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The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time 7 Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2010 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2010 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kathleen Kuiper: Manager, Arts and Culture Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Nicole Russo: Designer Introduction by Kristi Lew Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The 100 most influential women of all time / edited by Kathleen Kuiper.—1st ed. p. cm.—(The Britannica guide to the world’s most influential people) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-058-7 (eBook) 1. Women—Biography. 2. Women—History. I. Kuiper, Kathleen. II. Title: One hundred most influential women of all time. HQ1121.A14 2010 920.72—dc22 [B] 2009029761 Cover photo: Jodie Coston/Photodisc/Getty Images; p. 16 © www.istockphoto.com/Diane Diederich. CONTENTS Introduction 8 Hatshepsut 17 Nefertiti 19 Sappho 23 Cleopatra 25 Mary 31 Hypatia 34 Theodora 36 Wuhou 38 Irene 41 Murasaki Shikibu 43 Hildegard 45 20 Eleanor of Aquitaine 47 Margaret I 51 Christine de Pisan 54 Joan of Arc 55 Mira Bai 70 Isabella I 71 Teresa of Ávila 78 Mary I 80 Catherine de Médicis 83 Elizabeth I 89 Artemisia Gentileschi 103 32 Okuni 105 Christina 107 Maria Theresa 110 153 Catherine II 115 Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun 125 Marie-Antoinette 126 Mary Wollstonecraft 128 Germaine de Staël 131 Jane Austen 136 Sacagawea 144 Sojourner Truth 147 Dorothea Dix 149 Charlotte and Emily Brontë 151 Victoria 159 231 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton 170 Florence Nightingale 177 Harriet Tubman 182 Elizabeth Blackwell 184 Mary Baker Eddy 186 Cixi 192 Mary Cassatt 195 Sarah Bernhardt 197 Sarah Winnemucca 201 Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst 203 Jane Addams 206 Annie Jump Cannon 208 Marie Curie 209 Gertrude Bell 213 Maria Montessori 215 Rosa Luxemburg 217 Colette 220 Gertrude Stein 223 Isadora Duncan 225 Margaret Sanger 229 Helen Keller 230 Marie Stopes 233 Anna Pavlova 235 Virginia Woolf 237 Coco Chanel 253 Eleanor Roosevelt 255 Karen Horney 260 Martha Graham 262 Soong Mei-ling 267 Amelia Earhart 270 Irène Joliot-Curie 271 Golda Meir 274 Marlene Dietrich 276 268 Simone Weil 279 Katherine Dunham 281 289 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 282 Mother Teresa 286 Lucille Ball 288 Rosa Parks 291 Jiang Qing 292 Elizabeth Stern 295 Sirimavo R. D. Bandaranaike 296 Indira Gandhi 299 Eva Perón 301 Rosalind Franklin 303 Rosalyn S. Yalow 304 Nadine Gordimer 306 Elizabeth II 307 Anne Frank 310 Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 312 Sandra Day O’Connor 313 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf 316 Gro Harlem Brundtland 318 Wangari Maathai 319 Martha Stewart 320 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 323 317 Billie Jean King 324 Mary Robinson 327 Aung San Suu Kyi 329 Shirin Ebadi 330 Hillary Rodham Clinton 332 Oprah Winfrey 338 Rigoberta Menchú 340 Diana, Princess of Wales 342 Glossary 345 For Further Reading 348 Index 350 336 INTRODUCTION 7 Introduction 7 he world is fi lled with fascinating women, each with her own compelling story. Clearly, no single tome can holdT all the intricate details of their collective lives. But this book, filled with profiles of striking individuals who serve as outstanding representatives of their gender, covers many of the most outstanding, infl uential women from around the globe. Coverage runs the gamut from queens to commoners, with a tip of the hat to those who have made their mark in the arts and sciences, in their country’s political arena, and on the world stage. Most of these women managed to fl ourish in the face of adversity. Some withstood opposition from outside sources, while family intrigue was a malevolent force in the lives of others. For centuries, merely being a woman was an obstacle these individuals had to overcome. Consider the case of Hatshepsut, the eldest daughter of ancient Egyptian King Thutmose I and his queen, Ahmose. After her father and half brother died, Hatshepsut was allowed to assume the role of regent only because the rightful heir, her son, was an infant. She took full advantage of the situation, essentially claiming the throne for herself while nominally coruling with her son. For a woman, Hatshepsut wielded unprecedented power. Court artists, unfamiliar with representations of a queen in such fi rm control, took to depicting her as a man, full beard and all. Another ruler of Egypt, Cleopatra, rose to power when she was 18 years old, coruling with her brother, Ptolemy XIII. As the eldest sibling by eight years, Cleopatra quickly became the dominant ruler, much to Ptolemy XIII’s displeasure. It did not take long for Ptolemy to forcibly remove Cleopatra from her position. The young queen did not take this coup lying down. She fl ed to Syria, where she promptly gathered an army and returned to confront her brother in a successful attempt to reclaim the throne. 