Annotated checklist of the freshwater of

by

Jan H. Mol* (1), Richard P. Vari (2), Raphaël Covain (3, 4, 5), Philip W. Willink (6) & Sonia Fisch-Muller (3)

ABSTRACT. - Data derived from the literature supplemented by examination of specimens in collections show that 481 of live in the fresh and brackish inland waters of Suriname, with 394 of these restricted to fresh waters. These 481 species represent 16 orders and 64 families. Orders with the largest numbers of freshwater species in the Surinamese inland fish fauna are the Siluriformes (157 species), (147 species), (40 species), Gymnoti- formes (21 species) and (21 species). At the level, the has the greatest number of freshwater species (83 species), followed by the (60 species), the Cichlidae (30 species), the (23 species), the (19 species) and the (17 species). Present data indicate that 25 of the species are known solely from locations within Suriname and 89 species solely in Surinamese river systems including the Maro­ wijne/Mana and Corantijn watersheds which in part extend into and , respectively. Of 481 total spe- cies, 187 (38.9%) were based on series that originated within Suriname. Continued descriptions of new species from the inland waters of Suriname demonstrate that the present total most likely distinctly underestimates the species-level diversity of the fish fauna. In terms of species per square kilometer, the presently documented richness of the Surinamese freshwater fish fauna is comparable to, or even greater than, the richness of fish faunas of several other tropical South American countries.

RÉSUMÉ. - Liste commentée des poissons dulçaquicoles du Suriname. Les données issues de la littérature ainsi que l’examen de spécimens de collections montrent que 481 espèces de pois- sons vivent dans les eaux douces et saumâtres du Suriname ; 394 d’entre elles sont strictement dulçaquicoles. Ces 481 espèces représentent 16 ordres et 64 familles. Parmi l’ichtyofaune de l’intérieur du Suriname, les ordres comportant le plus grand nombre d’espèces sont les Siluriformes (157 espèces), les Characiformes (147 espèces), les Perciformes (40 espèces), les (21 espèces) et les Cyprinodontiformes (21 espèces). Au niveau familial, ce sont les Chara- cidae qui comptent le plus grand nombre d’espèces (83 espèces), suivis des Loricariidae (60 espèces), des Cichlidae (30 espèces), des Callichthyidae (23 espèces), des Heptapteridae (19 espèces) et des Anostomidae (17 espèces). Les données actuelles indiquent que 25 espèces ne sont connues que du Suriname et 89 uniquement des systèmes fluviaux surinamais incluant les bassins du Maroni/Mana et de la Corantijne qui s’étendent respectivement en Guyane française et au Guyana. Sur les 481 espèces, 187 (38,9%) sont fondées sur les séries types originaires du Suriname. Les descriptions régulières d’espèces nouvelles des eaux intérieures surinamaises démontrent que la diversité spécifique de la faune piscicole est très vraisemblablement sous-estimée. En termes d’espèces par kilomètre carré, la richesse en poissons des eaux douces suri- namaises telle qu’actuellement connue est comparable, voire même supérieure, à celle de nombreux autres pays tropicaux sud-américains.

Keywords. - Diversity - Ichthyofauna - Guiana Shield - Distribution - - Neotropics.

Interest in the fishes of Suriname by naturalists and sci- The earliest contributions to Surinamese ichthyology are entists extends back over two centuries. Suriname is undoub­ incorporated into more general treatises of special natural tedly the site of origin of the oldest extant preserved speci- history collections such as that of Gronovius (1754, 1756). mens of South American fishes which were collected in the Linnaeus, in turn, acquired some of the information for his first half of the 18th century (Kullander and Nijssen, 1989), ‘’ (1758, 1766), the official beginning of albeit in some instances with inexact locality information. modern taxonomic nomenclature, from his students who

(1) Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS) and Department of Biology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, CELOS building, Leysweg, , Suriname. [[email protected]] (2) Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0159, USA. [[email protected]] (3) Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Départment d’herpétologie et d’ichtyologie, Route de Malagnou 1, Case postale 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland. [[email protected]] [[email protected]] (4) Université de Genève, Département de Génétique et Evolution, Sciences III, quai E. Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland. (5) Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de biométrie et biologie évolutive, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69622, . (6) Division of Fishes, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago IL, 60605-2496, USA. [[email protected]] * Corresponding author [[email protected]]

Cybium 2012, 36(1): 263-292. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . traveled throughout the world. Although one of these, Daniel (MH10), E.R. Blake (MH10), D.G.J. Bolten (LH27-28), Rolander (1725-1793), visited Suriname in 1755 (Holthuis, C.F.A. Bruijning (LH33), P. Buitendijk (LH28), H.W.C. 1959), it is uncertain whether Linnaeus examined the Suri- Cossee (LH30), P.H. Creutzberg (MH11), C.G. Dahlberg namese fish specimens collected by Rolander. Linnaeus (LH17-19), H.H. Dieperink (LH21-23), M.H. De la Fuente did, however, examine the collections and read the publica- (MH12), D.C. Geijskes (LH31-32), C. Hering (LH23-24), tions of Peter Artedi (1738) who himself examined Alber- W.C. Van Heurn (LH29), J.H.C.B. Heyde (LH33), M.S. tus Seba’s collection, King Adolf Fredrik (Linnaeus, 1754, Hoogmoed (MH13), P.W. Hummelinck (LH33-34), J. Van 1764), and Laurens Theodorus Gronovius (1754, 1756) all der Kamp (LH34), H.W. Lijding (LH33), H.P. Pijpers, D. of which included fishes that originated in rivers flowing Rolander (LH19-21), E.C. Stoll (LH32-33), W. Vervoort through what is now Suriname. It is sometimes impossible (MH18), and J. Wyman (MH18-19). to determine how or where these specimens were collected, The earliest collections of Surinamese fishes understan­ but documentation indicates that Daniel Luyx Massis, Direc- dably originated in the more accessible plantations in the tor of the famous West India Company, acquired fishes from Coastal Plain and the Savannah Belt situated immediately Suriname for the Gronovius collection (Wheeler, 1958). to the south of the Coastal Plain. The remote and thus less Some of these Surinamese specimens are still extant as alco- accessible Interior did not receive attention until after 1860. hol preserved samples or dried skins pressed onto paper in The first information on the composition of the fish fauna the collections of The Natural History Museum, London, the of the interior resulted from several expeditions in the 20th Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, and the Swedish Mu­seum century, in particular the topographical expeditions sent out of Natural History, Stockholm (Wheeler, 1958, 1989; Fern- by the Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genoot­ holm and Wheeler, 1983). Surinamese fishes described and schap (Royal Geographical Society). Collecting figured by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), with the original natural history objects was of secondary importance in most in parentheses, are: (Pleuronectes) achirus (Lin­ of the early expeditions; nonetheless, these surveys ­yielded naeus, 1758), Ageneiosus (Silurus) inermis (Linnaeus, si­gnificant information on the fishes of the interior (see 1766), Apteronotus (Gymnotus) albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766), Holthuis, 1959; Hoogmoed, 1973). The expeditions (with Astyanax­ () bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Callich- year and collector of fishes in parentheses, when known) thys (Silurus) callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758), Charax (Salmo) are: Nickerie Expedition (1900), Coppename Expedition gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Cichlasoma (Labrus) bimacula- (1901; H.A. Boon), Saramacca Expedition (1902-1903, P.J. tum (Linnaeus, 1758), Crenicichla (Sparus) saxatilis (Lin- de Kock), Gonini Expedition (1903-1904, G.M. Versteeg), naeus, 1758), Doras (Silurus) carinatus (Linnaeus, 1766), Suriname Expedition (1908, J.H.A.T. Tresling), Corantijn Electrophorus (Gymnotus) electricus (Linnaeus, 1766), Expedition (1910-1911, J.F. Hulk), Wilhelmina Mountains Gasteropelecus (Clupea) sternicla (Linnaeus, 1758), Gym- Expedition (1926), Coppename Hevea Expedition (1943- notus carapo Linnaeus, 1758, (Acipenser) 1944, D.C. Geijskes), 1948-49 Suriname Expedition (1948- plecostomus­ (Linnaeus, 1758), cataphracta Lin- 1949, D.C. Geijskes & P.H. Creutzberg), Medical Expedition naeus, 1758, Polycentrus schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, to the southern border region (1952, D.C. Geijsjkes & C.F.A. 1849 (due to circumstances, Labrus punctatus Linnaeus, Bruijning), ‘Coquette’ Investigations (1957, H.W. Lijding 1758 is a ), Pseudoplatystoma (Silurus) fasciatum & D.C. Geijskes), Coeroeni Island Expedition (1959, D.C. (Lin­naeus, 1766), Pterengraulis (Clupea) atherinoides (Lin- Geijkes & H.P. Pijpers), Expedition (1961, D.C. naeus, 1766), Salmo notatus Linnaeus, 1766 (identity of this Geijkes & H.P. Pijpers), Wilhelmina Mountains Expedi- species unclear although presumably a characiform) and tion (1963, S. Ligori & H.P. Pijpers), 1968-1970 Sipaliwini Serrasalmus (Salmo) rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1766). Expeditions (1968-69, 1970, M. Hoogmoed), Northwest Many early scientific papers dealing with Surinamese Suriname Expedition (1971, D.C. Geijskes & M. Boese- fishes are based on material collected by non-ichthyologists man), Oelemarie Expedition (1999, P. Ouboter), CI-RAP to whom that discipline is greatly indebted for their col- Coppename Expedition (2004, B. Chernoff, P. Willink & J. lecting efforts. For example, the great Dutch ichthyologist Mol), CI-RAP Nassau/Lely Mountains Expedition (2005, J. P. Bleeker described some Surinamese fish species (e.g., Mol & K. Wan Tong You), and CI-RAP Sipaliwini Expedi- Anchovia surinamensis, Chasmocranus surinamensis, Pla- tion (2010, P. Willink & K. Wan Tong You). gioscion surinamensis; Bleeker, 1862-1873) based on speci- Biological surveys related to the construction of a hydro- mens collected by H.H. Dieperink in the first half of the 19th electric dam across the at Afobakka (the century. Holthuis (1959) and Hoogmoed (1973) extensively project, ultimately resulting in the Brokopondo documented the collectors of Crustacea and Amphibia/Rep- Reservoir in 1964; e.g., Mol et al., 2007) proved an impor- tilia, respectively, from Suriname. Most of these collectors tant stimulus to ichthyological research in Suriname. For also collected fishes (in parentheses the page number in the first time ichthyological surveys of Suriname included Holthuis’ (LH) or Hoogmoed’s (MH) papers): H.A. Beatty multiple ichthyologists (M. Boeseman, 1963-1964, 1971;

