Highly Educated Taiwanese Women Seeking a Self-Acceptable Social Position in Finland

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Highly Educated Taiwanese Women Seeking a Self-Acceptable Social Position in Finland View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Studies in Educational Sciences 253 Chia-Chien Chang HIGHLY EDUCATED TAIWANESE WOMEN SEEKING A SELF-ACCEPTABLE SOCIAL POSITION IN FINLAND Helsinki 2014 Custos Professor Gunilla Holm, University of Helsinki Supervisors Professor Gunilla Holm, University of Helsinki Docent Sirpa Lappalainen, University of Helsinki Pre-examiners Professor Leena Koski, University of Eastern Finland Docent Seija Keskitalo-Foley, University of Lapland Opponent Dr. Ghazala Bhatti, Bath Spa University, UK Cover photograph Chia-Chien Chang Flying with Purpose, Not Just Drifting with the Wind Unigrafia, Helsinki ISBN 978-952-10-9370-8 (pbk) ISBN 978-952-10-9371-5 (pdf) ISSN-L 1798-8322 ISSN 1798-8322 University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Studies in Educational Sciences 253 Chia-Chien Chang HIGHLY EDUCATED TAIWANESE WOMEN SEEKING A SELF-ACCEPTABLE SOCIAL POSITION IN FINLAND Abstract Studies have identified immigrants’ barriers to full employment in Finland but have revealed very little about how the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity and class influence the settlement process in Finnish society. The main purpose of the study was to investigate how highly educated (university-educated) Taiwanese women acquire, transfer and transform their cultural capital through their middle-class habitus to seek a self-acceptable social position in Finnish society. The study’s theoretical frameworks have drawn on Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, capital, field, and practice, and incorporate an intersectionality perspective into the data analysis in the interest of gaining deeper insights into the complexities of the women’s experiences in terms of their multiple positions in different social settings in Finland. This study employed a feminist standpoint epistemology in terms of epistemic commitments and used narrative inquiry with thematic analysis as the methodological strategy. Narrative inquiry as a methodological approach was used to elicit the stories of ten Taiwanese women who married Finns and immigrated to Finland. The data were produced through life-story interviews conducted in the women’s first language, Chinese or Taiwanese in 2006. The discussion of the findings has been organized according to the three key themes: employability, underemployment, and mothering. The common pattern of downward social mobility for first generation immigrants was found to repeat among these highly educated Taiwanese women, a pattern is not independent of questions of race/ethnicity in the Finnish labor market. Despite the weak link between cultural capital and employment outcomes, many of them have had no choice but to stay optimistic for – Luck is when preparation meets opportunity – by improving their never- good-enough Finnish language skills and acquiring more education or training, as part of an endeavor to reverse the “temporary” downward mobility. Some of the women have turned to care work beyond their previous training and formal qualifications; they have made compromises, have retrained and work as practical nurses due to a lack of employment opportunities in their fields. Acculturation and maintaining their heritage within the Finnish context have become problematic for many of the women and their mothering practices. Finnishness has the utmost capacity to determine the legitimation of each member’s capital and creates social boundaries which either promote or limit access to social mobility. In order to secure and maintain a better position for their children, the women raise their children as Finnish children by distancing themselves from their Taiwanese cultural heritage and espousing Finnishness. Paradoxically, these highly educated Taiwanese women are confined to a marginal position in the Finnish labor market, but on the other hand, middle- class privilege is identified in their mothering practices in terms of parental involvement in their children’s education. Their home-based and school-based parental involvement hold the greatest hope for their children’s realization of their full potential and ultimately maintaining their status as middle-class members of the dominant group. The stories of these Taiwanese women disclose how the intersections of social class, gender and race/ethnicity (re)produce inequalities in a Finnish context. Key words: Habitus, cultural capital, intersectionality, Taiwanese immigrant women Helsingin yliopiston käyttäytymistieteiden laitos Kasvatustieteellisiä tutkimuksia 253 Chia-Chien Chang KORKEASTI KOULUTETUT TAIWANILAISNAISET ETSIMÄSSÄ ITSEHYVÄKSYNTÄÄ JA SOSIAALISTA ASEMAA SUOMESSA Tiivistelmä Suomeen saapuneista maahanmuuttajista tehdyissä tutkimuksissa on tunnistet- tu maahanmuuttajien aliedustus työmarkkinoilla sekä esteet vakituiselle työllis- tymiselle, mutta toisaalta tutkimukset eivät ole juurikaan tuoneet esille minkä- lainen vaikutus sukupuolella, rodulla/etnisyydellä ja yhteiskuntaluokalla yhdes- sä ja risteävinä tekijöinä on integroitumisprosessissa suomalaiseen yhteiskun- taan. