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Landforms and Landscapes

Landforms and Landscapes

Unit 1 and Landforms and landscapes The ’s surface is made up of a vast number of elements that have been brought together to create amazing shapes and formations. To study and understand all these formations, geographers organise them into groups based on characteristics that are similar. These different groups are referred to as landscapes. There are many different types of natural landscapes on Earth – including mountain landscapes, coastal landscapes and riverine landscapes. Landscapes created by people are called landscapes. Natural landscapes are made up of a variety of geographical features known as landforms such as , and valleys. chapter Source 1 This satellite image of Las Vegas shows many different landscapes and landforms. 2 2A DRAFT What are landforms and landscapes? 1 Use Source 1 to identify two different landforms and two types of landscapes. 2 Think about the place in which you live. Can you identify two different landforms and two types of landscapes that you see every day?

40 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 41 2A What are landforms and landscapes? 2.1 The Earth’s landscapes

What is a ? mainly unaffected by human activity and are typical to particular areas of the world. Human A landscape is part of the Earth’s surface. It consists landscapes (for example, cities and farms) have been of a variety of geographical features that are created and modifi ed by people. Human landscapes characteristic of an area. Landscapes are divided into are sometimes also referred to as cultural landscapes. two main categories – natural and human. Natural Some different types of landscapes are described landscapes (for example, mountains and ) are below.

Source 2 The in are an example of a mountain landscape. WORLD: EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT LANDSCAPES 1 Mountain landscapes 2 Coastal landscapes Mountain landscapes are formed by tectonic plates The is where a land mass meets the sea. Coastal on the Earth’s surface pushing against each other. landscapes are shaped by the natural forces of the This movement and pressure causes the shape of the wind and waves. These geographical forces erode land to change. The land is pushed up in a vertical (wear away) or construct (build up) the natural direction and over time forms mountains. Mountains environment, constantly changing its shape. Features rise high above their surroundings. Mountains can of coastal landscapes include , , bays, 5 1 Mountain 7 Human 2 Coastal stand alone, be grouped in ranges, or form . We cliffs, platforms, spits and . We will explore Karst Arctic Circle will explore mountain landscapes in more detail in coastal landscapes in more detail in Chapter 4. Chapter 3.

Tropic of Cancer

Equator DRAFTTropic of Capricorn

0 1500 3000 km 4 Antarctic Circle

6 Tropical 3 Riverine

Source 3 Peggy’s Cove in Nova Scotia, Canada, is an example of a coastal landscape. Source 1 Source: Oxford University Press

42 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 43 2A What are landforms and landscapes?

are located closer to the Arctic and Antarctic Circles 7 Human landscapes (the circles of latitude in the far north and far south). Check your learning 2.1 Because of the lack of rain they have little vegetation Unlike the types of naturally occurring landscapes Remember and understand (plant life). Instead deserts are characterised by sand described above, human landscapes are created dunes, and gravel. by people. Human landscapes provide evidence 1 What is the meaning of the geographical term of human settlement and occupation of an ‘landscape’? 5 Karst landscapes environment. Features of human landscapes include 2 Which types of landscapes are found around the elements of infrastructure such as buildings, , Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? A karst landscape is formed when easily dissolvable transport, , sewerage and telecommunication 3 Why do you think human landscapes are included (the rock below the surface of the land, systems. The construction of human landscapes in the defi nition of the word 'landscape'? such as limestone) is worn away by slightly acidic often results in the damage or destruction of natural Apply and analyse water, from an underground source or a source landscapes but commonly incorporates some natural on the Earth’s surface. These fl ows of water form geographical features in its design, for example 4 Look carefully at Source 1 Source 4 The Wanganui system in New Zealand is an unique features such as caves, stalactites, springs and harbours and mountains. a How many different types of landscapes are example of a riverine landscape. sinkholes. Karst landscapes are extremely unstable shown on this map? areas of land. Sinkholes are formed when rock b What types of landscapes can you identify beneath the Earth's surface has eroded away and in ? 3 Riverine landscapes sections of land on the surface collapse. Sinkholes c Write a description of the location of desert can range in size from a few metres to over 1 landscapes. Give possible reasons to explain A riverine is a landscape formed by the natural kilometre deep and have been known to occasionally Source 7 The capital city of China, Beijing, is an example of a why they are found there. movement of a water system such as a river. A human landscape. collapse, swallowing up everything on the surface riverine landscape includes the (all living Evaluate and create including cars and buildings. things including plants and animals) in and around 5 Research one landscape that interests you. Your the area of a river. A riverine may also be defi ned as a chosen landscape might be on the World Heritage network of and the surrounding land. Riverine List (such as karst in The Skocjan Caves Regional landscapes are excellent for agricultural uses such as Park) or in your local area. Investigate what makes farming because the land is rich and fertile. They are this landscape unique, and provide information a valuable resource for growing food. about how it is used. Present your research in the form of a brochure, poster or webpage. 4 Arid landscapes A desert is defi ned as an area of land which receives no more than 25 millimetres of rain per year. Deserts cover about one-third of the Earth’s surface and contain some of the most uninhabitable regions on Earth. There are two types of deserts – hot deserts and cold deserts. Hot deserts are located along the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (the latitude lines Source 6 The Skocjan Caves in Slovenia are an example of a Karst landscape. to the north and south of the Equator). Cold deserts DRAFT