264 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname

MH11, G. Mees, 1965-1966, 1972; MH15, and H. Nijssen MATERIAL AND METHODS 1966-1967; MH16) who collected large samples of fishes across the country. Although the primary focus was the Suri- Inclusion of species in the following checklist is based name River, their efforts also included sampling within the on three different information sources. The first and least Saramacca, Coppename, Nickerie, Commewijne, Maro­wijne problematic of these were those species now recognized as (Maroni) and Corantijn (Corentyne) rivers. valid that have type localities in the inland waters of Suri- Other ichthyologists who later collected fishes in the name (denoted by “T” in the checklist, Tab. I). Secondly freshwaters of Suriname were: J.P. Gosse in the Marowijne are the species originally described from locations outside River (1966, 1969), R.P. Vari and L.R. Parenti in the Coran- of Suriname which are included in the checklist when their tijn River (1979-1980), P. Planquette, Y. Thérézien and P.Y. occurrence within the country is documented by specia­lists Le Bail in the Marowijne River (1978-1995), P. Ouboter and (denoted by “S” in the checklist). This includes (1) the cita- J. Mol in the Saramacca, Nickerie/Maratakka, and Para ­rivers tion of a species for the Surinamese fish fauna in species (1990-present), P. Ouboter in the Oelemarie and Tapana- descriptions and/or revisions of genera or families in the honi rivers (1999), M. Jégu in the Oelemarie River (1998), recent taxonomic literature, or (2) information from specia­ C. Weber, R. Commergnat and J. Mol in the Nickerie, Sara- list identified voucher specimens that originated at localities macca and Suriname rivers (2001), J. Montoya-Burgos, R. in Suriname. Vouchers are deposited in various fish collec- Covain and J. Mol in the Corantijn, Suriname, Commewijne, tions, most notably the Academy of Natural Sciences Phila- Sipaliwini and Paloemeu rivers (2005-2008), J. Lundberg, M. delphia (ANSP, Philadelphia), Field Museum of Natural Sabaj, P. Willink and J. Mol in the Maro­wijne River (2007), History (FMNH, Chicago), Muséum d’histoire naturelle and P. Willink in the Corantijn/Sipaliwini River (2010). de la Ville de Genève (MHNG, Geneva), Muséum national Abundant material of Surinamese freshwater fishes is now d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris), Netherlands Centre for available in the natural history museums of Amsterdam (col- Biodiversity Naturalis [NCB Naturalis, Leiden; a fusion of lections soon to be shifted to Leiden), Chicago, Geneva, Lei- the Zoological Museum Amsterdam (ZMA) and the Rijks den, Paramaribo, Paris, Philadelphia and Washington. Museum voor Natuurlijke Historie (RMNH) ], National Some of these collecting efforts resulted in focused stu­ Zoological Collection Suriname (NZCS, Paramaribo, Suri- dies of the members of various genera or families occurring name), and National Museum of Natural History, Smithso­ within Suriname. Publications of note include those on Cory- nian Institution (USNM, Washington, D.C.). The third source doras by Nijssen (1970), Hypostomus by Boeseman (1968), of information are records based on identifications of speci- the by Boeseman (1971), the Serrasalminae by mens deposited in various collections (see above), identified Géry (1972), the Auchenipteridae, Heptapteridae, Pimelo- by ichthyologists who are not experts on those taxa. Critical didae and by Mees (1974), the Cichli- reexamination of such lots underlies the inclusion of various dae by Kullander and Nijssen (1989), the Anostomoidea by species in the checklist (denoted “X”). Occurrences of spe- Sidlauskas and Vari (2012), and the Harttiini by Covain et cies in a river basin are followed by a “?” in instances when al. (2012). Complementing these geographically focused they are uncertain or questionable. studies were revisionary analysis of genera and families of Initial information in the development of the check- freshwater fishes across major expanses within the Neo- list was taken from Eigenmann (1912), Boeseman (1952), tropics, many of which added to our knowledge base of the Ouboter and Mol (1993), Planquette et al., 1996, Keith et al. Surinamese ichthyofauna. Ecological studies on Surinamese (2000), Le Bail et al. (2000), CLOFFSCA (Reis et al., 2003) fishes (mainly Callichthyinae) were initiated by Mol (1993, and Vari et al. (2009) and supplemented by recently pu­blished 1994; Mol et al., 1999; Mol and Ponton, 2003). (e.g., Ouboter et al., 1999; Mol et al., 2006; Mol et al., 2007) Eigenmann (1912), in his monograph on the ichthyofau- and unpublished checklists of the ichthyofauna of different na of British Guiana (= Guyana), listed 118 freshwater fish river basins. Data were cross checked and supplemented species for Suriname. Based on specimens collected during by information in recent publications dealing with species the expeditions of the first half of the 20th century that are present in Surinamese inland waters and/or describing new listed above, Boeseman (1952) added another 105 fish spe- species of fishes from those drainage systems (Zanata,1997; cies to Eigenmann’s list, resulting in a total of 223 species Schindler, 1998; Ferraris and Vari, 1999; Géry et al., 1999; known to occur in fresh- and estuarine waters of Suriname. Keith and Meunier, 2000; López-Hernández and Winemil­ Ouboter and Mol (1993) published the most recent list of ler, 2000; Casatti, 2001, 2002, 2005; Jégu and Santos, 2002; Surinamese freshwater fishes which included 318 species. In Jégu et al., 2002, 2003; Crampton and Albert, 2003; Vari et the present paper we present a checklist with 481 fish spe- al., 2003, 2005, 2012; Armbruster, 2004; Castro and Vari, cies from the fresh and brackish waters of Suriname, a 50% 2004; Malabarba, 2004; Meunier et al., 2004, 2011; Willink increase in the last two decades and a trajectory that shows and Sidlauskas, 2004; Zanata and Toledo-Piza, 2004; Zarske no signs of decreasing. et al., 2004, 2006, 2010; Reis et al., 2005; Vermeulen and

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 265 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l .

Hrbek, 2005; Costa, 2006; Deynat, 2006; Keith et al., 2006; species of each family and subfamily listed alphabetically. Kullander and Ferreira, 2006; Mattox et al., 2006; Zarske Genus names in follow Marceniuk and Menezes and Géry, 2006, 2008; Buitrago-Suárez and Burr, 2007; Fer- (2007) and genus names in Serrasalminae follow Meunier et raris, 2007; Lucena, 2007; Marceniuk and Menezes, 2007; al. (2004) and Orti et al. (2008). de Chambrier and Montoya-Burgos, 2008; Orti et al., 2008; In the checklist (Tab. I), we included species which Rosa et al., 2008; Sabaj Pérez and Birindelli, 2008; Sarmen- spend their entire lives in fresh water (indicated by ‘F’ in to-Soares and Martins-Pinheiro, 2008; Sidlauskas and Vari, the habitat column), species that at least extend into fresh 2008, 2012; Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos, 2009; Oyaka- waters with some regularity and occur in brackish but not wa and Mattox, 2009; Parisi and Lundberg, 2009; Lucena marine waters (indicated by ‘F(B)’), species that live in the and Malabarba, 2010; Mirande, 2010; de Santana and Vari, ­brackish water of estuaries, canals and coastal lagoons (indi- 2010; Willink et al., 2010; Alexandrou et al., 2011; Melo et cated by ‘B’; e.g., the Bigi Pan Lagoon in , al., 2011; Moreira and Lima, 2011; Sidlauskas et al., 2011; northwestern Suriname), and marine fishes that migrate sea- Covain et al., 2012; Fisch-Muller et al., 2012; Weber et al., sonally into estuaries and the lower freshwater reaches of 2012). rivers (indicated by ‘M’). In the absence of information on The checklist basically follows the taxonomic classifica- salinity tolerance and life history, it is difficult to accurately tion used by Reis et al. (2003) updated to reflect later taxo- designate many species in the present checklist that live in nomic actions and, for marine migrants Nelson (2006), with the ‘fuzzy’ area between the and the river to one of the (sub)families arranged in systematic , and genera and above categories. In addition, the near-shore coastal waters

Figure 1. - Map of Suriname showing the seven main river basins from east to west: Marowijne (Maroni), Commewi- jne, Suriname, Saramacca, Coppename, Nickerie and Corantijn (Corentyne) riv- ers.

266 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X Marowijne X Commewijne S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Suriname S X Saramacca S S S S X X X X X X X Coppename X X X X Nickerie S S S T X X X X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F B FB FB FB FB FB BM BM BM BM MB MB BM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM Habitat waterspecies (B) and marine species that seasonally penetrate into the lower reaches ofrivers (M); e.g., FBdenotes speciesa that occurs inboth - Taxa (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, (Fowler, 1911) (Fowler, (Puyo, 1946) (Puyo, (Cuvier, 1829) (Cuvier, esueur, 1818 L esueur, (Swainson, 1839) (Swainson, Valenciennes, 1847 Valenciennes, (Günther, 1868) (Günther, localitymay well be restricted to”, according to Boeseman (1972). Introduced species not native to Suriname are marked with an asterisk; a question mark is - Müller & Henle, 1841 Henle, & Müller sp. Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Suriname. Listing includes freshwater species (F), species that at least extend into fresh waters with some regularity and do not - Anchovia clupeoides Anchovia Family: Engraulidae Family: 1848) (Valenciennes, spinifer Anchoa 1865) (Bleeker, surinamensis Anchovia Opisthonema oglinum Opisthonema (Castelnau, 1855) (Castelnau, orbignyi Potamotrygon Elopiformes Order: Megalopidae Family: atlanticus Megalops Deynat, 2006 Deynat, marinae Potamotrygon Order: Pristiformes Order: Pristidae Family perotteti Pristis Table I. Table occurinsea (F(B)), brackish fresh and brackish water. Occurrences in the river systems of Suriname are denoted (type asT locality), S (identified localitiesType ‘Suriname’, without precise localities, correspondingindicated the are in column. collections,specialist taxon). ichthyologist the bya in not identified is an that by a specialist in the group) and X (present in museum T(B72):“type questionable. considered is introduction the if added (Günther, 1868) (Günther, brevirostris Anchoviella Anchoviella cayennensis Anchoviella (Steindachner, 1879) (Steindachner, amazonica Rhinosardinia Order: Clupeiformes Order: Clupeidae Family: 1865 Poey, jaguana Harengula Family: Elopidae Family: 1766 Linnaeus, saurus Elops Order: Myliobatiformes Order: Potamotrygonidae Family: 2008 Wanderley, & Carvalho Rosa, boesemani Potamotrygon (Valenciennes, 1837) (Valenciennes, flavipinnis Pellona (Fowler, 1917) (Fowler, harroweri Pellona Pterengraulis atherinoides Pterengraulis Pristigasteridae Famly: 1800 Lacepède, mucronatus Odontognathus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Agassiz, & (Spix grossidens Lycengraulis Lycengraulis batesii Lycengraulis Anchoviella edentulus Cetengraulis (Eigenmann, 1912) (Eigenmann, guianensis Anchoviella lepidentostole Anchoviella