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia miten korkeasti koulutetut (ylemmän korkeakoulututkinnon omaavat) taiwanilaiset naiset kartuttavat, siir- tävät ja muuntavat kulttuurista pääomaansa yhteiskuntaluokkapohjaisen habi- tuksensa kautta, löytääkseen itse hyväksymänsä sosiaalisen paikkansa suomalai- sessa yhteiskunnassa. Teoreettinen viitekehys tässä tutkimuksessa on pääosin lähtöisin Bourdieun habituksen, pääoman, kenttien ja käytäntöjen käsitteistä. Lisäksi tutkimusaineiston käsittelyyn käytettiin teoreettisena näkökulmana intersektionaalisuutta, jotta saatiin luotua parempi käsitys siitä monimutkaisuu- desta, jota taiwanilaiset naiset kokevat, olleessaan erilaisissa sosiaalisissa ase- missa ja erilaisissa sosiaalisissa tilanteissa Suomessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytettiin menetelminä feminististä standpoint- epistemologiaa, narratiivisen tutkimusmenetelmää ja temaattista analyysiä. Narratiivinen tutkimusmenetelmä oli tarpeellinen ja arvokas, kun haluttiin tun- nistaa taiwanilaisnaisten intersektionaalinen asema Suomessa sekä saada selville heidän erilaiset ja yksilölliset näkemyksensä yhtä oikeellisina keskenään. Tut- kimukseen osallistui kymmenen naishenkilöä, joilta kerättiin tutkimustietoa elämäntarinahaastatteluilla. Haastattelut suoritettiin naisten äidinkielellä, kii- naksi tai taiwaniksi, vuonna 2006. Haastatteluiden tulokset jaettiin kolmeen pääteemaan, jotka nousivat esille haastatteluaineiston analyysissä: työllistymi- nen, alityöllisyys ja äitiys. Sosiaalisen aseman lasku toistuu kaavamaisesti korkeasti koulutettujen, ensimmäisessä sukupolvessa maahan muuttaneiden taiwanilaisnaisten elämäs- sä, mihin vaikuttaa suomalaisen työvoiman rotu-/etnisyysasetelma. Huolimatta heikosta sidoksesta kulttuurisen pääoman ja työllistymisen onnistumisen välillä, monilla naisista ei ole muuta vaihtoehtoa kuin ylläpitää toivoaan sen suhteen, että “Onnekkuus on sitä, kun valmistautuminen kohtaa mahdollisuuden”, ja parantaa aina riittämättömäksi osoittautuvaa suomenkielentaitoaan tai hankkia lisää paikallista koulutusta kääntääkseen “väliaikaisen” sosiaalisen aseman las- kukierteen. Jotkut naiset ajautuvat terveydenhoitoalalle lähihoitajiksi, mutta valinta on kompromissi parempien työskentelymahdollisuuksien puutteessa, eivätkä he tee valintaa sen vuoksi, että ovat naisia. Lähihoitajiksi päätyvien osal- ta tapahtuu leimautumista työvoimassa sukupuolen ja rodun/etnisyyden osalta. Naiset kasvattavat lapsensa yksinomaan suomalaisiksi etäännyttäen heidät taiwanilaisesta kulttuuriperimästään ja suosien suomalaisuutta. Paradoksaali- sesti korkeasti koulutetut taiwanilaiset naiset on rajattu mitättömään rooliin suomalaisilla työmarkkinoilla, mutta toisaalta heidän keskiluokkainen etuoikeu- tettu roolinsa tulee esille äitiydessä ja tavassa, jolla he osallistuvat ja vaikuttavat lastensa kouluttautumiseen. Heidän kotona ja koulussa tapahtuva vanhemman rooli keskittyy suureen toiveeseen siitä, että he mahdollistavat lapsilleen hyödyn- tää täysi potentiaalinsa ja lopulta tulla tasavertaisiksi keskiluokan edustajiksi valtaväestön keskuudessa. Näiden taiwanilaisnaisten tarinat paljastavat, että sosiaalinen asema yhdessä sukupuolen ja rodun/etnisyyden kanssa tuo esille eriarvoisuutta suomalaisessa viitekehyksessä. Avainsanat: habitus, kulttuurinen pääoma, intersektionaalisuus, taiwanilaiset maahanmuuttajanaiset ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank all of the participants for sharing their time and personal experiences with me. You have inspired me to do my best because your stories are worth telling and reading with integrity and sincerity. Without your help and contribution, this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisors who have challenged, enlightened, and educated me: Professor Gunilla Holm and Docent Sirpa Lappalainen. Thank you for your patience, inspiration, and guidance. I am profoundly thankful for your beliefs in the significance of my work. There are no words that can adequately express my gratitude. I would like to give very special thanks to Professor Elina Lahelma for taking an interest in my research proposal and opening the door to my research life. Special thanks also go to Professor Diane Reay for her inspirational feedback and interesting discussions during my participation in an Erasmus exchange program at the University of Cambridge. I would like
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