Source 5 The Sahara desert in North Africa is an example of an arid landscape.

44 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 45 2A What are landforms and landscapes?

COASTAL LANDSCAPES MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES RIVERINE LANDSCAPES ARID LANDSCAPES Delta 2.2 The Earth’s landforms Ring-shaped or a string of Bowl-shaped hollow at the head of Fan-shaped, low-lying area of deposits at -topped closely spaced small coral a or on a mountainside the mouth of a river Desert encircling a shallow formed by glacial Wind-blown particle formation Archipelago Area providing water to a river system Hamada are shaped and created by a natural process, such Group or chain of islands Large frozen river of that slowly What is a landscape? Area covered in boulders and large as tectonic plate movement and erosion. Natural moves down a valley in response to broadening into the sea stones Broad, curved indentation in the coastline gravity A is a natural geographic feature or shape landscapes are made up of a variety of landforms. Mountain Flat area over which water spreads in times Isolated, steep-sided hill of resistant that appears on the Earth’s surface. Large landforms Often landforms are not unique to a single Deposited rock particles – such as sand, Steep-sided, lone peak rising over of ood rock on a gravel or pebbles – along the coastline 600 metres above the surrounding include mountains, , and rivers while small landscape. For example, a hill can be found in many land Gorge Deep, narrow, steep-sided valley Flat-topped, steep-sided landforms include hills and billabongs. Landforms different landscapes. Steep rock face formed by the action of the waves Chain of connected mountains mountain range Large body of water surrounded by land Desert area with a water supply Coral reef provided by groundwater Underwater ridge formed by the growth Long, narrow of land mountain Bend in a river Wadi and deposit of coral Oxbow lake Dry watercourse in a narrow valley Headland Opening in the Earth’s where Crescent-shaped lake on a river oodplain that divides a plateau Narrow, high land jutting out from a molten rock, ash and gas can coastal cliff into the sea escape River Natural waterway that takes water downhill ridge by gravity to the sea V-shaped valley Area of land surrounded by water Tributary volcano Small river that joins a larger river Narrow strip of land or sand that cirque connects an island to the mainland V-shaped valley Narrow, steep-sided valley carved out by the glacier Spit upper reaches of a river watershed Narrow strip of sand protruding into the sea River-water spill over resistant rock Stack Tall pillar of rock formed by wave action Watershed drainage basin eroding a cliff from which water ows into a drainage basin

gorge Source 1 Some common landforms island found in different natural landscapes river headland cliff waterfall stack Check your learning 2.2 oodplain tributary meander Remember and understand lake oxbow lake 1 Describe the meaning of the geographical term bay archipelago ‘landform’. delta 2 Identify four geomorphic processes. Apply and analyse estuary isthmus DRAFT 3 Identify an Australian example of at least fi ve of the landforms described in Source 1. wadi Evaluate and create oasis inselberg spit 4 Create a travel brochure for the Western Australian atoll government agency promoting one of mesa the landforms shown in Source 1. Investigate beach the landform and provide a description including information about how it was formed. You should include persuasive text that aims to encourage hamada butte coral reef tourists to visit your chosen landform.

desert dune 46 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 47 2A What are landforms and landscapes?

