Timeline / 1870 to 1930
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Timeline / 1870 to 1930 Date Country Theme 1870 - 1875 United Kingdom Rediscovering The Past Academic interest and geopolitical concerns combine to stimulate the state-of- the-art mapping of Palestine. There is strong interest in the lands of the Bible. In addition, following the opening of the Suez Canal, threats to British routes to India loom from the north, first from Russia and then from the Ottoman Empire and Germany. 1870 France Cities And Urban Spaces From 1870, the suburbs appear around major French cities such as Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux and Marseille. 1870 France Political Context The Third Republic had a difficult start: the Treaty of Versailles with Prussia granting Alsace and Lorraine to the German Empire, and repression of the Commune. After a period known as the “Moral Order”, the Opportunist (1879–98) or Radical Republic (1898–1914) set up a large number of reforms in all areas, which include among others: a law on primary education (1881–2); a law on freedom of the press (1881); the restoration of the law on divorce (1884); a law allowing Trades Unions (1884); and a law on the separation of Church and State (1905). 1870 France Travelling From 1870 onwards, as the peripheries around the big French cities like Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux and Marseille start growing, they develop into a real suburban belt around the city. Around 1870 - Around 1920 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Economy And Trade The period marks the peak of the pearling industry as the main export-commodity industry of the Gulf region. 1870 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces Renewal and urban modernisation of Rome starts with the opening of a long road linking Porta Pia (where the Italian army broke into the city in 1870) to the Quirinale Palace, residence of the King (formerly a papal palace). The headquarters of some ministries are located along this road. 1870 - 1912 Italy Political Context In 1870, taking advantage of French defeat at the hands of Prussia, the Italian army captures Rome, which becomes the capital of Italy. The Pope considers Italian rule on Rome to be illegitimate and bans Catholics from participating in Italian political life. In the following decades the ban is progressively lifted to counter socialist growth. Date Country Theme 1876 - 1899 Republic of Macedonia Migrations (FYROM) Extensive emigration of intellectuals from Macedonia to neighbouring countries and Russia. With unfavourable conditions at home for science and research, many Macedonian students stay in the country where they studied to contribute to the development of science, culture and arts. They often organised societies such as the Sofia Circle of Macedonian Students run by Petar Pop-Arsov (1872–1941), which began issuing Loza newspaper in 1882. 1870 Lebanon Political Context Ottomans appoint Rustam Pasha as mutasarrif (governor). He is an equally firm and economical administrator. 1870 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Publication of Joao de Deus’s Cartilha Maternal, a beginner’s reading book that was to be in use for a long time. João de Deus was a follower of Maria Montessori’s pedagogical theories and founded in Portugal the “Escola Nova” movement. 1870s - 1900s France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The corset introduces the fashion for a more slender figure. 1870 France Political Context The Franco-Prussian War: France's defeat to Prussia results in the abdication of Napoleon III. Proclamation of the Third Republic. 1870 Germany Economy And Trade The Deutsche Bank is founded by Georg von Siemens. 1870 - 1913 Germany Economy And Trade The rail network transforms German industry, and merchant shipping multiplies. Since 1870 Germany Migrations The so-called Ruhrpolen migrate to the Ruhr, where many work in coal mining. 1870 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces Fire in Beyo#lu (#stanbul) destroys about 3,000 houses; 80 people are killed. After that incident using brick and stone to build houses becomes obligatory. 1870 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme Ahmed Mithat Efendi (1844–1912), who introduced the novel from the Ottoman community begins to publish Letaif-I Rivayat (Finest Stories), which includes long stories and novellas. 1871 Romania Rediscovering The Past Alexandru Odobescu sends an archaeological questionnaire to teachers all over the country, who have to return information about archaeological discoveries or vestiges of antique monuments existing in the areas where they live or work. 1871 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Fréjus Rail Tunnel under Alps, between Italy and France, inaugurated (12.8 km long). 1871 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion 24 December: first world performance of the new opera by Verdi, Aida, set in ancient Egypt, at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo. 1871 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Nikolaos Politis publishes the first volume of his pioneering work on Greek folklore, Study of the Life of Modern Greeks: Modern Greek Mythology. 