Helmholtz’s Physiological Psychology1 Lydia Patton [email protected] In Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century, ed. S. Lapointe (Routledge, 2018) Author’s copy. Published version available at: https://www.routledge.com/Philosophy-of- Mind-in-the-Nineteenth-Century-The-History-of-the- Philosophy/Lapointe/p/book/9781138243965 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) contributed two major works to the theory of sensation and perception in the nineteenth century. The first edition of the The Doctrine of the Sensations of Tone was published in 1863, and the first edition of the Handbook of Physiological Optics was published in toto in 1867. These works established results both controversial and enduring: Helmholtz’s analysis of mixed colors and of combination tones, his arguments against nativism, and his commitment to analyzing sensation and perception using the techniques of natural science, especially physiology and physics. This study will focus on the Physiological Optics (hereafter PO), and on Helmholtz’s account of sensation, perception, and representation via “physiological psychology”. Helmholtz emphasized that external stimuli of sensations are causes, and sensations are their effects, and he had a practical and naturalist orientation toward the analysis of phenomenal experience. 1 Above all, I would like to thank Sandra Lapointe for her insight into the configuration and promise of this project, for conceiving of this volume, and for astute and perceptive responses to earlier versions, which shaped the project as it stands now. Clinton Tolley read the penultimate version of the paper and contributed invaluable suggestions, including preventing me from making a most consequential error of translation, for which I am grateful. -
Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Perception
Roger Williams University DOCS@RWU Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation 2019 Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Perception John S. Hendrix Roger Williams University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.rwu.edu/saahp_fp Part of the Architectural History and Criticism Commons, and the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Hendrix, John S., "Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Perception" (2019). Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications. 41. https://docs.rwu.edu/saahp_fp/41 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation at DOCS@RWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DOCS@RWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Perception John Shannon Hendrix In an early treatise, Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magni- tudes into Philosophy (Versuch, den Begriff der negative Grössen in die Weltweisheit einzuführen, 1763), Immanuel Kant developed a theory about thoughts that are fleeting, negated or cancelled, obscured or darkened. As certain thoughts become clearer, the other thoughts become less clear and more obscured (Verdunkelt). Kant’s concept was influenced by the petites perceptions of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He invoked Leibniz in establish- ing that only a small portion of the representations which occur in the soul, as the result of sense perception, are clear and enduring.1 Gottfried Leibniz conceived of minute perceptions of objects or ideas which have too little intensity to effect conscious thought. The minute per- ceptions contribute to ordinary perceptions, but they are so small and there are so many of them that they pass unnoticed in the consciousness connected to perception. -
Wundt's Psychological Experiment in the Light of His Philosophy of Science
Psychol. Res. 42, 109-122 (1980) Psychological (Wundt Centennial Issue) Research © by Springer-Veflag• 1980 Wundt's Psychological Experiment in the Light of His Philosophy of Science Kurt Danziger York University, Ontario, Canada Summary. Wundt initiated the first systematic psychological research pro- gramme. This achievement occurred at the same time as his elaboration of a philosophy of science which was anti-inductivist and stressed the priority of explanatory motives. Specifically psychological explanations depended on concepts of psychological causality as manifested in apperceptive or volitional processes. The major differences between the Wundtian and other models of psychological experimentation can be understood in the light of this general approach. Thus experimenters and subjects had to be enlightened collabora- tors and the role of introspection was more significant in an explanatory than in a purely observational context. Wundt's special requirements for the psy- chological experiment led him to reject other early models as exemplified by the hypnotic experiment in which the experimenter-subject relationship was closer to what was to become the norm in the twentieth century. Introduction What earned Wundt a special place in the history of psychology was his laboratory, his experimental approach. His crucial contribution seems to fall in the area of meth- odology rather than in the area of substantive theoretical concepts or specific empiri- cal discoveries. But the exact nature of Wundt's major methodological contribution is not immedi- ately obvious. On the level of technique, whether in terms of hardware or in terms of procedure, he was associated with developments and improvements rather than with any original breakthrough. -
Psychology Old and New