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 267 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S T T T T T T T T X X X X X X X X X X X X? Marowijne S S S S X X X X X X? Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S T T X X X X X X Suriname S S S S X X X X X X X Saramacca S S S S S S T X X X X Coppename S S S S S S T X X X X Nickerie S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Habitat Taxa ner, 1858) ( K ner, Vari, Sidlauskas & Le Bail, 2012 Bail, Le & Sidlauskas Vari, Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, (Steindachner, 1910) (Steindachner, Yépez, 1949 Fernández - Yépez, (Bloch, 1794) (Bloch, (Eigenmann, 1912) (Eigenmann, Géry & Planquette, 1983 Planquette, & Géry Continued. - Order: Characiformes Order: Parodontidae Family: 1959 Géry, guyanensis Parodon Table I. Table Family: Curimatidae Family: cyprinoides Curimata Vari, 1982 Vari, crypticus Curimatopsis biocellatus Cyphocharax helleri Cyphocharax 1889) Eigenmann, & (Eigenmann microcephalus Cyphocharax Family: Prochilodontidae Family: 1841 Jardine, rubrotaeniatus Prochilodus (Vari & Nijssen, 1986) Nijssen, & (Vari punctatus Cyphocharax 1864) (Günther, spilurus Cyphocharax Castro, 1988 Castro, varii Semaprochilodus Anostomidae Family: 1758) (Linnaeus, Anostomus Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Bail, Le & Planquette Géry, varii Steindachnerina (Günther, 1863) (Günther, megalepis Hypomasticus 2011 Vari, & Mol Sidlauskas, apollo 1912 Eigenmann, arcus Leporinus 1794) (Bloch, fasciatus Leporinus Anostomus ternetzi Anostomus 1943) (Puyo, despaxi Hypomasticus Géry, 1961 Géry, brevior Anostomus Leporinus friderici Leporinus Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, granti Leporinus lebaili Leporinus 1844 Troschel, & Müller maculatus Leporinus Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Bail, Le & Planquette Géry, gossei Leporinus Garavello, 1990 Garavello, nijsseni Leporinus plicatus Petulanos (Winterbottom, 1974) (Winterbottom, spiloclistron Petulanos 1829 Agassiz, & Spix fasciatus Schizodon Family: Chilodontidae Family: labyrinthicus Caenotropus Family: pellucidum Characidium Müller & Troschel, 1844 Troschel, & Müller punctatus Chilodus 1946 Puyo, zunevei Chilodus (Eigenmann, 1912) (Eigenmann, maculosus Caenotropus

268 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T T T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Marowijne S S S S S S S X X X X X X? Commewijne S S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Suriname X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Saramacca S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Coppename S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Nickerie S S S S S S T T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Habitat Eigenmann, 1908 Eigenmann, in (Eigenmann, 1909) (Eigenmann, (Géry, 1960) (Géry, Eigenmann, 1918 Eigenmann, in Taxa Géry, 1961 Géry, Durbin (Gill, 1858) (Gill, Cuvier, 1818 Cuvier, Vari, 1985 Vari, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Steindachner, 1882) (Steindachner, (Steindachner, 1882) (Steindachner, ner, 1858) ( K ner, Continued. - Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, zebra Characidium Table I. Table Günther, 1863 Günther, spilurus Crenuchus Melanocharacidium blennioides Melanocharacidium Pellegrin, 1909 Pellegrin, quadrimaculatus Hemiodus 1794) Bloch, unimaculatus Hemiodus Buckup, 1993 Buckup, dispilomma Melanocharacidium eleotrioides Microcharacidium 1964) (Géry, huraulti Hemiodus Family: Gasteropelecidae Family: 1864) (Günther, strigata Carnegiella Family: Family: longiceps Argonectes 1909 Pellegrin, argenteus Hemiodus Gasteropelecus sternicla Gasteropelecus Bivibranchia bimaculata Bivibranchia 1991 Bail, Le & Planquette Géry, simulata Bivibranchia Family: Alestidae Family: macrolepidotus Chalceus Family: Characidae Family: sedis incertae Taxa 1912) (Eigenmann, melandetum Aphyocharacidium 1758) (Linnaeus, bimaculatus Astyanax Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Bail, Le & Planquette Géry, validus Astyanax 1864) (Günther, affinis Bryconops (Günther, 1864) (Günther, caudomaculatus Bryconops 1794) (Bloch, melanurus Bryconops (Valenciennes, 1850) (Valenciennes, spilurus Géry, 1959 Géry, boesemani Hemigrammus Hemigrammus bellottii Hemigrammus Durbin lunatus Hemigrammus Hemigrammus ocellifer Hemigrammus Géry, 1959 Géry, guyanensis Hemigrammus Durbin, 1909 Durbin, orthus Hemigrammus 1909 Durbin, rodwayi Hemigrammus unilineatus Hemigrammus Durbin, 1909 Durbin, minimus 1909 Durbin, minor Hyphessobrycon Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2006 Géry, & Bail Le Zarske, borealis Hyphessobrycon copelandi Hyphessobrycon Hyphessobrycon georgettae Hyphessobrycon

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 269 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T X X X X X X X X X X X X X? X? Marowijne S S S T X X X X X? Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Suriname S S S S T X X X X X X X X X X X Saramacca S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Coppename S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X? Nickerie S S S S S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X? Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Habitat Taxa Eigenmann, 1908 Eigenmann, (Günther, 1864) (Günther, (Müller & Troschel, 1844) Troschel, & (Müller (Steindachner, 1882) (Steindachner,

Jégu, Keith & Le Bail, 2003 Bail, Le & Keith Jégu, (Steindachner, 1908) (Steindachner, purusii (Günther, 1864) (Günther, (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1996) Bail, Le & Planquette (Géry, Müller & Troschel, 1844 Troschel, & Müller (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1996) Bail, Le & Planquette (Géry, ternetzi Géry, 1959 Géry, aff. aff. Continued. - (Géry, 1960) (Géry, simulatus Hyphessobrycon 1909) (Eigenmann, abramoides Jupiaba (Géry, 1960) (Géry, roseus Hyphessobrycon sp. ‘redline’ *? ‘redline’ sp. Hyphessobrycon 1996) Bail, Le & Planquette (Géry, maroniensis Jupiaba 1996) Bail, Le & Planquette (Géry, meunieri Jupiaba ocellata Jupiaba 1909) (Eigenmann, pinnata Jupiaba Jupiaba keithi Jupiaba Durbin, 1909 Durbin, rosaceus Hyphessobrycon Table I. Table Jupiaba polylepis Jupiaba Moenkhausia collettii Moenkhausia (Günther, 1864) (Günther, chrysargyrea Moenkhausia (Müller & Troschel, 1845) Troschel, & (Müller grandisquamis Moenkhausia Géry, 1965 Géry, georgiae Moenkhausia Géry, 1965 Géry, hemigrammoides Moenkhausia Géry, 1992 Géry, inrai Moenkhausia intermedia Moenkhausia 1858) ( K ner, lepidura Moenkhausia 1995 Bail, Le & Planquette Géry, moisae Moenkhausia oligolepis Moenkhausia Géry, 1965 Géry, surinamensis Moenkhausia (Ulrey, 1894) (Ulrey, maxillaris Pristella (Schultz, 1956) * 1956) (Schultz, axelrodi Paracheirodon Thayeria ifati Thayeria Iguanodectinae Subfamily: Iguanodectes 1763) (Koelreuter, dentatus Piabucus Subfamily: Bryconinae Subfamily: falcatus Brycon Müller & Troschel, 1845 Troschel, & Müller pesu Brycon 1850) (Valenciennes, brachipomus Triportheus Subfamily: Serrasalminae Subfamily: oligacanthus Acnodon 1923 Ahl, altidorsalis Metynnis 1844 Troschel, & Müller setiger Myleus aff. Myloplus 1818) (Cuvier, rhomboidalis Myloplus Myloplus planquettei Myloplus (Müller & Troschel, 1844) Troschel, & (Müller rubripinnis Myloplus

270 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S S S S T T T T X X X X X X X X X X? X? Marowijne S S S X X X X X X X Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X? X? X? Suriname S S S T X X X X X X X X X X X X? Saramacca S X X X X X X X X X X X? Coppename S T X X X X X X Nickerie S S S S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Habitat Taxa Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Agassiz, & Spix (Norman, 1929) (Norman, (Bloch, 1794) (Bloch, (Cuvier, 1819) (Cuvier, Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, hyphesson (Popta, 1901) (Popta, Reis, 1989 Reis, (Norman, 1929) (Norman, Jégu, 2002 Belmont - Jégu, & Keith Jégu, Günther, 1864 Günther, pauciradiatus Continued. - Myloplus ternetzi Myloplus Table I. Table Pygopristis denticulata Pygopristis Pristobrycon eigenmanni Pristobrycon Subfamily: Aphyocharacinae Subfamily: 1912 Eigenmann, erythrurus Aphyocharax Characinae Subfamily: 1758) (Linnaeus, gibbosus Charax (Steindachner, 1908) (Steindachner, striolatus Pristobrycon 1766) (Linnaeus, rhombeus Serrasalmus lebaili Tometes (Günther, 1868) (Günther, affinis Roeboides brevispina Poptella Le Bail & Lucena, 2010 Lucena, & Bail Le Phenacogaster aff. aff. Charax 1912 Eigenmann, essequibensis Cynopotamus Poptella longipinnis Poptella Subfamily: Stethaprioninae Subfamily: 1850) (Valenciennes, orbicularis Brachychalcinus (Norman, 1934) (Norman, carteri Phenacogaster 1909 Eigenmann, microstictus Phenacogaster 1959) (Géry, guyanensis Roeboexodon Subfamily: Tetragonopterinae Subfamily: chalceus Tetragonopterus Family: Acestrorhynchidae Family: falcatus Subfamily: Cheirodontinae Subfamily: 1960) (Géry, gracilis Odontostilbe Subfamily: Stevardiinae Subfamily: 2010 Géry, & Bail Le Zarske, guyanensis Bryconamericus 1908 Eigenmann, heteresthes Bryconamericus aff. Bryconamericus 1909 Eigenmann, melanzonus Creagrutus 1962 Géry, surinamensis Hemibrycon (Zarske, Géry & Isbrücker, 2004) Isbrücker, & Géry (Zarske, rarus Tetragonopterus (Jardine, 1841) (Jardine, microlepis Acestrorhynchus Family: 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch erythrinus Erythrinus Family: Cynodontidae Family: 1829) (Agassiz, gibbus Cynodon 1998 Keith, & Bail Le Géry, meionactis Cynodon