Source 1 Some common landforms found in different landscapes Landscape Some common landforms An Australian example A world example 2.3 Landforms and landscapes type found in that landscape

Mountain • Mountain – a large elevation At a height of 2228 metres above sea Mt Everest is the tallest mountain in around the world on the Earth’s surface level, Mt Kosciuszko in NSW is the the world at 8848 m tall. • Ridge – a long, narrow, highest mountain in Australia elevated surface • Valley – a low area Australia’s landscapes and landforms are among the historical meaning, and they provide an identity for enclosed by mountains most unique in the world. From arid desert regions people and places. Countries all over the world have in the north-west to -covered mountains in the their own unique landforms. Some examples are south east, Australia’s landscapes differ from region Yellowstone in the United States, the to region. Australia is the sixth largest country in the Sossusvlei red dunes in Namibia or the Perito Moreno world by area and due to its large size, our country Glacier in Argentina. Coastal • Stack – a vertical column The Twelve Apostles is a group of The White Cliffs of Dover are found is home to many different climates and diverse of rock limestone stacks off the shore of along the southern coast of England. the Port Campbell National Park in landscapes that have shaped distinctive landforms. • Beach – a sandy or Protecting our landscapes pebbly shore Victoria. landforms • Headland – a high, Iconic landscapes and rocky outcrop of land landforms While some landscapes and landforms around the world are protected from , many landscapes When we think of Aussie icons, we might think have been affected by human activity. A challenge of Vegemite or the Sydney Opera House. But when for people around the world is to ensure that geographers use the word iconic, they are describing natural landscapes and landforms are enjoyed in a Riverine • Flood plain – a low-lying area The Riverina area in NSW is made Majuli is one of the largest river something that is widely admired, spiritually sustainable way so that they are there for us in the regularly fl ooded by a river up of fl at fl ood plains irrigated by the islands in the world on the Murrumbidgee, Edward and Lachlan Brahmaputra River in India. important or unique to the scenery of the area. future. It is everyone’s responsibility to look after our • Riverbed – the in which the river fl ows rivers. We have many iconic landforms and landscapes in landforms and landscapes. • Billabong – an arm of a Australia –Uluru, the Great Barrier Reef, Wave Rock There are over 500 national parks in Australia river which forms a pool, or the Bungle Bungle Range to name a few – that alone that cover over 28 million hectares of land. only joining with the river in times of fl ooding people from around the world immediately recognise These parks, along with other conservation reserves as being from Australia because they are so unique. and heritage listed sites, are kept safe from human These landscapes are so important because they activities such as farming and land clearing, which connect people through tourism, spiritual value and are banned in these areas. Arid • Inselberg – an isolated Uluru is a large sandstone rock The Sahara Desert, located in steep-sided rock hill on formation in the southern part of northern Africa, is an example of an a plain the Northern Territory, known as an arid landscape. It is the third largest • Oasis – a supply of inselberg. desert in the world. Check your learning 2.3 groundwater in the desert • Grassland plains – a large, Remember and understand b Why do you think Australia has so many different fl at area sparsely landforms? covered with grasses 1 In which two landscape types would you fi nd c Write a short description of the image of the valleys? DRAFT Riverina fl ood plain in NSW. Describe the 2 In which Australian location would you fi nd an advantages and disadvantages of living in this area. inselberg? Karst • Spring – a basin in the rock The Wombeyan Caves in NSW The Guilin Karst hills and caves are Evaluate and create allowing water to consist of nine limestone caves with made of limestone and are a spiritual Apply and analyse come to the Earth’s surface spectacular stalactites and other place to visit in China. 4 Conduct some research on iconic landscapes and • – a large hollow formations. 3 Look carefully at Source 1. landforms in Australia and around the world. Then underground with an a How many different types of landforms are create a poster of one example, identifying where it opening included in this ? is, how it was formed and what makes it iconic. • Stalactite – a formation that hangs from the ceiling of a cave, formed by dripping water and minerals

48 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 49 2A What are landforms and landscapes?