1871 - 1877 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces Jezira Bridge is constructed in 1871 and opens to traffic in 1877. The intention is to link the districts of Dokki and Bulaq al-Dakrur with Zamalek. Construction requires redirection of the Nile bed. 1871 Egypt Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Giuseppe Verdi’s Egyptian-themed Aida premiers in Cairo on 24 December. 1871 - 1896 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces By the end of the 19th century tram lines have increased in cities. Madrid has horse-drawn trams from 1871 and Barcelona from 1872 but the first city with an electric tram is Bilbao in 1896, followed by Cartagena. 1871 Spain Rediscovering The Past Voyage of the frigate Arapiles to the Near East. The ship was commissioned by the Spanish government to travel to the Near East with Spanish archaeologists and curators to document ancient monuments and buy antiquities. It sailed from Naples to Greece, Istanbul, Rhodes, Cyprus, Lebanon and Egypt and brought back drawings, notes and artworks to be kept in the Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Madrid. 1871 France Political Context Date Country Theme When the people of Paris refuse to accept defeat and take up arms the Versailles- based government resist and harshly repress the "Commune". 1871 Germany Political Context The German Empire, a union of sovereign states and free cities, is established under Prussian leadership. 1871 Germany Cities And Urban Spaces Berlin becomes the imperial capital. 1871 - 1910 Germany Cities And Urban Spaces The second Industrial Revolution sees massive immigration; the population rises from 41 to 65 million, and from only eight cities with no more than 100,000 inhabitants, more than 48 cities are formed. 1871 - 1914 Germany Cities And Urban Spaces The process of urbanisation begins: in 1907 Berlin had more than 2 million citizens of which around 40% are locals, 20% German immigrants and 40% foreign immigrants. From 1871 Germany Economy And Trade The capital market is enlivened by France’s payment of 5 million French francs, paid to Germany as compensation following the war between the two countries (1870–1). From 1871 - 1914 Germany Economy And Trade Germany’s industrial production is now six times what it had been. 1871 Turkey Economy And Trade Ottoman railway policy is formulated by the decree of Sultan Abdülaziz to establish a main line between #stanbul and Baghdad, with secondary lines to the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts. 1871 Turkey Rediscovering The Past German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann (1822–90) begins excavations in Troy. 1872 - 1874 Tunisia Cities And Urban Spaces The city of Tunis benefits from the first installation of public street lighting. An English company builds a gasometer and installs the pipelines necessary to supply gas for street lighting of the city’s main arteries. 1872 Austria Economy And Trade Date Country Theme Foundation of the Austrian Agricultural University in Vienna. 1872 - 1891 Austria International Exhibitions The Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Fine Arts) in Vienna is built. 1872 United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Italian composer Verdi is commissioned by the Egyptian Khedive to compose the opera Aida for celebrations to mark the opening of the Suez Canal. Later Verdi is also commissioned to compose the Egyptian National Anthem. 1872 - 1874 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts O Desterrado (The Outcast), a sculpture by António Soares dos Reis (1847–89) is an idealised self-portrait. It conveys the collective feelings of his contemporary intellectuals and the feelings of loneliness and longing common to those who had left their homeland. The sculptor’s romantic sensibility enabled him to shape feelings and psychological tensions in the marble. 1872 France Fine And Applied Arts Impression, Sunrise by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet. 1872 - 1879 Germany Reforms And Social Changes As a consequence of the Kulturkampf the influence of the Catholic Church is limited in Germany. 1873 - 1877 Tunisia Economy And Trade Khayr al-Din undertakes reform of the Tunisian economy. 1873 - 1877 Tunisia Political Context The regency of Khayr al-Din, the Grand Vizier reformer, who reorganises institutions and the economy. His major cultural works are the creation of Sadiki College and major reform of the Zaytuna Mosque. 1873 Romania International Exhibitions Two Romanians are members of the international jury of the Vienna International Exposition: agronomist and economist P.S. Aurelian and doctor Carol Davila. 1873 Romania Travelling The first tourism organisation from Romania, called the Alpine Association of Transylvania, is founded in Bra#ov. 1873 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of a new water-supply pipeline from the Alps to Vienna. Date Country Theme 1873 Austria International Exhibitions Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria opens the Weltausstellung, Vienna’s World Trade Fair. 1873 Austria International Exhibitions A copy of the decoration from the Tomb of Khnumhotep is exhibited in the Egyptian Pavilion of the World Trade Fair. 1873 Austria International Exhibitions At the World Trade Fair in Vienna, the Austrian Museum of Applied Art purchases a pair of jugs from Tunisia for the museum.