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons IRCS Technical Reports Series Institute for Research in Cognitive Science 1-1-2001 Psychology Old and New Gary Hatfield University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports Part of the Psychology Commons Hatfield, Gary, "Psychology Old and New" (2001). IRCS Technical Reports Series. 23. https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/23 University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-01-07. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/23 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Psychology Old and New Abstract Psychology as the study of mind was an established subject matter throughout the nineteenth century in Britain, Germany, France, and the United States, taught in colleges and universities and made the subject of books and treatises. During the period 1870-1914 this existing discipline of psychology was being transformed into a new, experimental science, especially in Germany and the United States. The increase in experimentation changed the body of psychological writing, although there remained considerable continuity in theoretical content and non-experimental methodology between the old and new psychologies. This paper follows the emergence of the new psychology out of the old in the national traditions of Britain (primarily England), Germany, and the United States, with some reference to French, Belgian, Austrian, and Italian thinkers. The final section considers some methodological and philosophical issues in these literatures. Disciplines Psychology Comments University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-01-07. -
Problematic Encounter: Talks on Psychology and History
1 Problematic Encounter: Talks on Psychology and History Kurt Danziger Introduction (2010) ……………………………………………………………………… 2 (A) Background 1. The moral basis of historiography (1997) …………………………………………… 26 2. The autonomy of applied psychology (1990) ……………………………………….. 31 3. What I wish I knew in 1950 (1997) …………………………………………………. 39 (B) Psychological Objects 4. The social context of research practice and the priority of history (1993) ………….. 48 5. Natural kinds, human kinds and historicity (1997) ………………………………….. 55 6. Psychological objects, practice and history (1993) ………………………………….. 61 7. The historiography of psychological objects (2001) ………………………………… 87 (C) Consequences 8. Does the history of psychology have a future? (1994) ................................................ 96 9. Towards a polycentric history of psychology (1996) ………………………………. 112 (D) Historical Psychology 10. Long past, short history – the case of memory (2008) …………………………….. 120 11. Prospects of a historical psychology (2003) ………………………………………. 128 12. The Holy Grail of universality (2007) …………………………………...………… 138 2 Introduction (2010) When I was still a teacher of undergraduates, the beginning of each academic year was always a time for advising students on their course selections. I have long forgotten the details of these consultations, but there was one that remains in my mind to this day. It involved a young student who wanted to combine a heavy concentration of courses in psychology with an equally heavy concentration of courses on historical topics. However, she was worried that this would be regarded as a weird combination. Indeed, she said that her friends had told her it was weird and that casual comments by one or two faculty members had implied much the same thing. What did I think? Well, I thought it was a combination that made a lot of sense and advised her to go right ahead. -
How to Solve the Knowability Paradox with Transcendental Epistemology
Synthese https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-1822-8 S.I.: THE CURRENT RELEVANCE OF KANT’S METHOD IN PHILOSOPHY How to solve the knowability paradox with transcendental epistemology Andrew Stephenson1 Received: 28 December 2017 / Accepted: 17 May 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract A novel solution to the knowability paradox is proposed based on Kant’s transcendental epistemology. The ‘paradox’ refers to a simple argument from the mod- erate claim that all truths are knowable to the extreme claim that all truths are known. It is significant because anti-realists have wanted to maintain knowability but reject omniscience. The core of the proposed solution is to concede realism about epistemic statements while maintaining anti-realism about non-epistemic statements. Transcen- dental epistemology supports such a view by providing for a sharp distinction between how we come to understand and apply epistemic versus non-epistemic concepts, the former through our capacity for a special kind of reflective self-knowledge Kant calls ‘transcendental apperception’. The proposal is a version of restriction strategy: it solves the paradox by restricting the anti-realist’s knowability principle. Restriction strate- gies have been a common response to the paradox but previous versions face serious difficulties: either they result in a knowability principle too weak to do the work anti- realists want it to, or they succumb to modified forms of the paradox, or they are ad hoc. It is argued that restricting knowability to non-epistemic statements by conceding realism about epistemic statements avoids all versions of the paradox, leaves enough for the anti-realist attack on classical logic, and, with the help of transcendental epis- temology, is principled in a way that remains compatible with a thoroughly anti-realist outlook.