People are drawn to places for many reasons. Being 2.4 Valuing surrounded by the beauty of the landscape may give someone a sense of freedom, stability and wellbeing. An individual might be drawn to a particular landforms and landform because of its overwhelming majesty, creating a personal connection to that place. The aesthetic value of the landscape to the landscapes community has been recognised through the creation of national parks, where land has been set Source 3 Unique and beautiful landscapes along the aside for the public’s use and enjoyment. The first Australian coast are an example of aesthetic value. national park in Australia, the Royal National Park, Landforms and landscapes around the world are south of Sydney, was established in 1879. valued by many different people for many different There are now 516 national parks. Perth’s Kings Park reasons. Some people may feel a deep personal was established in 1895 and was originally called connection to a particular landscape, while others Perth Park. are more interested in the money that can be earned from it. The value a person attaches to a particular landscape often depends on factors such as their Economic value age, occupation, education, cultural background and Source 1 This poster for the film Australia reflects the colours Economic value is a measurement of how financially experiences. In general, geographers divide the ways of the Australian outback. It is an example of how the Australian important landscapes and landforms are. Economic Source 4 Landscapes with high mineral and metal deposits are an example of economic value. in which people value landforms and landscapes into landscape has cultural value. value is particularly relevant to the tourism and four categories: industries in Australia. Tourism Western Check your learning 2.4 • cultural value • spiritual value have a transformative effect on the English Lady Sarah Australia, for example, wants regular visitors to its • aesthetic value • economic value. Ashley, and by the end of the film she feels Australian. state because people who travel spend money on Remember and understand Indigenous Australians express the importance accommodation, transport, food, souvenirs and 1 Describe the concept of ‘value’. of the land to them through Dreamtime stories, activities. This money provides income for the Cultural value 2 What does it mean for a landscape to have song and dance, and their art. Nearly all Aboriginal tourism and hospitality industries and the State Cultural value is linked to the importance of aesthetic value? art relates to the landscape and maps the landscape of Western Australia. The south-west of Western landforms and landscapes as expressed by people 3 What does it mean for a landscape to have cultural and the landforms of importance to the Indigenous Australia is a landscape with a high economic value through creative means such as poetry, literature, value? community. due to its popularity with tourists. art and films. Australia’s landscapes and landforms Mining is the process of extracting natural Apply and analyse have shaped Australian culture and identity. The film Spiritual value resources from within the earth. These resources are Australia, shown in Source 1, was a box-office hit in 4 Look carefully at Source 4. sold, processed and used to manufacture a variety Australia. Set in northern Australia at the start of For Indigenous Australians the spiritual value of a Which value is being attached to this source? of goods – from jewellery to toys, to construction World War II, the film features the vast, unforgiving land is expressed through the concept of ‘Country’. b What groups of people are most likely to materials. The mining industry attaches economic have a different opinion as to the value of this landscapes of the outback, as well as the tropical Indigenous peoples believe that the myths of their value to landcapes that contain sought-after metals landscape? Create a table to show the groups landscape of the Far North. These unique landscapes Dreamtime bind them to the land. They also believe and minerals like coal and gold. and their possible opinions. that their ancestors live on through the land and c What reasons might you list to account for, or ensure their continued connection with it. Landscapes DRAFTWhat is the true value? explain, these differences of opinion? contain many sacred sites of spiritual importance. Uluru, for example, is a sacred place to the Anangu The same landscape can be valued by different Evaluate and create people who live in the area. They believe that in the people for different reasons. To a mining corporation, 5 Research a book, poem, movie or website that has Dreamtime, a great sand hill was transformed into this the economic value of a landscape might be most cultural value for Australia, or a country or place that rock along with the Kunia people who lived there. important. To an Indigenous Australian community, you feel connected to. Create a digital poster using however, the spiritual value may be most important. a design program such as Glogster to present your Aesthetic value Then again, an artist might appreciate the aesthetic findings. Include the title of the work, its author, a value of a landform. All these values are important to blurb about it and an image to represent it. Most The aesthetic value of a landscape is closely linked consider when deciding on how a landscape is best put importantly, provide three reasons why you feel it Source 2 Karlu Karlu (also known as The Devil's Marbles) is to its beauty and uniqueness. The aesthetic value sacred to Indigenous Australians. This is an example of how to use. has particular cultural significance. landforms can have spiritual value. attached to a place is always subjective (personal).

