Elephants As Enemies in Ancient Rome
Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 32.1 January 2006: 3-25. Elephants as Enemies in Ancient Rome Jo-Ann Shelton University of California at Santa Barbara Abstract The ancient Romans enjoyed watching spectacles in which elephants were tormented or killed because these animals had been endowed with symbolic significance. They were identified as agents both of a hostile nature which threatened human security, and of the human military opponents which had challenged the Romans in the third century BCE. The purpose of this paper is to explore the identification which the Romans made between elephants and enemies and to propose that this identification caused them to view elephants as a particularly satisfying target for abuse. I will examine how ancient writers reflected, fostered and exploited the association of elephants with adversaries, and I will discuss how the ability to dominate elephants in an arena spectacle symbolized Rome’s ability to conquer, to civilize, and to bend both the natural and political worlds to its will. Keywords ancient Romans, elephants, animal domestication, domesticated species, animal spectacles, animal symbols, animal abuse, Hannibal, Pyrrhus, Lucretius 4 Concentric 32.1 January 2006 Introduction Throughout our history as agriculturalists and pastoralists, humans have divided animals into two categories: domesticated species, which we have valued because their easy management and dependably docile natures have enabled us to exploit them for food, clothing, labor, and companionship; and wild species, which we have been eager to exterminate because they consumed our food supplies, threatened our lives, or occupied land that we wanted to inhabit. Designation as a domesticated species has not guaranteed humane treatment for an animal, but it has brought food, shelter, protection from predators, and encouragement to reproduce.
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