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Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Jacob Zenn (Editor) Abdulbasit Kassim Elizabeth Pearson Atta Barkindo Idayat Hassan Zacharias Pieri Omar Mahmoud Combating Terrorism Center at West Point United States Military Academy www.ctc.usma.edu The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. May 2018 Cover Photo: A group of Boko Haram fighters line up in this still taken from a propaganda video dated March 31, 2016. COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Director The editor thanks colleagues at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC), all of whom supported this endeavor by proposing the idea to carry out a LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D. report on Boko Haram and working with the editor and contributors to see the Deputy Director project to its rightful end. In this regard, I thank especially Brian Dodwell, Dan- iel Milton, Jason Warner, Kristina Hummel, and Larisa Baste, who all directly Brian Dodwell collaborated on the report. I also thank the two peer reviewers, Brandon Kend- hammer and Matthew Page, for their input and valuable feedback without which Research Director we could not have completed this project up to such a high standard. There were Dr. Daniel Milton numerous other leaders and experts at the CTC who assisted with this project behind-the-scenes, and I thank them, too. Distinguished Chair Most importantly, we would like to dedicate this volume to all those whose lives LTG (Ret) Dell Dailey have been afected by conflict and to those who have devoted their lives to seeking Class of 1987 Senior Fellow peace and justice. -
Item Box Subject Author Title Exps Pages Size Inches Pub. Date Grand
Item Box Subject Author Title Exps Pages Size Inches Pub. Date Grand Total: 3, 139, 369, 104, 343, 159, [and the 210 Namibian 51, 612, 191, 21, 44, 1, 39, 95, 428, docs so far is 2809] (2599) Central Africa:3 1 Central Africa—General Economics UNECA Subregional Strategies 19 32 8x11.5 Hints to Businessmen Visiting The London Board of 2 Central Africa—General Economics Congo (Brazzaville), Chad, Gabon 19 32 4.75x7.125 Trade and Central African Republic Purpose and Perfection Pottery as 3 Central Africa—General Art The Smithsonian Institution 3 4 8x9.25 a Woman's Art in Central Africa Botswana:139 National Institute of Access to Manual Skills Training in 1 Botswana—Bibliographies Bibliography Development and Cultural Botswana: An Annotated 9 13 8x11.5 Research Bibliography Social Thandiwe Kgosidintsi and 2 Botswana—Bibliographies Sciences—Information Publishing in Botswana 2 2 8.5x11 Neil Parsons Science National Institute of 3 Botswana—Bibliographies Bibliography Development Rearch and Working Papers 5 8 5.75x8.25 Documentation University of Botswana and Department of Library Studies 1 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences 28 25 8.25x11.75 Swaziland Prospectus Social Refugees In Botswana: a Policy of 2 Botswana—Social Sciences United Nations 3 7 4.125x10.5 Sciences—Refugees Resettlement Projet De College Exterieur Du 3 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences unknown 3 3 8.25x11.75 Botswana Community Relations in Botswana, with special reference to Francistown. Statement 4 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences Republic of Botswana Delivered to the National Assembly 4 5 5.5x8 1971 by His Honor the Vice President Dt. -
Othering Terrorism: a Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13 Issue 2 Rethinking Genocide, Mass Atrocities, and Political Violence in Africa: New Directions, Article 9 New Inquiries, and Global Perspectives 6-2019 Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling Michael Loadenthal Miami University of Oxford Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Loadenthal, Michael (2019) "Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 2: 74-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.13.2.1704 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling Michael Loadenthal Miami University of Oxford Oxford, Ohio, USA Reel Bad Africans1 & the Cinema of Terrorism Throughout Ridley Scott’s 2002 film Black Hawk Down, Orientalist “othering” abounds, mirroring the simplistic political narrative of the film at large. In this tired script, we (the West) are fighting to help them (the East Africans) escape the grip of warlordism, tribalism, and failed states through the deployment of brute counterinsurgency and policing strategies. In the film, the US soldiers enter the hostile zone of Mogadishu, Somalia, while attempting to arrest the very militia leaders thought to be benefitting from the disorder of armed conflict. -
Aid and Agriculture