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 271 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S S S S T T X X X X X X X X X X X X? Marowijne S S S S S S S X X X X Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X? X? T(B72) Suriname S S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X X Saramacca S S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X? Coppename S S S S S X X X X X X Nickerie S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? X? Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) Habitat Taxa (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Agassiz, & (Spix Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, (Steindachner, 1882) (Steindachner, Hoedeman, 1954 Hoedeman, Bloch, 1794 Bloch, (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, Günther, 1863 Günther, (Hancock, 1828) (Hancock, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Vari, Ferraris & Keith, 2003) Keith, & Ferraris (Vari, Hoedeman, 1961 Hoedeman, Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, conradi Continued. - Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus Hoplerythrinus Table I. Table (Valenciennes, 1847) (Valenciennes, aimara Oyakawa & Mattox, 2009 Mattox, & Oyakawa curupira Hoplias 1794) (Bloch, malabaricus Hoplias Family: 1912) (Regan, arnoldi Günther, 1872 Günther, beckfordi Nannostomus Order: Siluriformes Order: Family: 1912) (Eigenmann, minutum Cetopsidium orientale Cetopsidium Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, marginatus Nannostomus Nannostomus bifasciatus Nannostomus * 1909) (Eigenmann, harrisoni Nannostomus 1847 Valenciennes, filamentosa Pyrrhulina Boeseman, 1953 Boeseman, stoli Pyrrhulina marmoratus Family: Family: 1840) (Valenciennes, filamentosus Aspredinichthys Platystacus cotylephorus Platystacus Aspredinichthys tibicen Aspredinichthys 1758) (Linnaeus, aspredo Aspredo aloikae Bunocephalus 1912 Eigenmann, amaurus Bunocephalus 1874) (Cope, coracoideus Bunocephalus 1792) (Walbaum, verrucosus Bunocephalus Trichomycteridae Family: 1882) (Steindachner, amazonicus Ituglanis (Eigenmann, 1912) (Eigenmann, gracilior Ituglanis Mountains) (Brownsberg sp. Ituglanis flabelliferus Ochmacanthus reinhardtii Ochmacanthus aff. Trichomycterus Family: Callichthyidae Family: Callichthyinae Subfamily: callichthys Callichthys (Eigenmann, 1909) (Eigenmann, guianensis Trichomycterus Hoplosternum (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, thoracata

272 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T ‘Suriname’ C. S S S S S S S S T T T T X X? X? T - Marowijne oelemariensis S S S S S Commewijne S S S S S S S S T T T T T T Suriname S S S S S T T T X Saramacca S S S T T T T T X Coppename F. S T T T X X X? T - Nickerie parvicarinata S S S S S S S S S S T T T T X X? X? Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F(B) Habitat ., 2000) al ., et e Bail L e Taxa Brunner, 1947 - Brunner, sp. (see sp. Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, Isbrücker, 1979 Isbrücker, Boeseman, 1974 Boeseman, Boeseman, 1971 Boeseman, Hoedeman, 1965 Hoedeman, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1992 Nijssen, & Isbrücker breei Continued. - (Bloch, 1794) (Bloch, maculatus Loricariichthys Loricaria nickeriensis Loricaria Nijssen, 1970 Nijssen, surinamensis Loricariidae Family: Hypoptopomatinae Subfamily: aff. Gen.nov. britskii Parotocinclus Loricariinae Subfamily: 1868) (Günther, platystoma Cteniloricaria Boeseman, 1974 Boeseman, guianense 1940 Fowler, mariae reticulata Farlowella 1971 Boeseman, rugosa Farlowella 2001 Olivieira, & - Daniel Py Rapp guianensis Harttia 2012 Fisch - Muller, & Covain fluminensis Harttia 1971 Boeseman, surinamensis Harttia 1953) (Boeseman, crassicauda Harttiella cataphracta Loricaria Corydoras sipaliwini Corydoras Nijssen, 1970 Nijssen, saramaccensis Corydoras Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967 Isbrücker, & Nijssen sanchesi Corydoras (Bloch, 1794) (Bloch, punctatus Corydoras Subfamily: Corydoradinae Subfamily: 1858) (Gill, aeneus Corydoras 1803 Lacépède, geoffroy Corydoras 1970 Nijssen, guianensis Corydoras 1970 Nijssen, heteromorphus Corydoras 1912 Regan, melanistius Corydoras 1967 Isbrücker, & Nijssen nanus Corydoras 1967 Isbrücker, & Nijssen oxyrhynchus Corydoras Table I. Table aff. aff. Corydoras Geisler, 1969 Geisler, baderi Corydoras 1967 Isbrücker, & Nijssen boesemani Corydoras breei Corydoras Fraser brevirostris Corydoras 1970 Nijssen, coppenamensis Corydoras 1983 Isbrücker, & Nijssen filamentosus Corydoras Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967 Isbrücker, & Nijssen bicolor Corydoras

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 273 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T ‘Suriname’ H. S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T X T - Marowijne tapanahoniensis S S S S S S S S X Commewijne + H. S S S S T T T T T T T - Suriname surinamensis occidentalis S S S S S S S T X Saramacca S S S S S S T Coppename H. S S S S S S T X T - Nickerie nickeriensis - H. S S S S S S S S T T T T T; T T; Corantijn sipaliwini F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F(B) Habitat Taxa (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983) Isbrücker, & Nijssen (Heitmans, Boeseman, 1982 Boeseman, (Günther, 1864) (Günther, Boeseman, 1969 Boeseman, (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, Boeseman, 1982 Boeseman, (Regan, 1906) (Regan, (Steindachner, 1915) (Steindachner, stewarti Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1990 Isbrücker, & Nijssen (Günther, 1864) (Günther, hoplogenys aff. aff. sp.1 sp.2 leucostictus bovallii Continued. - Rineloricaria fallax Rineloricaria (Eigenmann, 1909) (Eigenmann, stewarti Rineloricaria Rineloricaria Isbrücker, 1975 Isbrücker, paucidens Metaloricaria gr. gr. pallidimaculatus Lithoxus Boeseman, 1968 Boeseman, saramaccensis Hypostomus 1984) (Lilyestrom, taphorni Hypostomus 1828 Hancock, watwata Hypostomus Boeseman, 1968 Boeseman, micromaculatus Hypostomus 1968 Boeseman, paucimaculatus Hypostomus 1758) (Linnaeus, plecostomus Hypostomus (Norman, 1926) (Norman, gymnorhynchus Hypostomus Guyanancistrus brevispinis Guyanancistrus gr. gr. sp. Ancistrus temminckii Ancistrus Rineloricaria Rineloricaria Subfamily: aff. Ancistrus (Boeseman, 1976) (Boeseman, nijsseni Metaloricaria Table I. Table Lithoxus stocki Lithoxus 1982 Boeseman, surinamensis Lithoxus Boeseman, 1968 Boeseman, pseudohemiurus Hypostomus Boeseman, 1968 Boeseman, macrophthalmus Hypostomus (Lütken, 1874) (Lütken, macrops Hemiancistrus 1854) ( K ner, medians Hemiancistrus 1868) (Günther, megacephalus Hemiancistrus 1968 Boeseman, coppenamensis Hypostomus corantijni Hypostomus 1968 Boeseman, crassicauda Hypostomus assau Mountains) ( N assau sp. Guyanancistrus sp. Panaqolus sp. Lithoxus 2012 Covain, & Fisch - Muller koko Panaqolus

274 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T X X X? Marowijne S S X X X Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T (B72) T Suriname S S X X X Saramacca S S S S S S T X Coppename S S S S S S S S Nickerie S S S S S S S S S S T T T T X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Habitat Taxa de Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos, Montoya-Burgos, & Chambrier de (Fowler, 1940) (Fowler, Willink, Mol & Chernoff, 2010 Chernoff, & Mol Willink, Boeseman, 1953 Boeseman, sp. Bockmann, 1994 Bockmann, asopos stictonotus Muller & Covain, 2012 Covain, & Fisch - Muller sp. Continued. - Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, poecilus Microglanis (Eigenmann, 1912) (Eigenmann, villosus Batrochoglanis 1974) (Mees, nigricaudus Cephalosilurus Pseudancistrus kwinti Pseudancistrus 1968) (Boeseman, tenuis Squaliforma Pseudopimelodidae Family: 1840) (Valenciennes, raninus Batrochoglanis (Günther, 1868) (Günther, depressus Pseudancistrus (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, bufonius Pseudopimelodus Mees, 1974 Mees, secundus Microglanis 2008 (Günther, 1868) (Günther, fordii Pseudacanthicus 1840) (Valenciennes, serratus Pseudacanthicus Pseudacanthicus 1840) (Valenciennes, barbatus Pseudancistrus corantijniensis Pseudancistrus Peckoltia otali Peckoltia Table I. Table cf. Mastiglanis aff. aff. Imparfinis 1915 Steindachner, hasemani Imparfinis 1961) (Hoedeman, pijpersi Imparfinis Mees, 1967 Mees, tapanahoniensis Heptapterus Family: Heptapteridae Family: 1912) (Eigenmann, heteropleura Brachyrhamdia 1912 Eigenmann, brevior Chasmocranus 1912 Eigenmann, longior Chasmocranus Peckoltia (Fowler, 1914) (Fowler, leptosoma Pimelodella 1848) &Troschel, (Müller foina Rhamdia 1824) Gaimard, & (Quoy quelen Rhamdia Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, macturki Pimelodella 1912 Eigenmann, megalops Pimelodella 1983 Mees, procera Pimelodella (Müller & Troschel, 1848) Troschel, & (Müller cristata Pimelodella (Mees,1986) tenuis Phenacorhamdia (Bleeker, 1862) (Bleeker, surinamensis Chasmocranus bleekeri Heptapterus Family: Pimelodidae Family: 1819) (Lichtenstein, filamentosum Brachyplatystoma Hoedeman, 1961 Hoedeman, geryi Pimelodella

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 275 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T T T T T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S S S S T T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Marowijne X X Commewijne S S S S S S S S S T T T X X X X X X X X X X? X? Suriname S S X X X X X X Saramacca S S S S S S T X X X X Coppename X X X X X X X X Nickerie S S S S S S T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F B FB BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM FBM FBM Habitat (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch Taxa (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, Mees, 1974 Mees, Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, ner, 1858 K ner, Valenciennes, 1840 Valenciennes, (Agassiz, 1829) (Agassiz, (Valenciennes, 1821) (Valenciennes, granulosus Continued. - (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, platyrhynchos Hemisorubim (Castelnau, 1855) (Castelnau, rousseauxii Brachyplatystoma vaillantii Brachyplatystoma Valenciennes, 1840 Valenciennes, marginatus Hypophthalmus Table I. Table Phractocephalus hemioliopterus Phractocephalus albofasciatus Pimelodus blochii Pimelodus Parisi & Lundberg, 2009 Lundberg, & Parisi moli Pimelabditus Pimelodus ornatus Pimelodus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, fasciatum Pseudoplatystoma (Valenciennes, 1862) (Valenciennes, tigrinum Pseudoplatystoma spixii Family: Ariidae Family: 1766) (Linnaeus, bagre Bagre 1815) (Mitchill, marinus Bagre 1840) (Valenciennes, arenatus Cathorops (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, couma Sciades 1794) (Bloch, herzbergii Sciades 1832) (Trail, parkeri Sciades (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, phrygiatus Amphiarius 1840) (Valenciennes, rugispinis Amphiarius 1840) (Valenciennes, quadriscutis Aspistor 1840) (Valenciennes, grandicassis Notarius (Valenciennes, 1840) (Valenciennes, passany Sciades 1840) (Valenciennes, proops Sciades Family: Family: 1758) (Linnaeus, cataphractus Acanthodoras 1855) ( K ner, affinis 1912) (Eigenmann, micropoeus Doras 1758) (Linnaeus, costatus Platydoras sp. Platydoras aff. Pterodoras (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, carinatus Doras Auchenipteridae Family: 1766) (Linnaeus, inermis Ageneiosus Ageneiosus marmoratus Ageneiosus 1840 Valenciennes, dentatus Auchenipterus 1829) Agassiz, & (Spix nuchalis Auchenipterus 1974) (Mees, concolor Centromochlus 1974) (Mees, punctatus Centromochlus