50 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 51 2A What are landforms and landscapes? 2.5 Connecting through keyconcept: Place Links between people and the landscape stories natural landscape Not all people think about and see the same place in the same way. These differences result from many Landscapes and their stories have been important The legend of the Glasshouse factors, such as cultural background, education and parts of people’s cultures and lives throughout life experiences. Scientists such as geologists and history. In Western Australia, the Noongar people had Mountains: a creation story from vulcanologists have studied mountains and revealed Nyitting or Dreaming – the creation stories that told Australia a great deal about their formation. Local Indigenous of the connection between people and the spiritual people, too, have their own stories relating to the realm. To Noongar people, who lived in the south- According to the Gubbi Gubbi people, Mount creation of these landscapes. For many Indigenous west of WA for over 45 000 years, the landscape had Tibrogargan, the father, and Mount Beerwah, the people around the world, mountains are much more meaning. The stories can vary from place to place, but mother, had many children, the eldest of whom was than lifeless rocks. one creation story of the Nyitting (ancestral time) is Mount Coonowrin. One day, was Many Indigenous people believe that the mountains of the Waugal, a great serpent-like spirit that created looking out to sea and saw a great wave approaching. were alive in the time before humans walked the the landscape. According to the Noongar people, the He called out to his eldest son, Coonowrin, to help Earth. They believe that the shapes and locations of Waugal makes the rain, lighting and thunder. They his mother, Mount Beerwah, who was pregnant mountains can tell us about ancient events. Learning believe that during the Nyitting, the Waugal slithering with child. these stories helps us to appreciate that we do not all Source 2 Mount Taranaki wearing a cloak of over land created the sand dunes and the shape of the In the meantime, Tibrogargan gathered up his see the same place in the same way. For many people there is a deep spiritual link between the landscape rivers. When the Waugal stopped to rest it created the other children and began to run towards higher Check your learning 2.5 bays and . land. When Tibrogargan looked back to check that and themselves. Coonowrin was helping his mother, he was angered For more information on the key concept of place, Remember and understand to see him running off alone. He chased his son and, refer to page xx of ‘The toolkit’. in a great rage, smashed him on the head with his 1 Examine Source 1. Which of these mountains is Beerwah and which is Coonowrin? Give reasons club, dislocating his neck. for your answer. Later, when the fl oods had gone, The legend of Mount Tongariro: a 2 According to the creation story from New Zealand, Coonowrin begged his father for creation story from New Zealand why did the volcanoes fi ght? forgiveness, but all his father could do 3 Why do you think many Indigenous people have was weep in shame, creating the streams According to the Maori people, the mountains of legends to explain landscapes? that still run in the region. He asked his New Zealand were once warriors and gods who son why he had not helped his mother. moved about the landscape. In the centre of the Apply and analyse Coonowrin – not knowing his mother North Island stood seven great mountains. Six of the 4 Compare the two legends. was pregnant − replied that Beerwah was mountains were male; Mount Pihanga was the only a What features do both have in common? the biggest of all of them and could look female. Clothed in native trees and vegetation, she b What is unique about each legend? after herself. This angered Tibrogargan was a great beauty and all the other mountains loved 5 As well as helping people to understand their even more. He turned his back and her deeply. One night they decided to fi ght for her DRAFT , each of these legends vowed never to look at his son again. and a fi erce battle erupted. The land shook. Smoke, contains advice about how to live and behave. fi re and hot rocks fi lled the sky. Even today, Tibrogargan gazes out What is this advice? to sea and Coonowrin hangs his head Eventually, Tongariro was proven to be the supreme 6 What did you learn about the Indigenous people of and cries, his tears running off to warrior and won the right to stand beside Pihanga. The these three regions by reading their legends? the sea. His mother Beerwah is still losers were given one night to move away or else they pregnant as it takes a long time to give would be turned to stone. Taranaki, fi lled with anger Evaluate and create birth to a mountain. and jealousy, fl ed to the coast, gouging out a mighty 7 Research the creation stories from your area and valley as he went. Reaching the sea, he slept. When the prepare a presentation to your class explaining Source 1 Mount Coonowrin sitting beside his pregnant mother, day broke he was trapped, and he still hides beneath a Mount Beerwah, one of the stories. cloak of .