Aid and Agriculture A constructivist approach to a political economy analysis of sustainable agriculture in Ghana Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) at the Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Jasmin Marston 2017 Dean: Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag 1st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Glaser 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag 2nd Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Michael Pregernig Date of thesis defense:12.06.2018 In memory of: Karl Wendelin Klober and Uwe Josef Kristen (06.11.1928-26.09.2015) (22.03.1960-11.11.2016) Acknowledgements i Acknowledgements This study has been inspired and supported by a wide array of individuals and institutions that my gratitude extends to. The quality of research benefited tremendously from the support given by the members of the Department of Physical Geography and Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources at the University of Freiburg (im Breisgau, Germany). Specifically I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Glaser, Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag, Prof. Dr. Michael Pregernig, as well as the entire Physical Geography team, for the trust and support they have given me at crucial parts of this study. Likewise I am deeply grateful for the support extended through the UrbanFoodPlus project, which is jointly funded by the Bundesministerium für Wirtschafltiche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Germany, and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Federal Ministry of Education and Research), Germany. In particular I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Axel Drescher, who was the Principle Investigator and a crucial supporter throughout the ups and downs I encountered as a researcher. -
Weaponization of Water in a Changing Climate Marcus D
EPICENTERS OF CLIMATE AND SECURITY: THE NEW GEOSTRATEGIC LANDSCAPE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE June 2017 Edited by: Caitlin E. Werrell and Francesco Femia Sponsored by: In partnership with: WATER WEAPONIZATION THE WEAPONIZATION OF WATER IN A CHANGING CLIMATE Marcus D. King1 and Julia Burnell 2,3 Water stress across the Middle East and Africa is providing an opportunity for subnational extremist organizations waging internal conflict to wield water as a weapon. The weaponization of water also drives conflict that transcends national borders, creating international ripple effects that contribute to a changing geostrategic landscape. Climate change-driven water stress in arid and semi-arid countries is a growing trend. This stress includes inadequacies in water supply, quality, and accessibility.4 These countries are consistently experiencing chronically dry climates and unpredictable, yet prevalent, droughts. Predicted future climate impacts include higher temperatures, longer dry seasons, and increased variability in precipitation. In the coming decades, these factors will continue to stress water resources in most arid regions.5 It is accepted wisdom that parties generally cooperate over scarce water resources at both the international and subnational levels, with a very few notable exceptions that have resulted in internal, low-intensity conflict.6 However, tensions have always existed: the word rivalry comes from the Latin word rivalus, meaning he who shares a river.7 Rivalry is growing at the sub-state level, leading to intractable conflicts. Social scientists have long observed a correlation between environmental scarcity and subnational conflict that is persistent and diffuse.8 Disputes over limited natural resources have played at least some role in 40 percent of all intrastate conflicts in the last 60 years.9 The Center for Climate and Security www.climateandsecurity.org EPICENTERS OF CLIMATE AND SECURITY 67 Recent scholarly literature and intelligence forecasts have also raised doubts that water stress will continue to engender more cooperation than conflict. -
The Rise of Boko Haram
Master Thesis Political Science: International Relations The rise of Boko Haram A Social Movement Theory Approach Author: Iris Visser Student Number: 5737508 MA Research Project Political Science: International Relations Supervisor: Dr. Said Rezaeiejan Second reader: Dr. Ursula Daxecker Date: 25 June 2014 1 Master Thesis Political Science: International Relations The rise of Boko Haram A Social Movement Theory Approach 2 3 Table of contents Political map of Nigeria 6 I. Introduction 7 II. Theoretical framework and literature review 13 III. Methodology 34 Variables 34 Methodological issues 34 Operationalization 35 IV. Background of Nigeria 43 V. The rise and evolution of Boko Haram 51 VI. United States- Nigeria cooperation concerning counterterrorism 59 VII. A political process perspective 64 VIII. A relative deprivation perspective 75 IX. A resource mobilization perspective 91 X. A framing perspective 108 XI. Conclusion 122 Bibliography 127 Appendix: timeline of Boko Haram attacks 139 Number of Boko Haram attacks and resulting deaths 2010-2014 per quarter 139 Timeline of Boko Haram attacks 2010-2014 140 4 5 Map of Nigeria 6 I. Introduction Like many postcolonial states, Nigeria has a turbulent history. The country is plagued by all kinds of violence. There has been civil war,1 crime rates are high,2 communal violence is common, as is sectarian violence3 — and, often along the same lines, political violence4 — while in the south an added problem are conflicts concerning oil.5 One of the biggest problems Nigeria faces today, is that of radical Islamic violence in the north of the country. Whereas communal violence has long been an issue, the rise of radical Islamic groups such as Boko Haram, who function more like a terrorist organization, is relatively new (as it is in most parts of the world). -