276 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T T T T ‘Suriname’ S S T T T T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Marowijne C. creutzbergi C. T - S S S S S S S S S S S S X X X Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T X X X X X? Suriname S X X X X X X X X X X X X X Saramacca S S S S S S X X X X X X Coppename S S S S S X X X X X X Nickerie S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F BM BM F(B) FBM Habitat (Hopkins, 1991) (Hopkins, Taxa Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, in de Santana & Vari, 2010 Vari, & Santana de (Schultz, 1944) (Schultz, (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, E llis Keith & Meunier, 2000 Meunier, & Keith (Steindachner, 1877) (Steindachner, sp.2 sp.1 Hancock, 1830 Hancock, Continued. - (Bloch, 1794) (Bloch, nodosus Pseudauchenipterus (Hoedeman, 1961) (Hoedeman, leopardum Glanidium Table I. Table Tatia intermedia Tatia Mees, 1974 Mees, brunnea Tatia 1942) Allen, & (Eigenmann gyrina Tatia 1766) (Linnaeus, galeatus Trachelyopterus Order: Gymnotiformes Order: Gymnotidae Family: electricus Electrophorus aup, 1856) ( K aup, artedi Hypopomus Hoedeman, 1962 Hoedeman, anguillaris Gymnotus 1758 Linnaeus, carapo Gymnotus Eigenmannia 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch macrurus Sternopygus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, rostratus Family: beebei Brachyhypopomus Family: Apteronotidae Family: 1766) (Linnaeus, albifrons Apteronotus Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus Brachyhypopomus 1962 Hoedeman, lepturus Hoedeman, 1962 Hoedeman, coropinae Gymnotus Sternopygidae Family: Eigenmannia Meunier, Jégu & Keith, 2011 2011 Keith, & Jégu Meunier, kirschbaum Japigny jegui Rhabdolichops Family: 1920) Ribeiro, (Miranda rondoni Gymnorhamphichthys 1868) (Steindachner, brevirostris Brachyhypopomus Batrachoidiformes Order: Batrachoididae Family: 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch surinamensis Batrachoides sp.2 Brachyhypopomus gymnotus Porotergus galibi Sternarchorhynchus sp.1 Brachyhypopomus Mugiliformes Order: Mugilidae Family: 1758 Linnaeus, cephalus Mugil incilis Mugil

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 277 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S T T X X X X X X X X X X X X Marowijne S S S X X X X Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S S S S S T X X X X X? Suriname S S S S X X X X Saramacca S S T X X X X? X? Coppename S S S S X Nickerie S S S S S X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F BM F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) FBM FMB Habitat Taxa (Poey, 1880) (Poey, Bloch, 1795 Bloch, Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, (Regan, 1913) (Regan, Dawson, 1974 Dawson, brasiliensis Peters, 1859 Peters, Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, Hoedeman, 1954 Hoedeman, marmoratus Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, holmiae lanceolatus lanceolatus Continued. - cf. aff. aff. aff. aff. Order: Cyprinodontiformes Order: Rivulidae Family: marmoratus Kryptolebias Valenciennes, 1836 Valenciennes, liza Mugil Table I. Table Huber, 1979 Huber, amphoreus Rivulus breviceps Rivulus Vermeulen & Hrbek, 2005 Hrbek, & Vermeulen sepia Kryptolebias agilae Rivulus Rivulus 1984 Berkenkamp, lungi Rivulus 1909 Eigenmann, stagnatus Rivulus Family: 1909) (Eigenmann, bifurca Micropoecilia 1894) (Eigenmann, parae Micropoecilia Rivulus Eigenmann, 1912 Eigenmann, frenatus Rivulus 2006 Bail, Le & Nandrin Keith, gaucheri Rivulus Rivulus picta Micropoecilia Huber, 1991 Huber, igneus Rivulus 1801 Schneider, & Bloch vivipara Poecilia reticulata Poecilia Eigenmann, 1909 Eigenmann, gracilis Tomeurus Family: 1758) (Linnaeus, anableps Anableps Order: Synbranchiformes Order: Synbranchidae Family: Synbranchus Müller & Troschel, 1844 Troschel, & Müller microlepis Anableps Order: Beloniformes Order: Belonidae Family: 1843) (Jardine, guianensis Potamorrhaphis (Walbaum, 1792) (Walbaum, marina Strongylura Gasterosteiformes Order: Syngnathidae Family: aff. Pseudophallus Family: Hemiramphidae Family: 1847) (Valenciennes, roberti roberti Hyporhamphus (Günther, 1866) (Günther, microps Pseudotylosurus

278 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname P. P. - T T T T T T T ‘Suriname’ surinamensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Marowijne X X X X X X Commewijne S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Suriname X X Saramacca X X X X X Coppename X X X Nickerie S T X X X X X X X X X Corantijn F F F F F BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM Habitat Taxa (Heckel, 1840) (Heckel, (Bloch, 1792) (Bloch, Günther, 1860 Günther, (Jordan, 1889) (Jordan, (Cuvier, 1832) (Cuvier, (Bloch, 1788) (Bloch, (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch gassiz, 1831 A gassiz, Continued. - (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Troschel, & (Müller trifilis Pachypops schomburgkii Pachyurus 1855) (Castelnau, auratus Plagioscion Lonchurus lanceolatus Lonchurus ancylodon Macrodon 1823) (Desmerast, furnieri Micropogonias 1802) (Lacepède, fourcroi Pachypops Cuvier, 1830 Cuvier, microps Nebris (Lacepède, 1801) (Lacepède, acoupa Cynoscion Plagioscion squamosissimus Plagioscion (Cuvier, 1830) (Cuvier, virescens Cynoscion 1948) (Boeseman, elegans Lonchurus (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883) Bocourt, & (Vaillant jamaicensis Cynoscion steindachneri Cynoscion Family: Family: 1790) (Bloch, luteus Sciaenidae Family: 1830) (Cuvier, ronchus Bairdiella (Steindachner, 1864) (Steindachner, microps Stellifer Family: Lobotidae Family: 1790) (Bloch, surinamensis Lobotes Gerreidae Family: 1829) (Cuvier, rhombeus Diapterus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, synagris Lutjanus Family: Lutjanidae Family: 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch jocu Lutjanus Trachinotus cayennensis Trachinotus Family: Serranidae Family: 1822) ( L ichtenstein, itajara Epinephelus Carangidae Family: 1766) (Linnaeus, hippos Caranx latus Caranx 1793) (Bloch, saliens Oligoplites 1758) (Linnaeus, vomer Selene Centropomus undecimalis Centropomus Poey, 1860 Poey, paralellus Centropomus Order: Perciformes Order: Centropomidae Family: 1860 Poey, ensiferus Centropomus Table I. Table

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 279 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . T T T T T ‘Suriname’ S S S S S T T T T T T T T X X X Marowijne S S S X X X X X X X? Commewijne S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T X X X X X X X Suriname S S S S S S S S X X X X X? Saramacca S S S T X X X X X X X X Coppename S S S S S S S S S T T X X X X Nickerie S S S S S S S S S S S S T T X X X X X X X X? Corantijn F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F BM BM F(B) F(B) F(B) F(B) Habitat Taxa (Regan, 1908) (Regan, Hoedeman, 1951 Hoedeman, gassiz, 1831 A gassiz, Müller & Troschel, 1849 Troschel, & Müller Pellegrin, 1904 Pellegrin, Ploeg, 1987 Ploeg, (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Troschel, & (Müller Ploeg, 1987 Ploeg, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Bloch, 1790) (Bloch, Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Schneider, & Bloch (Puyo, 1943) (Puyo, Continued. - (Jordan, 1889) (Jordan, rastrifer Stellifer Table I. Table Stellifer stellifer Stellifer Family: Polycentridae Family: schomburgkii Polycentrus Schindler, 1998 * 1998 Schindler, guyanae Mesonauta Regan, 1905 Regan, anomala Nannacara (Heckel, 1840) (Heckel, tetramerus Family: Cichlidae Family: 1989 Nijssen, & Kullander paloemeuensis Aequidens (Schultze, 1823) (Schultze, scalare Pterophyllum (Peters, 1852) * 1852) (Peters, mossambicus Oreochromis Krobia itanyi Krobia (Regan, 1905) (Regan, guianensis Krobia (Bloch, 1791) (Bloch, surinamensis Geophagus Gosse, 1976 Gosse, harreri Geophagus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Nijssen, & Kullander brokopondo Geophagus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Nijssen, & Kullander brachybranchus Geophagus (Eigenmann, 1912) (Eigenmann, ortmanni steindachneri Apistogramma Family: Eleotridae Family: lophocephalus Dormitator 1785) (Bloch, maculatus Dormitator 1871) (Cope, amblyopsis Eleotris 1789) (Gmelin, pisonis Eleotris Satanoperca leucosticta Satanoperca Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Nijssen, & Kullander sphenozona Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Nijssen, & Kullander owroewefi Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Nijssen, & Kullander oelemariensis Guianacara Crenicichla sipaliwini Crenicichla Crenicichla saxatilis Crenicichla Crenicichla nickeriensis Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 Heckel, flavescens Chaetobranchus & Spix monoculus Cichla Cichla ocellaris Cichla Heckel, 1840 Heckel, lugubris Crenicichla 1903 Pellegrin, multispinosa Crenicichla Crenicichla albopunctata Crenicichla 1987 Ploeg, coppenamensis Crenicichla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, bimaculatum Cichlasoma (Steindachner, 1881) (Steindachner, maronii Cleithracara

280 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname T T T T? ‘Suriname’ X X X X X X X Marowijne X X X X X Commewijne T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? Suriname X X Saramacca X X X Coppename X Nickerie X X X X X X X X X X Corantijn FB BM BM MB MB MB BM BM BM BM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM FBM Habitat Taxa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Pallas, 1770) (Pallas, aup, 1858 K aup, Chabanaud, 1940 Chabanaud, End. - Apionichthys dumerili Apionichthys 1915) Ribeiro, (Miranda paulistanus Trinectes Order: Order: Family: 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch psittacus Colomesus Family: Cynoglossidae Family: 1801) Schneider, & (Bloch plagusia Symphurus Achirus declivis Achirus Order: Pleuronectiformes Order: Paralichthyidae Family: 1933 Ginsburg, gunteri Syacium Ranzani, 1840 Ranzani, micrurum Syacium Achiridae Family: 1758) (Linnaeus, achirus Achirus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, papillosum Syacium Sphoeroides testudineus Sphoeroides Gobionellus oceanicus Gobionellus Trichiuridae Family: 1758 Linnaeus, lepturus Trichiurus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Valenciennes, guavina Guavina Gobiidae Family: 1837) (Valenciennes, flavus Awaous 1987) Lasala, & (Pezold phenacus Ctenogobius 1995) Wheeler, & (Palmer grahamae Gobioides (Gilbert & Randall, 1971) Randall, & (Gilbert pseudofasciatus Ctenogobius 1987) Gilbert, & (Pezold thoropsis Ctenogobius 1800 Lacepède, broussonnetii Gobioides (Girard, 1858) (Girard, lyricus Evorthodus Table I. Table Family: Ephippidae Family: 1782) (Broussonet, faber Chaetodipterus