9 7 The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time 7 Restored to power after forcing Ptolemy to flee Alexandria, Cleopatra fortified her position through clever political and romantic alliances with future emperor Julius Caesar and the Roman general Mark Antony. Although forced to share power with first her brothers, then her son (allegedly fathered by Caesar), Cleopatra proved to be the true driving force behind the Egyptian throne for 22 years. Other women became influential rulers directly through marriage or by giving birth. Eleanor of Aquitaine, for example, had considerable power as the wife and mother of several reigning kings of France and England. As the daughter of William X, the duke of Aquitaine, Eleanor inherited a large portion of western France upon his death. In 1137, she married the heir to the throne of France, Louis VII, and became queen of France. When the marriage was annulled in 1152, she married the heir to the throne of England, Henry II, and became queen of England. She and Louis had two daughters, but she and Henry produced three daughters and five sons, including Richard the Lion-Heart, and John, both of whom would become kings of England. Her daughters also married into the royal families of Bavaria, Castile, and Sicily. The women of England were not always relegated to the role of wife and mother of kings. Some of them ruled the country on their own. The first English queen to rule in her own right was Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Mary is better known by the nickname “Bloody Mary,” a moniker she earned while trying desperately to suppress a Protestant uprising and restore Roman Catholicism to England. Hundreds of people died during this three-year, ultimately unsuccessful, battle. After the death of her half-sister Mary, Elizabeth ascended the throne and became the queen of England at the age of 25. Religious and political strife did not 10 7 Introduction 7 disappear under her rule, yet England did emerge as a more powerful country on the world’s stage by its end. Remembered far more fondly than “Bloody Mary,” Elizabeth I ruled for 45 years. Her reign, though, was not the longest in the history. That honour goes to Queen Victoria I, who ruled the United Kingdom for almost sixty-four years. So influential was she during her lengthy reign that she has been immortalized by having an epoch named after her—the Victorian Age. Even today, the United Kingdom is ruled by a woman. Like the first Queen Elizabeth, Elizabeth II came to the throne when she was 25 years old. Through her son and heir apparent, Prince Charles, Elizabeth is connected to another notable women profiled in this book, Diana, Princess of Wales. Diana’s personality, beauty, and unwav- ering support of the arts, children’s issues, and AIDS relief quickly made her a popular public figure all over the world. Her untimely death in 1997 at the age of 36 was mourned by many. Other countries around the world also have been led by women in the modern age. The first female prime minister in history was Sirimavo Bandaranaike, elected to lead Sri Lanka in 1960. She would ultimately go on to serve three terms in that office, remaining an important part of Sri Lankan politics until her death in 2000. Six years later, Indira Gandhi became the first female prime minister of India. She served four terms before being assassinated in 1984. Ireland elected its first female president, Mary Robinson, in 1990, and in 2006, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf became the first woman to be head of state in an African country when she was elected president of Liberia. While the United States has yet to elect a woman president, there have been women who have achieved high political office. Among them is Hillary Rodham Clinton, who made political history as the first American 11 7 The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time 7 first lady to win an elective office when she became a United States senator in 2001. Although her bid for president failed, Clinton earned her way back into the White House as secretary of state in Barack Obama’s administration.
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