Igbos: the Hebrews of West Africa
Igbos: The Hebrews of West Africa by Michelle Lopez Wellansky Submitted to the Board of Humanities School of SUY Purchase in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Purchase College State University of New York May 2017 Sponsor: Leandro Benmergui Second Reader: Rachel Hallote 1 Igbos: The Hebrews of West Africa Michelle Lopez Wellansky Introduction There are many groups of people around the world who claim to be Jews. Some declare they are descendants of the ancient Israelites; others have performed group conversions. One group that stands out is the Igbo people of Southeastern Nigeria. The Igbo are one of many groups that proclaim to make up the Diasporic Jews from Africa. Historians and ethnographers have looked at the story of the Igbo from different perspectives. The Igbo people are an ethnic tribe from Southern Nigeria. Pronounced “Ee- bo” (the “g” is silent), they are the third largest tribe in Nigeria, behind the Hausa and the Yoruba. The country, formally known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is in West Africa on the Atlantic Coast and is bordered by Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. The Igbo make up about 18% of the Nigerian population. They speak the Igbo language, which is part of the Niger-Congo language family. The majority of the Igbo today are practicing Christians. Though they identify as Christian, many consider themselves to be “cultural” or “ethnic” Jews. Additionally, there are more than two million Igbos who practice Judaism while also reading the New Testament. In The Black -
His Excellency
International Day of Democracy Parliamentary Conference on Democracy in Africa organized jointly by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Parliament of Botswana Gaborone, Botswana, 14 – 16 September 2009 SUMMARY RECORDS DIRECTOR OF CEREMONY (MRS MONICA MPHUSU): His Excellency the President of Botswana, Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama, IPU President, Dr Theo-Ben Gurirab, Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Ms Thokozani Khupe, Former President of Togo Mr Yawovi Agboyibo, Members of the diplomatic community, President and founder of Community Development Foundation Ms Graça Machel, Honourable Speakers, Cabinet Ministers, Permanent Secretary to the President, Honourable Members of Parliament, Dikgosi, if at all they are here, Distinguished Guests. I wish to welcome you to the Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference. It is an honour and privilege to us as a nation to have been given the opportunity to host this conference especially during our election year. This conference comes at a time when local politicians are criss-crossing the country as the election date approaches. They are begging the general public to employ them. They want to be given five year contract. Your Excellencies, some of you would have observed from our local media how vibrant and robust our democracy is. This demonstrates the political maturity that our society has achieved over the past 43 years since we attained independence. Your Excellencies, it is now my singular honour and privilege to introduce our host, the Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic -
Genocide Or Terrorism?
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13 Issue 2 Rethinking Genocide, Mass Atrocities, and Political Violence in Africa: New Directions, Article 2 New Inquiries, and Global Perspectives 6-2019 Full Issue 13.2 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2019) "Full Issue 13.2," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 2: 1-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.13.2 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss2/2 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISSN 1911-0359 eISSN 1911-9933 Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13.2 - 2019 ii ©2019 Genocide Studies and Prevention 13, no. 2 iii Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/ Volume 13.2 - 2019 Editorials Christian Gudehus, Susan Braden, Douglas Irvin-Erickson, JoAnn DiGeorgio-Lutz, Lior Zylberman, Fiza Lee, and Brian Kritz Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Laura Collins Guest Editorial: Rethinking Genocide, Mass Atrocities, and Political Violence in Africa .......2 State of the Field Terrence Lyons Transnational Advocacy: -
The Continent ISSUE 8