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 281 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . of Suriname have an estuarine character (low surface sali­ superorder Ostariophysi with 338 species (70.3% of total nity, high suspended sediments) due to the massive discharge number of fresh- and brackish-water species) with most of of Amazon fresh water carried northwestward by the North these being freshwater species (325 species or 82.5% of the and Guiana currents (the freshwater total number of freshwater species). The two most speciose plume; Hu et al., 2004) and fishes caught at sea some kilom- orders in the inland waters of Suriname are the Siluriformes eters off the Surinamese coast may in fact live in brackish with 170 species of which 157 are freshwater species and water. Basically our list is of species that we document to represent 39.8% of the total freshwater species and the occur in the freshwaters of Suriname with the exception of Characiformes with 147 species, all of which are freshwa- rare marine intruders. We counted the categories F and F(B) ter and which constitute 37.3% of the freshwater species as freshwater species. (Tab. II). Other orders with noteworthy numbers of species We included five exo­tic species that were introduced are the Perciformes with 78 species, only 40 of which are purposely (e.g., the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus intro- freshwater species, Gymnotiformes with 21 species all of duced in 1954 for aquaculture; Lijding, 1958) or accidently which are limited to fresh-water, and Cyprinodontiformes (e.g., the aquarium fishesParacheirodon axelrodi, Nannos- with 21 species in total, all of which are freshwater forms. tomus harrisoni and Mesonauta guyanae that escaped from Families with the most species in Suriname are the Characi- aquarium export holding facilities close to the international dae (83 freshwater species), Loricariidae (60 freshwater spe- airport near Paramaribo into the black-water Para River of cies), Cichlidae (30 freshwater species), Callichthyidae (23 the Suriname River system). The angelfish Pterophyllum freshwater species), Heptapteridae (19 freshwater species), scalare may have been introduced acciden­tly into the Para Sciaenidae (18 species, with 5 limited to fresh-water) and River, but in Kaboeri Creek, a tributary of Corantijn River, it Anostomidae (17 freshwater species) (Tab. II). is almost certainly native. Exotics are marked with an aster- We identified 25 species in the Checklist as presently isk in table I. known only from freshwater habitats within Suriname and The Surinamese freshwater fish fauna is best understood are thus endemic to that country. This number increases as a component of the Guiana Shield freshwater fish fauna, to 89 endemic species (22.6% of all freshwater species) if either as part of freshwater ecoregion including the boundary Marowijne/Mana and Corantijn rivers whose the Corantijn (Corentyne) River system (Abell et al., 2008) watersheds extend into French Guiana and Guyana, respec- or as part of the ‘Atlantic coastal rivers’ excluding the Coran- tively, are included in the total. Most of these endemic spe- tijn basin (Lujan and Armbruster, 2011). Here, we reported cies are known from only one or two river systems (see the distribution of each species in the checklist within the Tab. I) within the expanse including the Marowijne and context of the seven main river basins of Suriname. These Corantijn rivers. are from east to west Marowijne (Maroni), Commewijne, Some of the endemic species are threatened with extinc- Suriname, Saramacca, Coppename, Nickerie and Coran- tion, most notably two loricariid catfishesHarttiella crassi- tijn (Corentyne) ri­vers (Fig. 1; Amatali, 1993). Records of cauda and Guyanancistrus sp. with an extremely restricted fishes in tributaries of the Marowijne and Corantijn rivers documented distribution in Paramaka Creek in the Nassau in respectively French Guiana and Guyana were included in Mountains which is the location of a proposed bauxite mine. the checklist given that it is likely that they also occur in the Other species that are not necessarily endemic to Suriname portions of these river systems in Suriname; however, two are locally endangered due to their low population densi- recently described Harttiella species (H. janmoli and H. ties within the country (e.g., Pseudophallus aff. brasiliensis; parva; Covain et al., 2012) of the Marowijne basin were not Mol, 2012). included because the restricted distribution of most known For purposes of comparisons of fish faunas, the seven Harttiella species reduces the probability that they also Surinamese river basins can be grouped into large, medium occur on Surinamese territory. and small river systems. The two large rivers, the Coran- tijn and Marowijne, have drainage areas of 67,600 and 68,700 km2, respectively, and mean discharges of 1,570 and RESULTS 1,780 m3/s, respectively. The two medium-sized rivers, the Coppename and Suriname, have drainage areas of 21,700 The checklist (Tab. I) cites 481 species of fishes in 16 and 16,500 km2, respectively, and mean discharges of 500 orders and 64 families as inhabiting the fresh- and brackish- and 430 m3/s, respectively. Finally, the three small rivers, the waters of Suriname, with 394 of these species restricted to Nickerie, Saramacca and Commewijne, all have their lower freshwaters (habitats F and F(B)). Of the total of 481 spe- courses deflected to the west as a consequence of deposition cies, 187 (38.9%) were based on type series that origina­ of sediments by the Guiana Current and have drainage areas ted within Suriname of which 167 are freshwater species of 10,100, 9,000 and 6,600 km2, respectively, and mean dis- (Tab. I). Domi­nant in the Surinamese inland fish fauna is the

282 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname

Table II. - Number of species in each order and (sub)family of fishes present in the fresh- or fresh-and-brackish waters of Suriname. Drain- age area's (km2) of the river systems (Amatali, 1993) in parentheses. % Taxa % only or brackish water brackish or Nickerie (10,100) Nickerie Corantijn (67,600) Corantijn Saramacca (9,000) Saramacca Suriname (16,500) Suriname Marowijne (68,700) Marowijne Coppename (21,700) Coppename Species in freshwater in Species Commewijne (6,600) Commewijne Species in fresh- and/ fresh- in Species Order: Pristiformes 1 0.21 0 0.00 Family: Pristidae 1 0.21 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Order: Myliobatiformes 3 0.62 3 0.76 Family: Potamotrygonidae 3 0.62 3 0.76 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 Order: Elopiformes 2 0.42 0 0.00 Family: Megalopidae 1 0.21 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Family: Elopidae 1 0.21 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Order: Clupeiformes 18 3.74 1 0.25 Family: Clupeidae 3 0.62 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 1 Family: Engraulidae 12 2.49 1 0.25 9 1 6 1 8 0 10 Family: Pristigasteridae 3 0.62 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 1 Order: Characiformes 147 30.56 147 37.31 Family: Parodontidae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Family: Curimatidae 8 1.66 8 2.03 5 3 2 3 6 4 8 Family: Prochilodontidae 2 0.42 2 0.51 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Family: Anostomidae 17 3.53 17 4.31 11 6 7 6 7 3 13 Family: Chilodontidae 4 0.83 4 1.02 2 1 0 0 3 2 2 Family: Crenuchidae 6 1.25 6 1.52 5 1 4 4 4 4 6 Family: Hemiodontidae 7 1.46 7 1.78 4 3 3 1 4 0 4 Family: Gasteropelecidae 2 0.42 2 0.51 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 Family: Alestidae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family: Characidae 83 17.26 83 21.07 51 28 39 35 56 23 65 Genera Incerta Sedis 45 9.36 45 11.42 27 20 24 16 31 14 34 Subfamily: Iguanodectinae 2 0.42 2 0.51 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 Subfamily: Bryconinae 3 0.62 3 0.76 2 1 2 2 2 0 3 Subfamily: Serrasalminae 13 2.70 13 3.30 5 4 6 7 9 4 11 Subfamily: Aphyocharacinae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subfamily: Characinae 8 1.66 8 2.03 7 2 3 5 7 2 5 Subfamily: Stethaprioninae 3 0.62 3 0.76 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 Subfamily: Tetragonopterinae 2 0.42 2 0.51 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 Subfamily: Stevardiinae 5 1.04 5 1.27 2 0 1 1 2 0 5 Subfamily: Cheirodontinae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Family: Acestrorhynchidae 2 0.42 2 0.51 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Family: Cynodontidae 2 0.42 2 0.51 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Family: Erythrinidae 5 1.04 5 1.27 5 4 5 4 5 2 4 Family: Lebiasinidae 7 1.46 7 1.78 5 1 2 3 7 6 6 Order: Siluriformes 170 35.34 157 39.85 Family: Cetopsidae 3 0.62 3 0.76 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 Family: Aspredinidae 8 1.66 8 2.03 4 2 5 4 6 1 6 Family: Trichomycteridae 7 1.46 7 1.78 4 2 2 2 2 0 4 Family: Callichthyidae 23 4.78 23 5.84 14 5 8 10 11 5 11 Family: Loricariidae 60 12.47 60 15.23 21 14 11 11 20 12 28 Subfamily: Hypoptopomatinae 4 0.83 4 1.02 1 2 1 0 2 0 2 Subfamily: Loricariinae 17 3.53 17 4.31 9 6 4 4 6 3 9 Subfamily: Hypostominae 39 8.11 39 9.90 11 6 6 7 12 9 17 Family: Pseudopimelodidae 6 1.25 6 1.52 5 3 2 2 5 1 5 Family: Heptapteridae 19 3.95 19 4.82 8 5 3 3 7 3 16 Family: Pimelodidae 12 2.49 12 3.05 10 2 4 3 9 1 7

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 283 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l .

