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High Security Locking Devices ° a State-Of-The-Art Report If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ' /,jo~F: NBSIR 81-2233 High Security Locking Devices ° A State-of-the-Art Report " iJ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory° Center for Building Technology Environmental Design Research Division Washington, DC 20234 June 1981 ,~l~ued January 1982 •epared for: ivil Engineering Laboratory val Construction Battalion Center rt Hueneme, CA 93040 ,°,~' / Q NBSIR 81-2233 HIGH SECURITY LOCKING DEVICES A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT John S. Stroik U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory Center for Building Technology Environmental Design Research Division Washington, DC 20234 June 1981 Issued January 1982 This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency, under Subtask Code B99QAXRB202, Work Unit Code 06. Prepared for: Civil Engineering Laboratory Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme, CA 93040 ,~t~l OF CO,IB~ :1,i:~ .. ACQ U ! S iTlO~ ," tN/ 4)(/~)~A U 0 t 4 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director mm -6.'y~ -4 Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................. v Preface ................................................................ vi Acknowledgments ....................................................... vi 1 • INTRODUCTION oooooeooooooooooooooeeoooooooooeooooooeooo,ooo('ooooooo 1 lol Dackground .................................................... 2 1.2 Goals And Objectives ......................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................ 3 2. REVIEW OF LOCKING DEVICES ......................................... 4 2.1 General Description of Locks ................................. 5 2.2 Types Of Locking Devices ..................................... 8 2.3 Lock Functions ............................................... 12 2.4 Lock Grades .................................................. 14 . LOCK CLASSIFICATION ............................................... 20 4o INSTALLATION TYPES ................................................ 25 4.1 Methods Of Installation ...................................... 27 .2 Application .e..e.o.oo.,.ooooo....o..,o.o..OO.OOO,..o--e''o''" 31 4o3 Purpose ...................................................... 31 5. OPERATION TYPES ................................................... 33 5.1 Keyed Mechanical Operation ................................... 35 5,1.1 Warded Locks .......................................... 35 5.1.2 Cylinder Tumbler Locks ................................ 36 5.1.3 Lever Locks ........................................... 44 5 • 1 • 4 Magnetic Locks ••moo•••••moo••••moo••••••••••••moo•o••• 46 % 5.2 Keyless Mechanical Operation ................................. 47 5.2.1 Manual And Passive Bolt Locks ......................... 48 5.2.2 ~lheel Tumbler Locks ................................... 49 5.2.3 Coded Cypher Locks .................................... 50 5.2.4 Time Locks ............................................ 51 5.2.5 Exit Devices .......................................... 52 qp 5.3 Electr0magnetic Operation .................................... 52 5 • 4 Electro-Mechanical Operation ooooomoeoommomoooomoommo,mmmmmm• m 53 5 • 4 • 1 Manually Encoded • oooeoooomoooooooe ••me me• •me••moo••me• 54 5.4.2 Electronically Encoded ................................ 55 iii Table of Contents (con't) Page 5.4.3 Personal Characterisitcs Verification System .......... 58 5.5 Other Systems ................................................ 59 6. COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS ......................................... 63 6.1 Bolt ..... .................................................... 65 6.2 Strike ....................................................... 68 6.3 Bolt Actuating Mechanism ..................................... 69 6.4 Obstacle ..................................................... 70 6.5 Key/Code .................................................... 71 6.6 Materials ................................ ................... 73 6.7 .................................................... 73 7. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSIONS ............................ 75 7 • 1 Summary eoo'oooooeoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooeooo 76 7.2 Recommendations .............................................. 76 7 • 3 Conclusion, ooooeoeooooooooeeooooooooeooooeeeooooooeoooooooeooo/ 78 REFERENCES ............................................................ 81 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS ........................................... 85 APPENDICES A. Annotated Bibliography ........................................ 133 B. Standards And Specifications .................................. 139 C. National Organizations ........................................ 145 D. Locksmith Schools ............................................. 148 E. Master Keying ........................ ......................... 149 F. Selection of Materials For Lock Components .................... 156 G. List of Manufacturers ......................................... 159 iv ABSTRACT An investigation was made of available non-military literature and information on high security, unexposed locking devices used on doors in order to identify and document the present state of the art of these• devices and systems. Locking devices were investigated both as overall systems and as sub-system components, with existing categories of lock types presented. A new classification system for locks is also presented as a framework for future research and development. Locks are classified by their installation, oper- ation and component Characteristics. Intended to provide an overview of available commercial locking devices for the uninitiated researcher as well as anyone interested in the field of locking device design, the report also makes recommendations for future lock development. A glossary of technical terms is included together wth appendices containing an anotated bibliography, notes on master keying and annotated lists of standards, specifications, organizations and manufacturers. Key Words: Door security; entry control; hardware; locking device classification; lock operation, installation, and characteristics. Certain commercial equipment and sources are identified in this report in order to make it more useful to the reader. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it imply that the equipment identified is necessarily the best or only available equipment for the purpose described. The points of view or opinions expressed in this report are those of the author or individuals to whom they are ascribed, and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of either the National Bureau of Standards, the Civil Engineering Laboratory or the Defense Nuclear Agency. Preface This report, though limited in scope, provides a framework for understanding prime aspects involved in the design of high-security locking devices. In addition to investigating available literature, requests for information were sent to 282 manufacturers and distributors of equipment; 79 companies responded. Follow-up phone calls and visits were made to some users and manufacturers for additional information. Much information on locks is proprietary, therefore many manufacturers and distributors are not ~lilling to submit anything more than catalogue sales information. This information varies widely in detail. Consequently some devices are more elaborately described than others. The reader is advised to pursue more detailed information on particular devices directly with the manufacturers. Acknowledgments In addition to the manufacturers listed in Appendix G, the author appreciates the assistance of the following individuals during the collection of information for this report: Russel Barber, Secret Service; Robert Barnard Department of Defense, Army; Marvin Deasley, Defense Nuclear Agency; Richard Blackmon, Nuclear Regulatory Commission; C. R. Bukholt, Department of Defense, Navy; L. D. Chapman, Sandia Laboratories; Francis Chase, National Bureau of Standards; Jerry Connally; Lawrence Eliason National Bureau of Standards; Robert Ghetti, Department of Energy; Louis Ganzales, General Electric Tempo; Richard Hudnut, Builders Hardware Manufacturers Assoc. Allen LaPointe, Lockmasters; Milton Madsen, Sandia Laboratories; Raymond Moore, National Bureau of Standards; Jake Rabinow, National Bureau of Standards; Bill Reed, Locksmith Ledger; Terry Ruddick, Central Intelli- gence Agency; Robert Ruhf, Department of the Treasury; G. W. Saunders, Underwriters' Laboratory; Harvey Schock; LaDonna Short, Department of Defense Army; Bruce Varnado, Sandia Laboratories; Russ Waller, Department of State; Stan Wakamiya, National Bureau of Standards; Robert Walker, Central Intelligence Agency; Joseph Williams, Sandia Laboratories. Special thanks to Stephen T. Margulis and Roy Clark of NBS for revie~,ling the manuscript and providing constructive suggestions, to Ana Salazar, Debee Stroik and Brenda Kefauver for typing and proofreading, and Brian Pierman for his encouragement and support. Finally, particular recognition is given to Ken Gray and Hank Self of the Naval Construction Battalion Center (Port Huenene, California), together with Michael R. McL~hirder, Cdr USN and Marvin C. Deasley of the Defense Nuclear Agency (Washington, D.C.) who conceived of, encouraged and managed this project. vi / 2 / \ / " /
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