52 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 53 2A What are landforms and landscapes? 2A rich task skilldrill Source 3 Population pyramid for the Northern Territory's Step 3 Choose two different colours; alternate with one Indigenous population colour and then the other. This makes it easier to read Male Age (years) Female the graph. Uluru: an iconic Constructing a population pyramid 75+ Step 4 Give your population pyramid a title. 70–74 In order to better understand a group of people living in 65–69 Apply the skill Australian the same place (i.e. a population), geographers often need 60–64 to analyse and compare the different groups within that 55–59 1 Construct a population pyramid using the second population (for example the number of men versus women, or 50–54 set of data (Source 4) on Northern Territory's landform 45–49 young people versus old people). They do this by representing 40–44 non-Indigenous Population, following steps 1–4. population data visually on a population pyramid. The term iconic refers to something that 35–39 Although population pyramids are a type of bar graph, 30–34 Source 4 The Northern Territory’s non-Indigenous population is an ‘icon’ or represents something of they are a little different. While standard bar graphs have 25–29 20–24 Northern Territory Non-Indigenous population % importance. Uluru is an iconic symbol one horizontal axis (or x-axis) and one vertical axis (y-axis), 15–19 Age group (years) Males Females population pyramids have one y-axis and two x-axes, like 10–14 of the Australian outback and one of the 0–4 3.5 3.3 graphs back to back. The y-axis runs vertically through the 5–9 most visited landforms in Australia. Part middle separating the data for males on the left and females 0–4 5–9 3.4 3.1 on the right. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 10–14 3.4 3.2 of the desert landscape and close to the Percentage of the total population Rather than show the actual numbers of men and 15–19 3.2 2.9 continent’s geographical centre, Uluru The steps to construct a population pyramid using the women at each age group, population pyramids show 20–24 3.9 3.5 statistics in Source 2: attracts around 200 000 visitors a year. each of these groups as a percentage of the total 25–29 4.3 4.2 Uluru rises approximately 348 metres population. This makes it easier for geographers to identify Step 1 Using 5 mm grid paper, rule your axes as follows: 30–34 4.6 4.3 Vertical y-axis: There are 16 age groups in our 35–39 4.6 4.2 above the ground and measures about trends and changes in different areas of the population. Population pyramids are created from a table of data. example. The age groups start at the bottom, with 40–44 4.6 4.0 10.6 kilometres around its base. It is Source 2 is the data for the Northern Territory’s Indigenous the 0–4 age group, and finishing at the top with the 45–49 4.4 3.9 a sacred place for the local Aboriginal population and Source 3 is the population pyramid. For 75+ age group. Keep this in mind while completing 50–54 4.0 3.5 your y-axis, because the table shows the age people, the Anangu. Although the Northern more information on population pyramids refer to page xx 55–59 3.7 2.8 of ‘The geography toolkit’. groups from lowest to highest going down the 60–64 2.4 1.7 Territory has the smallest population of page. However, the population pyramid shows the 65–69 1.5 1.0 Source 2 The Northern Territory’s Indigenous population age groups from lowest to highest going up the any Australian state or territory, it has by 70 –74 0.7 0.5 Northern Territory Indigenous population % page. far the highest percentage of Indigenous 75+ 0.8 0.8 Age group (years) Males Females Label the top of your y-axis, ‘Age (years)’. Australians. Around one in three people 0–4 6.2 5.9 Horizontal x-axes (left and right): Find the highest there (33 per cent) are of Indigenous 5–9 6.1 5.7 percentage of both Males and Females. In our Extend your understanding heritage. 10–14 5.7 5.4 example, this is 6.2. Round this up to the nearest 15–19 5.3 5.0 whole number, which is 7. Use two 5 mm grids per 1 Use your population pyramid to answer the following unit to create two 7 cm axes. Rule your x-axes with 20–24 4.7 4.8 questions: 25–29 4.0 4.3 a scale from 0 to 7 from each side of the central a Which age group has the largest percentage for 30–34 3.9 DRAFT4.1 y-axis to the left and right. both males and females? 35–39 3.5 3.7 Label the left side ‘Male’ and the right side ‘Female’ b Which is the smallest age group for each gender? 40–44 2.9 3.0 and write 'Percentage of the total population' along c What is the total percentage for the 0–4 age group? 45–49 2.3 2.5 the bottom. d What is the total percentage for the 35–39 age 50–54 1.7 2.0 Step 2 Using a sharp lead pencil, create your bar graphs group? 55–59 1.1 1.4 for each gender – first Males, then Females. Be as e What is the total percentage for the 70–74 and 75+ 60–64 0.8 1.1 accurate as you can, and use the millimetre marks on a age groups? 65–69 0.5 0.7 clear plastic ruler. First draw 5 mm high vertical strokes to end each individual bar. You can rule up the horizontals 70 –74 0.3 0.5 of each bar later. Source 1 Uluru is Australia’s most recognisable landform. 75+ 0.3 0.6

54 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 8 western australian curriculum chapter 2 landforms and landscapes 55

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