Table II. - Continued. % Taxa % only or brackish water brackish or Nickerie (10,100) Nickerie Corantijn (67,600) Corantijn Saramacca (9,000) Saramacca Suriname (16,500) Suriname Marowijne (68,700) Marowijne Coppename (21,700) Coppename Species in freshwater in Species Commewijne (6,600) Commewijne Species in fresh- and/ fresh- in Species Family: Ariidae 13 2.70 0 8 3 3 1 8 0 11 Family: Doradidae 7 1.46 7 1.78 6 3 2 2 3 1 4 Family: Auchenipteridae 12 2.49 12 3.05 8 3 3 5 9 2 9 Order: Gymnotiformes 21 4.37 21 5.33 Family: Gymnotidae 4 0.83 4 1.02 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 Family: Sternopygidae 5 1.04 5 1.27 4 1 3 2 1 4 4 Family: Rhamphichthyidae 2 0.42 2 0.51 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 Family: Hypopomidae 7 1.46 7 1.78 4 2 3 3 5 7 4 Family: Apteronotidae 3 0.62 3 0.76 1 1 0 1 2 0 3 Order: Batrachoidiformes 1 0.21 0 0.00 Family: Batrachoididae 1 0.21 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Order: Mugiliformes 3 0.62 0 0.00 Family: Mugilidae 3 0.62 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 3 Order: Cyprinodontiformes 21 4.37 21 5.33 Family: Rivulidae 13 2.70 13 3.30 5 3 5 2 6 2 10 Family: Poeciliidae 6 1.25 6 1.52 2 1 0 4 6 3 3 Family: Anablepidae 2 0.42 2 0.51 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 Order: Beloniformes 4 0.83 2 0.51 Family: Belonidae 3 0.62 2 0.51 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 Family: Hemiramphidae 1 0.21 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Order: Gasterosteiformes 1 0.21 1 0.25 Family: Syngnathidae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Order: Synbranchiformes 1 0.21 1 0.25 Family: Synbranchidae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Order: Perciformes 78 16.22 40 10.15 Family: Centropomidae 3 0.62 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 Family: Serranidae 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Family: Carangidae 5 1.04 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 Family: Lutjanidae 2 0.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Family: Lobotidae 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Family: Gerreidae 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Family: Haemulidae 1 0.21 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Family: Sciaenidae 18 3.74 5 1.27 8 4 2 2 15 1 10 Family: Polycentridae 1 0.21 1 0.25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Family: Cichlidae 30 6.24 30 7.61 19 12 11 12 16 9 14 Family: Eleotridae 5 1.04 4 1.02 2 0 0 0 5 0 1 Family: Gobiidae 8 1.66 0 5 1 0 0 6 0 1 Family: Ephippidae 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Family: Trichiuridae 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Order: Pleuronectiformes 8 1.66 0 0.00 Family: Paralichthyidae 3 0.62 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 Family: Achiridae 4 0.83 0 2 0 1 1 4 1 1 Family: Cynoglossidae 1 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Order: Tetraodontiformes 2 0.42 0 0.00 Family: Tetraodontidae 2 0.42 0 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 Total number of species (/river system) 481 100 394 100 276 132 164 146 298 118 314 Endemic species per river 11 3 6 3 5 3 28

284 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname charges of 160, 240 and 120 m3/s, respectively (Amatali, also see Tab. I). The great unknown is the degree to which 1993). future studies add to the list of species in this paper. As would be expected, the fish faunas of the large river With 394 now known species, the Surinamese freshwa- systems of Corantijn and Marowijne along the west and ter ichthyofauna includes considerably fewer species than east boundaries of Suriname are the richest both in terms of the speciose fish faunas of various countries whose bounda- total numbers of species (276 and 314, respectively; Tab. II) ries include portions of the , home to the most and numbers of endemic species (11 and 28, respectively; speciose ichthyofauna of any river system in the world [e.g., Tab. II). The medium-sized Suriname and Coppename rivers Brazil with 2,587 species (Buckup et al., 2007) and Colom- have 298 and 164 fish species, respectively, but the appar- bia with 1,435 species (Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2008)]. ent difference in numbers of species in these basins may The number of Surinamese freshwater fish species is, howe­ reflect the intense sampling of the ichthyofauna in the Suri- ver, to a large degree comparable in size to the fish faunas name River that was associated with the Brokopondo project of neighboring countries/territory of the Guiana Shield (i.e., whereas no comparable effort has been expended on the fish Guyana with 430 species, a portion of which only occur in fauna of the Coppename. The small rivers, the Nickerie, that country in the Rio Branco of the Amazon River sys- Sara­macca and Commewijne, have only 132, 146 and 118 tem; French Guiana with 367 species; Le Bail et al., 2012; species, respectively (Tab. II). Tab. III). Moreover, when evaluated in terms of relative sur- face areas, the three relatively small Guiana Shield countries of Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana (strictly a territory DISCUSSION of France) have more freshwater fish species per square kil- ometer than the large countries occupying major portions of Species richness the Amazon basin (Brazil, , and ) and In the present paper we present a checklist of the 481 spe- approximately the same number of species per 1,000 km2 as cies of fishes from the fresh and brackish waters of Suriname. a small country such as which includes western por- This number represents a 51% increase in documen­ted total tions of the Amazon basin (Tab. III). of species in these habitats over the last two de­cades. Among Of the many factors that contribute to the relative rich- these 481 species are 394 species which spend their entire ness of the Surinamese freshwater fish fauna, the relative lives in the freshwater systems of the country. A major fac- isolation of its river basins may be of paramount impor- tor in these increased numbers are the many species that have tance. A connection between the Marowijne River and the been described during that interval (e.g., Potamotrygon mari- Amazon River system may have existed in the past (Cardoso nae, P. boesemani, Cyphocharax biocellatus, Leporinus apol- and Montoya-Burgos, 2009), but at present the Surinamese lo, Hyphessobrycon borealis, Myloplus planquettei, Tometes river systems and the Amazon River system are completely lebaili, Tetragonopterus rarus, Bryconamericus guyanensis, isolated without either year-round connections such as that Cetopsidium orientale, Harttia guianensis, Harttia fluminen- between the northern Amazon and the Rio Orinoco via the sis, Panaqolus koko, Peckoltia otali, Pseudancistrus coran- Rio Casiquiare (Winemiller et al., 2008) or the seasonal con- tijniensis, P. kwinti, Pimelabditus moli, Japigny kirschbaum, nection between the upper portion of the Essequibo and the Rhabdolichops jegui, Sternarchorhynchus galibi, Kryptolebi- northeastern Amazon via the Takutu-Branco-Negro ri­vers as sepia and Rivulus gaucheri), many of which originated in during high-water periods in the Rupununi Savannah, a ichthyologically relatively poorly sampled regions of Suri- connection known as the Rupununi Portal (Lowe-McCon- name. Other of the Surinamese ­fishes known to be part of the nell, 1964; Vari, 1988; de Souza et al., 2012). Those Suri- ichthyofauna of the country were described from samples collected at various times, sometimes Table III. - Diversity of freshwater fishes of selected tropical South American long ago, but which were unidentified or misiden- countries. tified in museum collections (e.g.,Phenacogaster Surface area #species/ Country # species Source wayana, Hoplias curupira). Yet other of the spe- (km2) 1,000 km2 cies contributing to this increased diversity rep- Brazil 8,514,877 2587 Buckup et al., 2007 0.3 resent new records within Suriname of species Colombia 1,141,748 1435 Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2008 1.3 previously known to occur in Guyana and/or 912,050 1198 Lasso et al., 2004 1.3 French Guiana. Future collecting efforts in poorly Peru 1,285,216 1010 Ortega et al., 2011 0.8 sampled regions and habitats and critical analysis Ecuador 256,369 706 Barriga, 1991 2.8 of the many problematic genera will undoubtedly Bolivia 1,098,581 635 Ibisch & Merida, 2003 0.6 reveal that dozens of freshwater fish species in Guyana 214,969 430 Vari et al., 2009 2.0 Surinamese rivers are as-of-yet unknown to sci- Suriname 163,820 394 this work 2.4 ence (e.g., Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos, 2009; French Guiana 83,534 367 Le Bail et al., 2012 4.4

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 285 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . namese river systems that are presently connected in their Even river systems that have been long the foci of ichthyo­ lower reaches (Nickerie and Corantijn, Saramacca and Cop- logical sampling (Marowijne, Suriname) continue to yield pename, Commewijne and Suriname) were separate prior to new species of fishes. Equally, or more, critical for arriving the formation of the Coastal Plain (Late Tertiary to Quater- at an approximation of the species-level diversity are com- nary). The more diverse fish faunas of the middle and upper prehensive revisionary studies encompassing all genera and reaches of the Surinamese rivers (i.e., the interior of the families living in Suriname (Vari and Malabarba, 1998). country, upstream of the first rapids) are still largely isola­ ted from each other; although, as noted above, sharing some Threats to the fish fauna components. Other factors that contribute to the freshwater Human activities have severely affected the condition fish diversity in Suriname are topographic relief and asso­ of freshwater ecosystems worldwide (Revenga et al., 2005; ciated differences in water conditions (e.g., the two endemic Dudgeon et al., 2006) and this also holds for the inland fish species of the Nassau Mountains) and differences in aquatic systems of Suriname. Physical alteration, habitat water types (e.g., the blackwater streams of the Savannah loss, water withdrawal, pollution, and the introduction of Belt and coastal swamps). nonnative species all threaten the freshwater fish fauna in Although the designations of endemic species in this Suriname. The construction of a hydroelectric dam across work (89 species with Corantijn and Marowijne rivers the Suriname River at Afobakka resulting in the Brokopondo included) is subject to some degree of uncertainty due to low Reservoir (in 1964) has had a major impact on the fish fauna collection efforts in remote areas of the country, confidence of the Middle Suriname River with numerous local extinc- in this estimate increases when one takes into account that tions (Mol et al., 2007); however, to the best of our know­ most of these endemics (79 or 88.8%) are known to occur ledge it did not result in the extinction of any Surinamese only in one or two river systems. Two Surinamese endemic fish species. species, Harttiella crassicauda and Guyanancistrus sp., are The two endemic loricariids of Nassau Mountains, even restricted to a single mountain stream in the Nassau Harttiella crassicauda and Guyanancistrus sp. are threat- Mountains (Covain et al., 2012). ened with extinction by a proposed bauxite mine. The 28 Type localities for a number of Surinamese freshwater and 5 fish species endemic to the Marowijne and Suriname species are inexact (e.g., Suriname). Nonetheless, the high ri­vers, respectively, are threatened by a proposed dam in the percentage of species with their type locality in Suriname River, a major tributary of the Marowijne River (approximately 39%) probably reflects both the old history (the so-called Tapajai project). This dam would divert water of ichthyology in Suriname commencing with the 19 species from the to the Brokopondo Re­servoir described by Linnaeus (see above) and the high endemism in (Suriname River system) and thus severely diminish the the Surinamese freshwater fish fauna (22.6% of the freshwa- flow in the Marowijne River with consequent significant ter species). changes in aquatic habitats and likely the fish fauna down- stream from the reservoir along that channel. In addition, the State of knowledge Tapanahony River diversion would also effectively connect Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2008) point out that the dra- the Marowijne and Suriname river systems, each with their matically speciose fish faunas of many river systems in the own endemic species (present checklist), and mixing these Neotropics and the lack of critical analysis of this fauna for faunas may well lead to an ecological disaster, i.e., the intro- all major basins guarantees that ichthyofaunal compendia, duction of Marowijne endemics into the Suriname River sys- be they for river systems or countries, will of necessity be tem and vice versa. Uncontrolled ‘small-scale’ gold mining underestimates. This clearly holds for the present checklist in the geological greenstone formation in eastern Suriname of Surinamese fresh- and brackish- water fishes. Nonethe- pollutes small rainforest streams and large rivers with mer- less, the pace of analysis of already recognized species and cury (Mol et al., 2001) and increases sediment input, thus the formal descriptions of new Neotropical freshwater fishes changing the instream habitat and the structure of fish com- is accelerating (Vari and Malabarba, 1998) with some of the munities (Mol and Ouboter, 2004). The immediate threat to new species described in recent years originating from loca- a freshwater pipefish in Corantijn River,Pseudophallus aff. tions in Suriname. Arriving at a definitive listing of fishes brasiliensis, was removed when the mining company that inhabiting Surinamese inland waters is a long-term endeavor proposed to construct a jetty in its main habitat left Suri- necessitating progress along two primary fronts. First a tho­ name, but population densities of this species are low and its rough sampling of all continental aquatic systems in Suri- survival in Suriname is still precarious (Mol, 2012). name, including the border rivers Marowijne and Corantijn, Although incomplete data hampers efforts to estimate is required. Mountain streams, deep-river habitat and some the true scale of these anthropogenic impacts on freshwater of the smaller river systems in Suriname remain inadequately fishes and their habitats at both local and national scales it is sampled or in some instances uncollected ichthyologically. clear that many species are threatened, especially those with