African journalism. June 6 2020 ISSUE NO. 8 The Continent with An empire in turmoil African writers on the American Nightmare The Continent Page 2 ISSUE 8. June 6 2020 Editorial Are we numb? Africans need to tell our own stories. their shoulders and accept systemic This philosophy is the reason The discrimination as a fact of life. Continent exists. As we witness America’s turmoil, But we also need to tell other we should take a long, hard look at people’s stories. That’s why, for this ourselves. At least 18 Kenyan citizens special edition, we have commissioned have been shot dead by police officers so African writers and journalists based far this year. In Nigeria, a human rights in the United States to describe the turmoil the land of the free is currently As we witness America’s experiencing – and to explain why it’s happening. turmoil, we should take a For once, we are the foreign hard look at ourselves correspondents, reporting on unrest and upheaval in a strange, faraway land. body recorded the extrajudicial killing And what a strange land it is. To see of 18 people in just two weeks in April. a nation state founded on the principle Ethiopian security forces were accused of democracy (for some, at least) use last month of burning homes to the violence against peaceful protesters ground, summarily executing civilians is a jarring reminder that America’s and raping women. And in South government does not itself subscribe Africa, with its long history of violent to the democratic values it so loudly reprisals to protect capital, soldiers were advocates abroad. -
5Th GEO Conference Programme and Speakers Bios 25 Feb
5th Global Electoral Organization Conference Programme Credible Elections for Democracy Hosted by: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) Independent Electoral Commission of Botswana In partnership with: Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO) Electoral Commission Forum of Southern African Development Community Countries (ECF-SADC) Electoral Institute for Sustainability of Democracy in Africa (EISA) Federal Electoral Institute of Mexico (IFE) International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) United Nations Electoral Assistance Division (UNEAD) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Held at Gaborone International Convention Centre (GICC) Gaborone, Botswana 7-9 March 2011 TH SUNDAY, 6 MARCH 2011 PRE-CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 12.00 – 20.00 Registration of Participants 18.00 – 19.30 Informal Reception at Peermont Walmont Hotel DAY 1 (MONDAY, 7TH MARCH 2011) CONFERENCE OPENING; ELECTORAL REFORM Open at 7.30 Registration of participants 8.15 – 09.00 OPENING CEREMONY: Director of Ceremonies: Mr. Alexander Thabo Yalala, Commissioner, EMB Botswana Chair of Opening Ceremony: Honourable Justice M. S. Gaongalelwe, Chairperson, EMB Botswana Welcome Speech by Mr. Vidar Helgesen, Secretary-General, International IDEA Opening Speech: His Excellency S.K.I. Khama, President of Botswana 9.00 – 9.45 KEYNOTE ADDRESS Chair: Mr. Vidar Helgesen, Secretary-General, International IDEA Keynote Speech: H.E. Mr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, Former President of Mexico and Vice-Chairman of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security Vote of Thanks: Dr. Brigalia Bam, ECF-SADC President/Chairperson IEC South Africa 10.00 – 10.30 Press Conference/Coffee Break 10.30 – 12.15 PLENARY SESSION 1: ELECTORAL REFORM ACROSS THE GLOBE Chair: Mr. -
The Discourse of Tribalism in Botswana's 2019 General Elections
The Discourse of Tribalism in Botswana’s 2019 General Elections Christian John Makgala ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-5153 Andy Chebanne ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5393-1771 Boga Thura Manatsha ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-7796 Leonard L. Sesa ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6406-5378 Abstract Botswana’s much touted peaceful Presidential succession experienced uncertainty after the transition on 1 April 2019 as a result of former President Ian Khama’s public fallout with his ‘handpicked’ successor, President Mokgweetsi Masisi. Khama spearheaded a robust campaign to dislodge Masisi and the long-time ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) from power. He actively assisted in the formation of a new political party, the Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF). Khama also mobilised the country’s most populous Central District, the Bangwato tribal territory, of which he is kgosi (paramount chief), for the hotly contested 2019 general elections. Two perspectives emerged on Khama’s approach, which was labelled loosely as ‘tribalism’. One school of thought was that the Westernised and bi-racial Khama was not socialised sufficiently into Tswana culture and tribal life to be a tribalist. Therefore, he was said to be using cunningly a colonial-style strategy of divide- and-rule to achieve his agenda. The second school of thought opined that Khama was a ‘shameless tribalist’ hell-bent on stoking ‘tribalism’ among the ‘Bangwato’ in order to bring Masisi’s government to its knees. This article, Alternation Special Edition 36 (2020) 210 - 249 210 Print ISSN 1023-1757; Electronic ISSN: 2519-5476; DOI https://doi.org/10.29086/2519-5476/2020/sp36a10 The Discourse of Tribalism in Botswana’s 2019 General Elections however, observes that Khama’s approach was not entirely new in Botswana’s politics, but only bigger in scale, and instigated by a paramount chief and former President.