286 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Mo l e t a l . Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname limited geographical ranges and/or small populations. An Megalechis personata is a synonym of M. thoracata understanding of the diversity of the freshwater fish fauna of (Reis et al., 2005). Suriname is crucial so that scientists, policy makers, resource Gen. nov. aff. Parotocinclus follows the identification in managers, and members of the public can better evaluate the Le Bail et al. (2000). impact of man’s activities on the freshwater fishes within the Cteniloricaria maculata is a junior synonym of C. pla­ country. Although still incomplete, this checklist provides a tystoma (Covain et al., 2012). baseline for continuing studies of Surinamese inland fishes Farlowella parvicarinata is herein considered a sy­nonym including all aspects of ecology, life history, conservation, of F. rugosa. and sustainable use. The genus Guyanancistrus, with G. brevispinis as type species, was revalidated (Covain and Fisch-Muller, 2012). Guyanancistrus brevispinis may constitute several species Notes with the Checklist of freshw ater (Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos, 2009). fishes of Suriname (Tab. I) Guyanancistrus sp. (Nassau Mountains) is a small (4.5 cm SL) Guyanancistrus species with a large mouth; the Anchoviella sp. is a small (3 cm SL) engraulid of the species is only known from the Paramaka Creek in Nassau upper Marowijne River (above the rapids) that is probably Mountains. part of a freshwater ‘Anchoviella’ clade including other Hemiancistrus macrops and H. megacephalus were undescribed species from the Guianas (D. Bloom, pers. never collected again in Suriname, their type locality. These comm.). species were alternatively placed in Hemiancistrus (Ferraris, A Surinamese curimatid lacking pigmentation spots, but 2007; Eschmeyer and Fricke, 2011) and in Pseudancistrus with scales on the basal portions of the caudal fin is some- (Armbruster, 2004; Vari et al., 2009). times identified asCurimatella alburna in museum collec- Hypostomus nickeriensis and H. sipaliwini are synonyms tions (NZCS, RMNH, ZMA). This is actually Cyphocharax of H. corantijni; H. occidentalis, H. surinamensis and H. microcephalus in which the field of scales on the caudal fin tapanahonienis are synonyms of H. gymnorhynchus; H. ven- lobes is less extensive than in species of Curimatella (for­ tromaculatus is a synonym of H. plecostomus (Weber et al., ming parabolic pattern on basal portions of lobes rather 2012). than across most of the lobes in adults, respectively) and in Hypostomus macrophthalmus and H. pseudohemiu- which the scales are of a different size (scales approximately rus, with only juveniles as type specimens, was considered the same size as those on caudal peduncle versus distinctly doubtful species (Weber et al., 2012). smaller, respectively). The type locality of Pseudacanthicus fordii is ‘Suri- Leporinus pellegrinii, L. alternus and L. paralternus are name’; a Pseudacanthicus species is present in the upper considered junior synonyms of L. maculatus (B. Sidlauskas, Corantijn River. pers. comm.). The type locality of Squaliforma tenuis (Paramaribo) is Pending further study, the small with a conspicuous doubtful since the species is only known from the holotype red line along on the midlateral surface of the body is tenta- and no other representative of Squaliforma is known from tively identified asHyphessobrycon ‘redline’ (F. Lima, pers. Suriname (Weber et al., 2012). comm.). This species (or species group) is possibly identi- A small Imparfinis species (Imparfinis aff. stictonotus) is fied asHemigrammus bellottii in some museum collections present in the upper Corantijn River. (e.g., by J. Géry). Platydoras sp. has distinctly shallower scutes than does Roeboexodon geryi is here considered a synonym of R. typical P. costatus. Preliminary analyses of molecular data guyanensis following Moreira and Lima (2011). (M. Arce, unpubl.) based on one specimen of each of the two Copella carsevennensis and C. eigenmanni are junior Surinamese Platydoras (P. costatus from fish market in Para­ synonyms of C. arnoldi (M. Marinho, pers. comm.). maribo and Platydoras “shallow scute” from Lawa River) do Bunocephalus aloikae is a valid species that is present in not recover the two as closely related (M. Sabaj Peréz, pers. the upper Marowijne River (A. Cardoso, pers. comm.). comm.). Ituglanis sp. (Brownsberg) is a small, largely unpig- Centromochlus creutzbergi Boeseman, 1953 was consi­ mented Ituglanis species only known from the Brownsberg dered a synonym of T. gyrina (Sarmento-Soares and Mar- Mountains. tins-Pinheiro, 2008), but may be a valid species. Corydoras aff. breei is based on Alexandrou et al. Gymnotus anguillaris was described from Coropina (2011). Creek, Para River, Suriname River system. Extensive recent Corydoras oelemariensis Nijssen, 1970 was considered collecting effort (including use of an electric fish finder appa- a synonym of C. baderi (Reis in Reis et al., 2003: 295), but ratus) in the type locality and other tributaries of the Para may be a valid species. River by W. Crampton and the senior author failed to collect

Cybium 2012, 36(1) 287 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Suriname Mo l e t a l . the species again (W. Crampton, pers. comm.), as well as in REFERENCES any other river in Suriname by the senior author. ABELL R., THIEME M.L., REVENGA C. et al [28 authors], 2008. Eigenmannia sp. 1 is characterized by a dusky anal fin - Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeo- and Eigenmannia sp. 2 by the presence of three thin longitu- graphic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bio- dinal black lines (Willink and Sidlauskas, 2004). Science, 58: 403-414. Brachyhypopomus sp. 1 (Crampton and de Santana, ALEXANDROU M.A., OLIVEIRAS C., MAILLARD M., MCGILL R.A.R., NEWTON J., CREER S. & TAYLOR M.I., unpubl.), with an accessory electric organ on the , 2011. - Competition and phylogeny determine community was collected in small forest creeks with leaf-litter on the structure in Müllerian co-mimics. Nature, 469: 84-89. streambed and slow water flow: Marshall Creek (Suriname AMATALI M.A., 1993. - Climate and surface water hydrology. In: River system) and small tributaries of the Cottica River, The Freshwater Ecosystems of Suriname (Ouboter P.E., ed.), Commewijne River system (W. Crampton, pers. comm.). pp. 29-51. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Brachyhypopomus sp. 2, with dark transverse bands on ARMBRUSTER J.W., 2004. - Pseudancistrus sidereus, a new spe- cies from southern Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with the flanks, resemblesB. beebei, but has a smaller body size a redescription of Pseudancistrus. Zootaxa, 628: 1-15. (matures at less than 95 mm TL) and an electric organ dis- ARTEDI P., 1738. - Ichthyologia, sive opera omnia piscibus scili- charge distinct from that of B. beebei. It is known from a sin- cet: bibliotheca ichthyologica. Philosophia ichthyologica. gle specimen collected in a small tributary of Cottica River, Ge­nera piscium. Synonymia specierum. Descriptions spe- cierum. Omnia in hoc genere perfectiora, quam antea ulla. Commewijne River system, and resembles an undescribed Posthuma vindicavit, recognovit, coaptavit et edidit Carolus species of Brachyhypopomus that is common around Belem Linnaeus, Med. Doct. Et Ac. Imper. N.C. Leiden. (Brazil) (W. Crampton, pers. comm.). BARRIGA R., 1991. - Lista de peces de agua dulce del Ecuador. The type locality of Hoedeman, Rev. Politéc., Biol., 3: 7-88. 1962 (‘Maroni basin, no exact locality’) was restricted by BLEEKER P., 1862. - Description de quelques espèces nouvelles Nijssen and Isbrücker (1972) to ‘Maka Creek, at left bank of de Silures de Suriname. Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeling Natuur- Lawa River, 10 km south of Stoelman’s Island, Marowijne kunde, Amsterdam, 14: 371-389. (Maroni) River system’ (de Santana and Crampton, 2011). BLEEKER P., 1863. - Sur deux nouvelles espèces de Citharichthys Kryptolebias (Rivulus) ocellatus has a distribution that is de Suriname. Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke restricted to southeastern Brazil; the brackish-water killifish Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeling Natuurkunde, Amster- dam, 15: 452-455. from the mangroves of Suriname is Kryptolebias marmora- BLEEKER P., 1864a. - Description des espèces de Silures de Suri- tus (see Costa, 2006). name, conservées aux Musées de Leide et d’Amsterdam. Plagioscion surinamensis is a synonym of P. squamosis- Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maat- simus (Casatti, 2005). schappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem, Ser. 2, 20: 1-104. Geophagus brokopondo is only known from its type BLEEKER P. 1864b. - Description de quelques espèces de Murè- locality the Brokopondo Reservoir (dam closed in 1964). nes de Suriname. Nederlands Tijdschrift Dierkunde, 2: 233- 249. Kullander (pers. comm.) considers the species valid. Howe­ BLEEKER P., 1873. - Description de deux espèces nouvelles de ver, in such artificial settings demonstrate ecophe- Sciénoïdes de Surinam. Arch. Néerlandaises Sci. Exactes Nat., notypic variation (e.g., Ponton and Mérigoux, 2000). A 8: 456-461. molecular analysis (e.g., barcoding) might resolve the ques- BOESEMAN M., 1952. - A preliminary list of Surinam fishes not tion whether G. brokopondo is a valid species or an ecophe- included in Eigenmann’s enumeration of 1912. Zool. Meded., notype of Geophagus surinamensis. 31: 179-200. BOESEMAN M., 1968. - The genus Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803, and its Surinam representatives (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Acknowledgments. - We thank the following specialists for their Zool. Verh., 99: 1-89. assistance in resolving questions about species identity and occur- BOESEMAN M., 1971. - The ‘comb-toothed’ Loricariinae of Suri- rence in Surinamese rivers (specialty groups in parentheses): D. nam, with reflections on the phylogenetic tendencies within the Bloom (Engraulidae), A. Cardoso (Aspredinidae), B. Collette family Loricariidae. Zool. Verh., 116: 1-56. (Belonidae), W. Crampton (Gymnotiformes), S. Kullander (Cichli- dae), F. Lima (Characidae), J. Lundberg (Pimelodidae), M. Marinho BOESEMAN M., 1972. - Notes on the South American , (Lebiasinidae), T. Munroe (Symphurus), F. Ribeiro (Ageneiosus), including remarks on Valenciennes and Bleeker types in the M. Sabaj-Pérez (Doradidae), S. Schaefer (Hypoptopomatinae), Leiden Museum. Zool. Meded., 47:293-320. B. Sidlauskas (Anostomidae), and C. Weber (Hypostominae). We BUCKUP P.A., MENEZES N.A. & GHAZZI M.S. (eds), 2007. - thank P. Keith, B. de Mérona and F. 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